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vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Kawalang+trabaho&returntoquery=section%3D3%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Kawalang+trabaho&returntoquery=section%3D3%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Kawalang+trabaho&returntoquery=section%3D3%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Kawalang+trabaho&returntoquery=section%3D3%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_kahulugan,_uri,_at_teorya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_kahulugan,_uri,_at_teorya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mga kahulugan, uri, at teorya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mga_kahulugan,_uri,_at_teorya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Mga kahulugan, uri, at teorya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mga_kahulugan,_uri,_at_teorya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klasikal_na_kawalang-trabaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasikal_na_kawalang-trabaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klasikal na kawalang-trabaho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasikal_na_kawalang-trabaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siklikal_na_kawalang-trabaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siklikal_na_kawalang-trabaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Siklikal na kawalang-trabaho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siklikal_na_kawalang-trabaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kawalang-trabaho_sa_ilalim_ng_"buong_empleo"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawalang-trabaho_sa_ilalim_ng_"buong_empleo""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kawalang-trabaho sa ilalim ng "buong empleo"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawalang-trabaho_sa_ilalim_ng_"buong_empleo"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istruktural_na_kawalang-trabaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istruktural_na_kawalang-trabaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Istruktural na kawalang-trabaho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istruktural_na_kawalang-trabaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mga sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kawalang trabaho</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 99 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 (na) wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkloosheid" title="Werkloosheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werkloosheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ature" title="Ature – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ature" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="بطالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="شوماج – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شوماج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desemplegu" title="Desemplegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Desemplegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fsizlik" title="İşsizlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşsizlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ایشسیزلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایشسیزلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D2%BB%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Эшһеҙлек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эшһеҙлек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Беспрацоўе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беспрацоўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Беспрацоўе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Беспрацоўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Безработица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безработица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बेरोजगारी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेरोजगारी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বেকারত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেকারত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezaposlenost" title="Nezaposlenost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nezaposlenost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atur" title="Atur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Белхазалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белхазалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بێکاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێکاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezam%C4%9Bstnanost" title="Nezaměstnanost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nezaměstnanost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94%C3%A7%D1%81%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Ĕçсĕрлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ĕçсĕрлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diweithdra" title="Diweithdra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diweithdra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbejdsl%C3%B8shed" title="Arbejdsløshed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arbejdsløshed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitslosigkeit" title="Arbeitslosigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arbeitslosigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ανεργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανεργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Unemployment" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senlaboreco" title="Senlaboreco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senlaboreco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desempleo" title="Desempleo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desempleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6puudus" title="Tööpuudus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööpuudus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langabezia" title="Langabezia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Langabezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیکاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیکاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C3%B6tt%C3%B6myys" title="Työttömyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Työttömyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B4mage" title="Chômage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chômage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADfhosta%C3%ADocht" title="Dífhostaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dífhostaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desemprego" title="Desemprego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desemprego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אבטלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבטלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बेकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezaposlenost" title="Nezaposlenost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nezaposlenost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomaj" title="Chomaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chomaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkan%C3%A9lk%C3%BClis%C3%A9g" title="Munkanélküliség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Munkanélküliség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գործազրկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գործազրկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoccupation" title="Disoccupation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Disoccupation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengangguran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomeso" title="Chomeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chomeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atvinnuleysi" title="Atvinnuleysi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Atvinnuleysi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoccupazione" title="Disoccupazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disoccupazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="失業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жұмыссыздық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмыссыздық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%97%85" title="실업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Жумушсуздук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жумушсуздук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inopia_quaestus" title="Inopia