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</button> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_trade_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_trade_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 New trade theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_trade_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_economic_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_economic_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 New economic geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_economic_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agglomeration_and_economies_of_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agglomeration_and_economies_of_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Agglomeration and economies of scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agglomeration_and_economies_of_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 International finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macroeconomics_and_fiscal_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroeconomics_and_fiscal_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Macroeconomics and fiscal policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroeconomics_and_fiscal_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Author" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Author </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Commentator </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commentator-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commentator subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commentator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asian_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 East Asian growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 U.S. economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economic views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keynesian_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keynesian_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Keynesian economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keynesian_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Free trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Green economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._race_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._race_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 U.S. race relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._race_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_working_in_the_Reagan_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_working_in_the_Reagan_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 On working in the Reagan administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_working_in_the_Reagan_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Gordon_Brown_vs._David_Cameron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Gordon_Brown_vs._David_Cameron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 On Gordon Brown vs. David Cameron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Gordon_Brown_vs._David_Cameron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 On Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Views on technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Published works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Published works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_books_(authored_or_coauthored)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_books_(authored_or_coauthored)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Academic books (authored or coauthored) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_books_(authored_or_coauthored)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_books_(edited_or_coedited)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_books_(edited_or_coedited)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Academic books (edited or coedited) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_books_(edited_or_coedited)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Economics textbooks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_for_a_general_audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_for_a_general_audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Books for a general audience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_for_a_general_audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_academic_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_academic_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Selected academic articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_academic_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paul Krugman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول كروغمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول كروغمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kruqman" title="Paul Kruqman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paul Kruqman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86" title="پل کروقمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل کروقمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পল ক্রুগম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল ক্রুগম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%89%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πωλ Κρούγκμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πωλ Κρούγκμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="پل کروگمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل کروگمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EA%B7%B8%EB%A8%BC" title="폴 크루그먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 크루그먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փոլ Քրուգման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոլ Քրուգման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल क्रूगमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉल क्रूगमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פול קרוגמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול קרוגמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოლ კრუგმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლ კრუგმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Krugman" title="Paulus Krugman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Krugman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Krugmans" title="Pols Krugmans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Krugmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल क्रुगमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॉल क्रुगमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول كروجمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول كروجمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Крюгман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пол Крюгман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・クルーグマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・クルーグマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਲ ਕਰੂਗਮੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲ ਕਰੂਗਮੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پال کرگمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال کرگمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robin_Krugman" title="Paul Robin Krugman – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Robin Krugman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кругман, Пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кругман, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Krugman" title="Pol Krugman – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pol Krugman" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பால் கிரக்மேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் கிரக்மேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D2%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Круґман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Круґман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پاول کرگمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول کرگمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%87%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%86" title="پاۋىل كرۇگمەنن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاۋىل كرۇگمەنن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="保罗·克鲁格曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保罗·克鲁格曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%98%8E" title="克魯明 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克魯明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="保羅·克魯曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅·克魯曼" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">American economist (born 1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Krugman" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Krugman_(surname)" title="Krugman (surname)">Krugman (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Krugman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:P20230814AS-0367_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1014" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Krugman in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Robin Krugman</div> (1953-02-28) February 28, 1953 (age 71) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Robin L. Bergman</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(divorced)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wells" title="Robin Wells">Robin Wells</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1996)</div><a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Center,_CUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Center, CUNY">City University of New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New Keynesian economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Rudi Dornbusch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_R._Andrabi" title="Tahir R. Andrabi">Tahir R. Andrabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hanson" title="Gordon Hanson">Gordon Hanson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_J._Slaughter" title="Matthew J. Slaughter">Matthew J. Slaughter</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a><a href="#cite_note-barrypodcast-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Rudi Dornbusch</a><a href="#cite_note-barrypodcast-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a><a href="#cite_note-barrypodcast-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a><a href="#cite_note-barrypodcast-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a><a href="#cite_note-barrypodcast2-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_trade_theory" title="New trade theory">New trade theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">New economic geography</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> (1991)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Princess of Asturias Awards</a> (2004)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (2008)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pkr10.html">Information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16348">Essays on flexible exchange rates</a> (1977)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Paul Robin Krugman (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkrʊɡmən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/En-us-Paul_Krugman.ogg\/En-us-Paul_Krugman.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Paul Krugman.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/En-us-Paul_Krugman.ogg/En-us-Paul_Krugman.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Paul_Krugman.ogg" title="File:En-us-Paul Krugman.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KRUUG-mən</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> born February 28, 1953)<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> who is the Distinguished Professor of Economics at the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Center,_CUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Center, CUNY">Graduate Center of the City University of New York</a>. He wrote as a <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> from 2000 to 2024.<a href="#cite_note-krugmanonline-7">[7]</a> In 2008, Krugman was the sole winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/New_Trade_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="New Trade Theory">new trade theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Geography" class="mw-redirect" title="New Economic Geography">new economic geography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Prize Committee cited Krugman's work explaining the patterns of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and the geographic distribution of economic activity, by examining the effects of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a> and of consumer preferences for diverse goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-NobelComments-9">[9]</a> Krugman was previously a professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, and, later, at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. He retired from Princeton in June 2015, and holds the title of <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">professor emeritus</a> there. He also holds the title of Centennial Professor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Krugman was President of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Economic Association">Eastern Economic Association</a> in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Economic_Association-11">[11]</a> and is among the most influential economists in the world.<a href="#cite_note-IDEAS-12">[12]</a> He is known in academia for his work on <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">international economics</a> (including trade theory and international finance),<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes131008-14">[14]</a> economic geography, <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">liquidity traps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">currency crises</a>. Krugman is the author or editor of 27 books, including scholarly works, textbooks, and books for a more general audience, and has published over 200 scholarly articles in professional journals and edited volumes.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He has also written several hundred columns on economic and political issues for The New York Times, <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. A 2011 survey of economics professors named him their favorite living economist under the age of 60.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Open_Syllabus_Project" title="Open Syllabus Project">Open Syllabus Project</a>, Krugman is the second most frequently cited author on college syllabi for economics courses.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As a commentator, Krugman has written on a wide range of economic issues including <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>, and international economics. Krugman considers himself a <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberal</a>, referring to his books, his blog on The New York Times, and his 2007 book <a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Liberal" title="The Conscience of a Liberal">The Conscience of a Liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His popular commentary has attracted widespread praise and criticism.<a href="#cite_note-economist-19">[19]</a> On December 6th, 2024, New York Times opinion editor Kathleen Kingsbury announced that Krugman was retiring as a Times columnist.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-1.jpg/220px-Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-1.jpg/330px-Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-1.jpg/440px-Krugman-Tsien-Chalfie-Shimomura-Kobayashi-Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption>Paul Krugman, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tsien" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Tsien">Roger Tsien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Makoto Kobayashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Toshihide Masukawa</a>, Nobel Prize Laureates 2008, at a press conference at the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Academy of Science">Swedish Academy of Science</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> Krugman was born to a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the son of Anita and David Krugman. In 1914, his maternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> while in 1920, his paternal grandparents arrived from <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He was born in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Albany, NY">Albany</a>, New York, spent several years of his childhood in the <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> before growing up from age eight in <a href="/wiki/Merrick,_New_York" title="Merrick, New York">Merrick</a>, a hamlet in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He graduated from <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(Bellmore,_New_York)" title="John F. Kennedy High School (Bellmore, New York)">John F. Kennedy High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bellmore,_New_York" title="Bellmore, New York">Bellmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to Krugman, his interest in economics began with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Foundation_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foundation Series">Foundation</a> novels, in which the social scientists of the future use a new science of "<a href="/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychohistory (fictional)">psychohistory</a>" to try to save civilization. Since present-day science fell far short of "psychohistory", Krugman turned to economics as the next best thing.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1974, Krugman earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a> in economics from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was a <a href="/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program" title="National Merit Scholarship Program">National Merit Scholar</a>. He then went on to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in economics from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT). In 1977, he successfully completed his PhD in three years, with a thesis titled Essays on flexible exchange rates.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> While at MIT, he was part of a small group of MIT students sent to work for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of Portugal">Central Bank of Portugal</a> for three months in the summer of 1976, during the chaotic aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-incidents-33">[33]</a> Krugman later praised his PhD thesis advisor, <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Rudi Dornbusch</a>, as "one of the great economics teachers of all time" and said that he "had the knack of inspiring students to pick up his enthusiasm and technique, but find their own paths".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1978, Krugman presented a number of ideas to Dornbusch, who flagged as interesting the idea of a monopolistically competitive trade model. Encouraged, Krugman worked on it and later wrote, "[I] knew within a few hours that I had the key to my whole career in hand".<a href="#cite_note-incidents-33">[33]</a> In that same year, Krugman wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Interstellar_Trade" title="The Theory of Interstellar Trade">The Theory of Interstellar Trade</a>", a tongue-in-cheek essay on computing interest rates on goods in transit near the speed of light. He says he wrote it to cheer himself up when he was "an oppressed assistant professor".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Krugman_at_the_German_National_Library_in_Frankfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Paul_Krugman_at_the_German_National_Library_in_Frankfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Krugman giving a lecture at the German National Library in Frankfurt in 2008</figcaption></figure> Krugman became an assistant professor at Yale University in September 1977. He joined the faculty at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> in 1979. From 1982 to 1983, Krugman spent a year working at the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> as a staff member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a>. He rejoined MIT as a full professor in 1984. Krugman has also taught at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krugman_CV-36">[36]</a> In 2000, Krugman joined <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> as Professor of Economics and International Affairs. He is also currently Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Thirty" title="Group of Thirty">Group of Thirty</a> international economic body.<a href="#cite_note-krugmanonline-7">[7]</a> He has been a research associate at the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> since 1979.<a href="#cite_note-PWB-37">[37]</a> Krugman was President of the Eastern Economic Association in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Economic_Association-11">[11]</a> In February 2014, he announced that he would be retiring from Princeton in June 2015 and that he would be joining the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Center_of_the_City_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Center of the City University of New York">Graduate Center of the City University of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Paul Krugman has written extensively on international economics, including <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">economic geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a> project ranks him among the world's most influential economists.<a href="#cite_note-IDEAS-12">[12]</a> Krugman's International Economics: Theory and Policy, co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a>, is a standard undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> on international economics.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He is also co-author, with <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wells_Krugman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Wells Krugman">Robin Wells</a>, of an undergraduate economics text which he says was strongly inspired by the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Economics_(textbook)" title="Economics (textbook)">classic textbook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paul_samuelson_rip-40">[40]</a> Krugman also writes on economic topics for the general public, sometimes on international economic topics but also on <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LSE2023-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize Committee">Nobel Prize Committee</a> stated that Krugman's main contribution is his analysis of the effects of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a>, combined with the assumption that consumers appreciate diversity, on international trade and on the location of economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-NobelComments-9">[9]</a> The importance of spatial issues in economics has been enhanced by Krugman's ability to popularize this complicated theory with the help of easy-to-read books and state-of-the-art syntheses. "Krugman was beyond doubt the key player in 'placing geographical analysis squarely in the economic mainstream' ... and in conferring it the central role it now assumes."