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Potts</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">New York University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://uibk.academia.edu/RobertRollinger"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Robert Rollinger related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1850280/899159/1123475/s200_robert.rollinger.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uibk.academia.edu/RobertRollinger">Robert Rollinger</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Innsbruck</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div 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href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/GiuliaLentini">Giulia Lentini</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/PaulAlainBeaulieu"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Paul-Alain Beaulieu related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1770893/606767/170725763/s200_paul-alain.beaulieu.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/PaulAlainBeaulieu">Paul-Alain Beaulieu</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Toronto</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarlssonMattias"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Mattias Karlsson related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/31421499/9271245/10940470/s200_mattias.karlsson.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarlssonMattias">Mattias Karlsson</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://umich.academia.edu/ZacharyRubin"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Zachary Rubin related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5488535/3389727/133201828/s200_zachary.rubin.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://umich.academia.edu/ZacharyRubin">Zachary Rubin</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Michigan</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://chuo-u.academia.edu/YokoWatai"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Yoko Watai related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1304315/594837/41565150/s200_yoko.watai.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://chuo-u.academia.edu/YokoWatai">Yoko Watai</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Chuo University</p></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2420594" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" 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Languages"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-ad949bc9-7518-497c-a5dc-0ab64989040b"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-ad949bc9-7518-497c-a5dc-0ab64989040b"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2420594" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Ancient Near East"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-22774c1b-cf75-4de2-856f-da51b7322e14"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-22774c1b-cf75-4de2-856f-da51b7322e14"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>47</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Drafts" data-toggle="tab" href="#drafts" role="tab" title="Drafts"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Drafts</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Olof Pedersen</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116140677"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116140677/THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE TOWER OF BABYLON STELE FOUND IN BABYLON" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112352902/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116140677/THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON">THE TOWER OF BABYLON STELE FOUND IN BABYLON</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Iraq</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pictures of the ziggurat in Babylon and the king Nebuchadnezzar II were found in the large open trench from the German excavations of Amran in 1900. The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. After 28 years in the Schøyen Collection Oslo, the stele is now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-116140677-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-116140677-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571013/figure-1-stele-cm-high-cm-wide-of-black-stone-with-pictures"><img alt="Fig. 1. Stele, 47 cm high, 25.5 cm wide, of black stone with pictures of the king Nebuchadnezzar II, of the front of the Etemenanki ziggurat in Babylon and a plan of the sanctuary on top of the ziggurat. A similar temple plan can also be found on the left edge. There is a short inscription beside the ziggurat and a longer one on the lower half of the front side. Previously MS 2063, Schoyen Collection, Oslo and London, now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Photo O. Pedersén 2023. Open Access. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/112352902/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571017/figure-2-tell-amran-in-babylon-the-red-marking-in-the-trench"><img alt="Fig. 2. Tell Amran in Babylon. The red marking in the trench is the approximate findspot of the two fragments of the stele depicting the ziggurat. To the south is the modern Amran sanctuary. The Esagil temple of Marduk is marked by the large pit with the surrounding green dots showing still visible upper parts of later pits from excavation. The blue marking is a Parthian house where many broken precious objects were excavated. North of the tell are the remains of the 90 x 90 m Etemenanki ziggurat with the preserved 60 x 60 m mud brick core and in the surrounding water the 15 m wide baked brick mantel. Background and additions by O. Pedersén 2024. Open Access. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/112352902/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571022/figure-3-provisional-drawing-of-the-etemenanki-ziggurat-as"><img alt="Fig. 3. Provisional drawing of the Etemenanki ziggurat as shown on the stele with the two fragments placed together as on Fig. 1. The plan of the sanctuary on the top of the ziggurat has two entrances, a central courtyard, and to the left the main cella. The facade of the ziggurat shows the lower terrace with staircases, five terraces of lower height, and on the top the sanctuary. Insecure reconstructions are grey. The raised terrain in the front has been indicated. Drawing O. Pedersén 2023. Open Access. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/112352902/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571028/figure-4-etemenanki-ziggurat-preliminary-reconstruction-with"><img alt="Fig. 4. Etemenanki ziggurat, preliminary 3D-reconstruction with terraces and staircases placed according to the stele, cuneiform texts, and excavation results. Staircases to the upper parts are assumed inside the tower. Baked bricks with a top of blue-glazed bricks. The sloping buttresses and the raised terrain in the front have not been indicated. Pedersén 2021, Fig. 4.18. Open Access. 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The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. After 28 years in the Schøyen Collection Oslo, the stele is now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Iraq"},"translated_abstract":"In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pictures of the ziggurat in Babylon and the king Nebuchadnezzar II were found in the large open trench from the German excavations of Amran in 1900. The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. After 28 years in the Schøyen Collection Oslo, the stele is now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116140677/THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-03-12T09:02:02.276-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2420594,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":112352902,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112352902/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pedersen_2023_2024_stele_found_in_babylon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112352902/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABY.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112352902/Pedersen_2023_2024_stele_found_in_babylon-libre.pdf?1710260546=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTHE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABY.pdf\u0026Expires=1743348152\u0026Signature=ZLT8SOZA6OSAL2bj3-g5R7cJ2rtwLp6BYQsfwCmBXQUSL3HQDnkkiCd29Avh2D0bvMUIh2ppFii2nnnVpDV6nxc1lsxduDaBObnW78B9n9K4EShLILTBsfpdW~DKljgVJ03-jnSvIECpq7FoZK-F8Z03hqkrOdnqL3LzdMsoHttDLoreR7EaP1LuL2wmGobqOgtiNookw50fPjUZLfdVlFqsEZ3vi72toetdeKTfa6-Ci9ophGbvDkPL1zf8hi41HXSfK~tyXtgea6pmaoKqHrgT3G08hkwEHx7Sq4yr4Z2tKfVme7bVwE21vebnrDYkXKpvo19DOU7wcNHpKf~bDA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pictures of the ziggurat in Babylon and the king Nebuchadnezzar II were found in the large open trench from the German excavations of Amran in 1900. The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. 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Sumerian and Old Babylonian Royal Inscriptions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104677298/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105142360/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Objects_with_Cuneiform_Inscriptions_Part_I_Sumerian_and_Old_Babylonian_Royal_Inscriptions">Ancient Near Eastern Objects with Cuneiform Inscriptions: Part I. Sumerian and Old Babylonian Royal Inscriptions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bulletin Medelhavsmuseet 26-27</span><span>, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">6 clay cones, 2 stone tablets and a fragment of a statue all with cuneiform inscriptions</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-105142360-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-105142360-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591989/figure-2-clay-cone-of-entemena-mm"><img alt="Figs. 2a-d. Clay cone of Entemena, MM 1977:11. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591992/figure-3-clay-cone-of-ur-baba-bksy"><img alt="Figs. 3a-c. Clay cone of Ur-Baba, Békésy 184. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591995/figure-4-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591999/figure-5-sa-clay-cone-of-shulgi-acc"><img alt="Figs. Sa-c. Clay cone of Shulgi, Acc. 997. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592005/figure-6-lapis-lazuli-of-amar-suen-mm"><img alt="Figs. 6a-d. Lapis-lazuli tablet of Amar-Suen, MM 1957:4. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592011/figure-7-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592018/figure-7-lapis-lazuli-of-amar-suen-mm-copy-by-anonymous"><img alt="Fig. 7. Lapis-lazuli tablet of Amar-Suen, MM 1957:4. Copy by anonymous. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592024/figure-9-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592028/figure-10-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592032/figure-11-limestone-of-rim-sin-nm"><img alt="Figs. 9a-b. Limestone tablet of Rim-Sin, NM 2091. 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Dimensions: Height 56 mm, width 85 mm, thickness 3( mm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812903/figure-2-light-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm"><img alt="Light brown, Smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 62 mm, width 36 mm, thick- ness 20 mm. Unsealed. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812916/figure-3-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812937/figure-4-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812945/figure-5-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812953/figure-6-brown-grainy-surface-dimensions-height-mm-width-mm"><img alt="Brown, “grainy” surface. Dimensions: Height >67 mm, width 12 mm, thickness 29 mm. Unsealed(?) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812965/figure-7-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812975/figure-8-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812983/figure-9-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813002/figure-10-there-are-two-lines-drawn-on-the-upper-edge-and"><img alt="14. There are two lines drawn on the upper edge, and there was possibly something written between them. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813036/figure-11-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813048/figure-12-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813073/figure-13-dark-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm"><img alt="Dark brown, smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 44 mm, width 58 mm, thick- ness 24 mm. Unsealed. Inscribed on obverse only. 4,6. If Balatu is the weaver attested in Nbk 42—Nbn 03 (563-553) (Bongenaar, Prosopo- graphy, 311, 320f.), and if the years 1 and 2 in the text refer to years in a king’s reign, they may refer to any of AWM, Ngl or Nbn, i.e. 561-554. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813091/figure-14-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813113/figure-15-in-bm-jursa-landwirtschaft-sula-is-mentioned"><img alt="6. In BM 50505:6—7 (Jursa, Landwirtschaft, 60), Sula is mentioned together with “his broth- ers” (Se8.meS-si/). Is the same intended here, and the personal marker simply a mistake of the scribe? Note the length of the northern side of this lot, 474 cubits, which is the same length as the southern side of the neigbouring lot of Sula, in BM 50505:9 (Jursa, Landwirtschaft, 60; cf. map, below). Map showing lots of arable land according to text no. 23 and related documents. The lots along the Euphrates are fairly certain, wheras the ones along the Harisu-canal may need some adjustment when additional evidence becomes available. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813127/figure-16-ochre-to-light-brown-smooth-rough-surface"><img alt="Ochre to light brown, smooth/rough surface, carefully fashioned, rectangular. Di- mensions: Height 79 mm, width 53 mm, thickness 27 mm. Nail-impressions (in- stead of a seal, cf. lines 40f.) of Ba°u-bél-biti on the left and right edges. Photo: J.E. Sjoberg, Tusentals fynd fran hundratusentals dr, 1998, 147 (turned upside down). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813139/figure-17-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813146/figure-18-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813158/figure-19-medium-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm"><img alt="Medium brown, smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 36 mm, width 43 mm, thickness 16,5 mm. Unsealed. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813165/figure-20-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813169/figure-21-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813178/table-1-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813184/table-2-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm-width-mm"><img alt="Brown, smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 47 mm, width 52.5 mm, thickness 22 mm. Unsealed. 