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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</b> are nationally and internationally state-owned and operated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Democratic Republic of Congo">History of the Democratic Republic of Congo</a></div> <p>The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has had a rocky road with its media due to government conflicts. Since gaining independence from Belgium in 1960, the country has struggled with democracy. Instead, autocratic leaders have often held power. </p><p>Mobutu's rule, which began in the 1960s, was marked by his personal control and the weakening of democratic institutions. This lasted for over thirty years until he was removed from power in 1997 amid rising dissatisfaction. Despite hopes for democracy under <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Desire Kabila</a>, who took over, his time in office was marked by conflict and a decline in freedoms, including those related to the press. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>'s leadership also faced criticism for similar issues. </p><p>Throughout these changes, the media landscape in the DRC reflected the country's political shifts. Sometimes, there was more openness, but at other times, dissent was suppressed, and the government controlled the narrative. Despite these challenges, there were some positive steps, like the establishment of independent electoral commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Constitution</b> </p><p>The DRC's constitution was established in 1964 to bolster the presidency post-independence. It underwent revisions during the country's transition to Zaire in 1971 under President Mobutu. Further changes followed until a transitional constitution was adopted in 2003, as part of the 2002 Global and Inclusive Agreement in Sun City, South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">The current constitution took effect in 2006, with amendments made in 2011.</a> </p><p>Ensuring the safety and protection of journalists and press freedom has been a longstanding challenge for the DRC. However, recent constitutional revisions have aimed to safeguard freedom of expression and the right to information. Article 23 grants individuals the freedom to express themselves through speech, print, and images, provided it adheres to the law and public morals. Article 24 focuses on the right to information, allowing the press to broadcast via radio and television within legal and moral boundaries. </p><p>In March 2023, the DRC introduced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ARISA-IEA-CHAPTER-6-DRC.pdf">Ordinance Law 23/009</a>, impacting Articles 23 and 24 of the constitution. This law replaced the stringent 1996 ordinance that severely restricted press freedom and expression. However, the new laws carry harsh penalties for disseminating false information, particularly targeting figures in authority, potentially empowering authorities rather than protecting journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Media coverage in the DRC often prioritizes current political affairs over economic, social, and developmental news. Many outlets and organizations exhibit bias towards certain political candidates, and corruption remains a prevalent issue. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_speech_and_the_press">Freedom of speech and the press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech and the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Internet freedom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>While the constitution provides for freedom of speech and the press, the government has restricted this right in practice. Arrests, murders and other harassment of journalists is frequently reported. </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> global ranking released each year by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> at 146 out of 175 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several organizations monitoring <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_nationale_de_la_presse_congolaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union nationale de la presse congolaise (page does not exist)">Union nationale de la presse congolaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaliste_en_danger" title="Journaliste en danger">Journaliste en danger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Coupage""><span id=".22Coupage.22"></span>"Coupage"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Coupage""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many journalists in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are subjected to the practise of <i>coupage</i> (in English: cutting), where journalists are paid to write articles on behalf of persons who are the article's actual subject.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Press independence remains stifled. There are two significant impacts from this practise: </p> <ul><li>it affects the principle of remuneration of some journalists, enabling the Congolese print media to make it difficult for journalists to earn a living from legitimate journalism alone;</li> <li>it makes it easier to bribe the press, as much for partisan articles as for articles containing generally neutral information.</li></ul> <p><b>Haute Autorité des Médias & Efforts</b> </p><p>The Haute Autorité des Médias (HAM), established in 2004, aims to promote responsible media practices while preventing the spread of hate speech and incitement to violence, especially regarding ethnic and tribal issues. However, the HAM faces challenges in asserting its regulatory authority across the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Journalists for Human Rights (JHR) organized training sessions for journalists covering politics, leading to government acknowledgment of malpractice and a formal apology, enhancing journalist protection.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ordinance Law 23/009</b> </p><p>While the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ARISA-IEA-CHAPTER-6-DRC.pdf">new ordinance law 23/009</a> is an improvement over the previous one, critics from Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and Journaliste en Danger (JED) have criticized its lack of specificity regarding press independence and source confidentiality. Organizations like RSF and Free Press Limited are advocating for further measures to protect journalists and media channels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DRC's press freedom ranking is currently ranked 124th in the 2023 Reporters Without Borders index.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Print">Print</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Print"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of newspapers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List of newspapers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>approaches </p><p><b>There is currently 540 newspapers in the country.