<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_trade_theory">New trade theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New trade theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_trade_theory" title="New trade theory">New trade theory</a></div> Prior to Krugman's work, trade theory (see <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher–Ohlin model</a>) emphasized trade based on the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> of countries with very different characteristics, such as a country with a high agricultural <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> trading agricultural products for industrial products from a country with a high industrial productivity. However, in the 20th century, an ever-larger share of trade occurred between countries with similar characteristics, which is difficult to explain by comparative advantage. Krugman's explanation of trade between similar countries was proposed in a 1979 paper in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Economics" title="Journal of International Economics">Journal of International Economics</a>, and involves two key assumptions: that consumers prefer a diverse choice of brands, and that production favors <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Consumers' preference for diversity explains the survival of different versions of cars like Volvo and BMW. However, because of economies of scale, it is not profitable to spread the production of <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvos</a> all over the world; instead, it is concentrated in a few factories and therefore in a few countries (or maybe just one). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png/260px-Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png/390px-Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png/520px-Distribution_of_Manufacturing_between_Two_Regions.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Graph illustrating Krugman's 'core-periphery' model. The horizontal axis represents costs of trade, while the vertical axis represents the share of either region in manufacturing. Solid lines denote stable equilibria, dashed lines denote unstable equilibria.</figcaption></figure> Krugman modeled a 'preference for diversity' by assuming a <a href="/wiki/Constant_elasticity_of_substitution" title="Constant elasticity of substitution">CES utility function</a> like that in a 1977 paper by <a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Many models of international trade now follow Krugman's lead, incorporating economies of scale in production and a preference for diversity in consumption.<a href="#cite_note-NobelComments-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This way of modeling trade has come to be called <a href="/wiki/New_Trade_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="New Trade Theory">New Trade Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> Krugman's theory also took into account transportation costs, a key feature in producing the "<a href="/wiki/Home_market_effect" title="Home market effect">home market effect</a>", which would later feature in his work on the new economic geography. The home market effect "states that, <a href="/wiki/Ceteris_paribus" title="Ceteris paribus">ceteris paribus</a>, the country with the larger demand for a good shall, at equilibrium, produce a more than proportionate share of that good and be a net exporter of it".<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> The home market effect was an unexpected result, and Krugman initially questioned it, but ultimately concluded that the mathematics of the model were correct.<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> When there are economies of scale in production, it is possible that countries may become '<a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">locked into</a>' disadvantageous patterns of trade.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Krugman points out that although globalization has been positive on a whole, since the 1980s the process known as hyper-globalization has at least played a part in rising inequality.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Nonetheless, trade remains beneficial in general, even between similar countries, because it permits firms to save on costs by producing at a larger, more efficient scale, and because it increases the range of brands available and sharpens the competition between firms.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Krugman has usually been supportive of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smokymountain-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> He has also been critical of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a>, which New Trade Theory suggests might offer nations <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> advantages if "strategic industries" can be identified, saying it's not clear that such identification can be done accurately enough to matter.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_economic_geography">New economic geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New economic geography">edit</a>]</div> It took an interval of eleven years, but ultimately Krugman's work on New Trade Theory (NTT) converged to what is usually called the "<a href="/wiki/New_economic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="New economic geography">new economic geography</a>" (NEG), which Krugman began to develop in a seminal 1991 paper, "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography", published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In Krugman's own words, the passage from NTT to NEG was "obvious in retrospect; but it certainly took me a while to see it. ... The only good news was that nobody else picked up that $100 bill lying on the sidewalk in the interim."<a href="#cite_note-allinohlin-54">[54]</a> This would become Krugman's most-cited academic paper: by early 2009, it had 857 citations, more than double his second-ranked paper.<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> Krugman called the paper "the love of my life in academic work".<a href="#cite_note-KrugmanNobelInterview-55">[55]</a> The "home market effect" that Krugman discovered in NTT also features in NEG, which interprets <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_agglomeration" title="Economies of agglomeration">agglomeration</a> "as the outcome of the interaction of increasing returns, trade costs and <a href="/wiki/Factor_price" title="Factor price">factor price</a> differences".<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> If trade is largely shaped by <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a>, as Krugman's trade theory argues, then those economic regions with most production will be more profitable and will therefore attract even more production. That is, NTT implies that instead of spreading out evenly around the world, production will tend to concentrate in a few countries, regions, or cities, which will become densely populated but will also have higher levels of income.<a href="#cite_note-NobelComments-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes131008-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agglomeration_and_economies_of_scale">Agglomeration and economies of scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agglomeration and economies of scale">edit</a>]</div> Manufacturing is characterized by increasing returns to scale and less restrictive and expansive land qualifications as compared to agricultural uses. So, geographically where can manufacturing be predicted to develop? Krugman states that manufacturing's geographical range is inherently limited by economies of scale, but also that manufacturing will establish and accrue itself in an area of high demand. Production that occurs adjacent to demand will result in lower transportation costs, but demand, as a result, will be greater due to concentrated nearby production. These forces act upon one another simultaneously, producing manufacturing and population agglomeration. Population will increase in these areas due to the more highly developed infrastructure and nearby production, therefore lowering the expense of goods, while economies of scale provide varied choices of goods and services. These forces will feed into each other until the greater portion of the urban population and manufacturing hubs are concentrated into a relatively insular geographic area.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_finance">International finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International finance">edit</a>]</div> Krugman has also been influential in the field of <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a>. As a graduate student, Krugman visited the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> where <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Salant" title="Stephen Salant">Stephen Salant</a> and Dale Henderson were completing their discussion paper on <a href="/wiki/Speculative_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative attacks">speculative attacks</a> in the gold market. Krugman adapted their model for the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a>, resulting in a 1979 paper on <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">currency crises</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Money,_Credit,_and_Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking">Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking</a>, which showed that misaligned <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed exchange rate</a> regimes are unlikely to end smoothly but instead end in a sudden <a href="/wiki/Speculative_attack" title="Speculative attack">speculative attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Krugman's paper is considered one of the main contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis#Theories" title="Currency crisis">'first generation'</a> of <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">currency crisis</a> models,<a href="#cite_note-Sarno-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and it is his second-most-cited paper (457 citations as of early 2009).<a href="#cite_note-behrensrobert-42">[42]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, Krugman proposed, in an informal "mimeo" style of publication,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> an "international finance multiplier", to help explain the unexpected speed with which the global crisis had occurred. He argued that when, "highly leveraged financial institutions [HLIs], which do a lot of cross-border investment [. ... ] lose heavily in one market ... they find themselves undercapitalized, and have to sell off assets across the board. This drives down prices, putting pressure on the balance sheets of other HLIs, and so on." Such a rapid contagion had hitherto been considered unlikely because of <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">"decoupling" in a globalized economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> He first announced that he was working on such a model on his blog, on October 5, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Within days of its appearance, it was being discussed on some popular economics-oriented blogs.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The note was soon being cited in papers (draft and published) by other economists,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> even though it had not itself been through ordinary peer review processes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macroeconomics_and_fiscal_policy">Macroeconomics and fiscal policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Macroeconomics and fiscal 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomics" title="Category:Macroeconomics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ec_8_(26088200676)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Federal Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1633" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Aggregate supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">CAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li> <li>Expectations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand-pull_inflation" title="Demand-pull inflation">Demand-pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" title="Cost-push inflation">Cost-push</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">Liquidity trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">Measures of national income and output</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_national_income" title="Net national income">NNI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">Microfoundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">Endogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">Demand for money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_preference" title="Liquidity preference">Liquidity preference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_of_National_Accounts" title="System of National Accounts">SNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Nominal rigidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkflation" title="Shrinkflation">Shrinkflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_saving" title="National saving">Saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM_model" title="IS–LM model">IS–LM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD%E2%80%93AS_model" title="AD–AS model">AD–AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_cross" title="Keynesian cross">Keynesian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(economics)" title="Multiplier (economics)">Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" title="Arrow–Debreu model">Arrow–Debreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar</a>Нмиф</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solow%E2%80%93Swan_model" title="Solow–Swan model">Solow–Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey%E2%80%93Cass%E2%80%93Koopmans_model" title="Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model">Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlapping_generations_model" title="Overlapping generations model">Overlapping generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">General equilibrium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium" title="Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium">DSGE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">Endogenous growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshooting_model" title="Overshooting model">Overshooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">NAIRU</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Mainstream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater and freshwater</a></li></ul> Heterodox <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomists" title="Category:Macroeconomists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_model" title="Macroeconomic model">Macroeconomic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics#Macroeconomics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications in macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Krugman has done much to revive discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">liquidity trap</a> as a topic in economics.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He recommended pursuing aggressive fiscal policy and <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional monetary policy">unconventional monetary policy</a> to counter Japan's <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Decade (Japan)">lost decade</a> in the 1990s, arguing that the country was mired in a Keynesian liquidity trap.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-thinkingtrap-74">[74]</a> The debate he started at that time over liquidity traps and what policies best address them continues in the economics literature.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Krugman had argued in The Return of Depression Economics that Japan was in a liquidity trap in the late 1990s, since the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> could not drop interest rates any lower to escape economic stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The core of Krugman's policy proposal for addressing Japan's liquidity trap was <a href="/wiki/Inflation_targeting" title="Inflation targeting">inflation targeting</a>, which, he argued "most nearly approaches the usual goal of modern stabilization policy, which is to provide adequate demand in a clean, unobtrusive way that does not distort the allocation of resources".<a href="#cite_note-thinkingtrap-74">[74]</a> The proposal appeared first in a web posting on his academic site.<a href="#cite_note-jtrap-77">[77]</a> This mimeo-draft was soon cited, but was also misread by some as repeating his earlier advice that Japan's best hope was in "turning on the printing presses", as recommended by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, John Makin, and others.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Krugman has since drawn parallels between Japan's 'lost decade' and the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">late 2000s recession</a>, arguing that expansionary fiscal policy is necessary as the major industrialized economies are mired in a liquidity trap.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In response to economists who point out that the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese economy">Japanese economy</a> recovered despite not pursuing his policy prescriptions, Krugman maintains that it was an export-led boom that pulled Japan out of its economic slump in the late-90s, rather than reforms of the financial system.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Krugman was one of the most prominent advocates of the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Keynesian_resurgence" title="2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence">2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence</a>, so much so that economics commentator Noah Smith referred to it as the "Krugman insurgency".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall-85">[85]</a> His view that most peer-reviewed macroeconomic research since the mid-1960s is wrong, preferring simpler models developed in the 1930s, has been criticized by some modern economists, like <a href="/wiki/John_H._Cochrane" title="John H. Cochrane">John H. Cochrane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In June 2012, Krugman and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Layard" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Layard">Richard Layard</a> launched A manifesto for economic sense, where they call for greater use of fiscal stimulus policy to reduce unemployment and foster growth.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The manifesto received over four thousand signatures within two days of its launch,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and has attracted both positive and critical responses.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_poses_for_a_photo_with_Nobel_Prize_winners_Monday,_Nov._24,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_George_W._Bush_poses_for_a_photo_with_Nobel_Prize_winners_Monday%2C_Nov._24%2C_2008.jpg/260px-President_George_W._Bush_poses_for_a_photo_with_Nobel_Prize_winners_Monday%2C_Nov._24%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_George_W._Bush_poses_for_a_photo_with_Nobel_Prize_winners_Monday%2C_Nov._24%2C_2008.jpg/390px-President_George_W._Bush_poses_for_a_photo_with_Nobel_Prize_winners_Monday%2C_Nov._24%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/President_George_W._Bush_poses_for_a_photo_with_Nobel_Prize_winners_Monday%2C_Nov._24%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> poses for a photo with Nobel Prize winners Monday, Nov. 24, 2008, in the Oval Office. Joining President Bush from left are, Dr. Paul Krugman, Economics Prize Laureate; Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a>, Chemistry Prize Laureate; and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tsien" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Tsien">Roger Tsien</a>, Chemistry Prize Laureate.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">edit</a>]</div> Krugman was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (informally the Nobel Prize in Economics), the sole recipient for 2008. This prize includes an award of about $1.4 million and was given to Krugman for his work associated with <a href="/wiki/New_Trade_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="New Trade Theory">New Trade Theory</a> and the New Economic Geography.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the words of the prize committee, "By having integrated economies of scale into explicit <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="General equilibrium">general equilibrium</a> models, Paul Krugman has deepened our understanding of the determinants of trade and the location of economic activity."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm/220px--Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="121" data-durationhint="299" data-mwtitle="Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="470" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="470" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="140" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm/Paul_Krugman_accepts_EPI_Distinguished_Economist_Award.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /></video><figcaption>Paul Krugman accepts EPI Distinguished Economist Award (2011).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1991, <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-93">[93]</a> Since it was awarded to only one person, once every two years (prior to 2009), The Economist has described the Clark Medal as 'slightly harder to get than a Nobel prize'.<a href="#cite_note-onehanded-94">[94]</a></li> <li>1992, Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (AAAS).<a href="#cite_note-PWB-37">[37]</a></li> <li>1995, Adam Smith Award of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics" title="National Association for Business Economics">National Association for Business Economics</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>1998, Doctor honoris causa in Economics awarded by <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a> Freie Universität Berlin in Germany</li> <li>2000, <a href="/wiki/H.C._Recktenwald_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C. Recktenwald Prize in Economics">H.C. Recktenwald Prize in Economics</a>, awarded by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen-Nuremberg">University of Erlangen-Nuremberg</a> in Germany.</li> <li>2002, <a href="/wiki/Editor_and_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor and Publisher">Editor and Publisher</a>, Columnist of the Year.<a href="#cite_note-Mojo2005-96">[96]</a></li> <li>2004, Fundación Príncipe de Asturias (Spain), <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Awards</a> in Social Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-Prince-97">[97]</a></li> <li>2004, Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>2008, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> for Krugman's contributions to <a href="/wiki/New_Trade_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="New Trade Theory">New Trade Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> He became the twelfth <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> winner to be awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize.</li> <li>2010, <a href="/wiki/Howland_Memorial_Prize" title="Howland Memorial Prize">Howland Memorial Prize</a>, awarded by Yale University<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>2011, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute" title="Economic Policy Institute">EPI</a> Distinguished Economist Award.<a href="#cite_note-epi._EPIa-101">[101]</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Loeb_Award" title="Gerald Loeb Award">Gerald Loeb Award</a> for Commentary<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>2012, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor honoris causa">Doctor honoris causa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Lisboa">Universidade de Lisboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_T%C3%A9cnica_de_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Técnica de Lisboa">Universidade Técnica de Lisboa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Nova_de_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Nova de Lisboa">Universidade Nova de Lisboa</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>2013, Doctor of Laws, honoris causa conferred by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, Toronto, Canada<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>2014, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Historical_Society_(University_College_Dublin)" title="Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)">Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_Award" title="James Joyce Award">James Joyce Award</a> in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the economic sciences.