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<span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Establishment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khan_Kubrat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khan_Kubrat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Khan Kubrat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khan_Kubrat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disintegration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disintegration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disintegration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disintegration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Balkars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volga_Bulgars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volga_Bulgars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Volga Bulgars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volga_Bulgars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgars_in_Vojvodina_and_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgars_in_Vojvodina_and_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgars_in_Vojvodina_and_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgars_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgars_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bulgars in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgars_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Bulgarian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Bulgarian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>First Bulgarian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Bulgarian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Great Bulgaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot-Bulgaarse_Ryk" title="Groot-Bulgaarse Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot-Bulgaarse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="بلغاريا العظمى القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلغاريا العظمى القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Gran_Bulgaria" title="Antigua Gran Bulgaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigua Gran Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Bulqar_xanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böyük Bulqar xanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Bulqar xanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вялікая Балгарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая Балгарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стара Велика България – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стара Велика България" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Gran_Bulg%C3%A0ria" title="Antiga Gran Bulgària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiga Gran Bulgària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%9F%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аслă Пăлхар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Пăлхар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A9_Velk%C3%A9_Bulharsko" title="Staré Velké Bulharsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Staré Velké Bulharsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fbulgarisches_Reich" title="Großbulgarisches Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großbulgarisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Gran_Bulgaria" title="Antigua Gran Bulgaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigua Gran Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%86" title="بلغارستان بزرگ کهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلغارستان بزرگ کهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancienne_Grande_Bulgarie" title="Ancienne Grande Bulgarie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancienne Grande Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%8C%80%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="고대 대불가리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 대불가리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Velika_Bugarska" title="Stara Velika Bugarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stara Velika Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Bulgaria" title="Granda Bulgaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_Raya" title="Bulgaria Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulgaria Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Bulgaria" title="Grande Bulgaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בולגריה הישנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בולגריה הישנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ბულგარეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ბულგარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%91%D2%B1%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ұлы Бұлғария – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Бұлғария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Liel%C4%81_Bulg%C4%81rija" title="Senā Lielā Bulgārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Lielā Bulgārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gi_Nagy_Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Régi Nagy Bulgária – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Régi Nagy Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стара Велика Бугарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стара Велика Бугарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot-Bulgaarse_Rijk" title="Groot-Bulgaarse Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groot-Bulgaarse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96)" title="大ブルガリア (中世) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大ブルガリア (中世)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_storbulgarske_rike" title="Det storbulgarske rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det storbulgarske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਮਹਾਨ ਬਲਗਾਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਮਹਾਨ ਬਲਗਾਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرانا عظیم بلغاریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانا عظیم بلغاریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Bu%C5%82garia" title="Wielka Bułgaria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Bułgaria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Grande_Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Antiga Grande Bulgária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiga Grande Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Bul%C4%9Far_Eli" title="Büyük Bulğar Eli – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Büyük Bulğar Eli" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vechea_Bulgarie_Mare" title="Vechea Bulgarie Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vechea Bulgarie Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великая Болгария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая Болгария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%95%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Улуу Болҕар сирэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Болҕар сирэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullgaria_e_Vjet%C3%ABr_e_Madhe" title="Bullgaria e Vjetër e Madhe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bullgaria e Vjetër e Madhe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old Great Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A9_Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A9_Bulharsko" title="Staré Veľké Bulharsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staré Veľké Bulharsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Bolgarija" title="Velika Bolgarija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika Bolgarija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стара Велика Бугарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стара Велика Бугарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Velika_Bugarska" title="Stara Velika Bugarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stara Velika Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur-Bolgaria" title="Suur-Bolgaria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suur-Bolgaria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbulgariska_riket" title="Storbulgariska riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storbulgariska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бөек Болгар иле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Болгар иле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bulgaria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bulgaria">Great Bulgaria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">632–668 nomadic empire in Eastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Great Bulgaria" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian irredentism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Old Great Bulgaria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Old+Great+Bulgaria%22">"Old Great Bulgaria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Old+Great+Bulgaria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Old+Great+Bulgaria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Old+Great+Bulgaria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Old+Great+Bulgaria%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Old+Great+Bulgaria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Old Great Bulgaria</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">632<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–668</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monogram of bulgar khan Kubrat of Old Great Bulgaria"><img alt="Monogram of bulgar khan Kubrat of Old Great Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg/85px-Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg/128px-Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg/170px-Monogram_of_Kubrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="981" /></a></span></div> <div>Monogram of bulgar khan <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg/250px-Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg/375px-Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg/500px-Old_Great_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a4a633; color:black;"> </span> Old Great Bulgaria</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a><br /><small>(632–665)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Absolute monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 632–665 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 665–668 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Batbayan" title="Batbayan">Batbayan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a> inherits the throne </div></th><td class="infobox-data">632<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Batbayan" title="Batbayan">Batbayan</a> inherits the throne </div></th><td class="infobox-data">665</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Old Great Bulgaria is conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">668</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazarig" title="Kazarig">Kazarig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khazar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Khaganate">Khazar Khaganate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Old Great Bulgaria</b> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, <i>Palaiá Megálē Voulgaría</i>), also often known by the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names <i>Magna Bulgaria</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Patria Onoguria</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoğurs">Onogur</a> land"),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a 7th-century Turkic <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">nomadic empire</a> formed by the <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> on the western <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> (modern southern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and southwest <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Bulgaria was originally centered between the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>. </p><p>The original capital was <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov</a> seas. In the mid-7th century, Great Bulgaria expanded west to include <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar territory</a> and was centered on <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a>. During the late 7th century, however, an <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar-Slavic alliance</a> in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> in the east, defeated the Bulgars, and Great Bulgaria disintegrated. Successor states are the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Bulgars" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Bulgars">Origin of the Bulgars</a></div> <p>The etymology of the ethnonym <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bulgar" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bulgar">Bulgar</a></i> is not completely understood; it is difficult to trace the name back earlier than the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103–104_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103–104-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally believed to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> verb <i>bulğha</i> (to "stir", "mix", "disturb", "confuse"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999354_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999354-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly suggesting that other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> regarded the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> as a "mixed" people,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as "rebellious".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen201297_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> scholars implied that the Bulgars had previously been known as the <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a> (<i>Onoğur</i>). Agathon wrote about the "nation of Onogur Bulğars",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a> was lord of the <i>Onogundurs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a> referred to them as <i>Onogundur Bulgars</i> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> remarked that the Bulgars formerly called themselves <i>Onogundurs</i>. Variations of the name include <i>Onoguri, Onoghuri, Onghur, Ongur, Onghuri, Onguri, Onogundur, Unogundur</i>, and <i>Unokundur</i>. There are several theories about the origin of the name <i>Onogur</i>. In some Turkic languages <i>on</i> means "10" and <i>ğur</i> "arrow"; and "ten arrows" might imply a federation of ten tribes, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>. Within the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, "z" sounds in the easternmost languages tend to have become "r" in the westernmost Turkic languages; therefore, the ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oghuz</a> may be the source of <i>Oghur</i>; that is, <i>on Oğur</i> would mean "ten clans of Oghuz". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2></div> <p>Between 630 and 635, <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> Kubrat managed to unite the Onogur Bulgars with the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a> under a single rule, creating a powerful confederation which was referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> authors in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> as Old Great Bulgaria,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Patria Onoguria</i>. According to some scholars, it is more correctly called the Onogundur-Bulgar Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> assume that it stretched as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> and included among its subjects some of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>. It is presumed that Kubrat's capital was the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a>. Kubrat's grave was discovered in 1912 at <a href="/wiki/Pereshchepina_Treasure" title="Pereshchepina Treasure">Pereshchepina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khan_Kubrat">Khan Kubrat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans">Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans</a></i>, Kubrat was from the royal clan <a href="/wiki/Dulo" title="Dulo">Dulo</a> and a rightful heir to the Bulgar throne. He was awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> (honorary, high title for a nobleman) by the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Zotenberg" title="Hermann Zotenberg">Hermann Zotenberg</a> (1883), while translating <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nikiu" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Nikiu">John of Nikiu</a>'s <i>Chronicles</i> from Old Ethiopian, intentionally replaced the name Qetrades to Kubrat. Since then, the historiography holds a misconception that Kubrat was raised and baptized by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> court, while John's character Qetrades has no real-life connection to the ruler of the Great Bulgaria Kubrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kubrat quickly managed to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar</a> domination, extending <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogur</a> influence among the Bulgars in <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonia</a> in what became known as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>. Ultimately, although there is no evidence that the Utigurs were independent of the Onogurs until after Kubrat's empire disintegrated, it is believed he seceded from the Onogurs when they became entangled in dynastic wars. After Kubrat's burial in <a href="/wiki/Pereshchepina_Treasure" title="Pereshchepina Treasure">Mala Pereshchepina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, who had triumphed in the collapse of Onoguria, subjugated Kubrat's eldest son and heir <a href="/wiki/Batbayan" title="Batbayan">Batbayan</a>, forcing his other sons to flee north up the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> (2nd son Kotrag) and west into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (4th son <a href="/wiki/Kuber" title="Kuber">Kuber</a> and 3rd son <a href="/wiki/Asparukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh">Asparukh</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (5th son Alcek, Alzek)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disintegration">Disintegration</h2></div> <p>The events following Kubrat's death are described by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Patriarch">Byzantine Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the times of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>, he narrates, Kubrat died and Batbayan, the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong Khazar pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes. </p><p>Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated under Khazar pressure in 668.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/280px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/420px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/560px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Bulgar settlements in the 6th and 7th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Bulgars remained in the former Onoguria, under the domination of the Khazars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkars">Balkars</h3></div> <p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also believe that the present-day <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> are the descendants of the Batbayan horde even though they speak a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volga_Bulgars">Volga Bulgars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Kotrag" title="Kotrag">Kotrag</a>, the leader of the Kutrigurs, took control of the western steppe, Batbayan led them into the upper <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Volga-Ural region</a>. There they established <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>, at the confluence of the Volga and <a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama</a>. As the Volga or Silver Bulgars (<i>Bessermens</i>), they converted voluntarily to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the 9th century. They managed to preserve their national identity well into the 13th century, by repelling the first <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> attacks in 1223. However, they were eventually subdued, their capital <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a> city became one of the major cities of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> of the Mongols and the Bulgars mixed with the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. The citizens of the modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian</a> republics of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuvashia Republic">Chuvashia</a> are considered to be descendants of those Bulgars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgars_in_Vojvodina_and_Macedonia">Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kuber" title="Kuber">Kuber</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> over a mixed group of peoples – Bulgars, Byzantine subjects, <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes">tribes</a> – as a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar</a> <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>. After a revolt, he led his people to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. There he settled in the region of Keremisia and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. After this, he disappeared from history and his people were later consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgars_in_Italy">Bulgars in Italy</h3></div> <p>Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "Duke Alzeco" (<a href="/wiki/Alcek" title="Alcek">Alcek</a>) sought refuge from the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avars</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and requested land from the <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Lombard King Grimoald I</a> in exchange for military service "for an uncertain reason", initially staying near <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and later moving further south. Grimoald sent Alcek and his followers to his son <a href="/wiki/Romuald_I_of_Benevento" title="Romuald I of Benevento">Romuald</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> and they were then granted by Romuald land northeast of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the "spacious but up till that time deserted" towns of <a href="/wiki/Sepino" title="Sepino">Sepino</a>, Bovianum (<a href="/wiki/Boiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiano">Boiano</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Isernia" title="Isernia">Isernia</a>, in the present-day region of <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>. Instead of the title "Duke", Altzek was granted the Lombard title of "<a href="/wiki/Gastald" title="Gastald">Gastald</a>". <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Langobardorum">Historia Langobardorum</a></i> writing after the year 787 says that in his time Bulgars still inhabited the area, and that even though they speak "Latin", "they have not forsaken the use of their own tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-<a href="/wiki/Campochiaro" title="Campochiaro">Campochiaro</a> near Boiano, which dates from the 7th century, found among 130 burials that there were 13 human burials alongside horses along with artefacts of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse burials are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> horse-nomads, and therefore these burials are clearly those of the Bulgar settlers of Molise and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Bulgarian_Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></div> <p>After the state disintegrated under the Khazar attack in 668, <a href="/wiki/Asparukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh">Asparukh</a> parted ways with his brothers and led some of the Bulgars to seek a secure home. He was followed by 30,000 to 50,000 Bulgars.