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"></div><time class="text-gray-500 " dateTime="2024-11-04T20:14:36.986">November 4, 2024</time></div><h1 class="text-[26px] font-medium leading-8">Addressing Sleep Disturbances Associated With Cognitive Impairment</h1><div class="py-3 text-gray-600 md:flex flex-col md:justify-between"><div class="flex flex-col xs:flex-row"><p class="mr-1 self-start">Author(s):</p><div class="flex flex-col xs:flex-row mb-3 md:mb-0"><div class="flex flex-wrap"><span class="text-md mr-2"><a class="text-author text-gray-500 hover:text-primary underline hover:no-underline decoration-gray-400" href="/authors/leah-kuntz">Leah Kuntz</a></span></div></div></div><div class="max-w-full"><div class="flex flex-wrap sm:flex-nowrap items-center w-fit my-2"></div><div class="w-full flex flex-col sm:flex-row justify-between mt-2"><div class="block md:hidden "><div class="mt-2 flex items-center max-w-fit"><button title="Addressing Sleep Disturbances Associated With Cognitive Impairment" aria-label="facebook" 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video::-webkit-media-controls-play-button { -webkit-appearance: media-play-button; color: #b8dcf6; } audio::-webkit-media-controls-panel { background-color: white !important; color: #000; } audio::-webkit-media-controls-current-time-display, audio::-webkit-media-controls-time-remaining-display { font-size: 12px; } </style></div></div></div><div class=" lg:w-full flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-end"></div><div class="w-full flex flex-col px-4 py-4 border-t border-b border-solid border-gray-400 my-4 "><h3 class="text-primary text-xl font-semibold">Key Takeaways</h3><ul class="list-disc px-8"><li class="py-2 "> Boehringer Ingelheim and the Broad Institute collaborate to address cognitive impairment in mental health disorders through novel treatments. </li><li class="py-2 "> Sleep disturbances are linked to cognitive impairment, affecting 80% of schizophrenia patients, with no current treatments available. </li><li class="py-2 hidden"> The collaboration focuses on ion channels, offering a new approach to tackle cognitive impairment and improve patient outcomes. </li><li class="py-2 hidden"> The Broad Institute will receive funding and milestone payments, aiming to translate research into innovative therapies for mental health conditions.</li></ul><span class="text-xs font-bold text-primary underline cursor-pointer mt-2 ml-4">SHOW MORE</span></div><p class="py-2 mb-2 text-sm italic text-gray-600">A new collaboration to address sleep disturbances associated with cognitive impairment, an unmet need. </p><div class="py-2"><div class="blockText_blockContent__TbCXh"><div class=""><div style="width:49%;float:left;max-width:525px;margin:0 1.5rem 1.5rem 0;clear:both;cursor:" class=" figure"><div class="flex-none relative text-center"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%276250%27%20height=%273125%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="cognitive impairment" title="cognitive impairment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain"/><noscript><img alt="cognitive impairment" title="cognitive impairment" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fpsychtimes%2F5476754e757653879d3480325a03757be0d9d866-6250x3125.jpg%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=3840&q=75 1x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fpsychtimes%2F5476754e757653879d3480325a03757be0d9d866-6250x3125.jpg%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=3840&q=75" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain" loading="lazy"/></noscript></span></div><div id="image-caption" class="text-gray-500 italic"><div class="blockText_blockContent__TbCXh"><p class="pb-2">Lila Patel/AdobeStock</p></div></div><div class="top-[-100%] block w-[1px] transition-opacity duration-500 ease-in-out opacity-0 overflow-hidden"><img class="m-auto absolute inset-0 max-w-[0%] max-h-[0%] border-[3px] border-solid border-white shadow-[0px_0px_8px_rgba(0,0,0,0.3)] box-border transition ease-in-out duration-500" src="https://cdn.sanity.io/images/0vv8moc6/psychtimes/5476754e757653879d3480325a03757be0d9d866-6250x3125.jpg?fit=crop&auto=format"/></div></div><style> #image-caption p{ font-size: 12px; max-width: 525px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } </style></div><p class="pb-2">Boehringer Ingelheim and researchers from the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard have agreed to collaborate on developing treatments that address sleep disturbances associated with cognitive impairment in mental health disorders like schizophrenia or mood disorders.<sup class="text-inherit">1</sup></p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2">Research has proven that sleep disturbance is associated with mild cognitive impairment.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> Approximately 80% of those with schizophrenia are impacted by cognitive symptoms, and 6 in 10 are likely to isolate due to negative symptoms.<sup class="text-inherit">3</sup> Addressing these issues is key, as there are no current treatments for cognitive impairment, despite its frequent presentation in patients with mental health disorders.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2">“The team at Broad has made groundbreaking strides in understanding the unique role of these ion channels. This opens up a completely new way to potentially tackle cognitive impairment, a condition for which there are no treatments currently available,” said Hugh Marston, PhD, head of CNS Diseases Research at Boehringer Ingelheim. “This new approach complements our portfolio, which seeks to address cognitive impairment in schizophrenia via a different pathway. This may enable more precise differentiation and segmentation of patients and potentially provide better mental health solutions to help ease the burden of this condition.”</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2">“We look forward to further advancing the preclinical compounds developed at the Broad. Collaborating with Boehringer Ingelheim to address cognitive impairment is a significant step toward our shared mission of providing innovative solutions for unmet needs of patients with mental illnesses,” said Jen Q. Pan, PhD, institute scientist and director of Translational Neurobiology at the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2">“The Stanley Center is dedicated to understanding the biological mechanisms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in order to develop therapies that improve the quality of life for people living with these conditions,” said Morgan Sheng, MD, PhD, codirector of the Stanley Center. “We are excited to collaborate with Boehringer Ingelheim to translate these findings into potential new medicines.”</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2">The Broad Institute will receive research funding, as well as potential development, regulatory, and sales milestone payments of up to $126.5 million, plus tiered royalties on future Boehringer Ingelheim product sales.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>References</strong></p><p class="pb-2">1. Boehringer Ingelheim collaborates with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard to develop novel, first-in-class treatments for people living with mental health conditions. News release. November 4, 2024. Accessed November 4, 2024. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/partnering/human-health-partnering/boehringer-ingelheim-collaborates-broad-institute">https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/partnering/human-health-partnering/boehringer-ingelheim-collaborates-broad-institute</a></p><p class="pb-2">2. Gao F, Wei S, Dang L, et al. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14391-3">Sleep disturbance is associated with mild cognitive impairment: a community population-based cross-sectional study.</a> <em>BMC Public Health</em>. 2022;22(2000).</p><p class="pb-2">3. Kuntz L. 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Antipsychotics</a></p><div class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850 authors flex-row wrap gap-[0.2rem]"><a class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850 text-[#00ADEF] underline text-sm italic" href="/authors/joshua-feder-md-dfapa">Joshua Feder, MD, DFAPA</a><span class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850 mr-1 ml-[1px]"> </span><a class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850 text-[#00ADEF] underline text-sm italic" href="/authors/charmi-patel-rao-md-dfaacap">Charmi Patel Rao, MD, DFAACAP</a></div><div class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850 article-summary"><a class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850" href="/view/discontinuing-antipsychotics?utm_source=www.psychiatrictimes.com&utm_medium=relatedContent"></a></div></div></div><div style="border-bottom:1px solid #CCCCCC" class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pb-24"></div></div><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Addressing Sleep Disturbances Associated With Cognitive Impairment","datePublished":"2024-11-04T20:14:36.986Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T20:20:41Z","inLanguage":"en-US","image":"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/0vv8moc6/psychtimes/5476754e757653879d3480325a03757be0d9d866-6250x3125.jpg?fit=crop&auto=format","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/addressing-sleep-disturbances-associated-with-cognitive-impairment"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Psychiatric Times","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/PsychiatricTimes_40yrs_ko 1.png"}},"articleBody":"\n\nBoehringer Ingelheim and researchers from the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard have agreed to collaborate on developing treatments that address sleep disturbances associated with cognitive impairment in mental health disorders like schizophrenia or mood disorders.1\n\n\n\nResearch has proven that sleep disturbance is associated with mild cognitive impairment.2 Approximately 80% of those with schizophrenia are impacted by cognitive symptoms, and 6 in 10 are likely to isolate due to negative symptoms.3 Addressing these issues is key, as there are no current treatments for cognitive impairment, despite its frequent presentation in patients with mental health disorders.