quaestus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inopia quaestus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedarbas" title="Nedarbas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nedarbas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezdarbs" title="Bezdarbs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezdarbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangangguran" title="Pangangguran – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pangangguran" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Невработеност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Невработеност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE" title="തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Ажилгүйдэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ажилгүйдэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बेकारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेकारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengangguran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလုပ်လက်မဲ့ဖြစ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလုပ်လက်မဲ့ဖြစ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बेरोजगारी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेरोजगारी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkloosheid" title="Werkloosheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werkloosheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidsl%C3%B8yse" title="Arbeidsløyse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arbeidsløyse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidsledighet" title="Arbeidsledighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arbeidsledighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caumatge" title="Caumatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caumatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਬੇਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezrobocie" title="Bezrobocie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bezrobocie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیروزگاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیروزگاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیکاری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بیکاری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desemprego" title="Desemprego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desemprego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98omaj" title="Șomaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șomaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Безработица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Безработица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Безробітность – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Безробітность" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Үлэтэ суох буолуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үлэтэ суох буолуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disuccupazzioni" title="Disuccupazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Disuccupazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezaposlenost" title="Nezaposlenost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nezaposlenost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Unemployment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezamestnanos%C5%A5" title="Nezamestnanosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nezamestnanosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezposelnost" title="Brezposelnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brezposelnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaqo_la%27aan" title="Shaqo la'aan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaqo la'aan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papun%C3%ABsia" title="Papunësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Papunësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Незапосленост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Незапосленост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbetsl%C3%B6shet" title="Arbetslöshet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arbetslöshet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வேலைவாய்ப்பின்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேலைவாய்ப்பின்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="నిరుద్యోగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నిరుద్యోగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Бекорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бекорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="การว่างงาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การว่างงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fsizlik" title="İşsizlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşsizlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Эшсезлек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эшсезлек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Безробіття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безробіття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیروزگاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیروزگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishsizlik" title="Ishsizlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishsizlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A5t_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Thất nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thất nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirkl%C3%B4oseid" title="Weirklôoseid – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Weirklôoseid" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%B4maedje" title="Tchômaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchômaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A" title="失业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="失业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%B2%D7%98" title="ארבעטסלאזיקײט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארבעטסלאזיקײט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="失業" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unemployment" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41171" title="Link sa nakakonektang item sa repositoryo ng datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Item na Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itsura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Unemployment_rate,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Unemployment_rate%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Unemployment_rate%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Unemployment_rate%2C_OWID.svg/660px-Unemployment_rate%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Unemployment_rate%2C_OWID.svg/880px-Unemployment_rate%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Antas