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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Further negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_departure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_departure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British departure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_departure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombardment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bombardment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="حرب إنجلترا وساستوما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب إنجلترا وساستوما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کاقوشیما بومباردیمانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاقوشیما بومباردیمانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بمباران کاگوشیما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمباران کاگوشیما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_de_Kagoshima" title="Bombardement de Kagoshima – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bombardement de Kagoshima" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%93%B0%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="사쓰에이 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사쓰에이 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1-%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սացումա-բրիտանական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սացումա-բրիտանական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardamento_di_Kagoshima" title="Bombardamento di Kagoshima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bombardamento di Kagoshima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%96%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="הפגזת קגושימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפגזת קגושימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%8B%B1%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="薩英戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="薩英戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardowanie_Kagoshimy" title="Bombardowanie Kagoshimy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bombardowanie Kagoshimy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeio_de_Kagoshima" title="Bombardeio de Kagoshima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bombardeio de Kagoshima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сацумско-британская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сацумско-британская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0" title="การระดมยิงคาโงชิมะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การระดมยิงคาโงชิมะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagoshima_Bombard%C4%B1man%C4%B1" title="Kagoshima Bombardımanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kagoshima Bombardımanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сацумсько-британська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сацумсько-британська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1o_k%C3%ADch_Kagoshima" title="Pháo kích Kagoshima – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháo kích Kagoshima" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%8B%B1%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="薩英戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="薩英戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1352401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1863 naval battle between Britain and the Satsuma Domain of Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bombardment of Kagoshima</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg/300px-Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg/450px-Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg/600px-Bombardment_of_Kagoshima_1863_by_E._Roevens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1347" /></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Bird's-eye view of the bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, August 15, 1863. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Illustré">Le Monde Illustré</a></i>.</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>15–17 August 1863<br />(2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> See <i><a href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/15px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/30px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Leopold_Kuper" title="Augustus Leopold Kuper">Augustus Kuper</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/15px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/30px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Hisamitsu" title="Shimazu Hisamitsu">Shimazu Hisamitsu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 7 warships</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 coastal battery</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 13 killed <br /> 59 wounded <br /> 3 warships damaged</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5 killed <br /> 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Late_Tokugawa_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Late Tokugawa conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Late_Tokugawa_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Late Tokugawa conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Late_Tokugawa_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Late Tokugawa conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Tokugawa_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Late Tokugawa conflicts</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_incident" title="Tsushima incident">Tsushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits" title="Battle of Shimonoseki Straits">1st Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%ABgumi_incident" title="Tenchūgumi incident">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito_Rebellion" title="Mito Rebellion">Mito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Hamaguri Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="First Chōshū expedition">1st Chōshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">2nd Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="Second Chōshū expedition">2nd Chōshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Incident" title="Kobe Incident">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_incident" title="Sakai incident">Sakai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Bombardment of Kagoshima</b>, also known as the <b>Anglo-Satsuma War</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">薩英戦争</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Satsu-Ei Sensō</i></span>)</span>, was a military engagement fought between <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> from 15 to 17 August 1863. The British were attempting to extract compensation and legal justice from <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Tadayoshi_(2nd)" title="Shimazu Tadayoshi (2nd)">Shimazu Tadayoshi</a> for the 1862 <a href="/wiki/Namamugi_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Namamugi incident">Namamugi incident</a>. </p><p>The engagement began when a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> fleet commanded by Sir <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Leopold_Kuper" title="Augustus Leopold Kuper">Augustus Leopold Kuper</a> was fired on from Satsuma <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal batteries</a> near Kagoshima. The British retaliated by bombarding the city, but were unable to gain a conclusive victory and retreated two days later. The Satsuma declared victory and, after negotiations, fulfilled some British demands regarding the Namamugi incident. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SemiramisNegociation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SemiramisNegociation.jpg/220px-SemiramisNegociation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SemiramisNegociation.jpg/330px-SemiramisNegociation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SemiramisNegociation.jpg/440px-SemiramisNegociation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the negotiation onboard <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> warship <i>Sémiramis</i> between the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and Britain and France on July 2, 1863. Among the European negotiators is <a href="/wiki/Edward_St._John_Neale" title="Edward St. John Neale">Edward St. John Neale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Duchesne_de_Bellecourt" title="Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt">Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Benjamin Jaurès">Benjamin Jaurès</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Leopold_Kuper" title="Augustus Leopold Kuper">Augustus Leopold Kuper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polak_2002,_p.92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polak_2002,_p.92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 September 1862, a confrontation occurred in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> between a British merchant, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox_Richardson" title="Charles Lennox Richardson">Charles Lennox Richardson</a>, and the entourage of <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Hisamitsu" title="Shimazu Hisamitsu">Shimazu Hisamitsu</a>, father and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Satsuma <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Tadayoshi_(2nd)" title="Shimazu Tadayoshi (2nd)">Shimazu Tadayoshi</a>. After Richardson ignored warnings to stay out of the entourage's way while travelling on a road near <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki, Kanagawa</a>, he was killed by Hisamitsu's retainers under the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Kiri-sute_gomen" title="Kiri-sute gomen">Kiri-sute gomen</a></i> right, which allowed <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> to kill anyone in a lower social class for perceived disrespect. Richardson's murder sparked outrage from Westerners in Japan due to its violation of the <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a> they enjoyed under terms of the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty#Japan_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">"unequal treaties"</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_St._John_Neale" title="Edward St. John Neale">Edward St. John Neale</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>, demanded from the <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun#Shogunate" title="Shogun">Bakufu</a></i> (the central government of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>) an apology and <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> of £100,000 as reparations for Richardson's murder; the sum demanded by Neale represented roughly a third of the annual revenues of the <i>Bakufu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neale also threatened to the Japanese capital of <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> with a naval bombardment if the indemnity was not paid, and further demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> arrest and place on trial the perpetrators of Richardson's murder, along with £25,000 compensation for the surviving victims of the incident and the relatives of Richardson.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the <i>Bakufu</i> was led by <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Nagamichi" title="Ogasawara Nagamichi">Ogasawara Nagamichi</a>, governing in the absence of <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemochi" title="Tokugawa Iemochi">Tokugawa Iemochi</a>, who was then in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Totman,_p.72_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totman,_p.72-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eager to resolve the dispute over Richardson's murder, Ogasawara entered into a negotiation with France and Great Britain on 2 July 1863 onboard the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> warship <i>Sémiramis</i>. The European participants in the negotiations were Neale, Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt, Benjamin Jaurès and Sir Augustus Leopold Kuper. Ogasawara issued an apology for the murder and paid the indemnity demanded by Neale.<sup id="cite_ref-Polak_2002,_p.92_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polak_2002,_p.92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Satsuma Domain refused to comply with Neale's demands for an apology, £25,000 in compensation and placing the two samurai responsible for Richardson's murder on trial, arguing that disrespect to the daimyo was typically sanctioned by the death of the offending parties. Legally, their argument was invalid, as Westerners in Japan were exempted from Japanese laws and customs due to extraterritoriality due to various treaties signed between the <i>Bakufu</i> and Western powers since the beginning of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></i> period. </p><p>Several violent confrontations between Westerners and the Japanese had already occurred throughout the country during this period, spurred on by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a>'s 1863 "<a href="/wiki/Order_to_expel_barbarians" title="Order to expel barbarians">Order to expel barbarians</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Kanmon_Straits" title="Kanmon Straits">Kanmon Straits</a> had witnessed several attacks on <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French</a> merchant ships, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expeditions</a> by these countries, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(1859)" title="USS Wyoming (1859)">USS <i>Wyoming</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Dutch Navy</a> warship <i>Medusa</i>, and French Navy warships <i><a href="/wiki/French_aviso_Tancr%C3%A8de_(1862)" title="French aviso Tancrède (1862)">Tancrède</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/French_corvette_Dupleix" title="French corvette Dupleix">Dupleix</a></i> launching attacks on Japanese positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_negotiations">Further negotiations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following protracted and fruitless negotiations with the Satsuma Domain that had taken over a year, Neale eventually had had enough. Under instructions from his superiors in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, he ordered Kuper to use military action to compel Satsuma into complying with his demands. After being informed of the British plans, the <i>Bakufu</i> asked for a delay in its implementation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On receipt of your despatch of the 3rd of August, we fully understood that you intend to go within three days to