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mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsemetanool-k%C3%BCtuseelement" title="Otsemetanool-kütuseelement – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otsemetanool-kütuseelement" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_%C3%A0_combustible_%C3%A0_m%C3%A9thanol_direct" title="Pile à combustible à méthanol direct – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pile à combustible à méthanol direct" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%A0%91_%EB%A9%94%ED%83%84%EC%98%AC_%EC%97%B0%EB%A3%8C%EC%A0%84%EC%A7%80" title="직접 메탄올 연료전지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직접 메탄올 연료전지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMFC" title="DMFC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DMFC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="直接メタノール燃料電池 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直接メタノール燃料電池" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogniwo_paliwowe_zasilane_bezpo%C5%9Brednio_metanolem" title="Ogniwo paliwowe 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href="/wiki/File:Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/250px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/375px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/500px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Direct methanol fuel cell</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Direct methanol fuel cells</b> or <b>DMFCs</b> are a subcategory of <a href="/wiki/Proton-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" title="Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell">proton-exchange membrane fuel cells</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> is used as the fuel and a special proton-conducting polymer as the <a href="/wiki/Proton-exchange_membrane" title="Proton-exchange membrane">membrane</a> (PEM). Their main advantage is low temperature operation and the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions. </p><p>Whilst the thermodynamic theoretical <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy conversion efficiency</a> of a DMFC is 97%;<sup id="cite_ref-thermodynamics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thermodynamics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2014 the achievable energy conversion efficiency for operational cells attains 30%<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is intensive research on promising approaches to increase the operational efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-effincrease_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-effincrease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more efficient version of a direct fuel cell would play a key role in the theoretical use of methanol as a general energy transport medium, in the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">methanol economy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_cell">The cell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The cell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Indirect_methanol_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect methanol fuel cell">indirect methanol fuel cells</a>, where methanol is reacted to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a>, DMFCs use a methanol solution (usually around 1<a href="/wiki/Molarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarity">M</a>, i.e. about 3% in mass) to carry the reactant into the cell; common operating temperatures are in the range 50 to 120 °C (122 to 248 °F), where high temperatures are usually pressurized. DMFCs themselves are more efficient at high temperatures and pressures, but these conditions end up causing so many losses in the complete system that the advantage is lost;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, atmospheric-pressure configurations are currently preferred. </p><p>Because of the methanol cross-over, a phenomenon by which methanol diffuses through the membrane without reacting, methanol is fed as a weak solution: this decreases efficiency significantly, since crossed-over methanol, after reaching the air side (the cathode), immediately reacts with air; though the exact kinetics are debated, the result is a reduction of the cell voltage. Cross-over remains a major factor in inefficiencies, and often half of the methanol is lost to cross-over. Methanol cross-over and/or its effects can be alleviated by (a) developing alternative membranes (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), (b) improving the electro-oxidation process in the catalyst layer and improving the structure of the catalyst and gas diffusion layers (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ), and (c) optimizing the design of the flow field and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) which can be achieved by studying the current density distributions (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ). </p><p>Other issues include the management of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> created at the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>, the sluggish dynamic behavior, and the ability to maintain the solution water. </p><p>The only waste products with these types of fuel cells are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current DMFCs are limited in the power they can produce, but can still store a high energy content in a small space. This means they can produce a small amount of power over a long period of time. This makes them ill-suited for powering large vehicles (at least directly), but ideal for smaller vehicles such as forklifts and tuggers<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consumer goods such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>. Military applications of DMFCs are an emerging application since they have low noise and thermal signatures and no toxic effluent. These applications include power for man-portable tactical equipment, battery chargers, and autonomous power for test and training instrumentation. Units are available with power outputs between 25 watts and 5 kilowatts with durations up to 100 hours between refuelings. Especially for power output up to 0.3 kW the DMFC is suitable. For a power output of more than 0.3 kW the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_methanol_fuel_cell" title="Reformed methanol fuel cell">indirect methanol fuel cell</a> presents a higher efficiency and is more cost-efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freezing of the liquid methanol-water mixture in the stack at low ambient temperature can be problematic for the membrane of DMFC (in contrast to indirect methanol fuel cell). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methanol">Methanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methanol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methanol is a liquid from −97.6 to 64.7 °C (−143.7 to 148.5 °F) at atmospheric pressure. The volumetric <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of methanol is an order of magnitude greater than even highly <a href="/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">compressed hydrogen</a>, about two times greater than liquid hydrogen and 2.6 times higher than <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The energy density per mass is a tenth of that of hydrogen, but 10 times higher than that of lithium-ion batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methanol is slightly <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammable</a>. However, the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Dangerous Goods Panel (DGP) voted in November 2005 to allow passengers to carry and use micro fuel cells and methanol fuel cartridges when aboard airplanes to power <a href="/wiki/Laptop_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computer">laptop computers</a> and other consumer electronic devices. On September 24, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Transportation">US Department of Transportation</a> issued a proposal to allow airline passengers to carry fuel cell cartridges on board.