ng kawalang-trabaho, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ang <b>kawalang-trabaho</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">unemployment</i>), ayon sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=OECD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OECD (hindi pa naisusulat)">OECD</a> (Organisasyon para sa Ekonomikang Pakikipagtulungan at Kaunlaran), ay kung ang mga taong nakatatanda sa nakatukoy na edad (kadalasan 15)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ay hindi binabayaran sa <a href="/wiki/Hanapbuhay" title="Hanapbuhay">pinaghahanapbuhayan</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-employment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-employment (hindi pa naisusulat)">sariling hanapbuhay</a> ngunit makakapagtrabaho sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reference period (hindi pa naisusulat)">tinutukoy na yugto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinusukat ang kawalang-trabaho ng antas ng kawalang-trabaho, na bilang ng mga tao na walang trabaho bilang bahagdan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour force (hindi pa naisusulat)">lakas-paggawa</a> (idinagdag ang kabuuang bilang ng tao na may trabaho sa mga walang trabaho).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marami ang posibleng sanhi ng kawalang-trabaho, tulad ng: </p> <ul><li>bagong <a href="/wiki/Teknolohiya" title="Teknolohiya">teknolohiya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Imbensiyon" title="Imbensiyon">imbensyon</a></li> <li>ang kalagayan ng <a href="/wiki/Ekonomiya" title="Ekonomiya">ekonomiya</a>, na maaaring maaaring maimpluwensiyahan ng <a href="/wiki/Resesyon" title="Resesyon">resesyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paligsahan" title="Paligsahan">pakikitagis</a> dahil sa <a href="/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon">globalisasyon</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International trade (hindi pa naisusulat)">pandaigdigang kalakalan</a></li> <li>mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policy (hindi pa naisusulat)">patakaran</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Pamahalaan" title="Pamahalaan">pamahalaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulation (hindi pa naisusulat)">regulasyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pamilihan" title="Pamilihan">pamilihan</a></li></ul> <p>Ang kawalang-trabaho at kalagayan ng ekomnomiya ay maaaring maimpluwensiyahan ng bansa sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiscal_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiscal policy (hindi pa naisusulat)">patakarang pampananalapi</a>, bilang halimbawa. Bukod pa riyan, makaiimpluwensiya ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monetary authority (hindi pa naisusulat)">awtoridad ng salapi</a> ng bansa, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Bangko_sentral" title="Bangko sentral">bangko sentral</a>, sa pagkakaroon at gastos para sa pera sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Patakarang_pang-salapi" title="Patakarang pang-salapi">patakarang pang-salapi</a> nito. </p><p>Karagdagan sa mga teorya ng kawalang-trabaho, ginagamit ang iilang pagkakakategorya nito para sa mas tumpak na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conceptual model (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagmomodelo</a> sa mga epekto nito sa loob ng sistemang pang-ekonomiya. Kabilang sa mga pangunahing uri ng kawalang-trabaho ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">istruktural</a> (<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">structural</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frictional_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frictional unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">pakiskis</a> (<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">frictional</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclical_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclical unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">siklikal</a> (<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">cyclical</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Involuntary_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Involuntary unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">di-boluntaryo</a> (<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">involuntary</i>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">klasikal</a> (<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">classical</i>). Nakatuon ang istruktural sa mga problema sa pundasyon ng ekonomiya at pagkawalang-liksi na likas sa mga merkado ng paggawa, kabilang ang hindi pagtutugma ng pagpupuno at pangangailangan ng mga manggagawa na may kinakailangang mga kasanayan. Nagbibigay-diin ang mga argumentong istruktural sa mga sanhi at solusyon na may kaugnayan sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disruptive_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disruptive technology (hindi pa naisusulat)">teknolohiyang nakakagambala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon">globalisasyon</a>. Nakatuon naman ang mga talakayan sa pakiskis sa mga boluntaryong pagpapasya na magtrabaho ayon sa pagpapahalaga ng indibiduwal sa kanyang sariling trabaho at kung paano ito maihahambing sa kasalukuyang antas ng sahod pati sa oras at pagsisikap na kinakailangan para maghanap ng trabaho. Madalas tumutugon ang mga sanhi at kalutasan para sa pakiskis na kawalang-trabaho sa bungad ng pagpasok sa trabaho at mga antas ng sahod. </p><p>Ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Organisasyon_sa_Paggawa" title="Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Paggawa">Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Paggawa</a> (ILO) ng UN, 172 milyon katao sa buong mundo (o 5% ng iniulat na pandaigdigang lakas-paggawa) ang walang trabaho noong 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dahil sa hirap sa pagsusukat ng antas ng kawalang-trabaho sa pamamagitan ng, bilang halimbawa, mga surbey (tulad ng sa <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>) o nakarehistrong mamamayan na walang trabaho (tulad ng sa ilang bansa sa <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>), baka mas mainam ang mga estadistikal na bilang tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Employment-to-population_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Employment-to-population ratio (hindi pa naisusulat)">tagway ng may trabaho sa populasyon</a> (<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">employment-to-population ratio</i>) sa pagsusuri ng kalagayan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Workforce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workforce (hindi pa naisusulat)">lakas-paggawa</a> at ekonomiya kung batay ang mga ito sa mga taong nakarehistro, halimbawa, bilang mga <a href="/wiki/Buwis" title="Buwis">namumuwis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_kahulugan,_uri,_at_teorya"><span id="Mga_kahulugan.2C_uri.2C_at_teorya"></span>Mga kahulugan, uri, at teorya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga kahulugan, uri, at teorya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Mga kahulugan, uri, at teorya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg/220px-Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg/330px-Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg/440px-Unemployment_in_Mexico_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Kawalang-trabaho