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>2014, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Templeton_College,_Oxford" title="Green Templeton College, Oxford">Green Templeton College, Oxford</a>'s Sanjaya Lall Visiting Professorship of Business and Development, Trinity Term 2014, in recognition of his outstanding international reputation in scholarship and research in the field of Development Economics and Business.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>2016, Doctor of Letters, honoris causa conferred by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, Oxford, UK<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ul> A May 2011 <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a> analysis of 26 politicians, journalists, and media commentators who made predictions in major newspaper columns or television news shows from September 2007 to December 2008 found that Krugman was the most accurate. Only nine of the prognosticators predicted more accurately than chance, two were significantly less accurate, and the remaining 14 were no better or worse than a coin flip. Krugman was correct in 15 out of 17 predictions, compared to 9 out of 11 for the next most accurate media figure, <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Maureen Dowd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Krugman was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> named Krugman one of its 2012 FP Top 100 Global Thinkers "for wielding his acid pen against austerity".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author">Author</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Author">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Paul_Krugman_BBF_2010_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2626" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Krugman at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Book_Festival" title="Brooklyn Book Festival">Brooklyn Book Festival</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, besides academic books and textbooks, Krugman increasingly began writing books for a general audience on issues he considered important for public policy. In The Age of Diminished Expectations (1990), he wrote in particular about the increasing <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">US income inequality</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/New_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Economy">New Economy</a>" of the 1990s. He attributes the rise in income inequality in part to changes in technology, but principally to a change in political atmosphere which he attributes to <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Movement Conservatives</a>. In September 2003, Krugman published a collection of his columns under the title, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Unraveling" title="The Great Unraveling">The Great Unraveling</a>, about the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>'s economic and foreign policies and the US economy in the early 2000s. His columns argued that the large deficits during that time were generated by the Bush administration as a result of decreasing taxes on the rich, increasing public spending, and fighting the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. Krugman wrote that these policies were unsustainable in the long run and would eventually generate a major economic crisis. The book was a best-seller.<a href="#cite_note-onehanded-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone06-114">[114]</a> In 2007, Krugman published <a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Liberal" title="The Conscience of a Liberal">The Conscience of a Liberal</a>, whose title refers to <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conscience_of_a_Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience of a Conservative">Conscience of a Conservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-115">[115]</a> It details the history of wealth and income gaps in the United States in the 20th century. The book describes how the gap between rich and poor declined greatly during the middle of the century, and then widened in the last two decades to levels higher even than in the 1920s. In Conscience, Krugman argues that government policies played a much greater role than commonly thought both in reducing inequality in the 1930s through 1970s and in increasing it in the 1980s through the present, and criticizes the Bush administration for implementing policies that Krugman believes widened the gap between the rich and poor. Krugman also argued that <a href="/wiki/US_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="US Republican Party">Republicans</a> owed their electoral successes to their ability to exploit the race issue to win political dominance of the South.<a href="#cite_note-tomaskyconlibrev-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Krugman argues that <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> had used the "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a>" to signal sympathy for racism without saying anything overtly racist,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> citing as an example Reagan's coining of the term "<a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">welfare queen</a>".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In his book, Krugman proposed a "new <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>", which included placing more emphasis on social and medical programs and less on national defense.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In his review of Conscience of a Liberal, the liberal journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasky" title="Michael Tomasky">Michael Tomasky</a> credited Krugman with a commitment "to accurate history even when some fudging might be in order for the sake of political expediency".<a href="#cite_note-tomaskyconlibrev-116">[116]</a> In a review for The New York Times, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer prize">Pulitzer prize</a>-winning historian <a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">David M. Kennedy</a> stated: "Krugman's chapter on the imperative need for health care reform is the best in this book, a rueful reminder of the kind of skilled and accessible economic analysis of which he is capable".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In late 2008, Krugman published a substantial updating of an earlier work, entitled The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008. In the book, he discusses the failure of the United States regulatory system to keep pace with a financial system increasingly out-of-control, and the causes of and possible ways to contain the greatest financial crisis since the 1930s. In 2012, Krugman published <a href="/wiki/End_This_Depression_Now!" title="End This Depression Now!">End This Depression Now!</a>, a book which argues that looking at the available historical economic data, fiscal cuts and austerity measures only deprive the economy of valuable funds that can circulate and further add to a poor economy – people cannot spend, and markets cannot thrive if there is not enough consumption and there cannot be sufficient consumption if there is large unemployment. He argues that while it is necessary to cut debt, it is the worst time to do so in an economy that has just suffered the most severe of financial shocks, and must be done instead when an economy is near full-employment when the private sector can withstand the burden of decreased government spending and austerity. Failure to stimulate the economy either by public or private sectors will only unnecessarily lengthen the current economic depression and make it worse.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentator">Commentator</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commentator">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wolf" title="Martin Wolf">Martin Wolf</a> has written that Krugman is both the "most hated and most admired columnist in the US".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Neary" title="J. Peter Neary">J. Peter Neary</a> has noted that Krugman "has written on a wide range of topics, always combining one of the best prose styles in the profession with an ability to construct elegant, insightful and useful models".<a href="#cite_note-neary-124">[124]</a> Neary added that "no discussion of his work could fail to mention his transition from Academic Superstar to Public Intellectual. Through his extensive writings, including a regular column for The New York Times, monographs and textbooks at every level, and books on economics and current affairs for the general public ... he has probably done more than any other writer to explain economic principles to a wide audience."<a href="#cite_note-neary-124">[124]</a> Krugman has been described as the most controversial economist in his generation<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and according to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasky" title="Michael Tomasky">Michael Tomasky</a> since 1992 he has moved "from being a center-left scholar to being a liberal polemicist".<a href="#cite_note-tomaskyconlibrev-116">[116]</a> From the mid-1990s onwards, Krugman wrote for <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> (1997–99)<a href="#cite_note-PWB-37">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> (1996–99),<a href="#cite_note-PWB-37">[37]</a> and then for <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Business_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Harvard Business Review">The Harvard Business Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy (magazine)">Foreign Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a>. In this period Krugman critiqued various positions commonly taken on economic issues from across the political spectrum, from <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> and opposition to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> on the left to <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> on the right.<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 presidential campaign</a>, Krugman praised <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s economic plan in The New York Times, and Clinton's campaign used some of Krugman's work on <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>. At the time, it was considered likely that Clinton would offer him a position in the new administration, but allegedly Krugman's volatility and outspokenness caused Clinton to look elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-125">[125]</a> Krugman later said that he was "temperamentally unsuited for that kind of role. You have to be very good at people skills, biting your tongue when people say silly things."<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-NS160404-128">[128]</a> In a Fresh Dialogues interview, Krugman added, "you have to be reasonably organized ... I can move into a pristine office and within three days it will look like a grenade went off."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 1999, near the height of the <a href="/wiki/Dot_com_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot com boom">dot com boom</a>, The New York Times approached Krugman to write a bi-weekly column on "the vagaries of business and economics in an age of prosperity".<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a> His first columns in 2000 addressed business and economic issues, but as the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 US presidential campaign</a> progressed, Krugman increasingly focused on <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s policy proposals. According to Krugman, this was partly due to "the silence of the media – those 'liberal media' conservatives complain about ..."<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a> Krugman accused Bush of repeatedly misrepresenting his proposals, and criticized the proposals themselves.<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a> After Bush's election, and his perseverance with his proposed tax cut in the midst of the slump (which Krugman argued would do little to help the economy but substantially raise the fiscal deficit), Krugman's columns grew angrier and more focused on the administration. As <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Alan Blinder</a> put it in 2002, "There's been a kind of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> quality to his writing since then ... He's trying to stop something now, using the power of the pen."<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a> Partly as a result, Krugman's twice-weekly column on the Op-Ed page of The New York Times has made him, according to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Confessore" title="Nicholas Confessore">Nicholas Confessore</a>, "the most important political columnist in America ... he is almost alone in analyzing the most important story in politics in recent years – the seamless melding of corporate, class, and political party interests at which the Bush administration excels."<a href="#cite_note-monthly-127">[127]</a> In an interview in late 2009, Krugman said his missionary zeal had changed in the post-Bush era and he described the Obama administration as "good guys but not as forceful as I'd like ... When I argue with them in my column this is a serious discussion. We really are in effect speaking across the transom here."<a href="#cite_note-freshdialogues.com-130">[130]</a> Krugman says he's more effective at driving change outside the administration than inside it, "now, I'm trying to make this progressive moment in American history a success. So that's where I'm pushing."<a href="#cite_note-freshdialogues.com-130">[130]</a> Krugman's columns have drawn criticism as well as praise. A 2003 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> questioned Krugman's "growing tendency to attribute all the world's ills to <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George Bush</a>", citing critics who felt that "his relentless partisanship is getting in the way of his argument" and claiming errors of economic and political reasoning in his columns.<a href="#cite_note-onehanded-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Daniel Okrent</a>, a former The New York Times <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a>, in his farewell column, criticized Krugman for what he said was "the disturbing habit of shaping, slicing and selectively citing numbers in a fashion that pleases his acolytes but leaves him open to substantive assaults".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-headache-133">[133]</a> Krugman's New York Times blog is "The Conscience of a Liberal", devoted largely to economics and politics. Five days after <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> terrorist attacks, Krugman argued in his column that the calamity was "partly self-inflicted", citing poor pay and training for airport security driven by the transfer of responsibility for airport security from government to airlines. His column provoked an angry response and The New York Times was flooded with complaints. According to <a href="/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar" title="Larissa MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, while some people[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] thought that he was too partisan to be a columnist for The New York Times, he was revered on the left.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Similarly, on the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 on the United States Krugman again provoked a controversy by accusing on his New York Times blog former U.S. President George W. Bush and former New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> of rushing "to cash in on the horror" after the attacks and describing the anniversary as "an occasion for shame".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Krugman was noteworthy for his fierce opposition to the 2016 presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>. On January 19, 2016, he wrote an article which criticized Bernie Sanders for his perceived lack of political realism, compared Sanders' plans for healthcare and financial reform unfavorably to those of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, and cited criticisms of Sanders from other liberal policy wonks like Mike Konczal and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Later, Krugman wrote an article which accused Sanders of "[going] for easy slogans over hard thinking" and attacking Hillary Clinton in a way that was "just plain dishonest".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On the 12 July 2016, Krugman tweeted "<a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a>", in response to <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office (Ireland)</a> data that 2015 GDP grew 26.3% and 2015 GNP grew 18.7%. The leprechaun economics affair (proved in 2018 to be Apple restructuring its <a href="/wiki/Double_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Irish">double Irish</a> subsidiaries), led to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a> introducing a new economic statistic, <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified gross national income</a> (or GNI*) to better measure the Irish economy (2016 Irish GDP is 143% of 2016 Irish GNI*). The term leprechaun economics has since been used by Krugman,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and others,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> to describe distorted/unsound economic data. Krugman's use of the term leprechaun to refer to Ireland and its people has raised rebuke. In June 2021, Krugman wrote an article titled, "Yellen's New Alliance Against Leprechauns".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Following the article, the Irish Ambassador to the US, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mulhall" title="Daniel Mulhall">Daniel Mulhall</a>, wrote a letter to his publisher saying, "This is not the first time your columnist has used the word 'leprechaun' when referring to Ireland, and I see it as my duty to point out that this represents an unacceptable slur."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Krugman harshly criticized the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> He has also remarked several times on how Trump tempts him to assume the worst, such that he has to be careful to check his personal beliefs against the weight of evidence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian_growth">East Asian growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: East Asian growth">edit</a>]</div> In a 1994 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> article, Paul Krugman argued that it was a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> that the economic successes of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">East Asian 'tigers'</a> constituted an economic miracle. He argued that their rise was fueled by mobilizing resources and that their growth rates would inevitably slow.<a href="#cite_note-Myth_Asia-147">[147]</a> His article helped popularize the argument made by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lau" title="Lawrence Lau">Lawrence Lau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Young" title="Alwyn Young">Alwyn Young</a>, among others, that the growth of economies in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> was not the result of new and original economic models, but rather from high <a href="/wiki/Capital_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital investment">capital investment</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force participation</a>, and that total factor productivity had not increased. Krugman argued that in the long term, only increasing <a href="/wiki/Total_factor_productivity" title="Total factor productivity">total factor productivity</a> can lead to sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. Krugman's article was highly criticized in many Asian countries when it first appeared, and subsequent studies disputed some of Krugman's conclusions. However, it also stimulated a great deal of research, and may have caused the <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> government to provide incentives for technological progress.<a href="#cite_note-VanDenBerg-148">[148]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, Krugman advocated <a href="/wiki/Currency_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency controls">currency controls</a> as a way to mitigate the crisis. Writing in a <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune magazine</a> article, he suggested exchange controls as "a solution so unfashionable, so stigmatized, that hardly anyone has dared suggest it".<a href="#cite_note-Saving_Asia-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> was the only country that adopted such controls, and although the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian government">Malaysian government</a> credited its rapid economic recovery on currency controls, the relationship is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Landler-150">[150]</a> An empirical study found that the Malaysian policies produced faster economic recovery and smaller declines in employment and real wages.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Krugman later stated that the controls might not have been necessary at the time they were applied, but that nevertheless "Malaysia has proved a point – namely, that controlling capital in a crisis is at least feasible."<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Krugman more recently pointed out that emergency capital controls have even been endorsed by the IMF, and are no longer considered radical policy.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._economic_policies">U.S. economic policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: U.S. economic policies">edit</a>]</div> In the early 2000s, Krugman repeatedly criticized the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>, both before and after they were enacted. Krugman argued that the tax cuts enlarged the budget deficit without improving the economy, and that they enriched the wealthy – worsening <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a> in the US.<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone06-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-159">[159]</a> Krugman advocated lower interest rates (to promote investment and spending on housing and other durable goods), and increased government spending on infrastructure, military, and unemployment benefits, arguing that these policies would have a larger stimulus effect, and unlike permanent tax cuts, would only temporarily increase the budget deficit.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times20020802-160">[160]</a> In addition, he was against Bush's proposal to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_privatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security privatization">privatize social security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SimonsRock20160521-161">[161]</a> In August 2005, after <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> expressed concern over housing markets, Krugman criticized Greenspan's earlier reluctance to regulate the mortgage and related financial markets, arguing that "[he's] like a man who suggests leaving the barn door ajar, and then – after the horse is gone – delivers a lecture on the importance of keeping your animals properly locked up."