\n\n\n\n“The team at Broad has made groundbreaking strides in understanding the unique role of these ion channels. This opens up a completely new way to potentially tackle cognitive impairment, a condition for which there are no treatments currently available,” said Hugh Marston, PhD, head of CNS Diseases Research at Boehringer Ingelheim. “This new approach complements our portfolio, which seeks to address cognitive impairment in schizophrenia via a different pathway. This may enable more precise differentiation and segmentation of patients and potentially provide better mental health solutions to help ease the burden of this condition.”\n\n\n\n“We look forward to further advancing the preclinical compounds developed at the Broad. Collaborating with Boehringer Ingelheim to address cognitive impairment is a significant step toward our shared mission of providing innovative solutions for unmet needs of patients with mental illnesses,” said Jen Q. Pan, PhD, institute scientist and director of Translational Neurobiology at the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute.\n\n\n\n“The Stanley Center is dedicated to understanding the biological mechanisms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in order to develop therapies that improve the quality of life for people living with these conditions,” said Morgan Sheng, MD, PhD, codirector of the Stanley Center. “We are excited to collaborate with Boehringer Ingelheim to translate these findings into potential new medicines.”\n\n\n\nThe Broad Institute will receive research funding, as well as potential development, regulatory, and sales milestone payments of up to $126.5 million, plus tiered royalties on future Boehringer Ingelheim product sales.\n\n\n\nReferences\n\n1. Boehringer Ingelheim collaborates with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard to develop novel, first-in-class treatments for people living with mental health conditions. News release. November 4, 2024. Accessed November 4, 2024. https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/partnering/human-health-partnering/boehringer-ingelheim-collaborates-broad-institute\n\n2. Gao F, Wei S, Dang L, et al. Sleep disturbance is associated with mild cognitive impairment: a community population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(2000).\n\n3. Kuntz L. Look beyond stable: an installation on living with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Times. May 4, 2024. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/look-beyond-stable-an-installation-on-living-with-schizophrenia\n\n\n\n","description":"A new collaboration to address sleep disturbances associated with cognitive impairment, an unmet need. 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This opens up a completely new way to potentially tackle cognitive impairment, a condition for which there are no treatments currently available,” said Hugh Marston, PhD, head of CNS Diseases Research at Boehringer Ingelheim. “This new approach complements our portfolio, which seeks to address cognitive impairment in schizophrenia via a different pathway. This may enable more precise differentiation and segmentation of patients and potentially provide better mental health solutions to help ease the burden of this condition.”","_key":"b4ed43a0e1c10","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null},{"_type":"block","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"d3ca178c71fe","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"215104bd837f0","_type":"span"}]},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"“We look forward to further advancing the preclinical compounds developed at the Broad. Collaborating with Boehringer Ingelheim to address cognitive impairment is a significant step toward our shared mission of providing innovative solutions for unmet needs of patients with mental illnesses,” said Jen Q. Pan, PhD, institute scientist and director of Translational Neurobiology at the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute.","_key":"db8d7753fff70","_type":"span"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"60c8bb5758ea","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"cf5bf8aa536e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"b9112637b9900","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}]},{"_key":"7ee7acbdbfdc","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“The Stanley Center is dedicated to understanding the biological mechanisms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in order to develop therapies that improve the quality of life for people living with these conditions,” said Morgan Sheng, MD, PhD, codirector of the Stanley Center. “We are excited to collaborate with Boehringer Ingelheim to translate these findings into potential new medicines.”","_key":"b4f6d855facd0"}],"_type":"block","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"9af470c9e6820"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"86c22de79820"},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"83ef1aab613d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The Broad Institute will receive research funding, as well as potential development, regulatory, and sales milestone payments of up to $126.5 million, plus tiered royalties on future Boehringer Ingelheim product sales.","_key":"f42580836a170"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6df5b41dd7f1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"8f688ba511d40"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"References","_key":"3782a686e2b80","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"737b6e340fa8","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/partnering/human-health-partnering/boehringer-ingelheim-collaborates-broad-institute","_key":"80688e1c31d4"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"1. 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","drugMentions":"{\"drug_mentions\": [\"ALKS 3831\", \"alanzapine\", \"samidorphan\", \"MIN-101\", \"olanzapine\", \"Clozapine\", \"KarTX\", \"emraclidine\", \"iclepertin\", \"roluperidone\", \"evenamide\", \"MDMA\", \"ketamine\"]}","_id":"78dc1989-67bd-4995-91bb-a540994bef35","_updatedAt":"2025-01-31T17:09:48Z","documentGroup":null,"documentGroupMapping":null,"body":[{"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure","imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Take a look back at the last 5 January covers of ","_key":"8ba831e20f3a"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"0682b3c641b3"},{"_key":"cd8a8ad14cbb","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c83c76e29bb8"}],"_key":"8a24b616cd07","alignment":"left","asset":{"_ref":"image-3319a64a7a8d614c5625e47376bd495e5c2ed8c6-1920x1080-jpg","_type":"reference"},"widthP":50,"disableTextWrap":false},{"children":[{"_key":"27276ee7e0ec","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"During the 40th anniversary of Psychiatric Times, we are taking a look back at our covers over the last 5 years."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c1064a4ace5f","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b4d62b9b6a32","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"0c67c350ad3a"}]},{"_key":"0ebc8fe4a4e3","alignment":"right","asset":{"_ref":"image-aa26a447200615e1571904e1bddf59b17f62b03f-764x989-png","_type":"reference"},"widthP":50,"disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure","imgcaption":[{"style":"normal","_key":"0c67c0fa4f7a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"f2f54048f127"},{"_key":"a29e1da0bfd6","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Vol. 37 No. 1"}],"_type":"block"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"","_key":"8a8d54e8c529"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c87f347e0a30","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_key":"81a3d5ad7716","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ab114c2f0532","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"","_key":"9416c34c7bba"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3e2bfebab50c","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"2cfec1ee08ea","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"5e912e76c9b6","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"22fc361000ed","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"fee54577139a","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"d17c204c7e00"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7e26bc51769e"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"af2b9fd2d9e0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5ef6c4b8455c"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"83b6b4d10499","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"2020"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f883c56a2883"},{"_key":"721eed5b875e","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/mental-health-crisis-hong-kong","_key":"2ea90a134810"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In the January 2020 issue of ","_key":"8c9bef0c332f"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"b5f44f738e1d"},{"text":", the cover story discusses the mental health crisis brought on by 2019 Hong Kong protests. Direct exposure to violence, familial conflicts over political views, economic downturns, and pervasive media coverage of traumatic events brought on the mental health crisis. Reports at the time indicated a rise in acute stress disorder symptoms and exacerbation of existing mental health conditions. The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists launched the Care4ALL Programme, which offered mental health resources and low-cost psychiatric care. Experts warned that the psychological impact may persist for decades, necessitating sustained support and policy interventions to rebuild a more resilient society. ","_key":"231cf9caba3b","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["2ea90a134810"],"text":"Read more.","_key":"c936020a4da3"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"f04129e598ee","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/repairing-our-broken-mental-health-care-system-advice-policymakers","_key":"5707a8f4bd66","nofollow":true}],"children":[{"_key":"62f690651baa","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The second cover story highlights an issue in US mental health care: over treatment of those without severe conditions and neglect of those with serious mental illness. \"The horrible result is that 600,000 patients are either prisoners or homeless-or rotate between the two,\" Allen Frances, MD writes. "},{"_type":"span","marks":["5707a8f4bd66"],"text":"Read more.","_key":"5d03f3ae7212"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"widthP":50,"disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure","imgcaption":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"7c35fa54b32e"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Vol. 38 No. 