sa Mehiko 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang kalagayan ng pagkawalang trabaho ngunit naghahanap ng trabaho ay kawalang-trabaho. Ipinapakita ng mga ekonomista ang mga pagkakaiba sa mga iba't ibang nagkakasanib na uri at teorya nito, kabilang dito ang <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Siklikal_na_kawalang-trabaho">siklikal o Keynesiyano</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frictional_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frictional unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">pakiskis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">istruktural</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">klasikal</a>. Kabilang sa ilang karagdagang uri nito na binabanggit paminsan-minsan ang pana-panahon, matatag, at nakatago. </p><p>Bagaman nagkaroon ng iilang kahulugan ng kawalang-trabaho na "boluntaryo" at "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Involuntary_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Involuntary unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">di-boluntaryo</a>" sa panitikan sa ekonomika, madalas na inilalapat ang isang simpleng kaibhan. Tumutukoy ang boluntaryong uri sa mga desisyon ng indibidwal, ngunit umiiral ang di-boluntaryong uri dahil sa kapaligirang sosyo-ekonomiko (kabilang dito ang istruktura ng merkado, pamamagitan ng goberyo, at antas ng agregatong pangangailangan) kung saan nakagagalaw ang mga indibidwal. Sa ganitong mga termino, karamihan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frictional_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frictional unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">pakiskis na uri</a> ay boluntaryo dahil sumasalamin ito sa indibidwal na pag-uugali sa paghahanap. Kabilang sa boluntaryong uri ang mga manggagawa na tumatanggi sa mga trabahong may mababang sahod, ngunit kabilang sa di-boluntaryong uri ang mga manggagawang nasisante dahil sa krisis sa ekonomiya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deindustrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deindustrialization (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagbagsak ng industriya</a>, pagbangkarota ng kumpanya, o muling pagbubuo ng organisasyon. </p><p>Sa kabilang dako, halos di-boluntaryo naman ang mga kawalang-trabaho na siklikal, istruktural, at klasikal. Gayunman, maaaring sumalamin ang pag-iiral ng istruktural na uri sa mga pinili ng mga walang trabaho sa nakaraan, at maaaring ikaresulta sa klasikal (natural) na uri ang mga napagdesisyunang pambatasan at pang-ekonomika ng mga <a href="/wiki/Unyon_ng_mga_manggagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyon ng mga manggagawa">unyon ng mga manggagawa</a> o lapian sa pulitika. </p><p>Ang mga pinakamalinaw na kaso ng di-boluntaryong kawalang-trabaho ay kung saan may mas kaunting bakanteng trabaho kaysa sa mga walang trabho kahit na nakasasaayos ang sahod at kaya kahit na mapuna man ang lahat ng pagkabakante, magkakaroon pa rin ng mga manggagawa na walang trabaho. Nangyayari ito sa siklikal na uri, dahil pinapangyayari ng mga puwersang makroekonomiko ang mikroekonomikong kawalang-trabaho, na maaaring tumalbog at magpalala sa mga puwersang makroekonomiko na iyon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasikal_na_kawalang-trabaho">Klasikal na kawalang-trabaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Klasikal na kawalang-trabaho" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Klasikal na kawalang-trabaho"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nagaganap ang klasikal na kawalang-trabaho (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">classical</i></i> o <i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">real-wage unemployment</i>) kapag nakatakda sa itaas ng lebel ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Market-clearing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Market-clearing (hindi pa naisusulat)">ekilibriyo</a> ang totoong sahod para sa isang trabaho, kaya nakararami ang bilang ng mga naghahanap ng trabaho kaysa sa bilang ng mga pagkabakante. Sa kabilang dako, ikinakatuwiran ng maraming ekonomista na habang bumababa ang sahod sa maikabubuhay, marami ang nagsisialis sa merkado ng paggawa at hindi na naghahanap ng trabaho. Totoo iyon lalo na sa mga bansa kung saan sinusuportahan ang mga pamilyang may mababang kita sa pamamagitan ng mga sistemang pangkapakanan ng publiko. Sa ganoong mga kaso, dapat sapat ang taas ng sahod para maiudyok ang mga tao na magtrabaho kaysa tumanggap mula sa kapakanan ng publiko. Malamang na ang sahod na nakabababa sa maikakabuhay na sahod ay magreresulta sa mas mababang pakikilahok sa merkado ng paggawa sa senaryo na nakabanggit sa itaas. Bilang karagdagan, ang pagkonsumo ng paninda at serbisyo ay ang pangunahing pampataas ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demand_for_labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demand for labor (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangangailangan sa manggagawa</a>. Samakatuwid, ipinapataas ng mas mataas na sahod ang pangkalahatang pagkonsumo at dahil dito, tumataas ang pangangailangan sa manggagawa at bumababa ang kawalang-trabaho. </p><p>Ikinatuwiran ng maraming ekonomista<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Maaaring gumagamit ng sabi-sabi ang katagang ito. since September 2020" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">sinong nagsabi?</a>]</span></sup> na tumataas din ang kawalang-trabaho habang nadadagdagan ang regulasyon ng gobyerno. Halimbawa, ipinapataas ng batas ukol sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_wage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimum wage (hindi pa naisusulat)">pinakamababang sahod</a> ang gastos ng iilang manggagawa na may mababang kasanayan sa taas ng ekilibriyo ng merkado, na nagreresulta sa pagtaas ng kawalang-trabaho dahil hindi makakapagtrabaho ang mga gustong magtrabaho sa kasalukuyang halaga (dahil mas mataas ang halaga ng bagong sahod kaysa sa halaga ng kanilang paggawa).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mas malamang na hindi mag-aarkila sa simula pa lamang kung may mga batas na naghihigpit sa pagtanggal sa trabaho, dahil tumataas ang panganib ng pag-aarkila.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gayunman, masayadong pinapapayak ng argumento ang relasyon ng antas ng sahod at kawalang-trabaho, dahil hindi binibigyang-pansin ang mga iba pang salik na nagbubunga ng kawalang-trabaho.<sup id="cite_ref-P._Garegnani_1970_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Garegnani_1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_L._Vienneau_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Vienneau_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Steedman_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Steedman_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wyne_Godley_1989_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyne_Godley_1989-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graham_White_2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham_White_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inimumungkahi ng ilan, tulad ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Rothbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Rothbard (hindi pa naisusulat)">Murray Rothbard</a>, na kahit ang mga kabawalan sa lipunan ay nakapipigil sa pagbaba ng sahod tungo sa lebel ng ekilibriyo.