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Krugman has repeatedly expressed his view that Greenspan and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a> are the two individuals most responsible for causing the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subprime crisis">subprime crisis</a>. Krugman points to Greenspan and Gramm for the key roles they played in keeping <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a>, financial markets, and <a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">investment banks</a> unregulated, and to the <a href="/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act">Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act</a>, which repealed <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> era safeguards that prevented <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>, investment banks and <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> companies from merging.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Krugman has also been critical of some of the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>'s economic policies. He has criticized the <a href="/wiki/Obama_stimulus_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama stimulus plan">Obama stimulus plan</a> as being too small and inadequate given the size of the economy and the banking rescue plan as misdirected; Krugman wrote in The New York Times: "an overwhelming majority [of the American public] believes that the government is spending too much to help large financial institutions. This suggests that the administration's money-for-nothing financial policy will eventually deplete its political capital."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In particular, he considered the Obama administration's actions to prop up the US financial system in 2009 to be impractical and unduly favorable to Wall Street bankers.<a href="#cite_note-headache-133">[133]</a> In anticipation of President Obama's Job Summit in December 2009, Krugman said in a Fresh Dialogues interview, "This jobs summit can't be an empty exercise ... he can't come out with a proposal for $10 or $20 Billion of stuff because people will view that as a joke. There has to be a significant job proposal ... I have in mind something like $300 Billion."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Krugman has criticized China's <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> policy, which he believes to be a significant drag on global economic recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">Late-2000s recession</a>, and he has advocated a "surcharge" on Chinese imports to the US in response.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Jeremy Warner of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> accused Krugman of advocating a return to self-destructive <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In April 2010, as the Senate began considering new financial regulations, Krugman argued that the regulations should not only regulate financial innovation, but also tax financial-industry profits and remuneration. He cited a paper by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vishny" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Vishny">Robert Vishny</a> released the previous week, which concludes that most innovation was in fact about "providing investors with false substitutes for [traditional] assets like bank deposits", and once investors realize the sheer number of securities that are unsafe a "flight to safety" occurs which necessarily leads to "financial fragility".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In his June 28, 2010, column in The New York Times, in light of the recent <a href="/wiki/2010_G-20_Toronto_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 G-20 Toronto Summit">G-20 Toronto Summit</a>, Krugman criticized world leaders for agreeing to halve deficits by 2013. Krugman claimed that these efforts could lead the global economy into the early stages of a "third depression" and leave "millions of lives blighted by the absence of jobs". He advocated instead the continued stimulus of economies to foster greater growth.<a href="#cite_note-Toronto-173">[173]</a> In a 2014 review of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a> he stated we are in a Second <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_views">Economic views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keynesian_economics">Keynesian economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Keynesian economics">edit</a>]</div> Krugman identifies as a <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a><a href="#cite_note-keynesian-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater economist">saltwater economist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-saltwater-177">[177]</a> and he has criticized the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater economics">freshwater school</a> on <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freshwater-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-wrong-179">[179]</a> Although he has used <a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="New Keynesian">New Keynesian</a> theory in his work, he has also criticized it for lacking predictive power and for hewing to ideas like the <a href="/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis" title="Efficient-market hypothesis">efficient-market hypothesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rational_Expectations" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Expectations">rational expectations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wrong-179">[179]</a> Since the 1990s, he has promoted the practical use of the <a href="/wiki/IS-LM" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-LM">IS-LM</a> model of the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical synthesis</a>, pointing out its relative simplicity compared to New Keynesian models, and its continued currency in economic policy analysis.<a href="#cite_note-whoyougonnabeton2-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-somethingaboutmacro-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-keynesandthemoderns-182">[182]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, he remarked that he is "gravitating towards a <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a>-<a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Minsky</a> view of macroeconomics".<a href="#cite_note-actual_minsky-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Keynesian">Post-Keynesian</a> observers cite commonalities between Krugman's views and those of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a> school,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> although Krugman has been critical of some Post-Keynesian economists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> – whose works <a href="/wiki/The_New_Industrial_State" title="The New Industrial State">The New Industrial State</a> (1967) and Economics in Perspective (1987) Krugman has referred to as not "real economic theory" and "remarkably ill-informed" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In recent academic work, he has collaborated with Gauti Eggertsson on a New Keynesian model of debt-overhang and debt-driven slumps, inspired by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Koo" title="Richard Koo">Richard Koo</a>. Their work argues that during a debt-driven slump, the "<a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_toil" title="Paradox of toil">paradox of toil</a>", together with the <a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_flexibility" title="Paradox of flexibility">paradox of flexibility</a>, can exacerbate a <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">liquidity trap</a>, reducing demand and employment.<a href="#cite_note-krugmaneggertsson2011-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_trade">Free trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Free trade">edit</a>]</div> Krugman's support for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> in the 1980s–1990s provoked some ire from the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dale_gilbert-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-difficultidea-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In 1987 he quipped that, "If there were an Economist's Creed, it would surely contain the affirmations 'I understand the Principle of Comparative Advantage' and 'I advocate Free Trade'."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krugman-193">[193]</a> However, Krugman argues in the same article that, given the findings of New Trade Theory, "[free trade] has shifted from optimum to reasonable rule of thumb ... it can never again be asserted as the policy that economic theory tells us is always right." In the article, Krugman comes out in favor of free trade given the enormous political costs of actively engaging in <a href="/wiki/Strategic_trade_theory" title="Strategic trade theory">strategic trade policy</a> and because there is no clear method for a government to discover which industries will ultimately yield positive returns. He also notes that increasing returns and strategic trade theory do not disprove the underlying truth of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>. In 1994, Krugman criticized the notion of national competitiveness, particularly comparisons of nations as competing corporations. Krugman noted that a country's economic success does not need to come at the expense of a rival nation, as if they were two competing companies selling similar products. Instead, foreign nations typically serve as export markets for a nation's goods, as well as suppliers of useful imports.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In the midst of the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, Krugman made a significant departure from his general support for free trade, entertaining the idea of a 25% tariff on Chinese imports as a retaliation for China's policy of maintaining a low value for the <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a>, which many saw as hostile currency manipulation, artificially making their exports more competitive.<a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-195">[195]</a> In 2015, Krugman noted his ambivalence about the proposed <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, as the agreement was not mainly about trade and, "whatever you may say about the benefits of free trade, most of those benefits have already been realized" [by existing agreements].<a href="#cite_note-NYT_June_15_2015c-196">[196]</a> After the 2016 elections, and Trump's moves towards protectionism, he wrote that while protectionism can make economies less efficient and reduce long-term growth, it would not directly cause recessions. He noted that if there is a trade war, imports would decrease as much as exports, so employment should not be strongly impacted, at least in the medium to long run.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> He believes that the US should not repeat Reagan's 1981 policy on taxes and quotas on imported products,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> as even if it does not produce a recession, protectionism would shock "value chains" and disrupt jobs and communities in the same way as free trade in the past. In addition, other countries would take retaliatory measures against US exports.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Krugman recommended against the abandonment of NAFTA, because it could cause economic losses and disruptions to businesses, jobs, and communities.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In the late 2010s, Krugman admitted that the models that scholars used to measure the impact of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> in the 1990s underestimated the effect on jobs and inequality in developed countries such as the US.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> He noted that although free trade has harmed some industries, communities, and some workers, it remains a win-win system overall, enriching both parties to the agreement at the national level; a trade war is equivalently negative for the nations involved, even while it may benefit some individuals or industries within each nation.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, Krugman wrote: "[i]mmigration reduces the wages of domestic workers who compete with immigrants. That's just supply and demand: we're talking about large increases in the number of low-skill workers relative to other inputs into production, so it's inevitable that this means a fall in wages ... the fiscal burden of low-wage immigrants is also pretty clear," citing an estimate of 0.25% of GDP from the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> However, in 2024, he reported that “most labor economists now believe that immigrants don’t do much head-to-head competition with native-born workers; they bring different skills and take different jobs. And the past few years, with elevated immigration, have also been an era of exceptional growth in wages for the worst paid.”<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_economy">Green economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Green economy">edit</a>]</div> Krugman has called for a transition to a <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> asserting "I believe progressives should enthusiastically embrace the G.N.D.".<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> He said that a "Green New Deal stuff is investment. On that stuff, don't worry about paying for it. Debt as an issue is vastly overstated, and a lot of these things pay for themselves. Go ahead and just deficit finance it."<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In 2021, he wrote that "we will almost surely have to put a price" on <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> He criticized Democratic "moderates" and corporations "torpedoing efforts to avoid a civilization-threatening crisis because you want to hold down your tax bill".<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> Krugman describes himself as <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and has explained that he views the term "liberal" in the American context to mean "more or less what <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> means in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-115">[115]</a> In a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> article, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> described Krugman as having "all the credentials of a ranking member of the East coast liberal establishment" but also as someone who is anti-establishment, a "scourge of the Bush administration", and a critic of the Obama administration.<a href="#cite_note-headache-133">[133]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirsh_(journalist)" title="Michael Hirsh (journalist)">Michael Hirsh</a> remarked, "Say this for Krugman: though an unabashed liberal ... he's ideologically colorblind. He savages the supply-siders of the Reagan–Bush era with the same glee as he does the 'strategic traders' of the Clinton administration."<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-125">[125]</a> Krugman has at times advocated free markets in contexts where they are often viewed as controversial. He has written against <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">land-use restrictions</a> in favor of market supply and demand,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> likened the opposition against free trade and globalization to the opposition against evolution via <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> (1996),<a href="#cite_note-difficultidea-190">[190]</a> opposed <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">farm subsidies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> are preferable to unemployment,<a href="#cite_note-smokymountain-50">[50]</a> dismissed the case for <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wages</a> (1998),<a href="#cite_note-minimumwage-216">[216]</a> and argued against mandates, subsidies, and tax breaks for <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In 2003, he questioned the usefulness of <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>'s manned space flights given the available technology and their high financial cost compared to their general benefits.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Krugman has also criticized U.S. zoning laws<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> and European labor market regulation.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Krugman endorsed Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in the run-up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._race_relations">U.S. race relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: U.S. race relations">edit</a>]</div> Krugman has criticized the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> leadership for what he sees as a strategic (but largely tacit) reliance on racial divisions.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In his Conscience of a Liberal, he wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The changing politics of race made it possible for a revived conservative movement, whose ultimate goal was to reverse the achievements of the New Deal, to win national elections – even though it supported policies that favored the interests of a narrow elite over those of middle- and lower-income Americans.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_working_in_the_Reagan_administration">On working in the Reagan administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On working in the Reagan administration">edit</a>]</div> Krugman worked for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> when the latter was appointed chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> and chief economic advisor to President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. He later wrote in an autobiographical essay, "It was, in a way, strange for me to be part of the Reagan Administration. I was then and still am an unabashed defender of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, which I regard as the most decent social arrangement yet devised."<a href="#cite_note-incidents-33">[33]</a> Krugman found the time "thrilling, then disillusioning". He did not fit into the Washington political environment and was not tempted to stay on.<a href="#cite_note-incidents-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Gordon_Brown_vs._David_Cameron">On Gordon Brown vs. David Cameron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: On Gordon Brown vs. David Cameron">edit</a>]</div> According to Krugman, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> and his party were unfairly blamed for the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gordontheunlucky-227">[227]</a> He has also praised the former <a href="/wiki/British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British prime minister">British prime minister</a>, whom he described as "more impressive than any US politician" after a three-hour conversation with him.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Krugman asserted that Brown "defined the character of the worldwide financial rescue effort" and urged British voters not to support the opposition <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a>, arguing their Party Leader <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> "has had little to offer other than to raise the red flag of fiscal panic".<a href="#cite_note-gordontheunlucky-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Donald_Trump">On Donald Trump</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: On Donald Trump">edit</a>]</div> Krugman has been a vocal critic of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and his administration.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> His criticisms have included the president's climate change proposals, economic policy,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> the Republican tax plan and Trump's foreign policy initiatives. Krugman often used his op-ed column in The New York Times to set out arguments against the president's policies. On election night in 2016, Krugman wrongly predicted in a New York Times <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> that the markets would never recover under Trump and stated "first-pass answer is never"<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> but retracted the call in the same publication three days later.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Trump gave him a '<a href="/wiki/Fake_News_Awards" title="Fake News Awards">Fake News Award</a>'. Krugman stated "I get a 'fake news award' for a bad market call, retracted 3 days later, from 2000-lie man, who still won't admit he lost the popular vote. Sad!"<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> In his <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> column, Krugman described Russia as a "<a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin</a> superpower" in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. He stated that "Russia is even weaker than most people, myself included, seem to have realized", that the military performance of Russia "has been less effective than advertised" in a stalemate at the beginning of the invasion, and that Russia encountered serious logistical problems. Krugman observed that the country's total <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> is only a bit more than half as large as those of countries such as Britain and France, despite Russia's greater landmass, total population and natural resource endowment. He also noted that Russia's economy was further weakened by <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">international sanctions as a result of the war</a>. He concluded that Russia had "far less real strength than meets the eye."<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Krugman opposed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> He wrote in his New York Times column: "What we should have learned from the Iraq debacle was that you should always be skeptical and that you should never rely on supposed authority. If you hear that 'everyone' supports a policy, whether it's a war of choice or fiscal austerity, you should ask whether 'everyone' has been defined to exclude anyone expressing a different opinion."<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> In 2012, Krugman praised <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a>’s <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Zionism" title="The Crisis of Zionism">The Crisis of Zionism</a> as a “brave book,” criticizing the policies of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>’s government.<a href="#cite_note-239">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> In 2024, amidst the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, Krugman wrote that Netanyahu’s government was “killing huge numbers of civilians” but expressed skepticism at President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>’s ability to stop the body count,<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> but did not elaborate, having said in 2012 that “like many liberal American Jews — and most American Jews are still liberal — I basically avoid thinking about where Israel is going.” <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_technology">Views on technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Views on technology">edit</a>]</div> In 1998 during the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, Krugman wrote a commentary for <a href="/wiki/Red_Herring_(magazine)" title="Red Herring (magazine)">Red Herring</a> that urged skepticism of optimistic predictions for technology-driven progress. He followed it with several pessimistic predictions of his own, including that "[b]y 2005 or so, it will become clear that the Internet's impact on the economy has been no greater than the <a href="/wiki/Fax_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fax machine">fax machine</a>'s"<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> and that the number of jobs for IT specialists would decelerate and turn down.<a href="#cite_note-:0-244">[243]</a> In a 2013 interview, Krugman stated that the predictions were meant to be "fun and provocative, not to engage in careful forecasting".