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The excavated inscriptional materials have been used in the interpretation of the evidence. The book is based on study of the finds and of the documentation from the excavations along with repeated inspections of all the visible ruins in Babylon. A digital model of the city and integrated GIS work have been used to analyse and test the interpretations as well as support the understanding of the site. The modern history of the site is discussed including the modern reconstructions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="36c4c718f962f61b1d97de6fa6763345" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66710280,"asset_id":47768541,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66710280/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47768541"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47768541"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47768541; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47768541]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47768541]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47768541; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='47768541']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "36c4c718f962f61b1d97de6fa6763345" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=47768541]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":47768541,"title":"Pedersen Babylon 2021 Chapter 1","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Babylon: The Great City is a richly illustrated advanced introduction to and study of the German and Iraqi excavations in Babylon. 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Discussion of the basic glazed brick types at Babylon as well as the main buildings they once ornamented. Special attention is given to the Ishtar Gate, the Processional Way, and the Throne Room Facade, with regard to both the originals and the reconstructions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-43475196-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-43475196-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527115/figure-1-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527118/figure-1-ishtar-gate-fragments-in-the-va-cleaning-glazed"><img alt="Figure 1. Ishtar Gate fragments in the 1920s, VA. Cleaning glazed bricks fragments from salts. PhBab 3701 (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527128/figure-2-ishtar-gate-fragments-in-the-va-reconstruction-of"><img alt="Figure 2. Ishtar Gate fragments in the 1920s, VA. Reconstruction of glazed bricks from fragments. The working room is now the portico in front of the Neues Museum, Berlin. PhBab 3700 (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527138/figure-3-city-wall-connected-with-the-ishtar-gate-in-babylon"><img alt="Figure 3. City wall connected with the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. The two blue markings are at the facades of the massive wall. Before excavation the terrain was 3-4 m higher than the top of the walls. Long before the launching of the excavation, all upper parts of the walls had been removed by brick miners, who even dug deeper down inside the walls leading to the formation of deep hollows inside the walls. To the left, 1980s rebuilding. October 2015. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527142/figure-5-unglazed-clay-bricks-with-reliefs-all-find-spots"><img alt="Figure 5. 132 unglazed clay bricks with reliefs, all find spots are located in the centre. Most brick reliefs left in situ at the Ishtar Gate were never inventoried. There is a marked concentration at the Ishtar Gate, all other finds are fragments in secondary positions. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527146/figure-6-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527151/figure-6-flat-glazed-brick-decoration-was-at-the-marked-top"><img alt="Figure 6. A flat glazed brick decoration was at the marked top. Ishtar Gate, Babylon. May 2017. Cf. Figures 7-9. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527159/figure-7-flat-glazed-brick-decoration-bab-with-legs-of-bull"><img alt="Figure 7. Flat, glazed brick decoration, Bab 20641a, with legs of a bull (rimu) over unglazed bull relief. Before the excavations the terrain was about 2 m above the top of the wall remains. April 1902. PhBab 159 (©Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527167/figure-8-the-unglazed-reliefs-below-the-removed-flat-glazed"><img alt="Figure 8. The unglazed reliefs below the removed flat glazed brick decoration. Bulls (rimu) and dragons (mushusSu). The top bull is the same as the lower bull on Figure 7. Vertical distance between the animal feet is 2.0 m. September 1902. PhBab 197 (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527176/figure-9-glazed-flat-brick-decoration-in-the-vam-va-bab-the"><img alt="Figure 9. Glazed flat brick decoration in the VAM, VA Bab 1967. The lower part of the bull (rimu) is from the wall, cf. Figure 7. The upper part has been assembled from different fragments. The bull is 1.1 m higl (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527182/figure-11-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527190/figure-12-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527207/figure-12-ishtar-gate-glazed-bull-relief-vam-reconstruction"><img alt="Figure 12. Ishtar Gate, glazed bull relief. VAM reconstruction. The bull and the decorative band below were assembled with ancient brick fragments, whereas the complete bricks in the background are modern. 45 relief bricks were required for each bull. The bull is 1.1 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&Smer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527255/figure-13-ishtar-gate-glazed-dragon-relief-vam"><img alt="Figure 13. Ishtar Gate, glazed dragon relief. VAM reconstruction. The dragon was assembled with ancient brick fragments, the rest with modern complete bricks. 41 relief bricks were required for each dragon. The dragon is 1.1 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527267/figure-14-glazed-lion-relief-from-processional-way-north-of"><img alt="Figure 14. Glazed lion relief from Processional Way north of Ishtar Gate. White lion with brown-yellow mane and hanging tail on cyan background. Excavators estimated 120 lions along the 180 m long wall facade in Babylon at the uppermost Nebuchadnezzar II street level. 24 lions are reconstructed on the walls in the VAM. 46 relief bricks were required for each lion. The lion is 0.9 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527275/figure-15-south-palace-section-of-main-courtyard-wall-in"><img alt="Figure 15. South Palace, section of main courtyard wall in front of throne room from one of two mirrored VAM reconstructions. Flat glazed stylized garden with glazed lion reliefs with tails in upward position. The lions and decorative bands below are made of ancient brick fragments. The upper parts consist of modern bricks in a secured ancient design. 48 relief bricks for each lion. The lion is 1.0 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Tefmer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527282/figure-16-the-fitters-mark-principle-shown-with-brick"><img alt="Figure 16. The fitters’ mark principle shown with brick courses counted from above and signs indicating laterally abutting bricks, drawing by Walter Andrae (© Archive Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527295/figure-17-the-glazed-clay-bricks-with-all-find-spots-in-the"><img alt="Figure 17. The 36475 glazed clay bricks with all find spots in the centre. Marked clusters appear at the Ishtar Gate, in the Processional Way to the north, and in the southern part of the South Palace, from the centre westwards. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527300/figure-18-the-glazed-quartz-bricks-all-find-spots-in-the"><img alt="Figure 18. The 685 glazed quartz bricks, all find spots in the centre. A marked concentration is visible in the southwest of the South Palace. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527307/figure-19-the-only-complete-glazed-quartz-brick-bab-height"><img alt="Figure 19. The only complete glazed quartz brick, Bab 9079. Height 9.0 cm. South Palace main courtyard (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Tef&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527314/figure-21-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527325/figure-21-ishtar-gate-looking-south-three-nebuchadnezzar-ii"><img alt="Figure 21. Ishtar Gate, looking south. Three Nebuchadnezzar II street levels are visible at the gate. The visiting level inside the gate is modern with two more Nebuchadnezzar II street levels below. October 2015. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527336/figure-22-babylon-digital-model-looking-south-ishtar-gate"><img alt="Figure 22. Babylon digital model looking south. Ishtar Gate during early reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC). Reliefs of unglazed bulls (rimu) and dragons (muShuSsu) on the gate walls. Reddish-brown walls are baked brick and whitish-grey walls are unbaked mudbrick in all model pictures. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527355/figure-23-babylon-digital-model-looking-south-ishtar-gate"><img alt="Figure 23. Babylon digital model looking south. Ishtar Gate during late middle reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and street level currently exposed in Babylon. Reliefs with unglazed bulls and dragons on the gate walls. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527368/figure-24-babylon-digital-model-of-ishtar-gate-and-north"><img alt="Figure 24. Babylon digital model of Ishtar Gate and North Gate, during late reign of Nebuchadnezzar II to that of Nabonidus. Glazed relief bulls and dragons on the Ishtar Gate walls as well as lions along the Processional Way in the palace area. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_025.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527375/figure-25-babylon-digital-model-of-processional-way-wide"><img alt="Figure 25. Babylon digital model of Processional Way, 20 m wide, uppermost Nebuchadnezzar II level. View from the Nort Gate looking south towards the Ishtar Gate. Protected room with decorations of lions on the walls next to the street in the palace area and bulls and dragons on the Ishtar Gate. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_026.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527385/figure-26-processional-way-in-front-of-ishtar-gate-as"><img alt="Figure 26. Processional Way in front of Ishtar Gate as reconstructed in the VAM. The street is 7 m wide instead of the original 20 m (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_027.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527397/figure-27-south-palace-main-courtyard-long-south-wall-in"><img alt="Figure 27. South Palace, main courtyard, 53 m long south wall in front of throne room. Model using VAM reconstruction of glazed flat stylised garden with glazed lion reliefs. Some 600 m behind the palace is the 90 m high ziggurat, which according to inscriptions had a glazed top. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_028.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527411/figure-28-glazed-brick-with-glazed-cuneiform-bab-the-only"><img alt="Figure 28. Glazed brick with glazed cuneiform, Bab 20890. The only almost complete brick from the Ishtar Gate displaying the cuneiform sign BI. Height 7.7 cm, not used for the reconstruction of the gate in the VAM. All other brick fragments are much less well-preserved (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. TeRmer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_029.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527423/figure-29-glazed-bricks-with-glazed-cuneiform-indicating-all"><img alt="Figure 29. 1368 glazed bricks with glazed cuneiform indicating all find spots. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_030.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527431/figure-30-ishtar-gate-vam-reconstruction-inscription-with"><img alt="Figure 30. Ishtar Gate VAM reconstruction. Inscription with glazed cuneiform located probably at more or less the right place (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. TeRmer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_031.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527439/figure-31-east-india-house-inscription-on-large-stone-now-bm"><img alt="Figure 31. East India House inscription on large stone tablet, now BM 129397. Three of its passages were used to reconstruct the VAM Ishtar Gate inscription (© Trustees of the British Museum). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_032.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527445/figure-32-the-only-original-ishtar-gate-inscription"><img alt="Figure 32. The only original Ishtar Gate inscription excavated inside the gate describing its construction by Nebuchadnezzar II was found on a large broken limestone block, Bab 18465, 70 cm thick. PhBab 199 (© Vorderasiatische: Museum, SMB / Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). 6 Conclusion excavated bricks but with modern bricks. A higher percentage of original fragments, about 45%, was used in the reconstruction of the lion decoration along the Processional Way. Here not only the animals and a lower decorative band consist of original fragments but also most of the flat background. 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Special attention is given to the Ishtar Gate, the Processional Way, and the Throne Room Facade, with regard to both the originals and the reconstructions.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43475196/Glazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-06-30T00:37:56.168-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2420594,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63783651,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63783651/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pedersen_2020_ICAANE20200630-31832-1ofku9x.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63783651/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63783651/Pedersen_2020_ICAANE20200630-31832-1ofku9x-libre.pdf?1593503201=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon.pdf\u0026Expires=1743348153\u0026Signature=HTnLZTFMcTCZpz4RHaazJgEQYJVk56MTsrvihgSJoZzjJSmvXtC5IVhC5kqj0~QQzHsVjPEEZztapKWo2bV6xQi7o01CjhBE8aEwOYjxkEB7CGi1ZPOomWXOanns3JRGrAFF6gtDzqq9ZcZ36qfmM9XbJr5Jr~HV399ZSoTHTW1c0JUpsNv7btcY2z86qbxQiHzGvmqF0NifKBp1YuiwUa6S5DV9KroZ5Xx2em3iy69hXaXXItfeso8fjfWLEIdVDf1yheA33De-vouB5OGRXHuObyq2UFMFuoUzjsHH6prO9fam6vplLzysLX8YoGfDq~r9K1slDST2-y9UCl3grA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Glazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon","translated_slug":"","page_count":32,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Preliminary assessment of the famous glazed brick decorations from both the Berlin Babylon Project and other research. 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A new interpretation of the area with successive rebuilding on always higher levels during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II is the result of the analysis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5adfc4301c0b212116b421c8ce04377e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58616699,"asset_id":38545436,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58616699/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38545436"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38545436"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38545436; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38545436]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38545436]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38545436; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38545436']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5adfc4301c0b212116b421c8ce04377e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38545436]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38545436,"title":"The Ishtar Gate Area in Babylon: From Old Documents to New Interpretations in a Digital Model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Archaeological, textual, and other sources have been combined in a digital model of Babylon, here illustrated with the Ishtar Gate, the Street of Procession and the palace area around it. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-34109858-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="268498" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116140677"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116140677/THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE TOWER OF BABYLON STELE FOUND IN BABYLON" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112352902/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116140677/THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON">THE TOWER OF BABYLON STELE FOUND IN BABYLON</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Iraq</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pictures of the ziggurat in Babylon and the king Nebuchadnezzar II were found in the large open trench from the German excavations of Amran in 1900. The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. After 28 years in the Schøyen Collection Oslo, the stele is now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-116140677-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-116140677-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571013/figure-1-stele-cm-high-cm-wide-of-black-stone-with-pictures"><img alt="Fig. 1. Stele, 47 cm high, 25.5 cm wide, of black stone with pictures of the king Nebuchadnezzar II, of the front of the Etemenanki ziggurat in Babylon and a plan of the sanctuary on top of the ziggurat. A similar temple plan can also be found on the left edge. There is a short inscription beside the ziggurat and a longer one on the lower half of the front side. Previously MS 2063, Schoyen Collection, Oslo and London, now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Photo O. Pedersén 2023. Open Access. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/112352902/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571017/figure-2-tell-amran-in-babylon-the-red-marking-in-the-trench"><img alt="Fig. 2. Tell Amran in Babylon. The red marking in the trench is the approximate findspot of the two fragments of the stele depicting the ziggurat. To the south is the modern Amran sanctuary. The Esagil temple of Marduk is marked by the large pit with the surrounding green dots showing still visible upper parts of later pits from excavation. The blue marking is a Parthian house where many broken precious objects were excavated. North of the tell are the remains of the 90 x 90 m Etemenanki ziggurat with the preserved 60 x 60 m mud brick core and in the surrounding water the 15 m wide baked brick mantel. Background and additions by O. Pedersén 2024. Open Access. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/112352902/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571022/figure-3-provisional-drawing-of-the-etemenanki-ziggurat-as"><img alt="Fig. 3. Provisional drawing of the Etemenanki ziggurat as shown on the stele with the two fragments placed together as on Fig. 1. The plan of the sanctuary on the top of the ziggurat has two entrances, a central courtyard, and to the left the main cella. The facade of the ziggurat shows the lower terrace with staircases, five terraces of lower height, and on the top the sanctuary. Insecure reconstructions are grey. The raised terrain in the front has been indicated. Drawing O. Pedersén 2023. Open Access. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/112352902/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42571028/figure-4-etemenanki-ziggurat-preliminary-reconstruction-with"><img alt="Fig. 4. Etemenanki ziggurat, preliminary 3D-reconstruction with terraces and staircases placed according to the stele, cuneiform texts, and excavation results. Staircases to the upper parts are assumed inside the tower. Baked bricks with a top of blue-glazed bricks. The sloping buttresses and the raised terrain in the front have not been indicated. Pedersén 2021, Fig. 4.18. Open Access. 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The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. After 28 years in the Schøyen Collection Oslo, the stele is now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Iraq"},"translated_abstract":"In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pictures of the ziggurat in Babylon and the king Nebuchadnezzar II were found in the large open trench from the German excavations of Amran in 1900. The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. After 28 years in the Schøyen Collection Oslo, the stele is now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116140677/THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-03-12T09:02:02.276-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2420594,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":112352902,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112352902/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pedersen_2023_2024_stele_found_in_babylon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112352902/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABY.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112352902/Pedersen_2023_2024_stele_found_in_babylon-libre.pdf?1710260546=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTHE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABY.pdf\u0026Expires=1743348152\u0026Signature=ZLT8SOZA6OSAL2bj3-g5R7cJ2rtwLp6BYQsfwCmBXQUSL3HQDnkkiCd29Avh2D0bvMUIh2ppFii2nnnVpDV6nxc1lsxduDaBObnW78B9n9K4EShLILTBsfpdW~DKljgVJ03-jnSvIECpq7FoZK-F8Z03hqkrOdnqL3LzdMsoHttDLoreR7EaP1LuL2wmGobqOgtiNookw50fPjUZLfdVlFqsEZ3vi72toetdeKTfa6-Ci9ophGbvDkPL1zf8hi41HXSfK~tyXtgea6pmaoKqHrgT3G08hkwEHx7Sq4yr4Z2tKfVme7bVwE21vebnrDYkXKpvo19DOU7wcNHpKf~bDA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"THE_TOWER_OF_BABYLON_STELE_FOUND_IN_BABYLON","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In the early 1990s the two fragments of black stone making up the Tower of Babylon stele with pictures of the ziggurat in Babylon and the king Nebuchadnezzar II were found in the large open trench from the German excavations of Amran in 1900. The findspot was about 20 m north of the Esagil temple in Babylon, but the level where it was discovered is not Neo-Babylonian but later, possibly Parthian. The archaeological and historical background of the stele is discussed, and the image of the Ziggurat on the stele is considered. 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Sumerian and Old Babylonian Royal Inscriptions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104677298/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105142360/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Objects_with_Cuneiform_Inscriptions_Part_I_Sumerian_and_Old_Babylonian_Royal_Inscriptions">Ancient Near Eastern Objects with Cuneiform Inscriptions: Part I. Sumerian and Old Babylonian Royal Inscriptions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bulletin Medelhavsmuseet 26-27</span><span>, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">6 clay cones, 2 stone tablets and a fragment of a statue all with cuneiform inscriptions</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-105142360-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-105142360-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591989/figure-2-clay-cone-of-entemena-mm"><img alt="Figs. 2a-d. Clay cone of Entemena, MM 1977:11. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591992/figure-3-clay-cone-of-ur-baba-bksy"><img alt="Figs. 3a-c. Clay cone of Ur-Baba, Békésy 184. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591995/figure-4-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5591999/figure-5-sa-clay-cone-of-shulgi-acc"><img alt="Figs. Sa-c. Clay cone of Shulgi, Acc. 997. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592005/figure-6-lapis-lazuli-of-amar-suen-mm"><img alt="Figs. 6a-d. Lapis-lazuli tablet of Amar-Suen, MM 1957:4. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592011/figure-7-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592018/figure-7-lapis-lazuli-of-amar-suen-mm-copy-by-anonymous"><img alt="Fig. 7. Lapis-lazuli tablet of Amar-Suen, MM 1957:4. Copy by anonymous. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592024/figure-9-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592028/figure-10-ancient-near-eastern-objects-with-cuneiform"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104677298/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5592032/figure-11-limestone-of-rim-sin-nm"><img alt="Figs. 9a-b. Limestone tablet of Rim-Sin, NM 2091. 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Dimensions: Height 56 mm, width 85 mm, thickness 3( mm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812903/figure-2-light-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm"><img alt="Light brown, Smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 62 mm, width 36 mm, thick- ness 20 mm. Unsealed. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812916/figure-3-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812937/figure-4-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812945/figure-5-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812953/figure-6-brown-grainy-surface-dimensions-height-mm-width-mm"><img alt="Brown, “grainy” surface. Dimensions: Height >67 mm, width 12 mm, thickness 29 mm. Unsealed(?) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812965/figure-7-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812975/figure-8-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34812983/figure-9-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813002/figure-10-there-are-two-lines-drawn-on-the-upper-edge-and"><img alt="14. There are two lines drawn on the upper edge, and there was possibly something written between them. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813036/figure-11-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813048/figure-12-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813073/figure-13-dark-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm"><img alt="Dark brown, smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 44 mm, width 58 mm, thick- ness 24 mm. Unsealed. Inscribed on obverse only. 4,6. If Balatu is the weaver attested in Nbk 42—Nbn 03 (563-553) (Bongenaar, Prosopo- graphy, 311, 320f.), and if the years 1 and 2 in the text refer to years in a king’s reign, they may refer to any of AWM, Ngl or Nbn, i.e. 561-554. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813091/figure-14-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813113/figure-15-in-bm-jursa-landwirtschaft-sula-is-mentioned"><img alt="6. In BM 50505:6—7 (Jursa, Landwirtschaft, 60), Sula is mentioned together with “his broth- ers” (Se8.meS-si/). Is the same intended here, and the personal marker simply a mistake of the scribe? Note the length of the northern side of this lot, 474 cubits, which is the same length as the southern side of the neigbouring lot of Sula, in BM 50505:9 (Jursa, Landwirtschaft, 60; cf. map, below). Map showing lots of arable land according to text no. 23 and related documents. The lots along the Euphrates are fairly certain, wheras the ones along the Harisu-canal may need some adjustment when additional evidence becomes available. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813127/figure-16-ochre-to-light-brown-smooth-rough-surface"><img alt="Ochre to light brown, smooth/rough surface, carefully fashioned, rectangular. Di- mensions: Height 79 mm, width 53 mm, thickness 27 mm. Nail-impressions (in- stead of a seal, cf. lines 40f.) of Ba°u-bél-biti on the left and right edges. Photo: J.E. Sjoberg, Tusentals fynd fran hundratusentals dr, 1998, 147 (turned upside down). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813139/figure-17-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813146/figure-18-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813158/figure-19-medium-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm"><img alt="Medium brown, smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 36 mm, width 43 mm, thickness 16,5 mm. Unsealed. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813165/figure-20-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813169/figure-21-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/figure_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813178/table-1-cuneiform-texts-from-neo-babylonian-sippar-in-the"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/68953573/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/34813184/table-2-brown-smooth-surface-dimensions-height-mm-width-mm"><img alt="Brown, smooth surface. Dimensions: Height 47 mm, width 52.5 mm, thickness 22 mm. Unsealed. 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The excavated inscriptional materials have been used in the interpretation of the evidence. The book is based on study of the finds and of the documentation from the excavations along with repeated inspections of all the visible ruins in Babylon. A digital model of the city and integrated GIS work have been used to analyse and test the interpretations as well as support the understanding of the site. The modern history of the site is discussed including the modern reconstructions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="36c4c718f962f61b1d97de6fa6763345" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66710280,"asset_id":47768541,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66710280/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47768541"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47768541"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47768541; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47768541]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47768541]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47768541; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='47768541']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "36c4c718f962f61b1d97de6fa6763345" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=47768541]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":47768541,"title":"Pedersen Babylon 2021 Chapter 1","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Babylon: The Great City is a richly illustrated advanced introduction to and study of the German and Iraqi excavations in Babylon. 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Discussion of the basic glazed brick types at Babylon as well as the main buildings they once ornamented. Special attention is given to the Ishtar Gate, the Processional Way, and the Throne Room Facade, with regard to both the originals and the reconstructions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-43475196-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-43475196-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527115/figure-1-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527118/figure-1-ishtar-gate-fragments-in-the-va-cleaning-glazed"><img alt="Figure 1. Ishtar Gate fragments in the 1920s, VA. Cleaning glazed bricks fragments from salts. PhBab 3701 (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527128/figure-2-ishtar-gate-fragments-in-the-va-reconstruction-of"><img alt="Figure 2. Ishtar Gate fragments in the 1920s, VA. Reconstruction of glazed bricks from fragments. The working room is now the portico in front of the Neues Museum, Berlin. PhBab 3700 (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527138/figure-3-city-wall-connected-with-the-ishtar-gate-in-babylon"><img alt="Figure 3. City wall connected with the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. The two blue markings are at the facades of the massive wall. Before excavation the terrain was 3-4 m higher than the top of the walls. Long before the launching of the excavation, all upper parts of the walls had been removed by brick miners, who even dug deeper down inside the walls leading to the formation of deep hollows inside the walls. To the left, 1980s rebuilding. October 2015. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527142/figure-5-unglazed-clay-bricks-with-reliefs-all-find-spots"><img alt="Figure 5. 