the territory of the Prince of Satsuma with the men-of-war now lying in the Bay of Yokohama, to demand satisfaction for the murder of a British merchant on the Tokaido last year. But owing to the present unsettled state of affairs in our empire, which you witness and hear of, we are in great trouble, and intend to carry out several plans. Supposing, now, something untoward were to happen, then all the trouble both you and we have taken would have been in vain and fruitless; therefore we request that the said departure may be delayed for the present. Edo, 4th of August, signed by four Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Shogunate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the 5th, a <i>Bakufu</i> vice-minister from Edo visited Neale, but far from further opposing the planned British expedition against the Satsuma Domain, actually informed Neale that the Tokugawa shogunate intended to send one of its warships to join forces with Kuper's squadron. The steamer in question, however, ultimately did not join the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennie,_p.382_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennie,_p.382-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_departure">British departure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British departure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuper's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron left Yokohama on August 6. It was composed of the flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(1853)" title="HMS Euryalus (1853)">HMS <i>Euryalus</i></a> (with Neale on board), <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pearl_(1855)" title="HMS Pearl (1855)">HMS <i>Pearl</i></a>, HMS <i>Perseus</i>, HMS <i>Argus</i>, HMS <i>Coquette</i>, HMS <i>Racehorse</i> and the gunboat HMS <i>Havock</i>. They sailed for Kagoshima and anchored in the deep waters of <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Bay" title="Kagoshima Bay">Kinko Bay</a> on August 11. Satsuma Domain envoys came aboard <i>Euryalus,</i> and letters were exchanged, with Kuper pressing for a resolution satisfactory to his demands within 24 hours. The Satsuma Domain prevaricated, refusing to comply for various reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennie,_p.382_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennie,_p.382-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bombardment">Bombardment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bombardment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG/220px-Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG/330px-Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG/440px-Bombing_of_Kagoshima_Map_-_1863.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3556" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>A map of the bombardment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg/220px-KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg/330px-KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg/440px-KagoshimaJapaneseDepiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese painting of the bombardment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KagoshimaShelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KagoshimaShelling.jpg/220px-KagoshimaShelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KagoshimaShelling.jpg/330px-KagoshimaShelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KagoshimaShelling.jpg/440px-KagoshimaShelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the start of the bombardment</figcaption></figure> <p>After Kuper's deadline expired without a satisfactory conclusion to his demands, he decided to proceed with the plans to punish the Satsuma Domain. His squadron weighed anchor and proceeded to seize three British-built merchant steamers lying at anchor in Kagoshima harbour which were owned by the Satsuma Domain: the <i>Sir George Grey</i>, <i>Contest</i> and <i>England</i>, with the ships having an aggregate value of £200,000. Kuper intended to use the three seized merchantmen as a bargaining chip in any future negotiations. </p><p>In response, the Satsuma Domain's military forces responded by waiting until a <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> started before launching an artillery bombardment from their <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal batteries</a> towards the British (the city had been evacuated prior to the engagement). Surprised by the hostility, Kuper's squadron responded by confiscating as much valuable materiel as possible from the three captured steamers before setting them on fire. </p><p>The British then spent approximately two hours readying their ships for battle (as they had not expected to enter into a military confrontation) before forming a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a>, which sailed along the Kagoshima coast and fired a combination of <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">round shot</a> towards the coastal batteries. Artillery fire from the <i>Havoc</i> set five <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyuan</a> trading <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a>, which were not involved in the engagement, on fire. The Satsuma coastal batteries were slowly silenced by the British, though the fact that Kuper's squadron was not expecting protracted resistance meant his ships slowly ran low on supplies and ammunition, and eventually he gave the order to retreat. The engagement resulted in 5 killed on the Satsuma side and 13 killed and 69 wounded on the British side, including Captain Josling of the Euryalus and his second-in-command Commander Wilmot, both decapitated by the same cannonball. </p><p>Additionally, roughly 500 <i><a href="/wiki/Minka" title="Minka">Minka</a></i> houses in Kagoshima, making up approximately 5% of the city's urban area, was destroyed by the bombardment, along with the Ryukyuan embassy. The British retreat was face-saving for the Satsuma Domain, who claimed the engagement as a victory by taking into account the relative number of casualties. Kuper's squadron did not land <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">marines</a> nor seize cannons from the coastal batteries (which would have signalled a clear British victory), Kuper having decided that the bombardment was enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Denney,_p.191_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denney,_p.191-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SatsumaNegociators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SatsumaNegociators.jpg/220px-SatsumaNegociators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SatsumaNegociators.jpg/330px-SatsumaNegociators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SatsumaNegociators.jpg/440px-SatsumaNegociators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> negotiators who sealed the final agreement with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg/220px-PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg/330px-PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg/440px-PaymentSatsumaReparations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The payment of the <a href="/wiki/Namamugi_Incident#Consequences_of_the_Namamugi_Incident" title="Namamugi Incident">Satsuma indemnity</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg/220px-Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg/330px-Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg/440px-Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>A 