<a href="#cite_note-:1-246">[245]</a> Krugman is a vocal critic of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-246">[245]</a> arguing against its economic soundness since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> In 2017, he predicted that Bitcoin is a more obvious bubble than housing and stated that "[t]here's been no demonstration yet that it actually is helpful in conducting economic transactions".<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> In December 2022 Krugman predicted that, because of <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, "quite a few knowledge jobs may be eminently replaceable". He suggested that such technology would likely prove beneficial "in the long run", but that "in the long run, we are all dead, and even before that, some of us may find ourselves either unemployed or earning far less than we expected".<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Krugman has been married twice. His first wife, Robin L. Bergman, is a designer.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> He is currently married to <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wells" title="Robin Wells">Robin Wells</a>, an academic economist who received her BA from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and her PhD from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> She, as did Krugman, taught at MIT. Together, Krugman and his wife have collaborated on several economics textbooks. Although rumors began to circulate in early 2007 that Krugman's "son" was working for Hillary Clinton's campaign, Krugman reiterated in his New York Times op-ed column that he and his wife are childless.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a> Krugman currently lives in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Upon retiring from Princeton after fifteen years of teaching in June 2015, he addressed the issue in his column, stating that while he retains the utmost praise and respect for Princeton, he wishes to reside in New York City and hopes to focus more on public policy issues.<a href="#cite_note-changes-257">[256]</a> He subsequently became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Center_of_the_City_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Center of the City University of New York">Graduate Center of the City University of New York</a> and a distinguished scholar at the Graduate Center's <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study" title="Luxembourg Income Study">Luxembourg Income Study</a> Center.<a href="#cite_note-changes-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Krugman reports that he is a distant relative of conservative journalist <a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">David Frum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> He has described himself as a "Loner. Ordinarily shy. Shy with individuals."<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Published works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_books_(authored_or_coauthored)">Academic books (authored or coauthored)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Academic books (authored or coauthored)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Spatial Economy – Cities, Regions and International Trade (July 1999), with <a href="/wiki/Masahisa_Fujita" title="Masahisa Fujita">Masahisa Fujita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Venables" title="Anthony Venables">Anthony Venables</a>. MIT Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-06204-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-06204-6">0-262-06204-6</a></li> <li>The Self Organizing Economy (February 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55786-698-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55786-698-8">1-55786-698-8</a></li> <li>EMU and the Regions (December 1995), with <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_de_la_Dehesa" title="Guillermo de la Dehesa">Guillermo de la Dehesa</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56708-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56708-038-3">1-56708-038-3</a></li> <li>Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Ohlin Lectures) (September 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11203-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11203-5">0-262-11203-5</a></li> <li>Foreign Direct Investment in the United States (3rd Edition) (February 1995), with Edward M. Graham. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88132-204-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88132-204-0">0-88132-204-0</a></li> <li>World Savings Shortage (September 1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88132-161-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88132-161-3">0-88132-161-3</a></li> <li>What Do We Need to Know About the International Monetary System? (Essays in International Finance, No 190 July 1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88165-097-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88165-097-8">0-88165-097-8</a></li> <li>Currencies and Crises (June 1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11165-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11165-9">0-262-11165-9</a></li> <li>Geography and Trade (Gaston Eyskens Lecture Series) (August 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11159-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11159-4">0-262-11159-4</a></li> <li>The Risks Facing the World Economy (July 1991), with Guillermo de la Dehesa and Charles Taylor. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56708-073-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56708-073-1">1-56708-073-1</a></li> <li>Has the Adjustment Process Worked? (Policy Analyses in International Economics, 34) (June 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88132-116-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88132-116-8">0-88132-116-8</a></li> <li>Rethinking International Trade (April 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11148-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11148-9">0-262-11148-9</a></li> <li>Trade Policy and Market Structure (March 1989), with Elhanan Helpman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08182-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08182-2">0-262-08182-2</a></li> <li>Exchange-Rate Instability (Lionel Robbins Lectures) (November 1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11140-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11140-3">0-262-11140-3</a></li> <li>Adjustment in the World Economy (August 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56708-023-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56708-023-5">1-56708-023-5</a></li> <li>Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy (May 1985), with <a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Helpman" title="Elhanan Helpman">Elhanan Helpman</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08150-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08150-4">978-0-262-08150-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_books_(edited_or_coedited)">Academic books (edited or coedited)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Academic books (edited or coedited)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Currency Crises (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) (September 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45462-2">0-226-45462-2</a></li> <li>Trade with Japan: Has the Door Opened Wider? (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report) (March 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45459-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45459-2">0-226-45459-2</a></li> <li>Empirical Studies of Strategic Trade Policy (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report) (April 1994), co-edited with Alasdair Smith. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45460-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45460-6">0-226-45460-6</a></li> <li>Exchange Rate Targets and Currency Bands (October 1991), co-edited with Marcus Miller. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41533-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41533-0">0-521-41533-0</a></li> <li>Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics (January 1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11112-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11112-8">0-262-11112-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_textbooks">Economics textbooks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economics textbooks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Economics: European Edition (Spring 2007), with Robin Wells and Kathryn Graddy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-9956-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-9956-1">0-7167-9956-1</a></li> <li>Macroeconomics (February 2006), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-6763-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-6763-5">0-7167-6763-5</a></li> <li>Economics, first edition (December 2005), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57259-150-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57259-150-1">1-57259-150-1</a></li> <li>Economics, second edition (2009), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-7158-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-7158-6">0-7167-7158-6</a></li> <li>Economics, third edition (2013), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4292-5163-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4292-5163-8">1-4292-5163-8</a></li> <li>Economics, fourth edition (2017), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4641-8665-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4641-8665-0">1-4641-8665-0</a></li> <li>Economics, fifth edition (2018), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-319-06660-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-319-06660-7">1-319-06660-7</a></li> <li>Economics, sixth edition (2021), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-319-24494-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-319-24494-7">1-319-24494-7</a></li> <li>Microeconomics (March 2004), with Robin Wells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-5997-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-5997-7">0-7167-5997-7</a></li> <li>International Economics: Theory and Policy, with Maurice Obstfeld. 7th Edition (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-29383-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-29383-5">0-321-29383-5</a>; 1st Edition (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-52186-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-673-52186-9">0-673-52186-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_for_a_general_audience">Books for a general audience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Books for a general audience">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Arguing with Zombies: Economics, Politics, and the Fight for a Better Future (January 2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1324005018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1324005018">978-1324005018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_This_Depression_Now!" title="End This Depression Now!">End This Depression Now!</a> (April 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-08877-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-08877-4">0-393-08877-4</a> <ul><li>A call for stimulative expansionary policy and an end to austerity</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Liberal" title="The Conscience of a Liberal">The Conscience of a Liberal</a> (October 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-06069-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-06069-1">0-393-06069-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Unraveling" title="The Great Unraveling">The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century</a> (September 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05850-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05850-6">0-393-05850-6</a> <ul><li>A book of his The New York Times columns, many deal with the economic policies of the Bush administration or the economy in general.</li></ul></li> <li>Fuzzy Math: The Essential Guide to the Bush Tax Plan (May 4, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05062-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05062-9">0-393-05062-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Depression_Economics_and_the_Crisis_of_2008" title="The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008">The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008</a> (December 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-07101-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-07101-4">0-393-07101-4</a> <ul><li>An updated version of his previous work.</li></ul></li> <li>The Return of Depression Economics (May 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04839-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04839-X">0-393-04839-X</a> <ul><li>Considers the long economic stagnation of Japan through the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a>, and problems in Latin America.</li> <li>The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 (December 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-07101-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-07101-4">0-393-07101-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Accidental Theorist and Other Dispatches from the Dismal Science (May 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04638-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04638-9">0-393-04638-9</a> <ul><li>Essay collection, primarily from Krugman's writing for Slate.</li></ul></li> <li>Pop Internationalism (March 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11210-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11210-8">0-262-11210-8</a> <ul><li>Essay collection, covering largely the same ground as Peddling Prosperity.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddling_Prosperity" title="Peddling Prosperity">Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations</a> (April 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31292-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31292-5">0-393-31292-5</a> <ul><li>History of economic thought from the first rumblings of revolt against <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a> to the present, for the layman.</li></ul></li> <li>The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11156-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11156-X">0-262-11156-X</a> <ul><li>A "briefing book" on the major policy issues around the economy.</li> <li>Revised and Updated, January 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-61092-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-61092-2">0-262-61092-2</a></li> <li>Third Edition, August 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11224-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11224-8">0-262-11224-8</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_academic_articles">Selected academic articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Selected academic articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(2012) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019012611/http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/127/3/1469.short">Debt, Deleveraging, and the Liquidity Trap: A Fisher-Minsky-Koo Approach</a>". The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127 (3), pp. 1469–513.</li> <li>(2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25592474">The Increasing Returns Revolution in Trade and Geography</a>". The American Economic Review 99(3), pp. 561–71.</li> <li>(1998) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2534694">It's Baaack: Japan's Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap</a>". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1998, pp. 137–205.</li> <li>(1996) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.umn.edu/~tkehoe/classes/Krugman2.pdf">Are currency crises self-fulfilling?</a>". NBER Macroeconomics Annual 11, pp. 345–78.</li> <li>(1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(with_AJ_Venables)1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Venables" title="Anthony Venables">(with AJ Venables)</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifn.se/wfiles/wp/wp430.pdf">"Globalization and the inequality of nations"</a> (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 110 (4): 857–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946642">10.2307/2946642</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946642">2946642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154458353">154458353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+the+inequality+of+nations&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-80&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154458353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2946642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2946642&rft.au=%28with+AJ+Venables%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifn.se%2Fwfiles%2Fwp%2Fwp430.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(1991) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/geography.pdf">Increasing returns and economic geography</a>". Journal of Political Economy 99, pp. 483–99.</li> <li>(1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Krugman, P. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w2481.pdf">"Target zones and exchange rate dynamics"</a> (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106 (3): 669–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2937922">10.2307/2937922</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2937922">2937922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154356042">154356042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Target+zones+and+exchange+rate+dynamics&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=669-82&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154356042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2937922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2937922&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw2481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(1991) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isid.ac.in/~tridip/Teaching/DevEco/Readings/03Expectations/06Krugman-QJE1991.pdf">History versus expectations</a>". Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (2), pp. 651–67.</li> <li>(1981) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154926/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ655/Lapan/Readings/Intraindustry%20Specialization%20and%20the%20Gains%20from%20Trade%20Krugman.pdf">Intra-industry specialization and the gains from trade</a>". Journal of Political Economy 89, pp. 959–73.</li> <li>(1980) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/scale_econ.pdf">Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade</a>". American Economic Review 70, pp. 950–59.</li> <li>(1979) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122075027/http://www.columbia.edu/~rhc2/Spring2006/G6904/Papers/Krugman_79.pdf">A model of balance-of-payments crises</a>". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Money,_Credit,_and_Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking">Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking</a> 11, pp. 311–25.</li> <li>(1979) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/pr/pictures/g-k/krugman/krugman-increasing_returns_1978.pdf">Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade</a>". Journal of International Economics 9, pp. 469–79.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Baby-Sitting_Co-op" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Hill Baby-Sitting Co-op">Capitol Hill Baby-Sitting Co-op</a>, popularized in Krugman's book, Peddling Prosperity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">List of economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_columnists" title="List of newspaper columnists">List of newspaper columnists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Yorkers_in_journalism" title="New Yorkers in journalism">New Yorkers in journalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Something I’ve been meaning to do — and still don’t have the time to do properly — is say something about Peter Beinart’s brave book The Crisis of Zionism. The truth is that like many liberal American Jews — and most American Jews are still liberal — I basically avoid thinking about where Israel is going. It seems obvious from here that the narrow-minded policies of the current government are basically a gradual, long-run form of national suicide — and that’s bad for Jews everywhere, not to mention the world. But I have other battles to fight, and to say anything to that effect is to bring yourself under intense attack from organized groups that try to make any criticism of Israeli policies tantamount to anti-Semitism. But it’s only right to say something on behalf of Beinart, who has predictably run into that buzzsaw. As I said, a brave man, and he deserves better. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-barrypodcast-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barrypodcast_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barrypodcast_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barrypodcast_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barrypodcast_1-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Ritholtz2020" class="citation podcast cs1">Barry Ritholtz (February 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/audio/2020-02-14/paul-krugman-on-arguing-with-zombies-podcast">"Paul Krugman on Arguing With Zombies (Podcast)"</a> (Podcast). <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. Event occurs at 1:08:47. Retrieved May 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Krugman+on+Arguing+With+Zombies+%28Podcast%29&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.au=Barry+Ritholtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Faudio%2F2020-02-14%2Fpaul-krugman-on-arguing-with-zombies-podcast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barrypodcast2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-barrypodcast2_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Ritholtz2020" class="citation podcast cs1">Barry Ritholtz (February 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/audio/2020-02-14/paul-krugman-on-arguing-with-zombies-podcast">"Paul Krugman on Arguing With Zombies (Podcast)"</a> (Podcast). <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. Event occurs at 1:13:00. Retrieved May 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Krugman+on+Arguing+With+Zombies+%28Podcast%29&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.au=Barry+Ritholtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Faudio%2F2020-02-14%2Fpaul-krugman-on-arguing-with-zombies-podcast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2003" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (January 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pkarchive.org/personal/Strangelove.html">"Your questions answered"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+questions+answered&rft.date=2003-01-10&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pkarchive.org%2Fpersonal%2FStrangelove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2012" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (May 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/head-still-talking/">"Head Still Talking"</a>. The Conscience of a Liberal. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033801/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/head-still-talking/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal&rft.atitle=Head+Still+Talking&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F18%2Fhead-still-talking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlodget2014" class="citation web cs1">Blodget, Henry (November 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-pronounce-krugman-2014-11">"Ladies And Gentlemen, We Have Finally Learned The Right Way To Say 'Krugman'!"