</b> Major newspapers are only nominally privately owned. Journalists must be members of the state-controlled union to practise their profession. The press today is firmly under MPR control. The largest dailies were <i>Elima</i>, <i>Courrier d'Afrique</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Salongo" title="Salongo">Salongo</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salongo_(quotidien)" class="extiw" title="fr:Salongo (quotidien)">fr</a>) (10,000). </p><p>The majority of print press publications are in French, an official language of the country. Despite their ambitions of national news coverage, it is difficult for these publications to attain broad coverage, both due to challenges in gathering information, and in physically distributing the publications. Many journalists are therefore tied to a city or a region, essentially <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>. </p><p>Several daily newspapers are published, of which the majority have a pro-government bias. Some newspapers are published irregularly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_publications">Print publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Print publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Daily publications</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Circulation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Alerte Plus</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>L'Avenir (RDC)</i></td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Demain le Congo</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Elima (RDC)</i><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>L'Éveil (RDC)</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Forum des As</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Messager Africain</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>L'Observateur</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Palmarès (RDC)</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Phare (RDC)</i><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Potentiel" title="Le Potentiel">Le Potentiel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Prospérité</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Référence Plus (RDC)</i></td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La République (Congo-Kinshasa)</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Soft international</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Tempête des tropiques</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>UHURU</i></td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Journal Congopress</i></td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Bi-Weekly publications</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Circulation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Cité africaine (RDC)</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Manchette</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Climat Tempéré (RDC)</i></td> <td>1,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Révélateur</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Salongo</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Journal Congopress</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Weekly publications</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Circulation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>L'Alerte</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Collimateur</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Conscience</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>L'Éveil (RDC)</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Flamme du Congo</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La Libre Afrique</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kin Telegraph</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mukuba</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Peuple</i></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Umoja</i></td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>The postal, telephone, and telegraph services are owned and operated by the government. In 2002 there were an estimated 10,000 mainline phones in use nationwide. In 2003 there were an estimated 19 cell phones in use for every 1,000 people. State-controlled radio and television transmissions, operated under <a href="/wiki/Radio-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_nationale_congolaise" title="Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise">Radio-Television Nationale Congolaise</a> (RTNC), are the prominent broadcasting stations, reaching the largest number of citizens. The RTNC radio broadcast of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Voix_du_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Voix du Congo (page does not exist)">La Voix du Congo</a>, is available in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshiluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba">Tshiluba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kikongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a>. There are also many privately run broadcasting stations. In 2001, there were 3 AM and 11 FM radio stations and 4 television stations. In 2003, there were an estimated 385 radios and 2 television sets for every 1,000 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1990 many television stations have been broadcasting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2006, 58 television channels were available. Of these, 38 are in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television_stations">Television stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><big>List of television stations</big></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_Missionnaire_d%27%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisation_des_nations_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action Missionnaire d'Évangélisation des nations TV (page does not exist)">Action Missionnaire d'Évangélisation des nations TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa TV (page does not exist)">Africa TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne A (page does not exist)">Antenne A</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_Congo_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal Congo Télévision (page does not exist)">Canal Congo Télévision</a> (CC TV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_Kin_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal Kin Télévision (page does not exist)">Canal Kin Télévision</a> (CKTV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_Tropical_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal Tropical Télévision (page does not exist)">Canal Tropical Télévision</a> (Tropicana TV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congo_Education_Broadcasting_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congo Education Broadcasting System (page does not exist)">Congo Education Broadcasting System</a> (CEBS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couleurs_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Couleurs Télévision (page does not exist)">Couleurs Télévision</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congo_Web_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congo Web TV (page does not exist)">Congo Web TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMB_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CMB TV">CMB TV</a></li> <li>Musique Various & Le T.P. O.K. Jazz</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Congo_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital Congo TV (page does not exist)">Digital Congo TV</a></li> <li>MISHAPI VOICE TV</li> <li>EMMANUEL TV</li> <li>HOPE CHANEL</li> <li>UB FM</li> <li>MUTETEZI TV</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GKV_Network_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GKV Network Television (page does not exist)">GKV Network Television</a> (GKV) in <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu" title="Mbanza-Ngungu">Mbanza-Ngungu</a>, Lower Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Global TV">Global TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizon_33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizon 33 (page does not exist)">Horizon 33</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirador_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirador TV (page does not exist)">Mirador TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerica">Numerica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyota_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyota TV (page does not exist)">Nyota TV</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nzondo_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nzondo TV (page does not exist)">Nzondo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan%C3%A8te_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planète TV (page does not exist)">Planète TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Puissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télé