1","_key":"582b55a110c4"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"59b7291e4f96","markDefs":[]}],"_key":"3c144500d5b1","alignment":"right","asset":{"_ref":"image-5fedb4924809b98df4fd3c28cbe479a928c024f5-693x920-png","_type":"reference"}},{"style":"normal","_key":"9cdd7de7b828","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"2021","_key":"b5b1706222d4"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In the January 2021 issue, Editor in Chief John J. Miller, MD, highlights 10 promising psychiatric drugs in development. Two of the agents being tested at the time were ALKS 3831, a combination of alanzapine and samidorphan to reduce weight gain associated with olanzapine, and MIN-101, targeting sigma-2 receptors to improve negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. ","_key":"eaefb9ee49c0"},{"text":"Read more","_key":"70373b5e2934","_type":"span","marks":["c1085d83276f"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"253c51fb6761"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"acaf70545d62","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychiatric-pipeline-10-agents-watch","_key":"c1085d83276f"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d27eea6676f8","markDefs":[{"href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/post-covid-stress-disorder-emerging-consequence-global-pandemic","_key":"82b1d926ca07","_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The second featured story discussed the surge in mental health issues brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fear of infection, social isolation, economic hardship, and exposure to pandemic-related media all contributed to this surge, earning the term “post-COVID stress disorder” to describe the phenomenon. “The current international pandemic and possibly future ones will challenge us and give us the chance to continue to learn and share with other nations, hopefully linking us cooperatively rather than polarizing us,” the authors conclude. ","_key":"57207ad160ce"},{"text":"Read more.","_key":"8d322f32f980","_type":"span","marks":["82b1d926ca07"]}]},{"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure","imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"c3a2bd93d11a"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Vol. 39 No. 1","_key":"aa6ada682d61"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"82f85af303f2"}],"_key":"bb6ba50d1fa7","alignment":"right","asset":{"_ref":"image-43d717d96d71110b02f1d010cfc7ad891b982769-806x992-png","_type":"reference"},"widthP":50,"disableTextWrap":false},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"2022","_key":"bf5fe493c4f2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6fa80e74aa35","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In the January 2022 issue of ","_key":"d8695d111890"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"cc00bfafc037"},{"text":", the cover article discusses the pervasive impact of social determinants on mental health and advocates for enhanced training, practice, and advocacy within psychiatry. Authors Kenneth S. Thompson, MD, and Allan Tasman, MD, cite factors like socioeconomic status, environment, and education as the determinants affecting mental well-being. According to the authors, “It takes a great deal of effort and time to gain enough perspective to see the incredibly complex social aspects of our world and to learn how they can be shaped for ourselves and others.” The authors said the American Psychiatric Association should prioritize these determinants, and stress that recognizing and addressing these social factors are crucial for the future effectiveness of psychiatric practice. ","_key":"98c1b829e0eb","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"0828d8216e3c","_type":"span","marks":["c8ea2ad7d5c3"],"text":"Read more"},{"_key":"fb25ecf72415","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"84670145f89c","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/this-is-the-water-the-social-determinants-of-mental-health-and-the-future-of-psychiatry","_key":"c8ea2ad7d5c3"}]},{"_key":"611d82371df3","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/the-goldwater-rule-is-fine-if-refined-here-s-how-to-do-it-","_key":"957c7108c6b4"}],"children":[{"_key":"5ebff4613204","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The second featured story discusses the Goldwater Rule, prohibiting psychiatrists from offering professional opinions on public figures without a personal examination and authorization. Authors Alan D. Blotcky, PhD; Ronald W. Pies, MD; and H. Steven Moffic, MD, acknowledge the rule’s original intent to prevent speculative diagnoses but argue that ethical guidelines should evolve. They propose refining the rule to allow psychiatrists to comment on public figures’ behavior when it poses a threat to public health or safety, if that commentary is based on observable actions and aligns with the profession’s commitment to societal well-being. The authors concluded, “our representative democracy functions best when all its citizens are active, vocal, and assertive.” "},{"marks":["957c7108c6b4"],"text":"Read more.","_key":"2228dc973785","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"figure","imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times","_key":"58380ecd9806","_type":"span"},{"_key":"4af5eb8876ee","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Vol. 40 No. 1"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"478f3a828fe6"}],"_key":"ae3d0ed99383","alignment":"right","asset":{"_ref":"image-e12efbdfd16aeab1a9930c79ed6e8787d033ce86-765x990-png","_type":"reference"},"widthP":50,"disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true},{"_key":"d90324f48626","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"2023","_key":"3b14651fc8d5"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ce1b3376d67e","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/rx-evolution-pharmacological-paradigms-for-the-treatment-of-schizophrenia","_key":"7f2e80db73cf"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The January 2023 cover of ","_key":"0ffe58f824fb"},{"_key":"5a1143d315b3","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" features a piece from Editor in Chief John J. Miller discussing the stagnation in schizophrenia treatment. At the time, all FDA-approved medications primarily functioned as dopamine-2 receptor blockers. Miller walks readers through the history of first, second, and third generation antipsychotics. Clozapine is highlighted as the most effective antipsychotic, even in treatment-resistant cases, due to its activity at specific serotonin receptors. ","_key":"34c0914e2c02"},{"_type":"span","marks":["7f2e80db73cf"],"text":"Read more","_key":"844072390e08"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"d541915a0c3a"}]},{"markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/forgive-our-divisiveness","_key":"c409740d326d"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“Forgive Our Divisiveness” is the second story featured on the cover, written by J. Eric Vance, MD. Vance explores the human tendency for dualistic thinking, categorizing concepts into binaries like us vs them. The inclination is traced back to early evolutionary biology, where organisms had to make simple, binary decisions, like approach or avoid, in order to survive. “If we acknowledge and understand the origins of our dualistic neurobiological constraints, we can generate compassion for the human condition, arriving at the point of acceptance that Buddha did,” Vance concludes. 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Miller, MD, is part 1 of a 2-part series focusing on emerging treatments for schizophrenia. Miller discusses the need for new drugs targeting cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Miller discusses the clinical significance KarTX, emraclidine, iclepertin, roluperidone, and evenamide. 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For many, this year is a time of both personal and professional growth, and it was no different for me as I navigated the complexities of rural mental health care."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c254155a12e7"},{"style":"normal","_key":"b400029788dc","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"879315e91c5b0"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"ca71e97884af","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"The Rural Setup: A Blessing and a Challenge","_key":"de30b6d5f49f0","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"In the rural area where I served, access to specialized mental health care was limited. At my hospital, I was fortunate to have a visiting specialist forensic psychiatrist who would visit the facility around 6 times a month. Although she was always available for consultations over the phone, the isolation of being \"left to my own devices\" most of the time was daunting. 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Most patients did not speak English, and I often had to rely on translators to communicate. On top of this, many patients came from communities where traditional beliefs in witchcraft, ","_key":"0baf34a59ef70"},{"_type":"span","marks":["4ae611d19812"],"text":"traditional healing","_key":"18bade1d7a08"},{"marks":[],"text":", and prophecy played a significant role in their mental health perceptions. These cultural factors deeply influenced their delusions and posed a challenge in forming treatment plans that felt culturally sensitive while still adhering to medical guidelines.","_key":"5f462fbad9c8","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"374a28dd4f13","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"1c973b71e2530","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The hospital itself had a 50-bed psychiatric ward which was often filled to over 120% capacity, thanks to the donated mattresses which allowed us to care for patients on the floor. 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The reality of psychiatric care often does not align neatly with academic knowledge, proving that psychiatry is as much an art as it is a science.","_key":"468181efd7150","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7c85bca794da"},{"children":[{"_key":"741e6168e6c70","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Finally, I learned that flexibility is essential. Psychiatry, particularly in rural settings, is unpredictable and requires both medical knowledge and emotional intelligence. 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","_key":"b00f7a39ed7d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["ed28a788ed94"],"text":"Unipolar depression","_key":"b00f7a39ed7d1"},{"_key":"b00f7a39ed7d2","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" is as well, though to a lesser extent – for example, rates of circadian rhythm disorders like the phase-delay night owl syndrome are more common in bipolar and unipolar, but they are about 20% less common in unipolar. 