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225122932/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-pronounce-krugman-2014-11">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Ladies+And+Gentlemen%2C+We+Have+Finally+Learned+The+Right+Way+To+Say+%27Krugman%27%21&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft.aulast=Blodget&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-to-pronounce-krugman-2014-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-6"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1474708/Paul-Krugman">"Paul Krugman"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. June 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425054313/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1474708/Paul-Krugman">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Krugman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1474708%2FPaul-Krugman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krugmanonline-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krugmanonline_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krugmanonline_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugmanonline.com/about.php">"About Paul Krugman"</a>. krugmanonline. W. W. Norton & Company. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220101424/http://krugmanonline.com/about.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krugmanonline&rft.atitle=About+Paul+Krugman&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krugmanonline.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629110203/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2Flaureates%2F2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelComments-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NobelComments_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelComments_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelComments_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelComments_9-3">d</a> Nobel Prize Committee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/advanced-economicsciences2008.pdf">"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2008"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830053939/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/advanced-economicsciences2008.pdf">Archived</a> August 30, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cep.lse.ac.uk/_new/events/event.asp?id=92">"Lionel Robbins Memorial Lectures 2009: The Return of Depression Economics"</a>. London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance. June 8, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708184815/http://cep.lse.ac.uk/_new/events/event.asp?id=92">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins+Memorial+Lectures+2009%3A+The+Return+of+Depression+Economics&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics%2C+Centre+for+Economic+Performance&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcep.lse.ac.uk%2F_new%2Fevents%2Fevent.asp%3Fid%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastern_Economic_Association-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Economic_Association_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Economic_Association_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramapo.edu/eea/">"Home – Eastern Economic Association"</a>. Eastern Economic Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110051923/http://www.ramapo.edu/eea/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Eastern+Economic+Association&rft.pub=Eastern+Economic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramapo.edu%2Feea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDEAS-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDEAS_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEAS_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html">"Economist Rankings at IDEAS – Top 10% Authors, as of May 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a>. May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812162316/https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economist+Rankings+at+IDEAS+%E2%80%93+Top+10%25+Authors%2C+as+of+May+2016&rft.pub=Research+Papers+in+Economics&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Ftop%2Ftop.person.all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Note: Krugman modeled a 'preference for diversity' by assuming a <a href="/wiki/CES_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="CES utility">CES utility function</a> like that in A. Dixit and J. Stiglitz (1977), 'Monopolistic competition and optimal product diversity', American Economic Review 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes131008-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes131008_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes131008_14-1">b</a> Forbes, October 13, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/13/krugman-nobel-economics-oped-cx_ap_1013panagariya.html">"Paul Krugman, Nobel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033738/https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/13/krugman-nobel-economics-oped-cx_ap_1013panagariya.html">Archived</a> November 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/opinion/KRUGMAN-BIO.html">"Columnist Biography: Paul Krugman"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130070320/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/opinion/KRUGMAN-BIO.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columnist+Biography%3A+Paul+Krugman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Fopinion%2FKRUGMAN-BIO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econjwatch.org/file_download/487/DavisMay2011.pdf">"Economics Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs (along with Party and Policy Views)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085714/https://econjwatch.org/file_download/487/DavisMay2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economics+Professors%27+Favorite+Economic+Thinkers%2C+Journals%2C+and+Blogs+%28along+with+Party+and+Policy+Views%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconjwatch.org%2Ffile_download%2F487%2FDavisMay2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921150129/https://opensyllabus.org/results-list/authors?size=50&fields=Economics">"Open Syllabus Project"</a>. opensyllabus.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensyllabus.org/results-list/authors?size=50&fields=Economics">the original</a> on September 21, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opensyllabus.org&rft.atitle=Open+Syllabus+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensyllabus.org%2Fresults-list%2Fauthors%3Fsize%3D50%26fields%3DEconomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/">"The Conscience of a Liberal."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207134649/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/">Archived</a> February 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved August 6, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-19"><a href="#cite_ref-economist_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/2208841">"The one-handed economist"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, November 13, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017173915/http://www.economist.com/node/2208841">archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2011, retrieved August 10, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+one-handed+economist&rft.date=2003-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2208841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury2024" class="citation web cs1">Kingsbury, Kathleen (December 6, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytco.com/press/paul-krugman-retires-as-times-columnist/">"Paul Krugman retires as Times columnist"</a>. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Krugman+retires+as+Times+columnist&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytco.com%2Fpress%2Fpaul-krugman-retires-as-times-columnist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2006" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (March 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/27/opinion/north-of-the-border.html?mtrref=undefined&gwh=FB058596EB9FA5A1FBDBC8F2B4E77956&gwt=pay">"North of the Border"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North+of+the+Border&rft.date=2006-03-27&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fnorth-of-the-border.html%3Fmtrref%3Dundefined%26gwh%3DFB058596EB9FA5A1FBDBC8F2B4E77956%26gwt%3Dpay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IB3mBsgfIHQC&dq=krugman&pg=PA721">Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1 edited by Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915131725/https://books.google.com/books?id=IB3mBsgfIHQC&pg=PA721&lpg=PA721&dq=krugman&f=false#v=onepage&q=krugman&f=false">Archived</a> September 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 721 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2020" class="citation web cs1">Axelrod, David (March 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-axe-files-presented-by-the-university-of-chicago-institute/episode/ep-372-paul-krugman-67718879">"Ep. 372 — Paul Krugman"</a>. Retrieved August 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ep.+372+%E2%80%94+Paul+Krugman&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stitcher.com%2Fshow%2Fthe-axe-files-presented-by-the-university-of-chicago-institute%2Fepisode%2Fep-372-paul-krugman-67718879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunham2009" class="citation web cs1">Dunham, Chris (July 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogywise.com/profiles/blogs/in-search-of-a-man-selling">"In Search of a Man Selling Krug"</a>. Genealogywise.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722155503/http://www.genealogywise.com/profiles/blogs/in-search-of-a-man-selling">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+a+Man+Selling+Krug&rft.pub=Genealogywise.com&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogywise.com%2Fprofiles%2Fblogs%2Fin-search-of-a-man-selling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2022" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (April 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/18/opinion/republicans-senate-immigration-jd-vance.html#commentsContainer&permid=117903997%3A117909469">"[L]ater waves of immigrants were mostly looking for opportunity; although my own family (coming from Belarus and Ukraine) was fleeing violence and war"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%5BL%5Dater+waves+of+immigrants+were+mostly+looking+for+opportunity%3B+although+my+own+family+%28coming+from+Belarus+and+Ukraine%29+was+fleeing+violence+and+war.&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F04%2F18%2Fopinion%2Frepublicans-senate-immigration-jd-vance.html%23commentsContainer%26permid%3D117903997%253A117909469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2015" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (May 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/paulkrugman/status/732195944876236802">"Caught my eye because I lived in Utica from age 3-8"</a>. Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Caught+my+eye+because+I+lived+in+Utica+from+age+3-8.&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fpaulkrugman%2Fstatus%2F732195944876236802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2015" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (June 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/friday-night-music-got-to-admit-its-getting-better/">"Friday Night Music: Got To Admit It's Getting Better"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627090153/http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/friday-night-music-got-to-admit-its-getting-better/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2015. 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Journal of Development Economics. 8 (2): 149–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3878%2881%2990026-2">10.1016/0304-3878(81)90026-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F160238">10419/160238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154117636">154117636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Economics&rft.atitle=Trade%2C+accumulation%2C+and+uneven+development&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-61&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F160238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154117636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-3878%2881%2990026-2&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubs.com/microsites/nobel-perspectives/en/laureates/paul-krugman.html">"Does globalization lead to inequality?"</a>. Nobel Perspectives. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Does+globalization+lead+to+inequality%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubs.com%2Fmicrosites%2Fnobel-perspectives%2Fen%2Flaureates%2Fpaul-krugman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance/economicsfocus/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12429411">"Bold strokes: a strong economic stylist wins the Nobel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021135904/http://www.economist.com/finance/economicsfocus/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12429411">Archived</a> October 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, October 16, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-smokymountain-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smokymountain_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smokymountain_50-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/1918">In Praise of Cheap Labor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003221935/http://www.slate.com/id/1918">Archived</a> October 3, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Paul Krugman, Slate, March 21, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> (He writes on p. xxvi of his book The Great Unraveling that "I still have the angry letter <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> sent me when I criticized his attacks on globalization.") </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Strategic trade policy and the new international economics, Paul R. Krugman (ed), The MIT Press, p. 18, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61045-2">978-0-262-61045-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/honoring-paul-krugman/">"Honoring Paul Krugman"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226220634/https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/honoring-paul-krugman/">Archived</a> December 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Economix blog of The New York Times, Edward Glaeser, October 13, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-allinohlin-54"><a href="#cite_ref-allinohlin_54-0">^</a> Krugman (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/ohlin.html">"Was it all in Ohlin?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523233412/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/ohlin.html">Archived</a> May 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KrugmanNobelInterview-55"><a href="#cite_ref-KrugmanNobelInterview_55-0">^</a> Krugman PR (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2008/krugman-interview.html">"Interview with the 2008 laureate in economics Paul Krugman"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726170441/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2008/krugman-interview.html">Archived</a> July 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 6, 2008. Stockholm, Sweden. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/Faculty/Matthew_Turner/ec2410/readings/Krugman_JPE1991.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033145/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/Faculty/Matthew_Turner/ec2410/readings/Krugman_JPE1991.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FDepartments%2FEconomics%2FFaculty%2FMatthew_Turner%2Fec2410%2Freadings%2FKrugman_JPE1991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/crises.html">"Currency Crises"</a>. Web.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328020946/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/crises.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Currency+Crises&rft.pub=Web.mit.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fkrugman%2Fwww%2Fcrises.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarno-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarno_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarnoMark_P._Taylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Sarno, Lucio; Mark P. Taylor (2002). The Economics of Exchange Rates. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48584-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48584-5"><bdi>978-0-521-48584-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Exchange+Rates&rft.pages=245-64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48584-5&rft.aulast=Sarno&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft.au=Mark+P.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Craig Burnside, Martin Eichenbaum, and Sergio Rebelo (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/rebelo/htm/currency%20crisis%20models%20Ed.pdf">"Currency crisis models"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028210433/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/rebelo/htm/currency%20crisis%20models%20Ed.pdf">Archived</a> October 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> "The International Finance Multiplier", P. Krugman, October 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/kohn20080626a.htm">"Global Economic Integration and Decoupling"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622030120/http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/kohn20080626a.htm">Archived</a> June 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Kohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald L. Kohn">Donald L. Kohn</a>, speech at the International Research Forum on <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a>, Frankfurt, Germany, 06-26-2008; from website for the Board of Governors for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>. Retrieved 08-20-2009, June 26, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Nayan Chanda, YaleGlobal Online, orig. from Businessworld February 8, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/decoupling-demystified">"Decoupling Demystified"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515035546/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/decoupling-demystified">Archived</a> May 15, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> "The myth of decoupling," Sebastien Walti, February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/the-international-finance-multiplier/">"The International Finance Multiplier"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173204/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/the-international-finance-multiplier/">Archived</a> December 22, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Conscience of a Liberal (blog), 10-05-2008. Retrieved 09-20-2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Andrew Leonard, "Krugman: 'We are all Brazilians now'", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/">"How the World Works"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503084145/http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/">Archived</a> May 3, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10-07-2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> "Krugman: The International Finance Multiplier", <a href="/wiki/Mark_Thoma" title="Mark Thoma">Mark Thoma</a>, Economist's View, 10-06-2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2008/10/krugman-the-int.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102204518/http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2008/10/krugman-the-int.html">Archived</a> January 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienKeith2009" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, R; Keith, A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcjres%2Frsp015">"The geography of finance: after the storm"</a>. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 2 (2): 245–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcjres%2Frsp015">10.1093/cjres/rsp015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Regions%2C+Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+geography+of+finance%3A+after+the+storm&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-65&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcjres%2Frsp015&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Keith%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcjres%252Frsp015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Japanese fixed income markets: money, bond and interest rate derivatives, Jonathan Batten, Thomas A. Fetherston, Peter G. Szilagyi (eds.) <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>, November 30, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52020-3">978-0-444-52020-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWzj6SWtm0EC&q=most.influential.argument&pg=PA135">p. 137</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915151737/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RWzj6SWtm0EC&oi=fnd&pg=PA135&dq=Japan%27s.trap+krugman&ots=PHhlxx5s5I&sig=QZe5_PTAouyGwJRk2WPFwitNUAo#v=snippet&q=most.influential.argument&f=false">Archived</a> September 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>, "Japanese Monetary Policy: a case of self-induced paralysis?", in Japan's financial crisis and its parallels to U.S. experience, Ryōichi Mikitani, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Posen" title="Adam Posen">Adam Posen</a> (ed), <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_International_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for International Economics">Institute for International Economics</a>, October 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-289-7">978-0-88132-289-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAgXuZxPvrUC&dq=liquidity.trap+krugman&pg=PA149">p. 157</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530073856/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WAgXuZxPvrUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA149&dq=liquidity.trap+krugman&ots=MR_mWUeYAU&sig=WEMKacqfjcEOL2Oil1xNPB0J-UE#v=onepage&q=liquidity.trap%20krugman&f=false">Archived</a> May 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2002" class="citation web cs1">Sumner, Scott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2002/1/cj21n3-8.pdf">"Some Observations on the Return of the Liquidity Trap"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Return+of+the+Liquidity+Trap&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fserials%2Ffiles%2Fcato-journal%2F2002%2F1%2Fcj21n3-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Reconstructing Macroeconomics: Structuralist Proposals and Critiques of the Mainstream, Lance Taylor, Harvard University Press, p. 159: "Kregel (2000) points out that there are at least three theories of the liquidity trap in the literature – Keynes own analyses ... Hicks' [in] 1936 and 1937 ... and a view that can be attributed to Fisher in the 1930s and Paul Krugman in latter days" </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Krugman" class="citation web cs1">Paul Krugman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/jpage.html">"Paul Krugman's Japan page"</a>. Web.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020111606/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/jpage.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Krugman%27s+Japan+page&rft.pub=Web.mit.edu&rft.au=Paul+Krugman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fkrugman%2Fwww%2Fjpage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugmanDominquezRogoff1998" class="citation journal cs1">Krugman, Paul R.; Dominquez, Kathryn M.; Rogoff, Kenneth (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/1998/06/1998b_bpea_krugman_dominquez_rogoff.pdf">"It's Baaack: Japan's Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap"</a> (PDF). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 1998 (2): 137–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2534694">10.2307/2534694</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2534694">2534694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Papers+on+Economic+Activity&rft.atitle=It%27s+Baaack%3A+Japan%27s+Slump+and+the+Return+of+the+Liquidity+Trap&rft.volume=1998&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-205&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2534694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2534694%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Dominquez%2C+Kathryn+M.&rft.au=Rogoff%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1998%2F06%2F1998b_bpea_krugman_dominquez_rogoff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thinkingtrap-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thinkingtrap_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thinkingtrap_74-1">b</a> Krugman, Paul (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/trioshrt.html">"Thinking About the Liquidity Trap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825214128/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/trioshrt.html">Archived</a> August 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, v.14, no.4, Dec 2000, pp. 221–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Krugman, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030439320800069X">"Response to Nelson and Schwartz"</a>. Journal of Monetary Economics. 55 (4): 857–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmoneco.2008.05.011">10.1016/j.jmoneco.2008.05.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Monetary+Economics&rft.atitle=Response+to+Nelson+and+Schwartz&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-860&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmoneco.2008.05.011&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS030439320800069X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Krugman, Paul (1999). "The Return of Depression Economics", pp. 70–77. W. W. Norton, New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04839-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04839-X">0-393-04839-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jtrap-77"><a href="#cite_ref-jtrap_77-0">^</a> "Japan's Trap", May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/japtrap.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819054106/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/japtrap.html">Archived</a> August 19, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 08-22-2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/liquid.html">"Further Notes on Japan's Liquidity Trap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001134806/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/liquid.html">Archived</a> October 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paul Krugman </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Restoring Japan's economic growth, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Posen" title="Adam Posen">Adam Posen</a>, Petersen Institute, September 1, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-262-0">978-0-88132-262-0</a> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-B91DjqzGEC&q=turning.on.the.printing.presses+krugman">p. 123</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915123221/https://books.google.com/books?id=O-B91DjqzGEC&dq=Posen+Restoring.Japan's.Economic.Growth&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=oC5JodeviN&sig=aPlUKQn7KUsC7_dW4iFhDn7YfII&hl=en&ei=oGaOSrrwPNaXkQWhk9W7Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=turning.on.the.printing.presses%20krugman&f=false">Archived</a> September 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> "What is wrong with Japan?", <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shinbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shinbun">Nihon Keizai Shinbun</a>, 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/nikkei.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911155130/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/nikkei.html">Archived</a> September 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2009" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (June 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/opinion/15krugman.html">"Stay the Course"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511185407/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/opinion/15krugman.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stay+the+Course&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F15%2Fopinion%2F15krugman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/rieti_report/108.html">"Some Reasons Why a New Crisis Needs a New Paradigm of Economic Thought"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806225602/http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/rieti_report/108.html">Archived</a> August 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Keiichiro Kobayashi, RIETI Report No.108, Research Institute of Economy, Trade & Industry (Japan), 07-31-2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Skidelsky2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Keynes:_The_Return_of_the_Master" title="Keynes: The Return of the Master">Keynes: The Return of the Master</a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keynesreturnofma0000skid/page/47">47–50, 58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-258-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-258-1"><bdi>978-1-84614-258-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keynes%3A+The+Return+of+the+Master&rft.pages=47-50%2C+58&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-258-1&rft.au=Robert+Skidelsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Smith2012" class="citation web cs1">Noah Smith (March 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2012/03/noah-smith-on-the-left-opposition-economists.html?cid=6a00e551f0800388340168e920541d970c">"Die the Krugman insurgency fail?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brad_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad DeLong">Brad DeLong</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825222417/http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2012/03/noah-smith-on-the-left-opposition-economists.html?cid=6a00e551f0800388340168e920541d970c">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+the+Krugman+insurgency+fail%3F&rft.pub=Brad+DeLong&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft.au=Noah+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelong.typepad.com%2Fsdj%2F2012%2F03%2Fnoah-smith-on-the-left-opposition-economists.html%3Fcid%3D6a00e551f0800388340168e920541d970c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rise_and_fall-85"><a href="#cite_ref-rise_and_fall_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Farrell_and_John_Quiggin2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farrell_(political_scientist)" title="Henry Farrell (political scientist)">Henry Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Quiggin" title="John Quiggin">John Quiggin</a> (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825142408/http://www.cedes.uerj.br/documentos/artigos/Consensus%20Dissensus%20and%20Economic%20Ideas%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Keynesianism%20during%20the%20economic%20crisis.pdf">"Consensus, Dissensus and Economic Ideas: The Rise and Fall of Keynesianism During the Economic Crisis"</a> (PDF). The Center for the Study of Development Strategies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedes.uerj.br/documentos/artigos/Consensus%20Dissensus%20and%20Economic%20Ideas%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Keynesianism%20during%20the%20economic%20crisis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 25, 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/shleifer/files/financial_innovation_fragility.april12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 6, 2010. 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Retrieved November 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+something+about+macro&rft.pub=MIT&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fkrugman%2Fwww%2Fislm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keynesandthemoderns-182"><a href="#cite_ref-keynesandthemoderns_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2011" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (June 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/6668">"Mr. Keynes and the Moderns"</a> (PDF). VOX (originally for Cambridge conference commemorating the 75th anniversary of the publication of <a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest,_and_Money" class="mw-redirect" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money">The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529231626/http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node%2F6668">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr.+Keynes+and+the+Moderns&rft.pub=VOX+%28originally+for+Cambridge+conference+commemorating+the+75th+anniversary+of+the+publication+of+The+General+Theory+of+Employment%2C+Interest%2C+and+Money%29&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoxeu.org%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F6668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-actual_minsky-183"><a href="#cite_ref-actual_minsky_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2009" class="citation book cs1">Krugman, Paul (May 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/19/actually-existing-minsky/">Actually existing Minsky</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233613/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/19/actually-existing-minsky/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actually+existing+Minsky&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F19%2Factually-existing-minsky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezende2009" class="citation web cs1">Rezende, Felipe C. (August 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104094413/http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/keyness-relevance-and-krugmans.html">"Keynes's Relevance and Krugman's Economics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/keyness-relevance-and-krugmans.html">the original</a> on November 4, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keynes%27s+Relevance+and+Krugman%27s+Economics&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft.aulast=Rezende&rft.aufirst=Felipe+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F08%2Fkeyness-relevance-and-krugmans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConceicao2009" class="citation web cs1">Conceicao, Daniel Negreiros (July 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030139/http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/07/krugmans-new-cross-confirms-it-job.html">"Krugman's New Cross Confirms It: Job Guarantee Policies Are Needed as Macroeconomic Stabilizers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/07/krugmans-new-cross-confirms-it-job.html">the original</a> on August 26, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krugman%27s+New+Cross+Confirms+It%3A+Job+Guarantee+Policies+Are+Needed+as+Macroeconomic+Stabilizers&rft.date=2009-07-19&rft.aulast=Conceicao&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Negreiros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fkrugmans-new-cross-confirms-it-job.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2009" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Bill (July 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=3574">"Nobel prize winner sounding a trifle modern moneyish"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516105220/http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=3574">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+prize+winner+sounding+a+trifle+modern+moneyish&rft.date=2009-07-18&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilbo.economicoutlook.net%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D3574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman1994" class="citation book cs1">Krugman, Paul (1994). <a href="/wiki/Peddling_Prosperity" title="Peddling Prosperity">Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, PA</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peddlingprosperi0000krug_1995/page/10">10–15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393312928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393312928"><bdi>978-0393312928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peddling+Prosperity%3A+Economic+Sense+and+Nonsense+in+an+Age+of+Diminished+Expectations&rft.place=Scranton%2C+PA&rft.pages=10-15&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0393312928&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krugmaneggertsson2011-188"><a href="#cite_ref-krugmaneggertsson2011_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggertssonKrugman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Eggertsson, Gauti B.; Krugman, Paul (June 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/debt_deleveraging_ge_pk.pdf">"Debt, Deleveraging, and the Liquidity Trap: A Fisher-Minsky-Koo Approach"</a> (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 127 (3): 1469–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjs023">10.1093/qje/qjs023</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924063733/http://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/debt_deleveraging_ge_pk.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Debt%2C+Deleveraging%2C+and+the+Liquidity+Trap%3A+A+Fisher-Minsky-Koo+Approach&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1469-513&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjs023&rft.aulast=Eggertsson&rft.aufirst=Gauti+B.&rft.au=Krugman%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~pkrugman%2Fdebt_deleveraging_ge_pk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dale_gilbert-189"><a href="#cite_ref-dale_gilbert_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaleGilbert2007" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Leigh; Gilbert, Helen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqLM4GitusQC&q=krugman+anti-globalization&pg=PA200">Economies of representation, 1790–2000: colonialism and commerce</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 200–01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6257-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economies+of+representation%2C+1790%E2%80%932000%3A+colonialism+and+commerce&rft.pages=200-01&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6257-0&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqLM4GitusQC%26q%3Dkrugman%2Banti-globalization%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> "[Krugman and Obstfeld] seem to want to shame students into believing that there are no well-grounded arguments against coercing poor countries into free trade. ... This is poor logic, and pernicious insensitivity." </li> <li id="cite_note-difficultidea-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-difficultidea_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-difficultidea_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/ricardo.htm">"Ricardo's difficult idea"</a>. Web.mit.edu. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219023527/http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/ricardo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ricardo%27s+difficult+idea&rft.pub=Web.mit.edu&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fkrugman%2Fwww%2Fricardo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasbeek2002" class="citation book cs1">Glasbeek, H. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthbystealthc0000glas">Wealth by stealth: corporate crime, corporate law, and the perversion of democracy</a>. Between The Lines. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthbystealthc0000glas/page/258">258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896357-41-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896357-41-6"><bdi>978-1-896357-41-6</bdi></a>. <q>krugman anti-globalization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth+by+stealth%3A+corporate+crime%2C+corporate+law%2C+and+the+perversion+of+democracy&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Between+The+Lines&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-896357-41-6&rft.aulast=Glasbeek&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwealthbystealthc0000glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> "As E.P. Thompson once noted, there are always willing experts and opinion leaders, such as Friedman and Krugman, to give a patina of legitimacy to the claims of the powerful [with their] ill-concealed cheer-leading . ... " </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDev_Gupta1997" class="citation book cs1">Dev Gupta, Satya (1997). The political economy of globalization. Springer. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-9903-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-9903-2"><bdi>978-0-7923-9903-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+economy+of+globalization&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-9903-2&rft.aulast=Dev+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Satya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krugman-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Krugman_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman1987" class="citation journal cs1">Krugman, Paul R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.1.2.131">"Is Free Trade Passe?"</a>. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1 (2): 131–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.1.2.131">10.1257/jep.1.2.131</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942985">1942985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Is+Free+Trade+Passe%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-44&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.1.2.131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1942985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.1.2.131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman1994" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkerd.people.charleston.edu/Readings/Trade/KrugmanDangerous.pdf">"Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competitiveness%3A+A+Dangerous+Obsession&rft.date=1994-03&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkerd.people.charleston.edu%2FReadings%2FTrade%2FKrugmanDangerous.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived_copy-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2010" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (March 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/opinion/15krugman.html?src=me">"Opinion | Taking on China and Its Currency"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422121957/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/opinion/15krugman.html%3Fsrc%3Dme">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Taking+on+China+and+Its+Currency&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F15%2Fopinion%2F15krugman.html%3Fsrc%3Dme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_June_15_2015c-196"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_June_15_2015c_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Krugman2015" class="citation news cs1">Paul Krugman (May 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/22/opinion/paul-krugman-trade-and-trust.html?_r=0">"Trade and Trust"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527225837/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/22/opinion/paul-krugman-trade-and-trust.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Trust&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.au=Paul+Krugman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fpaul-krugman-trade-and-trust.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2016" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (March 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/opinion/when-fallacies-collide.html">"Opinion | when Fallacies Collide"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422121957/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/opinion/when-fallacies-collide.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2019. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422122010/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/opinion/making-the-rust-belt-rustier.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2019. 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Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inequality+and+the+City&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F30%2Fopinion%2Finequality-and-the-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-changes-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-changes_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-changes_257-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2014" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (February 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/changes-personalprofessional/">"Changes (Personal/Professional) (blog post)"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517160748/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/changes-personalprofessional/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Changes+%28Personal%2FProfessional%29+%28blog+post%29&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F28%2Fchanges-personalprofessional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gc.cuny.edu/News/GC-News/Detail?id=23418">"Noted Economist Paul Krugman to Join Graduate Center Faculty in 2015"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/The_Graduate_Center,_CUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="The Graduate Center, CUNY">The Graduate Center, CUNY</a>. February 28, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301145851/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/News/GC-News/Detail?id=23418">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noted+Economist+Paul+Krugman+to+Join+Graduate+Center+Faculty+in+2015&rft.pub=The+Graduate+Center%2C+CUNY&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.cuny.edu%2FNews%2FGC-News%2FDetail%3Fid%3D23418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2010" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (March 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/david-frum-aei-heritage-and-health-care/">"David Frum, AEI, Heritage And Health Care (blog post)"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105202107/http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/david-frum-aei-heritage-and-health-care/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Frum%2C+AEI%2C+Heritage+And+Health+Care+%28blog+post%29&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F25%2Fdavid-frum-aei-heritage-and-health-care%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Andrew (April 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/print/?/news/politics/paul-krugman-2011-5/">"What's Left of the Left"</a>. New York (magazine). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709123630/https://nymag.com/news/politics/paul-krugman-2011-5/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+%28magazine%29&rft.atitle=What%27s+Left+of+the+Left&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fprint%2F%3F%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpaul-krugman-2011-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Paul Krugman at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Krugman" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Paul Krugman">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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Krugman Archive</a> contains nearly all his pre-TimesSelect articles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/">Paul Krugman (MIT)</a>: archives of his Slate and Fortune columns plus other writings 1996–2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/people/paul_krugman">Krugman Publications</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contrakrugman.com/">Contra Krugman</a> – articles by economist <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert P. Murphy</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Thomas Woods</a> seeking to refute Krugman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iISvNABkToE/">"Paul Krugman: Commencement Speaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bard_College_at_Simon%27s_Rock" title="Bard College at Simon's Rock">Bard College at Simon's Rock</a>" (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?26308">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2008/krugman/facts/">Paul Krugman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">nobelprize.