Puissance (page does not exist)">Radio Télé Puissance</a> (RTP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C3%89ternel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Armée de l'Éternel (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Armée de l'Éternel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_de_la_Voix_de_l%27Aigle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision de la Voix de l'Aigle (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision de la Voix de l'Aigle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Dieu_Vivant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Dieu Vivant (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Dieu Vivant</a> (RTDV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Groupe_Avenir" title="Radio Television Groupe Avenir">Radio Television Groupe Avenir</a> (RTG@)</li> <li>Radio-Télévision Kasangulu (RTKAS), in <a href="/wiki/Kasangulu" title="Kasangulu">Kasangulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bas-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Congo">Bas-Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Kimbanguiste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Kimbanguiste (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Kimbanguiste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Kintuadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Kintuadi (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Kintuadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Wantanshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Wantanshi (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Wantanshi</a> (RTW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Message_de_Vie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Message de Vie (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Message de Vie</a> (RTMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_nationale_congolaise" title="Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise">Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise</a> (RTNC) : RTNC1, RTNC2, RTNC3, RTNC4, RTNC Bandundu, etc.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Nyota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Nyota (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Nyota</a> (RTN)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Sango_Malamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Sango Malamu (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Sango Malamu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Sentinelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télévision Sentinelle (page does not exist)">Radio Télévision Sentinelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raga_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raga TV (page does not exist)">Raga TV</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raga%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raga+ (page does not exist)">Raga+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Energy">Solar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Kin_Malebo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Télévision Kin Malebo (page does not exist)">Télévision Kin Malebo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_France_Kinshasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Télé France Kinshasa (page does not exist)">Télé France Kinshasa</a> : www.tfktv.com</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Mwangaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Télé Mwangaza (page does not exist)">Radio Télé Mwangaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_and_radio_stations">Radio and radio stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio and radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Democratic Republic of the Congo has many radio stations, the majority of which are based in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>. The transitional Constitution installed an entity called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haute_autorit%C3%A9_des_Medias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haute autorité des Medias (page does not exist)">Haute autorité des Medias</a> (HAM), which oversees media activity, including radio broadcasting. </p><p>It is estimated that 60% of broadcasts are in the four national languages: (<a href="/wiki/Kikongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshiluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba">Tshiluba</a>). The rest are in French and, rarely, in English.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Lists of radio stations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <dl><dt>Public stations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTNC" class="mw-redirect" title="RTNC">RTNC</a>, national radio with regional broadcasts</li></ul> <dl><dt>Humanitarian stations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a>, national coverage with regional broadcasts</li></ul> <dl><dt>Community stations</dt></dl> <ul><li>Radio Réveil FM, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Reveil_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Reveil Afrika (page does not exist)">Radio Reveil Afrika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li>Radio Communautaire de Muanda (RCM), in <a href="/wiki/Muanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Muanda">Muanda</a></li> <li>Radio Communautaire de Mbanza Ngungu (Radio NTEMO), in <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Ngungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Ngungu">Mbanza Ngungu</a></li> <li>Radio Evangélique de Muanda (RTEM), in <a href="/wiki/Muanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Muanda">Muanda</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Boma (RTB), in <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Kongo_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Boma, Kongo Central">Boma</a></li> <li>Radio Osase, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshumbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshumbe (page does not exist)">Tshumbe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a>)</li> <li>Radio Bangu (rb) in <a href="/wiki/Kimpese" title="Kimpese">Kimpese</a></li> <li>Radio Ntomotosono in <a href="/wiki/Luozi" title="Luozi">Luozi</a></li> <li>Radio Adri à <a href="/wiki/Madimba" title="Madimba">Madimba</a></li> <li>Radio Maendeleo in <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a></li> <li>Radio Bubusa FM in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugogo (page does not exist)">Mugogo</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Walungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Walungu">Walungu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Private stations</dt></dl> <ul><li>Canal Futur, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Concorde FM, in <a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a></li> <li>Digital Congo FM, in Kinshasa</li> <li>GKV Network Television (GKV) in the process of being installed in <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu" title="Mbanza-Ngungu">Mbanza-Ngungu</a></li> <li>La Voix du Peuple, in <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a></li> <li>Radio Bukavu, in <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a></li> <li>Radio Kisangani, in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a></li> <li>Radio Malebo Broadcast Channel (MBC), in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Mbuji-Mayi, in <a href="/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi" title="Mbuji-Mayi">Mbuji-Mayi</a></li> <li>Radio Mwangaza, in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li>Radio Liberté Kinshasa, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Lubumbashi, in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Groupe L'Avenir (RTGA), in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télévision Catholique Elikya (RTCE)</li> <li>Radio-Télévision Kasangulu (RTKAS), in <a