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In the 1990s, a new photoreceptor called melanopsin was discovered that only responds to blue light, and it is this receptor that regulates melatonin production through the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the time-keeper of the biological clock.","_key":"f0ba9bbf432b1","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"cab007c80519"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a03b7244f79a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"What that means is that the body’s internal clock depends on strong shifts in blue-spectrum light at the bookends of the day: morning and night. High levels of evening blue light, and low levels in the morning, disrupt not just circadian rhythms but also the clock genes implicated in bipolar and other psychiatric disorders.","_key":"8e973d72ce5b0"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"3,4","_key":"6007e3d8e849","_type":"span"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The main source of that blue light are electronic gadgets that were not available 20 years ago. Smart phones, LED screens, and energy-efficient bulbs emit a blue haze of light that is very different from the yellow starlight that we evolved under. This light may look white, like fluorescent bulbs, but white light has a lot of the blue wavelength within it. Distance also matters here. 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Blue light is associated with physical health risks including obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurologic diseases, gastrointestinal ulcers, and adverse reproductive outcomes.","_key":"fdf67374f36d1"},{"_key":"921f7c9d5a0f","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"5"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The American Medical Association released a ","_key":"0b634b6fc31b"},{"_type":"span","marks":["e505517b5683"],"text":"position statement","_key":"fdf67374f36d2"},{"marks":[],"text":" calling for reductions in nocturnal blue light, and psychiatry is catching on as well. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry updated their ","_key":"fdf67374f36d3","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["9934cc4b7b79"],"text":"pediatric sleep recommendations","_key":"fdf67374f36d4"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" in 2018. They no longer recommend night lights for anxious children and instead emphasize elimination of blue-light sources in the bedroom. Child psychiatrists in Canada have even ","_key":"fdf67374f36d5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["8d3959b7359f"],"text":"stronger recommendations","_key":"fdf67374f36d6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"fdf67374f36d7"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e3d412010de8"},{"_key":"ca56139394bd","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"KELLIE NEWSOME","_key":"e4e192be989a0"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":": It is the young and old that are most vulnerable to these light changes, as we will see in the research here.","_key":"e4e192be989a1"},{"text":"6,7","_key":"25ecc98efebf","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"marks":[],"text":" But they are also the patients who are more likely to sleep with some lights on. So, if your patient needs a light at night – whether because of a childhood phobia or a fall risk – they can purchase amber nightlights that do not emit the blue wavelength.","_key":"dbc05e7bb744","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"A Slightly Broken Biological Clock","_key":"bd85a0227fe70"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5c36e1cc6f17","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"41b0a3f52869","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"CHRIS AIKEN","_key":"327d4b3110350"},{"text":": Psychiatric patients in general are more sensitive to the circadian disrupting effects of evening blue light, particularly patients with bipolar disorder. Melatonin is delayed, diminished, and more easily suppressed by blue light in these patients.","_key":"327d4b3110351","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6","_key":"061e4cc8e525"},{"_key":"cc05a5b4574e","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Circadian disruptions often trigger new episodes of mania and depression, such as shift work, seasonal changes, and travel across multiple time zones."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"8","_key":"13c497d81396"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"463c9808423c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"KELLIE NEWSOME","_key":"5d7ea200881d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":": Travel across time zones is only a problem with air travel, because the clock has time to adjust when you travel by land or sea unless you are driving at 300 miles per hour. And on average it only causes problems when patients travel across 2 or more time zones. Mania is more common with west to east travel, and depression more likely when travelling east to west. A simple rhyme can help you remember it – west is depressed – because travelling westbound can trigger depression.","_key":"5d7ea200881d1"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"CHRIS AIKEN","_key":"f86bd6a2eb6f0"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":": We can add nocturnal blue light and ambient bedroom light to that list of circadian disruptors. Evening use of smartphones delays and reduces melatonin secretion, and impairs sleep and cognition with a medium effect size (0.5), which means the effect should be noticeable to the casual observer.","_key":"f86bd6a2eb6f1"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"9","_key":"3ec1792dafeb"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" A viscous cycle is at play here, as evening-types (night owls) have a greater tendency to use electronics at night, and that use independently shifts circadian rhythms toward the evening type (phase delay).","_key":"dae029234345"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6,10","_key":"cd909c8f133c"},{"marks":[],"text":" The evening chronotype is prominent in adolescents, and being a night owl is a risk factor for bipolar disorder, depression, and substance abuse.","_key":"37db6879b3da","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"8,10","_key":"f7c07077d71d"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4510d4cf2335"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Ambient bedroom light is also a problem, as it passes through the eyelids and suppresses melatonin during sleep. In controlled animal studies, ambient nocturnal light causes depression, impedes learning, and has detrimental effects on the brain. It lowers BDNF and shortens the dendritic spines that are essential for learning and cognition.","_key":"57545239954f0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"11","_key":"95f4fdd946cd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8c38f9e2c6ca"},{"_key":"642d28d32295","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/bipolar-disorder/new-tool-springtime-mania","_key":"4b9113897ed0"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The circadian system is also involved in critical periods of brain development, and disruptions of light signals may play a role in the onset of psychiatric illnesses as well as their exacerbation.","_key":"77863a8772a60"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"12","_key":"b2ae5bd61f74"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" When mice are exposed to nocturnal dim light as infants, they grow up to have more anxiety as adults.","_key":"6df7e43358a5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"13","_key":"228c72244b7c"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Human studies have found a strong link between rapid flux of ","_key":"e01792ee464a"},{"_type":"span","marks":["4b9113897ed0"],"text":"spring sunlight","_key":"77863a8772a61"},{"marks":[],"text":" and earlier onset of bipolar disorder.","_key":"77863a8772a62","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"14","_key":"cf783fc01f15"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1b720ab37bf1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"9ca95d3b62f00","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"A study from Japan illustrates the problem for our patients.15 They followed 863 older adults for several years, carefully measuring how much light they were exposed to in their bedrooms. On follow up, the risk of depression was directly correlated with how much light they were exposed to in their bedrooms. Those who slept in pitch darkness had the lowest risk, but what is interesting is how little light was necessary to accomplish the shift: 5 lux – which is equivalent to a night light – was the cut off. Those who slept with at least 5 lux in their bedroom had double the risk of depression 2 years later."}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"83db89ed004f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"That study was not controlled, although they attempted to control for confounders that might otherwise explain the association. But buried in the discussion was a sentence that struck me. The authors believed that the health risks of evening light are so well documented in animal and epidemiologic human studies that a controlled trial would be unethical in humans. In other words, we already know too much to learn anymore.","_key":"4451112aafd30"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"15","_key":"be8e396de3f7"}],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","_key":"b2332c2d3be4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"799450f8b1e60","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Instead, it is time for action, to educate our patients to follow the natural flow of day and night. That means bright light in the morning, low levels of blue light in the evening, and pitch dark in the bedroom. Those steps are not easy to follow in the modern world, and in a future podcast we will review new technologies that can ease those changes."