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa <i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America</i> [Walang Trabaho: Kawalang-trabaho at Gobyerno sa Amerika ng Ikadalawampung Siglo], ikinakatuwiran ng mga ekonomistang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Vedder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Vedder (hindi pa naisusulat)">Richard Vedder</a> at Lowell Gallaway na pinapatunay ng empirikal na rekord ng mga antas ng sahod, produktibidad, at kawalang-trabaho sa Amerika ang klasikong teorya ng kawalang-trabaho. Nagpapakita ang kanilang datos ng matinding kaugnayan sa pagitan ng iniakmang totong sahod at kawalang-trabaho sa Estados Unidos mula 1900 hanggang 1990. Subalit pinaninindigan nila na hindi isinasaalang-alang ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exogenous_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exogenous variable (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangyayaring eksoheno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siklikal_na_kawalang-trabaho">Siklikal na kawalang-trabaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Siklikal na kawalang-trabaho" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Siklikal na kawalang-trabaho"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nagaganap ang siklikal o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keynesian_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keynesian economics (hindi pa naisusulat)">Keynesianong</a> kawalang-trabaho (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">cyclical</i></i>, <i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">deficient-demand</i></i>, o <i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">Keynesian unemployment</i></i>) kapag hindi sapat ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregate_demand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggregate demand (hindi pa naisusulat)">agregatong pangangailangan</a> sa ekonomiya para makapaglaan ng trabaho para sa lahat na gustong magtrabaho. Bumababa ang pangangailangan para sa karamihan ng paninda at serbisyo, mas kaunting produksiyon ang kinakailangan at dahil dito mas kaunting manggagawa ang kinakailangan, ang mga sahod ay madikit at hindi bumababa para umabot sa lebel ng ekilibriyo, na nagbubunga ng kawalang-trabaho.<sup id="cite_ref-Keynes_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagmula ang pangalan nito sa malimit na taas at baba sa <a href="/wiki/Siklo_ng_negosyo" title="Siklo ng negosyo">siklo ng negosyo</a>, ngunit maaaring magpatuloy rin ang kawalang-trabaho, tulad noong <a href="/wiki/Matinding_Depresyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Matinding Depresyon">Matinding Depresyon</a>. </p><p>Sa sikikal na uri, nakahihigit ang bilang ng walang trabaho sa bilang ng mga bakanteng trabaho at kaya kahit na mapunan ang lahat ng mga trabaho, mananatili pa ring walang trabaho ang mga ilang manggagawa. Iniuugnay ng ilan ang sikikal at pakiskis na kawalang-trabaho dahil ang mga salik na nagiging sanhi ng pagkikiskisan ay bahagyang dahil sa mga baryableng siklika. Halimbawa, ang pabiglang bawas sa panustos ng salapi ay maaaring humadlang bigla sa agregatong pangangailangan at sa gayon humadlang sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_demand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor demand (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangangailangan sa manggagawa</a>. </p><p>Sa kabilang dako, itinuturing ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keynesian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keynesian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Keynesianong</a> ekonomista na posibleng mailutas ang kakulangan sa panustos ng trabaho sa pamamagitan ng pakikialam ng pamahalaan. Sangkot sa isang iminungkahing pakikialam ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deficit_spending&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deficit spending (hindi pa naisusulat)">paggastos ng depisit</a> (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">deficit spending</i></i>) upang madagdagan ang pangangailangan ng paggawa at paninda. Sangkot naman sa isa pang pakikialam ang <a href="/wiki/Patakarang_pang-salapi" title="Patakarang pang-salapi">patakarang pang-salapi</a> na pampalawak upang lumaki ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supply_of_money&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supply of money (hindi pa naisusulat)">panustos ng pera</a>, na magpapababa dapat sa <a href="/wiki/Antas_ng_interes" title="Antas ng interes">antas ng interes</a>, na, hahantong naman dapat sa pagtaas sa di-pampamahalaang paggastos.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kawalang-trabaho_sa_ilalim_ng_"buong_empleo""><span id="Kawalang-trabaho_sa_ilalim_ng_.22buong_empleo.22"></span>Kawalang-trabaho sa ilalim ng "buong empleo"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kawalang-trabaho sa ilalim ng "buong empleo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kawalang-trabaho sa ilalim ng "buong empleo""><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg/220px-NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg/330px-NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg/440px-NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Panandaliang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phillips_Curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillips Curve (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kurba ni Phillips</a> bago at pagkatapos ng Patakarang Pampalawak kasama ng Pangmatagalang Kurba ni Phillips (NAIRU). Paalala, gayunman, na ang antas ng kawalang-trabaho ay di-tumpak na tagahula ng implasyon sa matagal na panahon.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hossfeld_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hossfeld-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sa teoryang nakabatay sa pangangailangan, posibleng pawiin ang siklikal na kawalang-trabaho sa pagtataas ng agregatong pangangailangan para sa mga produkto at manggagawa. Gayunman, sa dakong huli, aabot ang ekonomiya sa "hadlang ng <a href="/wiki/Inplasyon_(presyo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inplasyon (presyo)">implasyon</a>" na ipinapataw ng apat ng mga iba pang uri ng kawalang-trabaho sa lawak ng pag-iral nila. Iminumungkahi ng karanasan buhat sa kasaysayan na nakaaapekto ang mababang kawalang-trabaho sa implasyon sa panandalian ngunit hindi sa pangmatagalang panahon.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa matagal na panahon, mas nakahuhula ng implasyon ang mga pansukat ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velocity_of_money&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velocity of money (hindi pa naisusulat)">tulin</a> ng panustos ng pera tulad ng tulin ng MZM (<i>"<i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">money zero maturity</i>"</i> na kumakatawan sa pera at katumbas na <i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demand_deposit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demand deposit (hindi pa naisusulat)">demand deposit</a></i></i>) kaysa sa mababang empleo.