href="/wiki/Kasangulu" title="Kasangulu">Kasangulu</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Kin Malebo (RTKM), in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Nyota, in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li>Raga FM, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Top Congo FM, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Matadi (RTM) in <a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Kisantu (RTKIS) in <a href="/wiki/Kisantu" title="Kisantu">Kisantu</a></li> <li>RadioTélé Débout Ksai (RTDK) in <a href="/wiki/Mbujimayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbujimayi">Mbujimayi</a></li> <li>Radio télé Kasai Horison (KHrt) in <a href="/wiki/Mbujimayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbujimayi">Mbujimayi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Religious stations</dt></dl> <ul><li>Elikya, à <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Canal CVV ("Le Chemin, la Vérité et la Vie"), in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio ECC, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Kintuadi, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> and in Lower Congo, in <a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Kongo_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Boma, Kongo Central">Boma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Ngungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Ngungu">Mbanza Ngungu</a></li> <li>Radio Kahuzi, in <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a></li> <li>Radio Lumière, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Méthodiste Lokole, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Parole Éternelle, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Sango Malamu, in <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Kongo_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Boma, Kongo Central">Boma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kikwit" title="Kikwit">Kikwit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Sentinelle, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Sumbula, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Armée de l'Éternel, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Message de Vie, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Puissance, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télévision Dieu Vivant, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Télévision Kimbanguiste (RATELKI), in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Universelle, in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Radio Vuvu Kieto in <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Ngungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Ngungu">Mbanza Ngungu</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Mont Carmel, in <a href="/wiki/Mbujimayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbujimayi">Mbujimayi</a></li> <li>Radio Télé Sentinnelle, in <a href="/wiki/Mbujimayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbujimayi">Mbujimayi</a></li> <li>Radio Télévision EELDA, in <a href="/wiki/Mbujimayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbujimayi">Mbujimayi</a></li> <li>Radio Télévision Bwena Muntu, in <a href="/wiki/Mbujimayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbujimayi">Mbujimayi</a></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_[15]"><span id="International_.5B15.5D"></span>International <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International [15]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International broadcasting entities from countries like Britain, France, and Switzerland operate in the DRC, but challenges such as censorship and language barriers limit their reach beyond major cities. Broadcasting stations like the BBC, RFI, and Fondation Hirondelle are accessible via radio in many urban cities. </p><p><b>Broadcasting Stations:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">RFI</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Hirondelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Fondation Hirondelle">Fondation Hirondelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_literature" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo literature">Democratic Republic of the Congo literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_comics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo comics (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo comics</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e_congolaise" class="extiw" title="fr:Bande dessinée congolaise">fr</a>]</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://coma.revues.org/535">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2006" class="citation web cs1">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (Autumn 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A156366428/AONE?u=wash_main&sid=googleScholar&xid=994e6557">"The history of democracy in DR Congo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+democracy+in+DR+Congo&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA156366428%2FAONE%3Fu%3Dwash_main%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26xid%3D994e6557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/drc-new-press-law-and-digital-code-certain-press-offences-remain-criminalised/">"DRC: New press law and Digital Code: certain press offences remain criminalised"</a>. <i>Civicus Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civicus+Monitor&rft.atitle=DRC%3A+New+press+law+and+Digital+Code%3A+certain+press+offences+remain+criminalised&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.civicus.org%2Fexplore%2Fdrc-new-press-law-and-digital-code-certain-press-offences-remain-criminalised%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medialandscapes.org/country/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/policies/accountability-systems">"DRC"</a>. <i>Media Landscapes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Landscapes&rft.atitle=DRC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedialandscapes.org%2Fcountry%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-the-congo%2Fpolicies%2Faccountability-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reporters_sans_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters sans frontières">Reporters sans frontières</a>  : Classement mondial 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091023013125/http://www.rsf.org/fr-classement1001-2009.html">"Reporters Sans Frontières"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/fr-classement1001-2009.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reporters+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Ffr-classement1001-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327004517/http://www.rsf.org/fr-pays37-Republique_Democratique_du_Congo.html">"Reporters sans frontières"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/fr-pays37-Republique_Democratique_du_Congo.html">the original</a> on 2010-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reporters+sans+fronti%C3%A8res&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Ffr-pays37-Republique_Democratique_du_Congo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munkeni Lapess Rigobert, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=fre085779&dte=03/05/2005">Phénomène du "<i>coupage</i>" en RDC</a> », <a href="/wiki/Panapress" class="mw-redirect" title="Panapress">Panapress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_de_l%27immigration_et_du_statut_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9_du_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada (page does not exist)">Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,COD,,45f14715f,0.html">République démocratique du Congo (RDC) : information sur un journal appelé NUMERICA publié à Kinshasa, notamment sur un article intitulé « La famille n'a plus revu Géraldine Ndundu depuis plus de six mois » paru dans son édition no 664 du 22 février 2005 et sur l'existence d'un journaliste dont les initiales sont « A. B. » (2005-avril 