150-pound Satsuma cannon, cast in 1849. It was mounted on Fort Tenpozan at Kagoshima. Caliber: 290mm, length: 4220mm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Satsuma eventually decided to give in to Neale's demands and paid £25,000 to the British (which they borrowed from the <i>Bakufu</i> and never repaid due to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> in 1869 and its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Meiji government</a>). They never identified nor placed on trial Richardson's killers, but despite this, the reparation received was enough for Britain to sign a treaty with the Satsuma Domain to supply the latter with steam warships. Ironically, the conflict became the starting point of a friendly relationship between the Satsuma Domain and Britain, which became major allies in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>. From the start, the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Province" title="Satsuma Province">Satsuma Province</a> had generally been in favour of the opening and westernization of Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishibashi_Park" title="Ishibashi Park">Ishibashi Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">Japan–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimazu_clan" title="Shimazu clan">Shimazu clan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denney,_p.191-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denney,_p.191_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denney,_p.191_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denney, p.191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polak_2002,_p.92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polak_2002,_p.92_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polak_2002,_p.92_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polak 2002, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Totman, pp. 68–69 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Totman, p. 71 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totman,_p.72-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Totman,_p.72_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Totman, p.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Rennie, p. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rennie,_p.382-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rennie,_p.382_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rennie,_p.382_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rennie, p. l382</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Lange, William (2020). <i>The Namamugi Incident: The Murder that Sparked a War</i>, Toyo Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9492722-270" title="Special:BookSources/978-9492722-270">978-9492722-270</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenney2011" class="citation cs2">Denney, John (2011), <i>Respect and Consideration: Britain in Japan 1853–1868 and Beyond Radiance Press</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568798-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568798-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9568798-0-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respect+and+Consideration%3A+Britain+in+Japan+1853%E2%80%931868+and+Beyond+Radiance+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9568798-0-6&rft.aulast=Denney&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombardment+of+Kagoshima" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1996" class="citation cs2">Howe, Christopher (1996), <i>The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War</i>, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065538-1"><bdi>978-1-85065538-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Japanese+Trade+Supremacy%3A+Development+and+Technology+in+Asia+from+1540+to+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85065538-1&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombardment+of+Kagoshima" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Polak" title="Christian Polak">Polak, Christian</a> (2001). <i>Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950).</i> Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Christophe_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hachette" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Christophe François Hachette">Hachette</a>, Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolak2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——— (2002), <i>絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代–1950年代)</i> [<i>Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai–1950-nendai)</i>] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-573-06210-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-573-06210-8"><bdi>978-4-573-06210-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50875162">50875162</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B5%B9%E3%81%A8%E5%85%89%3A+%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%96%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E4%BB%8F%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81100%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2+%28%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E2%80%931950%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Ashetto+Fujin+Gah%C5%8Dsha&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50875162&rft.isbn=978-4-573-06210-8&rft.aulast=Polak&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombardment+of+Kagoshima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rennie, David Field (2005), <i>The British Arms in North China and Japan</i> Originally pub. 1864. Facsimile, Adamant Media Corporation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-8184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-8184-1">1-4021-8184-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Satow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Satow">Satow, Ernest</a>. "The Bombardment of Kagoshima", Chapter VIII, <i>A Diplomat in Japan</i>.</li> <li>Totman, Conrad 1980 <i>The collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868</i> University of Hawai Press, Honolulu, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0614-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0614-X">0-8248-0614-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwierCunningham2013" class="citation cs2">Zwier, Lawrence J.; Cunningham, Mark E. (2013), <i>The End of the Shoguns and the Birth of Modern Japan: Pivotal Moments in History</i> (rev. ed.), Twenty-First Century Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46770377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46770377-2"><bdi>978-1-46770377-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Shoguns+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Japan%3A+Pivotal+Moments+in+History&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-46770377-2&rft.aulast=Zwier&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombardment+of+Kagoshima" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bombardment_of_Kagoshima&params=31.5955_N_130.5481_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°35′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">130°32′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.5955°N 130.5481°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.5955; 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