<sup id="cite_ref-hossfeld_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hossfeld-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakikita ng ilang ekonomistang makateorya sa pangangailangan ang hadlang ng implasyon bilang katumbas sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rate_of_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural rate of unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">likas na antas ng kawalang-trabaho</a>. Ang "likas" na antas ng kawalang-trabaho ay binigyan-kahulugan bilang antas ng kawalang-trabaho na umiiral kapag nasa ekilibriyo ang merkado ng manggagawa, at walang presyon para sa pataas na antas-implasyon o pababa na antas-implasyon. Isa pang alternatibong teknikal na termino para sa antas na iyon ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=NAIRU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAIRU (hindi pa naisusulat)">NAIRU</a>, ("<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment</i></i>" o "Di-napapabilis na Antas-implasyon ng Kawalang-Trabaho"). Anuman ang pangalan nito, ipinapalagay ng teorya ng pangangailangan na kung "bumaba masyado" ang antas ng kawalang-trabaho, mapapabilis ang implasyon sa pagkawala ng mga kontrol sa sahod at presyo (patakaran sa kita). </p><p>Ang isa sa mga pangunahing problema sa teoryang NAIRU ay walang sinuman ang may alam kung ano ang totoong NAIRU, at malinaw na naiiba-iba ito sa paglipas ng panahon.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maaaring napakataas ang palugit ng pagkakamali (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">margin of error</i></i>) kaugnay sa totoong antas ng kawalang-trabaho, kaya mahirap gamitin ang NAIRU sa paggawa ng mga patakaran.<sup id="cite_ref-hossfeld_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hossfeld-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang isa pang, normatibong, kahulugan ng buong empleo ay maaaring tawagan ay matatawag na <i>ulirang</i> antas ng kawalang-trabaho. Ibinubukod dito ang lahat ng mga uri ng kawalang-trabaho na kumakatawan sa mga anyo ng pagkawalang-liksi. Itong uri ng kawalang-trabaho sa "buong empleo" ay tutugma lamang sa pakiskis na pagkawalang-trabaho (hindi kasama ang bahagi na naghihikayat sa estratehiya ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=McJob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McJob (hindi pa naisusulat)">McJobs</a> sa pamamahala), kaya magiging mababa ito. Gayunman, magiging imposible para makamit itong target na buong empleo kung gagamitin lamang ang maka-pangangailanagang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keynesian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keynesian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Keynesianong</a> estimulo nang hindi bababa sa NAIRU at nagiging dahilan ng bumibilis na implasyon (mga patakaran sa walang kita). Makatutulong dito ang mga programa sa pagsasanay na naglalayong labanan ang struktural na pagkawala ng trabaho. </p><p>Hanggang may umiiral na nakatagong kawalang-trabaho, nagpapahiwatig ito na mahina ang gabay ng mga opisyal na estadistika ng kawalan-trabaho sa anong antas ng kawalan ng trabaho ang tumutugma sa "buong empleo."<sup id="cite_ref-chang_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istruktural_na_kawalang-trabaho">Istruktural na kawalang-trabaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Istruktural na kawalang-trabaho" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Istruktural na kawalang-trabaho"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg/220px-Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg/330px-Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg/440px-Okuns_law_quarterly_differences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Ipinapaliwanag ng <a href="/wiki/Batas_ni_Okun" title="Batas ni Okun">Batas ni Okun</a> ang kawalang-trabaho bilang punsiyon ng antas ng paglaki ng GDP.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nagaganap ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural unemployment (hindi pa naisusulat)">istruktural na kawalang-trabaho</a> (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">structural unemployment</i></i>) kapag ang merkado ng paggawa ay hindi nakakapagbigay ng trabaho sa lahat ng mga gustong magtrabaho dahil kulang ang pagtutugma ng kasanayan ng mga manggagawa na walang trabaho at ang kasanayan na kinakailangan ng mga mapapasukang trabaho. Mahirap paghiwalayin nang empirikal ang istruktural na kawalang-trabaho mula sa pakikis na kawalang-trabaho maliban lamang sa pagiging mas matagal ng unang ibinanggit. Tulad ng pakiskis na kawalang-trabaho, hindi gagana ang simpleng estimulo sa pangangailangan (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">demand-side stimulus</i></i>) upang matanggal nang madali ang ganitong uri ng kawalang-trabaho. </p><p>Maaari ring hikayatin na tumaas ang istruktural na kawalang-trabaho ng patuloy na siklikal na kawalang-trabaho: kung nagdurusa ang ekonomiya mula sa pangmatagalang pagkababa ng agregatong pangangailangan, ibig sabihin na nahina ang loob ng karamihan sa mga walang trabaho, at "naluluma" at nagiging lipas na ang kani-kanilang kasanayan (kabilang dito ang kasanayan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Job_hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Job hunting (hindi pa naisusulat)">paghahanap ng trabaho</a>). Ang mga problema sa utang ay maaaring humantong sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homelessness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homelessness (hindi pa naisusulat)">kawalang-tahanan</a> at pagkahulog sa masamang siklo ng kahirapan. </p><p>Ibig sabihin nito na maaaring hindi sila bagay sa mga bakanteng trabaho na ililikha kapag gumaling na ang ekonomiya. Ang implikasyon nito ay ang patuluyang malaking pangangailangan ay maaaring <i>magpababa</i> sa istruktural na kawalang-trabaho. Tinutukoy itong teorya ng pamamalagi sa istruktural ng kawalang-trabaho bilang halimbawa ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_dependence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path dependence (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagkadepende sa tinatahak</a> (<i><i lang="en" title="Ingles language text">path dependence</i></i>) o "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hysteresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hysteresis (hindi pa naisusulat)">histerisis</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/unemployment-rate">"Unemployment rate"</a> [Antas ng kawalang-trabaho]. <i>Our World in Data</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Marso 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Unemployment+rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Funemployment-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate-by-age-group.htm">"OECD Data:Employment rate by age group"</a> [Datos ng OECD:Antas ng pagkakaroon ng trabaho ayon sa pangkat ng edad] (sa wikang Ingles).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+Data%3AEmployment+rate+by+age+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Femp%2Femployment-rate-by-age-group.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016040641/https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2791">"OECD Statistical Glossary: UNEMPLOYED"</a> [Talahulunganang Pang-estadistika ng OECD: KAWALANG-TRABAHO] (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2791">orihinal</a> noong 2020-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+Statistical+Glossary%3A+UNEMPLOYED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D2791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802134956/https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3094">"OECD Statistical Glossary: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (HARMONISED)"</a> [Talahulunganang Pang-estadistika ng OECD: KAWALANG-TRABAHO (ISINUWATO)] (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3094">orihinal</a> noong 2020-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+Statistical+Glossary%3A+UNEMPLOYMENT+RATE+%28HARMONISED%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D3094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page3.jspx?MBI_ID=2&locale=en&_afrLoop=1809645378580656&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26locale%3Den%26_afrLoop%3D1809645378580656%26MBI_ID%3D2%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dsxm9jfbzq_21">"International Labour Organization: Unemployment rate"</a> [Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Paggawa: Antas ng kawalang-trabaho] (sa wikang Ingles).