2006)</a> », 21 avril 2006, COD101230.F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrère2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frère, Marie-Soleil (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1742766509348675">"After the hate media: regulation in the DRC, Burundi and Rwanda"</a>. <i>Global Media and Communication</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 327–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1742766509348675">10.1177/1742766509348675</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-7665">1742-7665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Media+and+Communication&rft.atitle=After+the+hate+media%3A+regulation+in+the+DRC%2C+Burundi+and+Rwanda&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-352&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1742766509348675&rft.issn=1742-7665&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Marie-Soleil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1742766509348675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jhr.ca/our-work/drcongo">"Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. <i>Journalists for Human Rights (JHR)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journalists+for+Human+Rights+%28JHR%29&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjhr.ca%2Four-work%2Fdrcongo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/drc-new-press-law-and-digital-code-certain-press-offences-remain-criminalised/">"DRC: New press law and Digital Code: certain press offences remain criminalised"</a>. <i>Civicus Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civicus+Monitor&rft.atitle=DRC%3A+New+press+law+and+Digital+Code%3A+certain+press+offences+remain+criminalised&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.civicus.org%2Fexplore%2Fdrc-new-press-law-and-digital-code-certain-press-offences-remain-criminalised%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/country/democratic-republic-congo">"Democratic Republic of Congo | RSF"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 2024-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+%7C+RSF&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fdemocratic-republic-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/The-arts#toc284127">"Democratic Republic of the Congo: Media and Publishing"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%3A+Media+and+Publishing&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDemocratic-Republic-of-the-Congo%2FThe-arts%23toc284127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infosud-belgique.info/article.php3?id_article=185"><i>Élections RD Congo RDC : à chaque candidat sa télé</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208155734/http://www.infosud-belgique.info/article.php3?id_article=185">Archived</a> 2008-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Infosud.be</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm">"République démocratique du Congo (Ex-Zaïre)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm">the original</a> on 2012-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo+%28Ex-Za%C3%AFre%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2Faxl%2Fafrique%2Fczaire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span> Aménagement linguistique dans le monde : RDC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13285760">"DR Congo media guide"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2011-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+media+guide&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13285760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Democratic Republic of the Congo: Directory: the Press". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2004</i></a>. Regional Surveys of the World. <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2004. p. 300+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857431839" title="Special:BookSources/1857431839"><bdi>1857431839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%3A+Directory%3A+the+Press&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2004&rft.series=Regional+Surveys+of+the+World&rft.pages=300%2B&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1857431839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djj4J-AXGDaQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathon_GreenNicholas_J._Karolides2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Green" title="Jonathon Green">Jonathon Green</a>; Nicholas J. Karolides (2005). "Democratic Republic of Congo". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bunHURgi7FcC"><i>Encyclopedia of Censorship</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_File,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Facts on File, Inc.">Facts on File, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1001-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-1001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Censorship&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1001-1&rft.au=Jonathon+Green&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Karolides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbunHURgi7FcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/congo-democratic-republic-kinshasa">"Democratic Republic of Congo"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press</a></i>, USA: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, 2016, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57509361">57509361</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+the+Press&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57509361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2F2016%2Fcongo-democratic-republic-kinshasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>4.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13285760">"Democratic Republic of Congo Profile: Media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 21 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Profile%3A+Media&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13285760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Fung,_African_Studies_Association" class="citation web cs1">Karen Fung, <a href="/wiki/African_Studies_Association" title="African Studies Association">African Studies Association</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/africa-south-sahara/browse-topic/news-country/congo-kinshasa-news">"News (by country): Congo-Kinshasa"</a>. <i>Africa South of the Sahara</i>. USA – via Stanford University. <q>Annotated directory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara&rft.atitle=News+%28by+country%29%3A+Congo-Kinshasa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.stanford.edu%2Fafrica-south-sahara%2Fbrowse-topic%2Fnews-country%2Fcongo-kinshasa-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization (1867–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo" title="List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo">Colonial governors (1885–1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State (1885–1908)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo (1908–60)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga (1960–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire (1965–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War (1996–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War (1998–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2000s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government (2003–06)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion (2012–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Nature conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_place_names_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Former place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration">Foreign policy under Mobutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the 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href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the 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