132 unglazed clay bricks with reliefs, all find spots are located in the centre. Most brick reliefs left in situ at the Ishtar Gate were never inventoried. There is a marked concentration at the Ishtar Gate, all other finds are fragments in secondary positions. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527146/figure-6-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527151/figure-6-flat-glazed-brick-decoration-was-at-the-marked-top"><img alt="Figure 6. A flat glazed brick decoration was at the marked top. Ishtar Gate, Babylon. May 2017. Cf. Figures 7-9. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527159/figure-7-flat-glazed-brick-decoration-bab-with-legs-of-bull"><img alt="Figure 7. Flat, glazed brick decoration, Bab 20641a, with legs of a bull (rimu) over unglazed bull relief. Before the excavations the terrain was about 2 m above the top of the wall remains. April 1902. PhBab 159 (©Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527167/figure-8-the-unglazed-reliefs-below-the-removed-flat-glazed"><img alt="Figure 8. The unglazed reliefs below the removed flat glazed brick decoration. Bulls (rimu) and dragons (mushusSu). The top bull is the same as the lower bull on Figure 7. Vertical distance between the animal feet is 2.0 m. September 1902. PhBab 197 (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527176/figure-9-glazed-flat-brick-decoration-in-the-vam-va-bab-the"><img alt="Figure 9. Glazed flat brick decoration in the VAM, VA Bab 1967. The lower part of the bull (rimu) is from the wall, cf. Figure 7. The upper part has been assembled from different fragments. The bull is 1.1 m higl (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527182/figure-11-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527190/figure-12-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527207/figure-12-ishtar-gate-glazed-bull-relief-vam-reconstruction"><img alt="Figure 12. Ishtar Gate, glazed bull relief. VAM reconstruction. The bull and the decorative band below were assembled with ancient brick fragments, whereas the complete bricks in the background are modern. 45 relief bricks were required for each bull. The bull is 1.1 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&Smer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527255/figure-13-ishtar-gate-glazed-dragon-relief-vam"><img alt="Figure 13. Ishtar Gate, glazed dragon relief. VAM reconstruction. The dragon was assembled with ancient brick fragments, the rest with modern complete bricks. 41 relief bricks were required for each dragon. The dragon is 1.1 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527267/figure-14-glazed-lion-relief-from-processional-way-north-of"><img alt="Figure 14. Glazed lion relief from Processional Way north of Ishtar Gate. White lion with brown-yellow mane and hanging tail on cyan background. Excavators estimated 120 lions along the 180 m long wall facade in Babylon at the uppermost Nebuchadnezzar II street level. 24 lions are reconstructed on the walls in the VAM. 46 relief bricks were required for each lion. The lion is 0.9 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527275/figure-15-south-palace-section-of-main-courtyard-wall-in"><img alt="Figure 15. South Palace, section of main courtyard wall in front of throne room from one of two mirrored VAM reconstructions. Flat glazed stylized garden with glazed lion reliefs with tails in upward position. The lions and decorative bands below are made of ancient brick fragments. The upper parts consist of modern bricks in a secured ancient design. 48 relief bricks for each lion. The lion is 1.0 m high (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Tefmer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527282/figure-16-the-fitters-mark-principle-shown-with-brick"><img alt="Figure 16. The fitters’ mark principle shown with brick courses counted from above and signs indicating laterally abutting bricks, drawing by Walter Andrae (© Archive Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527295/figure-17-the-glazed-clay-bricks-with-all-find-spots-in-the"><img alt="Figure 17. The 36475 glazed clay bricks with all find spots in the centre. Marked clusters appear at the Ishtar Gate, in the Processional Way to the north, and in the southern part of the South Palace, from the centre westwards. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527300/figure-18-the-glazed-quartz-bricks-all-find-spots-in-the"><img alt="Figure 18. The 685 glazed quartz bricks, all find spots in the centre. A marked concentration is visible in the southwest of the South Palace. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527307/figure-19-the-only-complete-glazed-quartz-brick-bab-height"><img alt="Figure 19. The only complete glazed quartz brick, Bab 9079. Height 9.0 cm. South Palace main courtyard (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Tef&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527314/figure-21-glazed-bricks-that-ornamented-babylon"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527325/figure-21-ishtar-gate-looking-south-three-nebuchadnezzar-ii"><img alt="Figure 21. Ishtar Gate, looking south. Three Nebuchadnezzar II street levels are visible at the gate. The visiting level inside the gate is modern with two more Nebuchadnezzar II street levels below. October 2015. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527336/figure-22-babylon-digital-model-looking-south-ishtar-gate"><img alt="Figure 22. Babylon digital model looking south. Ishtar Gate during early reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC). Reliefs of unglazed bulls (rimu) and dragons (muShuSsu) on the gate walls. Reddish-brown walls are baked brick and whitish-grey walls are unbaked mudbrick in all model pictures. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527355/figure-23-babylon-digital-model-looking-south-ishtar-gate"><img alt="Figure 23. Babylon digital model looking south. Ishtar Gate during late middle reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and street level currently exposed in Babylon. Reliefs with unglazed bulls and dragons on the gate walls. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527368/figure-24-babylon-digital-model-of-ishtar-gate-and-north"><img alt="Figure 24. Babylon digital model of Ishtar Gate and North Gate, during late reign of Nebuchadnezzar II to that of Nabonidus. Glazed relief bulls and dragons on the Ishtar Gate walls as well as lions along the Processional Way in the palace area. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_025.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527375/figure-25-babylon-digital-model-of-processional-way-wide"><img alt="Figure 25. Babylon digital model of Processional Way, 20 m wide, uppermost Nebuchadnezzar II level. View from the Nort Gate looking south towards the Ishtar Gate. Protected room with decorations of lions on the walls next to the street in the palace area and bulls and dragons on the Ishtar Gate. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_026.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527385/figure-26-processional-way-in-front-of-ishtar-gate-as"><img alt="Figure 26. Processional Way in front of Ishtar Gate as reconstructed in the VAM. The street is 7 m wide instead of the original 20 m (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. Te&mer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_027.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527397/figure-27-south-palace-main-courtyard-long-south-wall-in"><img alt="Figure 27. South Palace, main courtyard, 53 m long south wall in front of throne room. Model using VAM reconstruction of glazed flat stylised garden with glazed lion reliefs. Some 600 m behind the palace is the 90 m high ziggurat, which according to inscriptions had a glazed top. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_028.