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Labour+Organization%3A+Unemployment+rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Filostat%2Ffaces%2Foracle%2Fwebcenter%2Fportalapp%2Fpagehierarchy%2FPage3.jspx%3FMBI_ID%3D2%26locale%3Den%26_afrLoop%3D1809645378580656%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_afrWindowId%3Dnull%23%21%2540%2540%253F_afrWindowId%253Dnull%2526locale%253Den%2526_afrLoop%253D1809645378580656%2526MBI_ID%253D2%2526_afrWindowMode%253D0%2526_adf.ctrl-state%253Dsxm9jfbzq_21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/crs-implementation-and-assistance/tax-identification-numbers/">"OECD TAX IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS"</a> [NUMERO NG PAGKAKAKILANLAN NG BUWIS NG OECD] (sa wikang Ingles).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+TAX+IDENTIFICATION+NUMBERS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Ftax%2Fautomatic-exchange%2Fcrs-implementation-and-assistance%2Ftax-identification-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hayek, F. A. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constit_hay_1960_00_0669"><i>The Constitution of Country</i></a> [<i>Ang Pangangatawan ng Bansa</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Country&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstit_hay_1960_00_0669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAnderton2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anderton, Alain (2006). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Kinakailangan ng malayang pagrehistro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economics04edande"><i>Economics</i></a></span> [<i>Ekonomika</i>] (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-4 (na) edisyon). Ormskirk: Causeway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-902796-92-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-902796-92-5"><bdi>978-1-902796-92-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics&rft.place=Ormskirk&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Causeway&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-902796-92-5&rft.aulast=Anderton&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomics04edande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Garegnani_1970-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-P._Garegnani_1970_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGaregnani1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garegnani, P. (1970). "Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution" [Magkakaibang Kapital, ang Punsiyon ng Paggawa at ang Teorya ng Pamamahagi]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Review_of_Economic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Review of Economic Studies (hindi pa naisusulat)">Review of Economic Studies</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>37</b> (3): 407–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2296729">10.2307/2296729</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2296729">2296729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Heterogeneous+Capital%2C+the+Production+Function+and+the+Theory+of+Distribution&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-436&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2296729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2296729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garegnani&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_L._Vienneau_2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L._Vienneau_2005_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFVienneau2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vienneau, Robert L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_manchester-school_2005-09_73_5/page/612">"On Labour Demand and Equilibria of the Firm"</a> [Ukol sa Pangangailangan ng Manggagawa at Ekilibriyo ng Bahay-kalakal]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Manchester_School_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Manchester School (journal) (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Manchester School</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>73</b> (5): 612–619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9957.2005.00467.x">10.1111/j.1467-9957.2005.00467.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+School&rft.atitle=On+Labour+Demand+and+Equilibria+of+the+Firm&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=612-619&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9957.2005.00467.x&rft.aulast=Vienneau&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_manchester-school_2005-09_73_5%2Fpage%2F612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ian_Steedman_2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Steedman_2009_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFOpocherSteedman2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Opocher, Arrigo; Steedman, Ian (2009). "Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numéraire" [Relasyon ng Presyo at Dami ng Input at ang Numéraire]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_Journal_of_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge Journal of Economics (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cambridge Journal of Economics</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>3</b> (5): 937–948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcje%2Fbep005">10.1093/cje/bep005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Input+Price-Input+Quantity+Relations+and+the+Num%C3%A9raire&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=937-948&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcje%2Fbep005&rft.aulast=Opocher&rft.aufirst=Arrigo&rft.au=Steedman%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyne_Godley_1989-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyne_Godley_1989_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAnyadike-DanesGodley1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anyadike-Danes, Michael; Godley, Wyne (1989). "Real Wages and Employment: A Skeptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work" [Tunay na Sahod at Empleo: Isang Mapagdudang Pananaw ng Ilang Kamakailang Empirikal na Gawain]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Manchester_School_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Manchester School (journal) (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Manchester School</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>62</b> (2): 172–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x">10.1111/j.