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Transportation issued a final ruling on April 30, 2008, permitting passengers and crew to carry an approved fuel cell with an installed methanol cartridge and up to two additional spare cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth noting that 200 ml maximum methanol cartridge volume allowed in the final ruling is double the 100 ml limit on liquids allowed by the Transportation Security Administration in carry-on bags.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DMFC relies upon the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> layer to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Water is consumed at the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> and produced at the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a> (H<sup>+</sup>) are transported across the proton exchange membrane - often made from <a href="/wiki/Nafion" title="Nafion">Nafion</a> - to the cathode where they react with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to produce water. <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electrons</a> are transported through an external circuit from anode to cathode, providing power to connected devices. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Half-reaction" title="Half-reaction">half-reactions</a> are: </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Equation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Anode </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+H_{2}O\to 6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+H_{2}O\to 6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32cfc095b300018f9be9160fcc5c5678e2295230" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.591ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+H_{2}O\to 6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}} }"></span><br /><small>oxidation</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cathode </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}\to 3\ H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}\to 3\ H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2340980c4d4a4d37af7edb105d0d767c7e047abe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.788ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}\to 3\ H_{2}O} }"></span><br /><small>reduction</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overall reaction </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/108a122d0af2cca1b5f4db8aaa56eff8d1783665" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:33.072ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}} }"></span><br /><small>redox reaction</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Methanol and water are adsorbed on a catalyst usually made of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> particles, and lose protons until carbon dioxide is formed. As water is consumed at the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> in the reaction, pure methanol cannot be used without provision of water via either passive transport such as back <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> such as pumping. The need for water limits the energy density of the fuel. </p><p>Platinum is used as a catalyst for both half-reactions. This contributes to the loss of cell voltage potential, as any methanol that is present in the cathode chamber will oxidize. If another catalyst could be found for the reduction of oxygen, the problem of methanol crossover would likely be significantly lessened. Furthermore, platinum is very expensive and contributes to the high cost per kilowatt of these cells. </p><p>During the methanol oxidation reaction <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO) is formed, which strongly adsorbs onto the platinum catalyst, reducing the number of available reaction sites and thus the performance of the cell. The addition of other metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, to the platinum catalyst tends to ameliorate this problem. In the case of platinum-ruthenium catalysts, the oxophilic nature of ruthenium is believed to promote the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl radicals">hydroxyl radicals</a> on its surface, which can then react with carbon monoxide adsorbed on the platinum atoms. The water in the fuel cell is oxidized to a hydroxy radical via the following reaction: H<sub>2</sub>O → OH• + H<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup>. The hydroxy radical then oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which is released from the surface as a gas: CO + OH• → CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using these OH groups in the half reactions, they are also expressed as: </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Equation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Anode </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+6\ OH^{-}\to 5\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+6\ OH^{-}\to 5\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42b242e324a53505993aee5ff4c55836653f40c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:42.142ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+6\ OH^{-}\to 5\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}} }"></span><br /><small>oxidation</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cathode </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+3\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}\to 6\ OH^{-}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+3\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}\to 6\ OH^{-}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdfb55fad3af9d6b43deb04af67242cbcae5b7bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:31.596ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+3\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}\to 6\ OH^{-}} }"></span><br /><small>reduction</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overall reaction </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/108a122d0af2cca1b5f4db8aaa56eff8d1783665" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:33.072ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}} }"></span><br /><small>redox reaction</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-over_current">Cross-over current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cross-over current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methanol on the anodic side is usually in a weak solution (from 1M to 3M), because methanol in high concentrations has the tendency to diffuse through the membrane to the cathode, where its concentration is about zero because it is rapidly consumed by oxygen. Low concentrations help in reducing the cross-over, but also limit the maximum attainable current. </p><p>The practical realization is usually that a solution loop enters the anode, exits, is refilled with methanol, and returns to the anode again. Alternatively, fuel cells with optimized structures can be directly fed with high concentration methanol solutions or even pure methanol.