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal" title="Battle of Ongal">Battle of Ongal</a>, Asparukh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transdanubian_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdanubian Bulgaria">Transdanubian Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_epigraphic_monuments" title="Bulgarian epigraphic monuments">Bulgarian epigraphic monuments</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521815398" title="Special:BookSources/0521815398">0521815398</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronicle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chronicle_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chronicle_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm"><i>Chronicle</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2011">Golden 2011</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiedler2008">Fiedler 2008</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a>, and Pseudo-Zecharias Rhetor<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeif_Inge_Ree_Petersen2013" class="citation book cs1">Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). <i>Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD</i>. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Warfare+and+Military+Organization+in+the+Successor+States+%28400-800+AD&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Leif+Inge+Ree+Petersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg5.htm">Op. cit., p. 356-357</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurov-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurov_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurov2007" class="citation web cs1">Gurov, Dilian (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nada.kth.se/~dilian/bulgars.pdf">"The Origins of the Bulgars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Bulgars&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Gurov&rft.aufirst=Dilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nada.kth.se%2F~dilian%2Fbulgars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103–104-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103–104_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, p. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999354-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999354_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowersockBrownGrabar1999">Bowersock, Brown & Grabar 1999</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201297-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen201297_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2012">Chen 2012</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeif_Inge_Ree_Petersen2013" class="citation book cs1">Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRGaAAAAQBAJ"><i>Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam</i></a>. Brill. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004254466" title="Special:BookSources/9789004254466"><bdi>9789004254466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Warfare+and+Military+Organization+in+the+Successor+States+%28400-800+AD%29%3A+Byzantium%2C+the+West+and+Islam&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004254466&rft.au=Leif+Inge+Ree+Petersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRGaAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2011">Golden 2011</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople</a>, <i>Historia syntomos, breviarium</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021002118/http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf">Zimonyi Istvan: "History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans".</a> (Uppsala University: Institute of Linguistics and Philology) (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf">the original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722135727/http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 2013-10-21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasho Rashev, <i>Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert</i>, Orbel, Sofia, 2005 (in Bulgarian, German summary)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mingazov S. Kubrat - the Ruler of Great Bulgaria and Ketrades - character of John of Nikiu work - Kazan: Institute of History of Academy of Science of Republic of Tatarstan, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philology-and-culture.kpfu.ru/?q=system/files/39_0.pdf">Mingazov S. The Heirs of Great Bulgaria in Western Europe// Philology and Culture. - 2012. - No. 1 (27).- S. 201-207.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225437/http://philology-and-culture.kpfu.ru/?q=system%2Ffiles%2F39_0.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&q=old+great+Bulgaria+&pg=PA104">The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Florin Curta, BRILL, 2008</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004163891" title="Special:BookSources/9004163891">9004163891</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaconis787" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Diaconis, Paulus</a> (787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112407/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php"><i>Historia Langobardorum</i></a>. Monte Cassino, Italy. Book V chapter 29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php">the original</a> on 2008-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Langobardorum&rft.place=Monte+Cassino%2C+Italy&rft.pages=Book+V+chapter+29&rft.date=787&rft.aulast=Diaconis&rft.aufirst=Paulus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northvegr.org%2Flore%2Flangobard%2F033.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenito2001" class="citation journal cs1">Genito, Bruno (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060602175209/http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/COLLANE/TESTISAMI/SAMI1/48.PDF">"Sepolture Con Cavallo Da Vicenne (Cb)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>I° Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=I%C2%B0+Congresso+Nazionale+di+Archeologia+Medievale.&rft.atitle=Sepolture+Con+Cavallo+Da+Vicenne+%28Cb%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Genito&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F192.167.112.135%2FNewPages%2FCOLLANE%2FTESTISAMI%2FSAMI1%2F48.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelcastroFaccini_F.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Belcastro, M. G.; Faccini F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longobard+necropolis+of+Campochiaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italia.it%2Fit%2Fguide%2F5%2Cen%2CSCH1%2FobjectId%2CSIG56921Pit%2Ccurr%2CEUR%2CparentId%2CRGN21it%2Cseason%2Cat1%2CselectedEntry%2Cartculture%2Fintern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conte Miltenova, N. - I Bulgari di <a href="/wiki/Gallo_Matese" title="Gallo Matese">Gallo Matese</a> - Prefazione e postfazione di Giuseppe Mario Tufarulo Passaporto Editore, Roma, 1993. - C.N.R.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html">Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersockBrownGrabar1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glen_Bowersock" title="Glen Bowersock">Bowersock, Glen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar, Oleg</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe"><i>Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674511736" title="Special:BookSources/9780674511736"><bdi>9780674511736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674511736&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flateantiquitygui00bowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2012" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Sanping (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC"><i>Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812206289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812206289"><bdi>978-0812206289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+China+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0812206289&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Sanping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugbWH-5OjegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler2008" class="citation book cs1">Fiedler, Uwe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C">"Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a>; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). <i>The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans</i>. Brill. pp. 151–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163898" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163898"><bdi>9789004163898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgars+in+the+Lower+Danube+region%3A+A+survey+of+the+archaeological+evidence+and+of+the+state+of+current+research&rft.btitle=The+Other+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Avars%2C+Bulgars%2C+Khazars+and+Cumans&rft.pages=151-236&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004163898&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-G1L-9Zec0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter Benjamin</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12545004"><i>An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447032742" title="Special:BookSources/9783447032742"><bdi>9783447032742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+peoples%3A+ethnogenesis+and+state+formation+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783447032742&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12545004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9609971"><i>Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes</i></a>. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789732721520" title="Special:BookSources/9789732721520"><bdi>9789732721520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Peoples+and+Cultures+of+the+Eurasian+Steppes&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne%3B+Editura+Istros+a+Muzeului+Br%C4%83ilei&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789732721520&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9609971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John</a> (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC"><i>The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520015968" title="Special:BookSources/9780520015968"><bdi>9780520015968</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Huns%3A+Studies+in+Their+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780520015968&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.aufirst=Otto+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrUdgzSICxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC"><i>The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Great+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg5.htm">Old Great Bulgaria - facts and sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kroraina.com/macedon/mikul.html">Ivan Mikulčić, <i>Towns and castles in medieval Macedonia</i>, Makedonska civilizacija, Skopje, 1996</a> (in Macedonian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604083401/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/bulgaria.html">The Bulgarians, Minnesota State 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bulgaria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template talk:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bulgaria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1990">Bulgaria since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Black Sea coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Bulgaria" title="List of earthquakes in Bulgaria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bulgaria" title="List of islands of Bulgaria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bulgaria" title="List of rivers of Bulgaria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bulgaria" title="List of villages in Bulgaria">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="Human rights in Bulgaria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bulgaria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bulgaria" title="Law of Bulgaria">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_(Bulgaria)" title="Chief of the Defence (Bulgaria)">Chief of the Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bulgaria" title="List of political parties in Bulgaria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bulgaria" title="Agriculture in Bulgaria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_about_the_economy_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistics about the economy of Bulgaria">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Bulgaria" title="Industry of Bulgaria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Lev <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bulgaria" title="Science and technology in Bulgaria">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Stock_Exchange_%E2%80%93_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bulgaria" title="Tourism in Bulgaria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Society of Bulgaria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bulgaria" title="Crime in Bulgaria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bulgaria" title="Mass media in Bulgaria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_customs" title="Bulgarian customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bulgaria" title="Outline of Bulgaria">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgaria" title="Category:Bulgaria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_on_the_First_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Second_Bulgarian_Empire" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99C68E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Template:Bulgarian Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Template talk:Bulgarian Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgarian Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_on_the_First_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Second_Bulgarian_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bulgarian_Empire-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Bulgarian Empire-related articles">Topics</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 33%; background-color: #E32636">State </th> <th style="width: 34%; background-color: #03C03C">Military </th> <th style="width: 33%; background-color: #FFF8E7">Culture </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> <td> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Origin</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>States</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> (681–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> (1185–1396/1422)</li></ul> <p><i>De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Tsardom of Vidin</a> (1371–1396/1422)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja" title="Despotate of Dobruja">Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna)</a> (1337/1346–1413)</li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Administration</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyar#Boyars_in_Bulgaria" title="Boyar">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="bg:Съвет на Великите боили">Great Boyar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Preslav" title="Council of Preslav">Council of Preslav</a></li> <li>Capitals: <a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a> (681–893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a> (893–972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (972–992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> (992–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a> (1185–1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a> (1393–1396)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a> (1393–1396)</li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Important rulers</b></div> <p><i><b>First Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh of Bulgaria">Asparukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tervel_of_Bulgaria" title="Tervel of Bulgaria">Tervel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria" title="Omurtag of Bulgaria">Omurtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter I of Bulgaria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Second Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tih" title="Konstantin Tih">Konstantin Tih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shishman_of_Bulgaria" title="Michael Shishman of Bulgaria">Michael Shishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria">Ivan Alexander</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Economy</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_coinage" title="Medieval Bulgarian coinage">Bulgarian coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Bulgarian_economy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Bulgarian economy (page does not exist)">Bulgarian economy</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krum33.