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+School&rft.atitle=Real+Wages+and+Employment%3A+A+Skeptical+View+of+Some+Recent+Empirical+Work&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-187&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x&rft.aulast=Anyadike-Danes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Godley%2C+Wyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham_White_2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_White_2001_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">White, Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n2/white.html">"The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies"</a> [Ang Karalitaan ng Pangkaraniwang Karunungan sa Ekonomika at ang Paghahanap sa Alternatibong Patakarang Pang-ekonomika at Panlipunan]. <i>The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>2</b> (2): 67–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drawing+Board%3A+An+Australian+Review+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Poverty+of+Conventional+Economic+Wisdom+and+the+Search+for+Alternative+Economic+and+Social+Policies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-87&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianreview.net%2Fjournal%2Fv2%2Fn2%2Fwhite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rothbard, Murray (1963). <a href="/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Great_Depression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="America's Great Depression (hindi pa naisusulat)"><i>America's Great Depression</i></a> [<i>Ang Matinding Depresyon ng Amerika</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Princeton: Van Nostrand. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgreatdep0000murr/page/n60">45</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Depression&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFVedderGallaway1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vedder, Richard; Gallaway, Lowell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofworkunemplo0000vedd"><i>Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America</i></a> [<i>Walang Trabaho: Kawalang-trabaho at Gobyerno sa Amerika ng Ikadalawampung Siglo</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-8147-8792-2" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-8147-8792-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-8792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Work%3A+Unemployment+and+Government+in+the+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8792-2&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gallaway%2C+Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutofworkunemplo0000vedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keynes_2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keynes_2007_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Keynes, John Maynard (2007) [1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316094655/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm"><i>The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</i></a> [<i>Ang Pangkalahatang Teorya ng Empleo, Interes at Salapi</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-230-00476-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-230-00476-4"><bdi>978-0-230-00476-4</bdi></a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm">orihinal</a> noong Marso 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Theory+of+Employment%2C+Interest+and+Money&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00476-4&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcepa.newschool.edu%2Fhet%2Fessays%2Fkeynes%2Fkeynescont.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harris, Seymour E. (2005). <i>The New Economics: Keynes' Influence on Theory and Public Policy</i> [<i>Ang Bagong Ekonomika: Impluwensiya ng Keynes sa Teorya at Patakarang Pampubliko</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-4191-4534-6" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-4191-4534-6"><bdi>978-1-4191-4534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Economics%3A+Keynes%27+Influence+on+Theory+and+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-4534-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Seymour+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chang_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chang_18-1">18.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chang_18-2">18.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chang_18-3">18.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFChang1997" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chang, Roberto (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113212953/https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf">"Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"</a> [Nagpapataas ba ang Mababang Empleo ng Implasyon?] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Blg. 1Q97. pp. 4–13. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf">orihinal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> noong Nobyembre 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Atlanta+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Low+Unemployment+Inflationary%3F&rft.issue=1Q97&rft.pages=4-13&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbatlanta.org%2Ffilelegacydocs%2FACFC7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_magazine" title="Padron:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hossfeld-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hossfeld_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hossfeld_19-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hossfeld_19-2">19.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Hossfeld (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215511/http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf">"US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction" [Pangangailangan ng Pera, Pagkasobra ng Pera, at Hula ng Implasyon ng Estados Unidos] (sa Wikang Ingles).</a> <i>International Network for Economic Research</i> working paper no. 2010.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MZMV">"MZM velocity"</a> [Katulinan ng MZM] (sa wikang Ingles). Research.stlouisfed.org. Disyembre 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">Marso 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MZM+velocity&rft.pub=Research.stlouisfed.org&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.stlouisfed.org%2Ffred2%2Fseries%2FMZMV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKawalang+trabaho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&oldid=2122653">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawalang_trabaho&oldid=2122653</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Mga kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_artikulong_minarkahang_may_sabi-sabi" title="Kategorya:Mga artikulong minarkahang may sabi-sabi">Mga artikulong minarkahang may sabi-sabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Kawalang_trabaho" title="Kategorya:Kawalang trabaho">Kawalang trabaho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_problemang_pang-ekonomiya" title="Kategorya:Mga problemang pang-ekonomiya">Mga problemang pang-ekonomiya</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:Ekonomikang_trabaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:Ekonomikang trabaho (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ekonomikang trabaho</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Nakatagong kategorya: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">CS1 maint: date auto-translated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Sangguniang_CS1_sa_wikang_Ingles_(en)" title="Kategorya:Sangguniang CS1 sa wikang Ingles (en)">Sangguniang CS1 sa wikang Ingles (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_artikulong_naglalaman_ng_Ingles" title="Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Ingles">Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Ingles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Huling pagbabago: 20:55, 17 Hulyo 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Magagamit ang teksto sa ilalim ng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisensyang Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike</a>; maaaring mailapat ang karagdagang termino. 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