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_drag">Water drag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water drag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The water in the anodic loop is lost because of the anodic reaction, but mostly because of the associated water drag: every proton formed at the anode drags a number of water molecules to the cathode. Depending on temperature and membrane type, this number can be between 2 and 6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancillary_units">Ancillary units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancillary units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A direct methanol fuel cell is usually part of a larger system including all the ancillary units that permit its operation. Compared to most other types of fuel cells, the ancillary system of DMFCs is relatively complex. The main reasons for its complexity are: </p> <ul><li>providing water along with methanol would make the fuel supply more cumbersome, so water has to be recycled in a loop;</li> <li>CO<sub>2</sub> has to be removed from the solution flow exiting the fuel cell;</li> <li>water in the anodic loop is slowly consumed by reaction and drag; it is necessary to recover water from the cathodic side to maintain steady operation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_anion-exchange_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali anion-exchange membrane">Alkali anion-exchange membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_hydrogen_electrode" title="Dynamic hydrogen electrode">Dynamic hydrogen electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fuel_cell_terms" title="Glossary of fuel cell terms">Glossary of fuel cell terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid fuels">Liquid fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_(data_page)" title="Methanol (data page)">Methanol (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_fuel_cell_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable fuel cell applications">Portable fuel cell applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schulten" title="Rudolf Schulten">Rudolf Schulten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SymPowerco" title="SymPowerco">SymPowerco</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thermodynamics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thermodynamics_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Nissan Plant to Use Methanol to Cut Costs </a> by ABC News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_ArayaLisoCuiLi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Simon Araya, Samuel; Liso, Vincenzo; Cui, Xiaoti; Li, Na; Zhu, Jimin; Sahlin, Simon Lennart; Jensen, Søren Højgaard; Nielsen, Mads Pagh; Kær, Søren Knudsen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen13030596">"A Review of The Methanol Economy: The Fuel Cell Route"</a>. <i>Energies</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen13030596">10.3390/en13030596</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energies&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+The+Methanol+Economy%3A+The+Fuel+Cell+Route&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=596&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fen13030596&rft.aulast=Simon+Araya&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Liso%2C+Vincenzo&rft.au=Cui%2C+Xiaoti&rft.au=Li%2C+Na&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jimin&rft.au=Sahlin%2C+Simon+Lennart&rft.au=Jensen%2C+S%C3%B8ren+H%C3%B8jgaard&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Mads+Pagh&rft.au=K%C3%A6r%2C+S%C3%B8ren+Knudsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fen13030596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+methanol+fuel+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsKuznetsovDavidBrandon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, P.P.; Kuznetsov, V.L.; David, W.I.F.; Brandon, N.P. (December 2008). "Hydrogen and fuel cells: Towards a sustainable energy future". <i>Energy Policy</i>. <b>36</b> (12): 4356–4362. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnPol..36.4356E">2008EnPol..36.4356E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2008.09.036">10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Policy&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+and+fuel+cells%3A+Towards+a+sustainable+energy+future&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4356-4362&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2008.09.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EnPol..36.4356E&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=P.P.&rft.au=Kuznetsov%2C+V.L.&rft.au=David%2C+W.I.F.&rft.au=Brandon%2C+N.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+methanol+fuel+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2007-09/US-Department-of-Transportation-moves-to-approve-fuel-cells-for-aircraft-use"><i>US Department of Transportation moves to approve fuel cells for aircraft use</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211170242/http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2007-09/US-Department-of-Transportation-moves-to-approve-fuel-cells-for-aircraft-use">Archived</a> 2009-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by FuelCellToday.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Federal%20Register/Hazmat/HM-215J%20Final%20Rule%2012-30-08.pdf"><i>Hazardous Materials: Revision to Requirements for the Transportation of Batteries and Battery-Powered Devices; and Harmonization with the United Nations Recommendations, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, and International Civil Aviation Organization's Technical Instructions</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725072442/http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Federal%20Register/Hazmat/HM-215J%20Final%20Rule%2012-30-08.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by the US department of transportation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa.gov/press/happenings/311_intl_acceptance.shtm"><i>3-1-1 Gains International Acceptance</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509155910/http://www.tsa.gov/press/happenings/311_intl_acceptance.shtm">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by the US transport security administration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotooWatanabe,_M.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Motoo, S.; Watanabe, M. (1975). "Electrolysis by Ad-Atoms Part II. Enhancement of the Oxidation of Methanol on Platinum by Ruthenium Ad-Atoms". <i>Electrochemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry</i>. <b>60</b>: 267–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrochemistry+and+Interfacial+Electrochemistry&rft.atitle=Electrolysis+by+Ad-Atoms+Part+II.+Enhancement+of+the+Oxidation+of+Methanol+on+Platinum+by+Ruthenium+Ad-Atoms&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=267-273&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Motoo&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+methanol+fuel+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiFaghri" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xianglin; Faghri. "Amir". <i>Journal of Power Sources</i>. <b>226</b>: 223–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2012.10.061">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Amir&rft.volume=226&rft.pages=223-240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2012.10.061&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xianglin&rft.au=Faghri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+methanol+fuel+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Merhoff, Henry and Helbig, Peter. Development and Fielding of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell; <i>ITEA Journal</i>, March 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methanol_fuel_cell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fuelcellnewstoday.com">Fuel Cell News Today. An internet portal of news and articles of fuel cell developments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knowledgefoundation.com/viewevents.php?event_id=209&act=evt">12th Small Fuel Cells. Annual conference on portable fuel cell technology developments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303214859/http://www.knowledgefoundation.com/viewevents.php?event_id=209&act=evt">Archived</a> 2012-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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