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krum of Bulgaria"><img alt="Krum of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Krum33.jpg/75px-Krum33.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Krum33.jpg/113px-Krum33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Krum33.jpg/150px-Krum33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omurtag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Omurtag of Bulgaria"><img alt="Omurtag of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/75px-Omurtag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/113px-Omurtag1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/150px-Omurtag1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="598" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantine I of Bulgaria"><img alt="Constantine I of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg/74px-NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg/111px-NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg/148px-NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_army" title="Medieval Bulgarian army">Bulgarian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_navy" title="Medieval Bulgarian navy">Bulgarian navy</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FF4040; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Conflicts</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">Byzantine–Bulgarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Croatian–Bulgarian wars">Croatian–Bulgarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" title="Bulgarian–Hungarian wars">Bulgarian–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Bulgarian–Latin wars">Bulgarian–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman wars">Bulgarian–Ottoman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Bulgarian–Serbian wars</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FF4040; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Major battles</b></div> <p><i><b>First Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal" title="Battle of Ongal">Battle of Ongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae" title="Battle of Marcellae">Battle of Marcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_854" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854">Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Southern_Buh" title="Battle of Southern Buh">Battle of Southern Buh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achelous_(917)" title="Battle of Achelous (917)">Battle of Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gates_of_Trajan" title="Battle of the Gates of Trajan">Battle of the Gates of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion" title="Battle of Kleidion">Battle of Kleidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1018)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (1018)">Battle of Dyrrhachium</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Second Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna" title="Battle of Tryavna">Battle of Tryavna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">Battle of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa" title="Battle of Klokotnitsa">Battle of Klokotnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skafida" title="Battle of Skafida">Battle of Skafida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd" title="Battle of Velbazhd">Battle of Velbazhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rusokastro" title="Battle of Rusokastro">Battle of Rusokastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Chernomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo" title="Siege of Tarnovo">Siege of Tarnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FF4040; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Major uprisings</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Peter Delyan">Uprising of Peter Delyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Georgi_Voyteh" title="Uprising of Georgi Voyteh">Uprising of Georgi Voyteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Uprising of Asen and Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo" title="Uprising of Ivaylo">Uprising of Ivaylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin" title="Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin">Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdrianopleConquest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/320px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/480px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/640px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <div style="background:#ACE1AF; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Literature</b></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander"><img alt="Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/100px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/150px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/200px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_literature" title="Medieval Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_royal_charters" title="Medieval Bulgarian royal charters">Royal charters</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Prominent writers and scholars:</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Saint Naum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernorizets_Hrabar" title="Chernorizets Hrabar">Chernorizets Hrabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_of_Preslav" title="Constantine of Preslav">Constantine of Preslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Exarch" title="John the Exarch">John the Exarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_of_Tarnovo" title="Euthymius of Tarnovo">Evtimiy of Tarnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Tsamblak" title="Gregory Tsamblak">Gregory Tsamblak</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#ACE1AF; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Art and architecture</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Famous examples:</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madara_Rider" title="Madara Rider">Madara Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basilica,_Pliska" title="Great Basilica, Pliska">Great Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Church,_Preslav" title="Round Church, Preslav">Round Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Forty_Martyrs_Church,_Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Holy Forty Martyrs Church, Veliko Tarnovo">Holy Forty Martyrs Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevets_(fortress)" title="Tsarevets (fortress)">Tsarevets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Vida" title="Baba Vida">Baba Vida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherven_(fortress)" title="Cherven (fortress)">Cherven</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#ACE1AF; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Religion</b></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Theodor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Theodor"><img alt="Saint Theodor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/100px-St._Theodor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/150px-St._Theodor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/200px-St._Theodor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Saint Theodor</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#99C68E"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Chuvashia" title="Category:History of Chuvashia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chuvashia" title="History of Chuvashia">History of <span class="fn org label">Chuvashia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Chuvashia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Chuvashia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1604" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongols">Turco-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tartary" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tartary">Great Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of 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