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Muckrack.com/nytimeskrugman">Paul Krugman</a> on the Muck Rack journalist listing site</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Maskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric S. Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Myerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger B. Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> 2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Keynesians" title="Template:Keynesians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Keynesians" title="Template talk:Keynesians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Keynesians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Keynesians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Keynesians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neo-Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duesenberry" title="James Duesenberry">James Duesenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Harrod" title="Roy Harrod">Roy Harrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Metzler" title="Lloyd Metzler">Lloyd Metzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Melvin_Okun" title="Arthur Melvin Okun">Arthur Melvin Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Phillips_(economist)" title="Bill Phillips (economist)">Bill Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Poole_(economist)" title="William Poole (economist)">William Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Chick" title="Victoria Chick">Victoria Chick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Paul Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evsey_Domar" title="Evsey Domar">Evsey Domar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Galbraith" title="James K. Galbraith">James K. Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynne_Godley" title="Wynne Godley">Wynne Godley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_J._Gordon" title="Myron J. Gordon">Myron J. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Harcourt" title="Geoffrey Harcourt">Geoff Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kahn,_Baron_Kahn" title="Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn">Richard Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Keen" title="Steve Keen">Steve Keen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kregel" title="Jan Kregel">Jan Kregel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lavoie" title="Marc Lavoie">Marc Lavoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mitchell_(economist)" title="Bill Mitchell (economist)">Bill Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Moore" title="Basil Moore">Basil Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pressman_(economist)" title="Steven Pressman (economist)">Steven Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._L._S._Shackle" title="G. L. S. Shackle">G. L. S. Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlina_R._Tcherneva" title="Pavlina R. Tcherneva">Pavlina R. Tcherneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thirlwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Thirlwall">Anthony Thirlwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Weintraub_(economist_born_1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Weintraub (economist born 1914)">Sidney Weintraub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Randall_Wray" title="L. Randall Wray">L. Randall Wray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Alan Blinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Calvo" title="Guillermo Calvo">Guillermo Calvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clarida" title="Richard Clarida">Richard Clarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">Brad DeLong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Dixon" title="Huw Dixon">Huw Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Gal%C3%AD" title="Jordi Galí">Jordi Galí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gertler_(economist)" title="Mark Gertler (economist)">Mark Gertler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon" title="Robert J. Gordon">Robert J. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephany_Griffith-Jones" title="Stephany Griffith-Jones">Stephany Griffith-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki" title="Nobuhiro Kiyotaki">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Melitz" title="Marc Melitz">Marc Melitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Reis" title="Ricardo Reis">Ricardo Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Romer" title="David Romer">David Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Rotemberg" title="Julio Rotemberg">Julio Rotemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Keynesian_economics" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Keynesian_economics" title="Category:Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gerald_Loeb_Award_winners_for_Columns,_Commentary,_and_Editorials" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eedd82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GeraldLoebAward_Columns,_Commentary,_and_Editorials" title="Template:GeraldLoebAward Columns, Commentary, and Editorials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GeraldLoebAward_Columns,_Commentary,_and_Editorials" title="Template talk:GeraldLoebAward Columns, Commentary, and Editorials"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GeraldLoebAward_Columns,_Commentary,_and_Editorials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GeraldLoebAward Columns, Commentary, and Editorials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gerald_Loeb_Award_winners_for_Columns,_Commentary,_and_Editorials" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Loeb_Award_winners_for_Columns,_Commentary,_and_Editorials" title="Gerald Loeb Award winners for Columns, Commentary, and Editorials">Gerald Loeb Award winners for Columns, Commentary, and Editorials</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #feed92;"><div id="Gerald_Loeb_Award_for_Editorials_(1970–1972)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gerald Loeb Award for Editorials (1970–1972)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1970–1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Shontz" title="Patricia Shontz">Patricia Shontz</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Greer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Greer (page does not exist)">Philip Greer</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Metz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Metz (page does not exist)">Robert H. Metz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #feed92;"><div id="Gerald_Loeb_Award_for_Columns/Editorial_(1973–1976,_1978–1982)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gerald Loeb Award for Columns/Editorial (1973–1976, 1978–1982)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1973–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clem_Morgello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clem Morgello (page does not exist)">Clem Morgello</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wallich" title="Henry Wallich">Henry Wallich</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Darby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Darby (page does not exist)">Edwin Darby</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Livingston" title="Joseph Livingston">Joseph A. Livingston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1978–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hobart_Rowen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hobart Rowen (page does not exist)">Hobart Rowen</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartley" title="Robert Bartley">Robert L. Bartley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1980–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Gersten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Gersten (page does not exist)">Alan Gersten</a></li> <li>1980 (HM): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lieberman_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Lieberman (journalist) (page does not exist)">Paul Lieberman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Goolrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chester Goolrick (page does not exist)">Chester Goolrick</a></li> <li>1980 (HM): <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Tom Bethell</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_Ribicoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarai Ribicoff (page does not exist)">Sarai Ribicoff</a></li> <li>1981 (HM): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stan_DeCoster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stan DeCoster (page does not exist)">Stan DeCoster</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Baldelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Baldelli (page does not exist)">Ann Baldelli</a></li> <li>1982 (tie): <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Melloan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Melloan (page does not exist)">George Melloan</a></li> <li>1982 (tie): <a href="/wiki/Lester_Thurow" title="Lester Thurow">Lester C. Thurow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #feed92;"><div id="Gerald_Loeb_Award_for_Columns_(1977)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gerald Loeb Award for Columns (1977)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Mitsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Mitsang (page does not exist)">Lee Mitsang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #feed92;"><div id="Gerald_Loeb_Award_for_Editorial/Commentary_(1984)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gerald Loeb Award for Editorial/Commentary (1984)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1984)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Heilbroner" title="Robert Heilbroner">Robert L. Heilbroner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #feed92;"><div id="Gerald_Loeb_Award_for_Commentary_(1985–2023)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary (1985–2023)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1985–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henninger" title="Daniel Henninger">Daniel Henninger</a></li> <li>1986 (tie): <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kinsley" title="Michael Kinsley">Michael Kinsley</a></li> <li>1986 (tie): <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Samuelson" title="Robert J. Samuelson">Robert Samuelson</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Doak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Doak (page does not exist)">Richard Doak</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ridenhour" title="Ronald Ridenhour">Ron Ridenhour</a></li> <li>1988 (HM): <a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Crovitz" title="L. Gordon Crovitz">Gordon Crovitz</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/David_Warsh" title="David Warsh">David Warsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(1990–1999)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Crovitz" title="L. Gordon Crovitz">L. Gordon Crovitz</a>\</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sloan" title="Allan Sloan">Allan Sloan</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Warren_T._Brookes" title="Warren T. Brookes">Warren T. Brookes</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sloan" title="Allan Sloan">Allan Sloan</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Samuelson" title="Robert J. Samuelson">Robert J. Samuelson</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bryant_Quinn" title="Jane Bryant Quinn">Jane Bryant Quinn</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bishop_(author)" title="Bill Bishop (author)">Bill Bishop</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Holman_W._Jenkins_Jr." title="Holman W. Jenkins Jr.">Holman W. Jenkins Jr.</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sloan" title="Allan Sloan">Allan Sloan</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Walt_Mossberg" title="Walt Mossberg">Walter S. Mossberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(2000–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/David_Ignatius" title="David Ignatius">David Ignatius</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Norris" title="Floyd Norris">Floyd Norris</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Morgenson" title="Gretchen Morgenson">Gretchen Morgenson</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Flint" title="Jerry Flint">Jerry Flint</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hiltzik" title="Michael Hiltzik">Michael Hiltzik</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Eavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Eavis (page does not exist)">Peter Eavis</a></li> <li>2006 (tie): <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Pollock" title="Robert L. Pollock">Robert L. Pollock</a></li> <li>2006 (tie): <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pearlstein" title="Steven Pearlstein">Steven Pearlstein</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Bailey_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Bailey (journalist) (page does not exist)">Steve Bailey</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Nocera" title="Joe Nocera">Joe Nocera</a></li> <li>2008 (HM): <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Howes" title="Daniel Howes">Daniel Howes</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Carney_(editorialist)" title="Brian Carney (editorialist)">Brian M. Carney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(2010–2019)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></li> <li>2011: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Zanny_Minton_Beddoes" title="Zanny Minton Beddoes">Zanny Minton Beddoes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Carr_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Carr (journalist) (page does not exist)">Edward Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Peet_(born_1954)" title="John Peet (born 1954)">John Peet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Foulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Foulis (page does not exist)">Patrick Foulis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_O%27Sullivan_(economics_correspondent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John O'Sullivan (economics correspondent) (page does not exist)">John O'Sullivan</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/John_Gapper" title="John Gapper">John Gapper</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Goodman" title="Peter S. Goodman">Peter Goodman</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Eisinger" title="Jesse Eisinger">Jesse Eisinger</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Stewart" title="James B. Stewart">James B. Stewart</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wooldridge" title="Adrian Wooldridge">Adrian Wooldridge</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Silverman (page does not exist)">Ed Silverman</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Andy_Kessler_(author)" title="Andy Kessler (author)">Andy Kessler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background-color: #fff398;">(2020–2023)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 (tie): <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Rosenthal" title="Elisabeth Rosenthal">Elisabeth Rosenthal</a></li> <li>2020 (tie): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_A._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey A. Fowler (page does not exist)">Geoffrey A. Fowler</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Singletary" title="Michelle Singletary">Michelle Singletary</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_Livengood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chad Livengood (page does not exist)">Chad Livengood</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alyssa_Rosenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alyssa Rosenberg (page does not exist)">Alyssa Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template talk:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1951)</li> <li>No Award (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik S. Houthakker</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Leon Nerlove</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin S. Feldstein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_A._Hausman" title="Jerry A. Hausman">Jerry A. Hausman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_J._Grossman" title="Sanford J. Grossman">Sanford J. Grossman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kreps" title="David M. Kreps">David M. Kreps</a> (1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul R. Krugman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan C. Athey</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levin_(economist)" title="Jonathan Levin (economist)">Jonathan Levin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Finkelstein" title="Amy Finkelstein">Amy Finkelstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gentzkow" title="Matthew Gentzkow">Matthew Gentzkow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr." title="Roland G. Fryer Jr.">Roland Fryer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Sannikov" title="Yuliy Sannikov">Yuliy Sannikov</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Donaldson_(economist)" title="Dave Donaldson (economist)">Dave Donaldson</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parag_Pathak" title="Parag Pathak">Parag Pathak</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Nakamura" title="Emi Nakamura">Emi Nakamura</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Dell" title="Melissa Dell">Melissa Dell</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Andrews" title="Isaiah Andrews">Isaiah Andrews</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Itskhoki" title="Oleg Itskhoki">Oleg Itskhoki</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Strack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Strack (page does not exist)">Philipp Strack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2008_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2008 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2008_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2008 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> (Japan/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> (Finland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Makoto Kobayashi</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (United States/Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prizes" title="2003 Nobel Prizes">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prizes" title="2004 Nobel Prizes">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prizes" title="2005 Nobel Prizes">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prizes" title="2006 Nobel Prizes">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prizes" title="2007 Nobel Prizes">2007</a></dd> <dd>2008 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prizes" title="2009 Nobel Prizes">2009</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prizes" title="2010 Nobel Prizes">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prizes" title="2011 Nobel Prizes">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prizes" title="2012 Nobel Prizes">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prizes" title="2013 Nobel Prizes">2013</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></li> <li>2008: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom%C3%A1n_Perpi%C3%B1%C3%A1_Grau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Román Perpiñá Grau (page does not exist)">Román Perpiñá Grau</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A0_Perpiny%C3%A0_Grau" class="extiw" title="ca:Romà Perpinyà Grau">ca</a>]</li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortiz" title="Antonio Domínguez Ortiz">Antonio Domínguez Ortiz</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Julio_Caro_Baroja" title="Julio Caro Baroja">Julio Caro Baroja</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Enterr%C3%ADa" title="Eduardo García de Enterría">Eduardo García de Enterría</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Carande" title="Ramón Carande">Ramón Carande Thovar</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Pinillos_D%C3%ADaz" title="José Luis Pinillos Díaz">José Luis Pinillos</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Luis_D%C3%ADez_del_Corral" title="Luis Díez del Corral">Luis Díez del Corral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_S%C3%A1nchez_Agesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Sánchez Agesta (page does not exist)">Luis Sánchez Agesta</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1nchez_Agesta" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Sánchez Agesta">es</a>]</li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Fuentes_Quintana" title="Enrique Fuentes Quintana">Enrique Fuentes Quintana</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ur%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Uría González (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Uría González</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Ur%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="extiw" title="es:Rodrigo Uría González">es</a>]</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Artola_Gallego" title="Miguel Artola Gallego">Miguel Artola Gallego</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velarde_(economist)" title="Juan Velarde (economist)">Juan Velarde Fuertes</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Zavala" title="Silvio Zavala">Silvio Zavala</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Aurelio Menéndez">Aurelio Menéndez Menéndez</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Ver%C3%ADssimo_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão">Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miquel_Batllori_i_Munn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miquel Batllori i Munné (page does not exist)">Miquel Batllori i Munné</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Batllori_i_Munn%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="ca:Miquel Batllori i Munné">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Batllori" class="extiw" title="es:Miquel Batllori">es</a>]</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">John H. Elliott</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer_i_Morera" title="Martí de Riquer i Morera">Martí de Riquer i Morera</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Raymond Carr</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="El Colegio de México">El Colegio de México</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Iglesias_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Iglesias Santos (page does not exist)">Juan Iglesias Santos</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="ca:Juan Iglesias Santos">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Iglesias Santos">es</a>]</li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li>2004: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Giovanni Sartori</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li>2010: The archaeological team of the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Howard Gardner</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Joseph Pérez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Matos_Moctezuma" title="Eduardo Matos Moctezuma">Eduardo Matos Moctezuma</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Carr%C3%A8re_d%27Encausse" title="Hélène Carrère d'Encausse">Hélène Carrère d'Encausse</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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