}],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","_key":"6d9bf4aeb40a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"KELLIE NEWSOME:","_key":"7964da82a0e60"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Join us then on ","_key":"7964da82a0e61"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"PsychPearls","_key":"7964da82a0e62"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", and you can also catch us every Monday on the ","_key":"7964da82a0e63"},{"_key":"7964da82a0e64","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Carlat Psychiatry Podcast"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"7964da82a0e65"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://thecarlatreport.com/","_key":"344a95341265"},{"_type":"link","href":"http://www.moodtreatmentcenter.com/","_key":"e7cd558764b5","blank":true},{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Bipolar-Workbook-Strengthen-Brain/dp/1683732359","_key":"5ccd1f220ef2"},{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-carlat-psychiatry-podcast/id1463414537","_key":"64c03417aae1"},{"href":"https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Bipolar-Workbook-Strengthen-Brain/dp/1683732359","_key":"95788301af9e","blank":true,"_type":"link"},{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Not-Much-Understanding-Depression/dp/0393711749/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\u0026qid=1483750639\u0026sr=8-1\u0026keywords=bipolar+not+so+much","_key":"6edc3155a800","blank":true}],"children":[{"_key":"0aa877146f560","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Chris Aiken, MD, "},{"_key":"0aa877146f561","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"is the Mood Disorders Section Editor for "},{"_key":"ababd4f23988","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Psychiatric Times"},{"text":"TM","_key":"5bf3b8d1c0fc","_type":"span","marks":["em","superscript"]},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":", the Editor in Chief of ","_key":"5ee610715c56"},{"_key":"0aa877146f562","_type":"span","marks":["344a95341265","em"],"text":"The Carlat Psychiatry Report,"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" and the director of the ","_key":"0aa877146f563"},{"_type":"span","marks":["e7cd558764b5","em"],"text":"Mood Treatment Center.","_key":"0aa877146f564"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" He has written several books on mood disorders, most recently","_key":"0aa877146f565"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f566"},{"text":"The Depression and Bipolar Workbook","_key":"0aa877146f567","_type":"span","marks":["5ccd1f220ef2"]},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":".","_key":"0aa877146f568"},{"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f569","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"He can be heard in the weekly","_key":"0aa877146f5610","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f5611","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em","64c03417aae1","em"],"text":"Carlat Psychiatry Podcast","_key":"0aa877146f5612"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" with his cohost Kellie Newsome, PMH-NP. The author does not accept honoraria from pharmaceutical companies but receives royalties from PESI for","_key":"0aa877146f5613"},{"marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f5614","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["95788301af9e","em"],"text":"The Depression and Bipolar Workbook","_key":"0aa877146f5615"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" and from W.W. Norton \u0026 Co. for","_key":"189d46a098f8"},{"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f5617","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"marks":["6edc3155a800"],"text":"Bipolar, Not So Much","_key":"0aa877146f5618","_type":"span"},{"_key":"0aa877146f5619","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":". "},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Kellie L. Newsome, PMH-NP","_key":"0aa877146f5620"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":", is the cohost of the","_key":"0aa877146f5621"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f5622"},{"marks":["em"],"text":"Carlat Psychiatry Podcast","_key":"0aa877146f5623","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"0aa877146f5624"},{"_key":"0aa877146f5625","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"and is also a practicing psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner in Winston Salem, NC, at the Mood Treatment Center. 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Charrier A, Olliac B, Roubertoux P, et al. ","_key":"7457352c71cd0","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"Clock genes and altered sleep-wake rhythms: their role in the development of psychiatric disorders.","_key":"7457352c71cd1","_type":"span","marks":["aeabf5fd63f0"]},{"text":" ","_key":"32802a606af1","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Int J Mol Sci","_key":"7457352c71cd2"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2017;18(5).","_key":"7457352c71cd3"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"de1e42694d84","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28468274","_key":"aeabf5fd63f0"}]},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"79cc863ec6aa","blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Suicide+attempts+in+children+and+adolescents%3A+The+place+of+clock+genes+and+early+rhythm+dysfunction"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"3. Olliac B, Ouss L, Charrier A. ","_key":"cebfb24003850"},{"_key":"cebfb24003851","_type":"span","marks":["79cc863ec6aa"],"text":"Suicide attempts in children and adolescents: The place of clock genes and early rhythm dysfunction."},{"_key":"f55e5382b008","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" "},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"J Physiol Paris","_key":"cebfb24003852"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2016;110(4 Pt B):461-466.","_key":"cebfb24003853"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"cf3c92f1fd91"},{"markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28724246","_key":"2e91685d13d9","blank":true}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"4. Lunn RM, Blask DE, Coogan AN, et al. ","_key":"740734e518100"},{"_type":"span","marks":["2e91685d13d9"],"text":"Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the National Toxicology Program's workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption.","_key":"740734e518101"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"3360463e40d2"},{"_key":"740734e518102","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Sci Total Environ"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2017;607-608:1073-1084.","_key":"740734e518103"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0810081cdc19"},{"markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28487255 ","_key":"b9dd2cfc5e49","blank":true}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"5. Touitou Y, Touitou D, Reinberg A. ","_key":"bc00b97dfba40"},{"_type":"span","marks":["b9dd2cfc5e49"],"text":"Disruption of adolescents' circadian clock: The vicious circle of media use, exposure to light at night, sleep loss and risk behaviors.","_key":"bc00b97dfba41"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"13dc8227867e"},{"marks":["em"],"text":"J Physiol Paris","_key":"bc00b97dfba42","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2016;110(4 Pt B):467-479.","_key":"bc00b97dfba43"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"45c705ddd926"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"660274ea41d4","markDefs":[{"href":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241867","_key":"46f5a848049c","blank":true,"_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"6. Abreu T, Bragança M. 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Iclepertin (BI 425809) is an investigational oral inhibitor of glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) thought to influence brain biology and address cognition deficits in schizophrenia and potentially other disorders.","_key":"7134c7a4c478","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"622d602bc95e","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Although the results were not as expected, Boehringer Ingelheim remains committed to addressing psychiatric disorders and improving the care and lives of patients. “While these findings are disappointing, we remain dedicated to finding effective solutions for those living with serious mental illnesses,” Shashank Deshpande, member of the board of Managing Directors and head of Human Pharma at Boehringer Ingelheim, said in a press release.","_key":"8c7f150c32830","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"1","_key":"cfe213d348d6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" “Our innovative pipeline includes over 20 additional investigative therapies in all stages of development and in different disease areas including schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.\"","_key":"d06a3e9a74e2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a7853a1b6e8a","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"667eefaf4b5b","markDefs":[{"_key":"328bd4615a50","_type":"link","href":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04860830"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["328bd4615a50"],"text":"CONNEX-3","_key":"c2f334a63a7c0"},{"_key":"c2f334a63a7c1","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial looking at the efficacy and safety of iclepertin 10 mg once daily in patients with schizophrenia and cognitive impairment."},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"2","_key":"f01c84407235"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" To be included in the trial, patients had to be clinically stable (not in an acute phase of their illness). Participants had to be maintained on an antipsychotic for at least 12 weeks and on their current dose for at least 35 days prior to randomization. Onset of disease for patients was between the ages of 18 years and 50. All women of childbearing potential were required to be on highly effective birth control; those who were pregnant or nursing were excluded from the study. Similarly, patients with suicidal ideation or behavior were excluded. The study excluded patients who had received clozapine, stimulants, ketamine, or electroconvulsive therapy within 6 months before to randomization. Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria were noted. ","_key":"0096a8b69888"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In the study, patients were randomized to receive the agent or a similarly looking placebo once daily over a 26 week period. Efficacy was measured using changes from baseline on the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) consensus cognitive battery (MCCB). Patients were allowed to continue any other medicatoion for schizophrenia throughout the trial.","_key":"72ed4e20386a0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4e07cb5644b0"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"799d44357807","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Last year, ","_key":"3fe69aede60a0","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"Psychiatric Times ","_key":"01d0b5d0cb94","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"marks":[],"text":"editor in chief, John. J. Miller, MD, discussed the clinical signifance of iclerpertin in the medication pipeline for schizophrenia, noting the need for agents that address cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. “Progressive cognitive impairment can occur in most serious mental illnesses and is a primary subsyndrome in schizophrenia,” he said. “With a trail of failed clinical trials by other agents, the GlyT1 inhibitors have demonstrated some efficacy with 2 earlier members of this class: sarcosine and bitopertin. It would be a huge step forward if iclepertin demonstrated statistical clinical efficacy in the improvement of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia, which remains a significant unmet need.”","_key":"22b0c27318fd","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"3","_key":"45b191f3ad3e"}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"03210508924a","markDefs":[{"href":"https://one.psychiatrictimes.com/subscribe/","_key":"bc6d73a6e53a","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"For more information and to stay update on the latest developments in psychiatry, be sure to subscribe to ","_key":"c59822b09e800"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Psychiatric Times ","_key":"cfcdfa019e3d"},{"_key":"ece27e7cc1b5","_type":"span","marks":["em","bc6d73a6e53a"],"text":"e-newsletters"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":". 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Accessed January 16, 2025. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/01/16/3010915/0/en/Boehringer-provides-update-on-iclepertin-Phase-III-program-in-schizophrenia.html"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"61e9f16815ec","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04860830"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"2. ","_key":"06c03a71d47a"},{"_type":"span","marks":["61e9f16815ec"],"text":"CONNEX-3: A Study to Test Whether Iclepertin Improves Learning and Memory in People With Schizophrenia","_key":"977fac4b4149"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". Accessed January 16, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04860830. ","_key":"a951077fdbbb"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"805d9ceed72f"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"74866db0c963","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/medication-pipeline-schizophrenia-and-ptsd","_key":"35f09b409eae","nofollow":true,"blank":true}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"3. Miller JJM. ","_key":"9f70744a4480"},{"_type":"span","marks":["35f09b409eae"],"text":"Medication Pipeline: Schizophrenia and PTSD","_key":"a9b2a8af9dd1"},{"text":". ","_key":"6ee143c59540","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"marks":["em"],"text":"Psychiatric Times. ","_key":"cd1151c6d2f9","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"2024; 41(1). ","_key":"2e776686d725"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" ","_key":"46e303118430"}]},{"children":[{"_key":"4778445e426e0","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6473e9f58551","markDefs":[]}],"ExcludeFromPubMedXML":false,"_updatedAt":"2025-01-16T18:46:33Z","gptSummary":"The phase III study of iclepertin, an investigational GlyT1 inhibitor, showed no statistically significant effects on cognition or functioning in adults with schizophrenia compared to placebo. Despite these results, iclepertin was well tolerated across all studies. Boehringer Ingelheim remains committed to addressing psychiatric disorders, with over 20 additional therapies in development. The CONNEX-3 trial, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, evaluated iclepertin's efficacy and safety in stable schizophrenia patients. The need for effective treatments for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia remains a significant unmet need in the field.","published":"2025-01-16T18:24:47.689Z","audioUrl":"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ai-generated-audios/www.psychiatrictimes.com/6f955a75-c4b8-47a1-b3a1-5b026f609c07_1737053036085.aa5f3d62-dafa-455f-810c-39b90251cc6b.mp3","taxonomyMapping":[{"_createdAt":"2020-03-26T06:11:21Z","cmeType":"per","_rev":"77mZ7PORfofI3dBGfWfij5","_id":"pst_taxonomy_362_schizophreniapsychosis","identifier":"topics/schizophrenia","name":"Schizophrenia/Psychosis","pixelTrackingCode":null,"perKeywordMapping":["Psychiatry","Neurology"],"_updatedAt":"2023-03-31T19:32:05Z","parent":{"_updatedAt":"2023-03-31T19:15:59Z","identifier":"topics","_createdAt":"2020-03-26T06:11:21Z","name":"Topics","_id":"pst_taxonomy_53202_clinical","isMainTopic":true,"_rev":"uvXJooXtzvjNOyx50HTt8m","_type":"taxonomy","parent":null},"_type":"taxonomy"}],"title":"Disappointing Data From Phase III CONNEX for Iclepertin in Addressing Cognition Impairment in Schizophrenia","thumbnail":{"_type":"mainImage","asset":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"image-51d3cd8b64698f18bbaa58a4dd6d2804957c12c0-1500x824-jpg"}},"contentCategory":{"_id":"8bdaa7fc-960a-4b57-b076-75fdce3741bb","_updatedAt":"2020-02-25T09:35:56Z","_createdAt":"2020-02-06T09:15:47Z","_rev":"snQqhhB4O8T5bi1viURsgs","_type":"contentCategory","name":"Articles"},"summary":"Although iclepertin was found to be well tolerated, the agent did not meet endpoints. 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symptoms, but long-term use requires regular evaluation of benefits versus risks, with a focus on minimizing dosage.\n\n• Medication substitution with less toxic alternatives should be considered, especially when adverse effects are present or when tapering is unsuccessful.","authorMapping":[{"_rev":"exFS9XoI4IVw0PP5Y1PmKj","_id":"dba4ff3c-6fce-4b64-a98d-42eee0f52771","biography":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Dr Feder","_key":"5b06c47260880","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"4b616ad684e5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"is a clinical and forensic child and family psychiatrist in Solana Beach, California. He is also the editor in chief of","_key":"897252c7b2ef"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The Carlat Child Psychiatry Report.","_key":"a5620f47a575"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f75bfe85a58e"}],"url":{"current":"joshua-feder-md-dfapa","_type":"slug"},"displayName":"Joshua Feder, MD, DFAPA","_createdAt":"2025-01-14T18:12:51Z","_type":"author","_updatedAt":"2025-01-14T18:13:12Z","authorType":"author"},{"_updatedAt":"2025-01-14T18:13:44Z","displayName":"Charmi Patel Rao, MD, DFAACAP","_rev":"dkYgpk1ppDy6PgD8KuqAmO","_type":"author","_id":"7416ce1e-c204-461a-9aa9-2b4ae602c06e","biography":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Dr Patel Rao","_key":"2d136b2c896d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"8440b2e2197c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"is medical director at Vista Hill Foundation in San Diego, California; clinical professor in the University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry; and president of the local San Diego regional chapter of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","_key":"972c84ffd725"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"830bd0397b89"}],"url":{"current":"charmi-patel-rao-md-dfaacap","_type":"slug"},"authorType":"author","_createdAt":"2025-01-14T18:13:25Z"}],"summary":"What is the appropriate duration for antipsychotic use and how can you safely taper or discontinue them?","is_visible":true,"_createdAt":"2025-01-14T18:12:29Z","gptSummary":"Bridget, a 15-year-old with ADHD, conduct disorder, and PTSD, is on antipsychotic medication for aggression. Antipsychotics are often prescribed off-label for children, despite potential adverse effects like metabolic issues and increased mortality. The article emphasizes the importance of comprehensive assessment before prescribing, considering nonpharmacological treatments first, and monitoring for adverse effects. It discusses the short-term benefits of antipsychotics, the need for careful tapering, and the potential for medication substitution. The goal is to minimize antipsychotic use while ensuring patient safety and symptom management.","body":[{"widthP":50,"disableLightBox":true,"asset":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"image-1057fd6a1a3b19d599b5e027ae7e18edf9275e3b-4032x2304-jpg"},"_key":"31dac9674a78","alignment":"left","disableTextWrap":false,"imgcaption":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"043a3213b125","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Maya/AdobeStock","_key":"93849815d31a0"}]}],"_type":"figure","alt":"antipsychotics"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"“Bridget,” a 15-year-old girl, is referred by her foster care case manager for continued aggression. She has diagnoses of ","_key":"7adbba8671c80"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em","b1f9d760cf35"],"text":"attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder","_key":"b21adac78121"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" (ADHD), conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to sexual abuse she experienced in a stepfamily setting from 9 to 12 years of age. Her mother is receiving inpatient behavioral health care in an extended stay program. Bridget’s father is not available, and her 2 younger siblings are in different foster care settings. Bridget is currently prescribed risperidone 3 mg daily, methylphenidate extended-release 54 mg daily, and clonidine immediate-release 0.2 mg nightly.","_key":"c3b3f82712cd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"52ec888c5040","markDefs":[{"nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/topics/adhd","_key":"b1f9d760cf35"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"759340582165","markDefs":[{"nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/topics/schizophrenia","_key":"a6ef0288b61f"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Approximately 1% of children aged 7 to 12 years and 1.5% of individuals aged 13 to 18 years are prescribed antipsychotic medications, according to findings from a study.","_key":"b9952953eed30"},{"text":"1","_key":"64c2f56359c5","_type":"span","marks":["sup"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" These medications are sometimes US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for conditions such as ","_key":"992034858f53"},{"_type":"span","marks":["a6ef0288b61f"],"text":"schizophrenia","_key":"bab68c167b6f"},{"text":", bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism.","_key":"a3226ca2a549","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"2","_key":"395a346f3539","_type":"span","marks":["sup"]},{"marks":[],"text":" However, approximately 65% of antipsychotic medications for children and adolescents are prescribed for off-label uses, including managing aggression, agitation, disruptive behaviors, and irritability as well as adjunct treatment for ADHD.","_key":"8e037fabb4c2","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"3","_key":"c817792412a8"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Although there are limited data on the long-term effectiveness of these medications, research has shown that they can lead to a reduction in neuronal tissue and various neurological and metabolic adverse effects.","_key":"f5e8efe2513d"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"4","_key":"02274476253e"},{"text":" Additionally, high doses of antipsychotics have been linked to increased mortality rates in this age group.","_key":"de276873ee11","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"5,6","_key":"98b1cfd2638a"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" This article expands on our previous work and discusses the appropriate duration for antipsychotic use and strategies for safely tapering or discontinuing them.","_key":"648584aa1f82"},{"_key":"d9524a6cfb56","_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"7"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"First Things First: Is There a Need?","_key":"e4b95da92d360"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5e61dea6ae81"},{"children":[{"_key":"00d5bcd284400","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Although frank psychosis and bipolar mania remain clear indications for use or consideration of dopamine receptor 2 (D"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sub"],"text":"2","_key":"cfc90b749a92"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":")–blocking antipsychotic medications, in these circumstances and in all other cases, a comprehensive assessment is warranted to clarify the diagnoses and options for addressing the symptoms. For example, the differential diagnosis for an agitated teenager with seemingly mixed mania may include malignant catatonia, for which antipsychotic medication is generally contraindicated, as it is likely to exacerbate the condition.","_key":"e9562ee8dfc6"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"8","_key":"ba4f8f103227"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" This is particularly more common in patients with autism.","_key":"f8e353f55539"},{"_key":"b22ed927c456","_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"9,10"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Another more common concern is aggression associated with ADHD; Blader found that well-crafted trials of stimulant medications (eg, first trying methylphenidate and then trying dextroamphetamine) were effective for managing aggression in approximately 60% to 80% of young patients.","_key":"e782c8b39d35"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"11","_key":"6f63430941a4"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Given the potential severity of metabolic and neurologic adverse effects of antipsychotic medications, we wrote treatment algorithms to begin with nonpharmacological approaches and treatment of co-occurring conditions before approaching the use of antipsychotics. We also made recommendations for monitoring patients during their use and, once patients are stable, looking at whether, when, and how these medications might be discontinued.","_key":"4d37db6ba041"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"12","_key":"86871a2dd8a3"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ef96346c01f1","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"How Well Do Antipsychotics Work?","_key":"fc83f9ba4f760"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"cad9d72bd7f5"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Antipsychotics can be beneficial for short-term stabilization, such as preventing psychiatric hospitalization, helping a student remain in a less restrictive school environment, and reducing aggression or self-harming behaviors. However, the evidence does not strongly support their use in treating severe ADHD or oppositional defiant disorder.","_key":"1bcbd149fc510","_type":"span"},{"text":"13","_key":"d4299fd21b00","_type":"span","marks":["sup"]},{"text":" Even in cases where there is FDA approval, such as for managing irritability in autism, it is important to assess whether the patient meets the criteria for antipsychotic treatment (eg, aggression, self-injury, severe mood instability) and whether other approaches might be effective. This could include addressing sensory or communication challenges or considering medications with a safer adverse effect profile.","_key":"930aeb9bcdc0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c0deb6f87558"},{"style":"normal","_key":"e9fd8afd1809","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"For How Long Should They Be Used?","_key":"e76ceb25c9ca0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"The use of antipsychotic medications in children has primarily been studied and approved by the FDA for short-term treatment, generally up to 6 months.","_key":"3486a4d2ba950","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"14","_key":"ba915b97aa40"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" There is limited research on the long-term benefits and adverse effects of antipsychotic use in children.","_key":"de9c136a00de"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"15","_key":"77f5751f5863"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Concerns commonly associated with antipsychotic medications include the following:","_key":"19ebf428ecdb"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"74d81c1967f0","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Metabolic effects (such as weight gain, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia)","_key":"42a32e1ec7760"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"93d8bb36427c","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Somnolence","_key":"aa7fff717ba50"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b607e72e1bf3","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"720576a0be8c","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Prolonged corrected QT interval","_key":"c93992e666d90"}],"level":1},{"listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Elevated prolactin levels","_key":"56ec3eacdadb0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1516a6768922"},{"listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Extrapyramidal symptoms","_key":"41bc0a1e4eae0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"435c01fb907d"},{"_key":"5ae3f4eca93a","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome","_key":"e51a1c2307bd0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e49e5ed78801","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"How long should you use these medications? It will not always be possible to reduce D","_key":"ba987fcbc61b0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sub"],"text":"2","_key":"7689577adfe3"},{"text":"-blocking antipsychotic medications, because some patients have symptoms related to psychosis or affective conditions that do not respond to other approaches and where the benefits of continuing the medication outweigh the risks, perhaps keeping the patient safe and/or functioning. We recommend that you use them with an intent to reduce and discontinue their use whenever and however possible, such as when an episode of mania has passed, when you can build a more robust therapy or community plan to support the patient, or when you can substitute less toxic medications, such as antiepileptic drugs for mood stability or stimulant medications for aggression in ADHD, as noted previously. Given these considerations, how do we minimize the use of D","_key":"bdbc11545630","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["sub"],"text":"2","_key":"ee5d5a6ac19a"},{"text":"-blocking antipsychotic medications?","_key":"7dee2a445948","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"_key":"089347fe42b3","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"Start With Discontinuation in Mind","_key":"6e763f50109e0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"423e0c4d47c7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"When initiating antipsychotic medication, it is crucial to consider the end goal from the start. As part of the informed consent process, discuss the intended duration of treatment with patients and their families. Important topics to cover include the following:","_key":"700e9fd48db60"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The severity of symptoms","_key":"e6cfb8d565360"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"98df40b444a5","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"53fad89399e2","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The natural progression of the condition","_key":"39607bd0749e0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The child’s age","_key":"428bd94e638e0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ddf9115b1b55","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"91f5e197fc5f","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The response to other psychosocial treatments","_key":"ea349f444afa0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block"},{"_key":"a6179306cc0e","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/topics/child-adolescent-psychiatry","_key":"6e9aa1905c62","nofollow":true}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Since there is no set duration for antipsychotic use in nonpsychotic conditions, it is important to monitor the frequency and severity of specific symptoms. Collaborate with patients and families to determine the desired level and duration of improvement that would justify tapering or discontinuing the medication. As a possible guideline, when we use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression, we like to see at least 6 to 12 months of remission before we consider tapering and to look at any seasonal or stress-related aspects such as fall/winter effects, school-related stress, or even loss of school structure. Still, the treatment period should be as brief as possible for most clinical situations in ","_key":"7756c7517cf30"},{"_type":"span","marks":["6e9aa1905c62"],"text":"children and