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527411/figure-28-glazed-brick-with-glazed-cuneiform-bab-the-only"><img alt="Figure 28. Glazed brick with glazed cuneiform, Bab 20890. The only almost complete brick from the Ishtar Gate displaying the cuneiform sign BI. Height 7.7 cm, not used for the reconstruction of the gate in the VAM. All other brick fragments are much less well-preserved (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. TeRmer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_029.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527423/figure-29-glazed-bricks-with-glazed-cuneiform-indicating-all"><img alt="Figure 29. 1368 glazed bricks with glazed cuneiform indicating all find spots. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_030.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527431/figure-30-ishtar-gate-vam-reconstruction-inscription-with"><img alt="Figure 30. Ishtar Gate VAM reconstruction. Inscription with glazed cuneiform located probably at more or less the right place (© Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB, photo: Olaf M. TeRmer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_031.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527439/figure-31-east-india-house-inscription-on-large-stone-now-bm"><img alt="Figure 31. East India House inscription on large stone tablet, now BM 129397. Three of its passages were used to reconstruct the VAM Ishtar Gate inscription (© Trustees of the British Museum). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63783651/figure_032.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/13527445/figure-32-the-only-original-ishtar-gate-inscription"><img alt="Figure 32. The only original Ishtar Gate inscription excavated inside the gate describing its construction by Nebuchadnezzar II was found on a large broken limestone block, Bab 18465, 70 cm thick. PhBab 199 (© Vorderasiatische: Museum, SMB / Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). 6 Conclusion excavated bricks but with modern bricks. A higher percentage of original fragments, about 45%, was used in the reconstruction of the lion decoration along the Processional Way. Here not only the animals and a lower decorative band consist of original fragments but also most of the flat background. 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Special attention is given to the Ishtar Gate, the Processional Way, and the Throne Room Facade, with regard to both the originals and the reconstructions.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43475196/Glazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-06-30T00:37:56.168-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2420594,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63783651,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63783651/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pedersen_2020_ICAANE20200630-31832-1ofku9x.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63783651/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63783651/Pedersen_2020_ICAANE20200630-31832-1ofku9x-libre.pdf?1593503201=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon.pdf\u0026Expires=1743348153\u0026Signature=HTnLZTFMcTCZpz4RHaazJgEQYJVk56MTsrvihgSJoZzjJSmvXtC5IVhC5kqj0~QQzHsVjPEEZztapKWo2bV6xQi7o01CjhBE8aEwOYjxkEB7CGi1ZPOomWXOanns3JRGrAFF6gtDzqq9ZcZ36qfmM9XbJr5Jr~HV399ZSoTHTW1c0JUpsNv7btcY2z86qbxQiHzGvmqF0NifKBp1YuiwUa6S5DV9KroZ5Xx2em3iy69hXaXXItfeso8fjfWLEIdVDf1yheA33De-vouB5OGRXHuObyq2UFMFuoUzjsHH6prO9fam6vplLzysLX8YoGfDq~r9K1slDST2-y9UCl3grA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Glazed_Bricks_that_Ornamented_Babylon","translated_slug":"","page_count":32,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Preliminary assessment of the famous glazed brick decorations from both the Berlin Babylon Project and other research. 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A new interpretation of the area with successive rebuilding on always higher levels during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II is the result of the analysis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5adfc4301c0b212116b421c8ce04377e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58616699,"asset_id":38545436,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58616699/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38545436"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38545436"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38545436; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38545436]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38545436]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38545436; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38545436']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5adfc4301c0b212116b421c8ce04377e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38545436]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38545436,"title":"The Ishtar Gate Area in Babylon: From Old Documents to New Interpretations in a Digital Model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Archaeological, textual, and other sources have been combined in a digital model of Babylon, here illustrated with the Ishtar Gate, the Street of Procession and the palace area around it. 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A . Selman</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">يقدم تقيي ًما أول ًيا للزخارف المشهورة للاجر المزجج من كل من مشروع برلين بابل وأبحاث أخرى. يناقش ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">يقدم تقيي ًما أول ًيا للزخارف المشهورة للاجر المزجج من كل من مشروع برلين بابل وأبحاث أخرى. يناقش أنواع الآجر المزجج الأساسية في بابل بالإضافة إلى المباني الرئيسية التي زخرفتها من قبل. يتم إيلاء اهتمام خاص لبوابة عشتار وطريق الموكب وواجهة غرفة العرش ،فيما يتعلق بكل من النسخ الأصلية وعمليات إعادة البناء.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8af755bddd99cdf6ecbb6e065617af2e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":94509249,"asset_id":91136616,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94509249/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91136616"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91136616"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91136616; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91136616]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91136616]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91136616; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='91136616']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8af755bddd99cdf6ecbb6e065617af2e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=91136616]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":91136616,"title":"زينة‬ ‫اآلجر‬ ‫المزجج‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫بابل‬‬","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"يقدم تقيي ًما أول ًيا للزخارف المشهورة للاجر المزجج من كل من مشروع برلين بابل وأبحاث أخرى. يناقش أنواع الآجر المزجج الأساسية في بابل بالإضافة إلى المباني الرئيسية التي زخرفتها من قبل. يتم إيلاء اهتمام خاص لبوابة عشتار وطريق الموكب وواجهة غرفة العرش ،فيما يتعلق بكل من النسخ الأصلية وعمليات إعادة البناء.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"يقدم تقيي ًما أول ًيا للزخارف المشهورة للاجر المزجج من كل من مشروع برلين بابل وأبحاث أخرى. يناقش أنواع الآجر المزجج الأساسية في بابل بالإضافة إلى المباني الرئيسية التي زخرفتها من قبل. يتم إيلاء اهتمام خاص لبوابة عشتار وطريق الموكب وواجهة غرفة العرش ،فيما يتعلق بكل من النسخ الأصلية وعمليات إعادة البناء.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91136616/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-11-19T05:54:26.834-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2420594,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[{"id":39085998,"work_id":91136616,"tagging_user_id":2420594,"tagged_user_id":44500376,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***c@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Ahmed. 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