adolescents","_key":"111ae9e27c10"},{"marks":[],"text":".","_key":"aca40a8b7d02","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"16","_key":"fea4c0ff4bc2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"When to Reduce Antipsychotics?","_key":"3d6b0f97b5be0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f71bf6efab6e","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"At each appointment, discuss the ongoing treatment plan with the patient and their family, focusing on the following:","_key":"d31725c4e3e40"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6c891be3aceb","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"7acc7db5b208","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"How much improvement has occurred since the initial symptoms?","_key":"8a455248c0410"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"131ddd14e660","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Are there concerning adverse effects (eg, weight gain, elevated cholesterol level, drowsiness, involuntary movements)?","_key":"2021ae2f9b420"}]},{"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"aeac953682be","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"How well is the patient adhering to the medication regimen and required monitoring?","_key":"3494a3240e410"}]},{"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c27887c22421","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Are the patient and family open to the idea of tapering the medication?","_key":"a2377bb406dd0"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Tapering may not be feasible for patients with primary psychotic disorders or severe mood instability or those with previous failed tapering attempts. If there are ongoing symptoms, take another look at the differential diagnosis and possible treatment options. You do not want to continue ineffective treatment with potentially severe adverse effects. In any case, if you are continuing the medication, you should document the reasons for doing so and consistently monitor for metabolic and movement-related adverse effects. Refer to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’s Practice Parameter for the Use of Atypical Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents for monitoring guidelines.","_key":"d5b294bac0d80"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"17","_key":"664e358676f2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"211242ac86f6","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"When you take over care for patients already taking antipsychotic medications, reassess the decision to continue them during your evaluation. For patients on long-term antipsychotic treatment, revisit this discussion every 6 months to evaluate whether continuing the medication remains the best option, considering its effectiveness and potential adverse effects. Begin these conversations by asking patients and families what they perceive as the benefits and drawbacks of the medication.","_key":"ec0c588b56ef0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6a0b1382bc36"},{"_key":"e049b0463474","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"How Slow Should You Go?","_key":"e49e3b12e8470","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f8df0878054e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Tapering does not necessarily mean discontinuing the medication entirely. Even minor dose reductions can help alleviate adverse effects such as elevated cholesterol level or weight gain and lower the risk of neurological adverse effects, such as tardive dyskinesia.","_key":"5a89662a84540","_type":"span"},{"_key":"9448c3654eee","_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"18"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Once you and your patient agree to taper, consider the following strategies:","_key":"d74dd356c2c6"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3c6675639e20","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"c11e2144e1800","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"This is ideal for straightforward cases without co-occurring conditions or a complicated medication history."}],"level":1},{"listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Ensure at least 3 to 6 months of stability and choose a time without new stressors.","_key":"217b50ca611e0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ea3ea448f674"},{"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"cb6a3698b3e9","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Arrange for additional support (eg, therapeutic interventions, school-based services).","_key":"b1bfda9675220","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"_key":"c766f2c4972a","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Reduce the dose by no more than approximately 25% of the original dose every 3 to 6 months or 5% to 10% every 2 months.","_key":"4b7891d40d870","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["sup"],"text":"19","_key":"9809320eae11"},{"_key":"0c354643772b","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Although there are no clear data to guide the rate of the dosage reduction in children and teenagers, adult research supports very gradual reduction over many months to 2 or 3 years to reduce relapse rates of psychosis in patients who have been on long-term antipsychotic treatment."}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Consider gradual weekly reductions toward the new dose (eg, recommending the patient take the current dose daily and then substituting the new lower target dose for 1 of 7 days the first week, 2 of 7 days the second week, etc, until every day is at the new lower dose).","_key":"342bc86f72b70"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c28865799b2d"},{"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"272098a8136f","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Schedule regular follow-ups to monitor for any worsening of target symptoms.","_key":"249362bf75d30"}]},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"5633f1cd8ed0","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/topics/ptsd"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Bridget is now receiving therapy for her ","_key":"4f539d4752500"},{"_key":"8da48d83009f","_type":"span","marks":["em","5633f1cd8ed0"],"text":"PTSD"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":", and you have stabilized her aggression by shifting her from methylphenidate to dextroamphetamine. However, she is gradually gaining weight, and you decide to reduce her risperidone to 2.5 mg daily using a gradual weekly reduction over 6 weeks.","_key":"bf3491216367"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8a383c6ecf7b"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Is Switching Medication an Option?","_key":"0cdf8d1dbd2c0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"68f7afb14be0"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"577bbc3a2452","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"In many situations, you can effectively substitute the antipsychotic or reduce it substantially by using other less potentially toxic medications, such as in the following suggestions:","_key":"3ea9d3f7cd180","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"For ADHD with aggression, consider using different kinds of stimulants or even nonstimulant ADHD medications.","_key":"72a7dcf349fb0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a2c393e745ca"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"If there is cooccurring anxiety or irritability, consider trying SSRIs.","_key":"225ed90bde7f0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0c22d0e82e1f","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"5fe9b8838f22","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"For behavioral dysregulation or aggression associated with underlying anxiety or autism, explore options such as α agonists or β-blockers.","_key":"ee9feadd4e990","_type":"span"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"After 6 months, you have reduced Bridget’s risperidone to 0.5 mg daily. Her aggression is well managed, she is making friends, and she is doing better academically, although her appetite and weight have not stabilized. You attempt to discontinue the risperidone altogether, but Bridget becomes far more agitated.","_key":"366cfebdd1fa0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"72897df89724"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"83436c9ad4b6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Intraclass Medication Substitution","_key":"b310c92169b30","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]}]},{"_key":"39e9de85db3c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"When a patient needs to stay on an antipsychotic due to severe symptoms (such as psychosis, self-injury, or mania), consider switching to a more weight-neutral option such as ziprasidone or lurasidone (keeping in mind that insurance coverage might make these medications challenging to start). This approach is also worth considering if a previous antipsychotic trial was unsuccessful or if the patient presents with psychotic symptoms or mania. Offer this alternative if a patient experiences adverse effects that lead to discontinuation of a medication such as risperidone or aripiprazole.","_key":"52ec6750c3900"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3ad5eb465f8f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Bridget has stability on ziprasidone 20 mg along with the dextroamphetamine and clonidine. Screening and follow-up ECG results are normal, and her weight gain has stabilized. Bridget’s mother is in a step-down psychiatric placement facility, and the family is beginning therapy aimed at possible reunification.","_key":"bd429e6dc6b50"}]},{"_key":"94cd6044ac50","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"351f58c450cb0","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Concluding Thoughts"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"6640ad06aac5","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Antipsychotics can be lifesaving, but they should only be used when necessary and when accompanied by continuous discussions about the length of treatment and strategies to minimize dosage and adverse effects.","_key":"9f52c9da0aba0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4e0e80a7e00d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"c4abafce841c0","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Dr Feder"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"053709c739a8"},{"_key":"58cdabb27b45","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"is a clinical and forensic child and family psychiatrist in Solana Beach, California. 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