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<li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Globalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Formats and technologies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formats_and_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formats and technologies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formats_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Video recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Visual display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Audio recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Audio encoding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Optical storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disk_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disk_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Disk storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disk_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flash_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Flash memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Video gaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Continued research and development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Business units </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Business units subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Business_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronics_products_&_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_products_&_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Electronics products & solutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_products_&_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Audio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_and_videography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_and_videography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Photography and videography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_and_videography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_and_biotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_and_biotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Healthcare and biotechnology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_and_biotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Mobility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Robotics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging_&_sensing_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging_&_sensing_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Imaging & sensing solutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging_&_sensing_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_&_network_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_&_network_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Game & network services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_&_network_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pictures_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pictures_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Pictures and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pictures_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sony_Pictures_Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sony_Pictures_Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Sony Pictures Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sony_Pictures_Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sony_Music_Group_and_SMEJ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sony_Music_Group_and_SMEJ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Sony Music Group and SMEJ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sony_Music_Group_and_SMEJ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Anime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Financial services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electric_vehicles_and_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_vehicles_and_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Electric vehicles and batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_vehicles_and_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Corporate information </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate information subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutional_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Institutional ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Business trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Community engagement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Environmental record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sony</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" > 106 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%92" title="ሶኒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶኒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonygegyld" title="Sonygegyld – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sonygegyld" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Սօնի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սօնի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="সনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Соні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Соні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%8B%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%B9" title="소니그룹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소니그룹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Սոնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="סוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸೋನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೋನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ໂຊນີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຊນີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corporation" title="Sony Corporation – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sony Corporation" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="സോണി കോർപ്പറേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോണി കോർപ്പറേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सोनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="سونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ဆိုနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सोनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सोनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="ソニーグループ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソニーグループ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੋਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سونی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سوني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_(spolo%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5)" title="Sony (spoločnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sony (spoločnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="சோனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="సోనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="โซนี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โซนี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سونی کارپوریشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونی کارپوریشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC" title="索尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="索尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sony" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC" title="索尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="索尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SONY" and "Sony Corporation" redirect here. For the American subsidiary, see <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sony (disambiguation)">Sony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sany" title="Sany">Sany</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sony Group Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sony_logo.svg/220px-Sony_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sony_logo.svg/330px-Sony_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sony_logo.svg/440px-Sony_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="225" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_headquaters_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sony_headquaters_1.jpg/250px-Sony_headquaters_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sony_headquaters_1.jpg/375px-Sony_headquaters_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sony_headquaters_1.jpg/500px-Sony_headquaters_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="2763" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sony_City" title="Sony City">Sony City</a>, the company's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Minato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Minato City">Minato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">ソニーグループ株式会社</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sonī Gurūpu <a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha">Kabushiki-gaisha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (1946–1957)</li> <li>Sony Corporation (1958–2021)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">TYO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=6758">6758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:SONY">SONY</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> component (6758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPIX" title="TOPIX">TOPIX</a> Core30 component (6758)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">JP3435000009 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41187?uselang=en#P946" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1946; 78 years ago (1946-05-07) <a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihonbashi</a>, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sony_City" title="Sony City">Sony City</a>, <div class="ib-company-locality locality">Minato, Tokyo</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenichiro_Yoshida" title="Kenichiro Yoshida">Kenichiro Yoshida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li> <li>Hiroki Totoki (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a> and COO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">Advertising agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">Credit finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ¥11.540 trillion (FY2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ¥1.208 trillion (FY2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ¥943.622 billion (FY2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ¥32.041 trillion (FY2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ¥7.288 trillion (FY2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">113,000<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan">Sony Pictures Japan</a></li> <li><a href="#Electronics_products_&_solutions">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_products#Semiconductors" title="List of Sony products">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li>Sony Storage Media Solutions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Global_Solutions" title="Sony Global Solutions">Sony Global Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sony.com">sony.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Footnotes / references Financials as of fiscal year ended 31 March 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony&action=edit">[update]</a>. References:<a href="#cite_note-:Financial-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-sony.net-7">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sony Group Corporation (ソニーグループ株式会社, Sonī, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsoʊni/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SOH-nee</a>), formerly known as Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (東京通信工業株式会社, Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation) and Sony Corporation (ソニー株式会社), commonly known as Sony, is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato, Tokyo</a>, Japan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The Sony Group comprises entities such as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Electronics_products_&_solutions">Sony Corporation</a>, <a href="#Imaging_&_sensing_solutions">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a>, and others. Sony was established in 1946 as Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo by <a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a>. This electronics company, known for creating products such as the transistor radio <a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a>, the home video tape recorder <a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a>, the portable audio player <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, and the compact disc player <a href="/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101">CDP-101</a>, embarked on diverse business ventures. In 1988, Sony acquired <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records</a>, and in 1989, it acquired <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>. The company also introduced the home video game console <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> in 1994, which was the first of <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">the eponymous brand</a>. In Japan, Sony expanded into the financial sector. In 2021, Sony transformed into a holding company, handing over the name Sony Corporation to its subsidiary as the electronics company. Sony, with its 55 percent market share in the <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> market, is the largest manufacturer of image sensors, the second largest camera manufacturer, and is among the semiconductor sales leaders.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> It is the world's largest player in the premium TV market for a television of at least 55 inches (140 centimeters) with a price higher than $2,500 as well as second largest TV brand by market share and, as of 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Television#Market_share" title="Television">third largest television manufacturer</a> in the world by annual sales figures.<a href="#cite_note-market-share2-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Although not being a part of any traditional <a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a>, Sony has a weak tie to the <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group">Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group</a> (SMFG), which traces its roots to the <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> This connection dates back to the 1950s when it was the only bank the company dealt with.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[15]</a> Sony is listed on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> (in which it is a constituent of the <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> and <a href="/wiki/TOPIX" title="TOPIX">TOPIX</a> Core30 indeces) with an additional listing in the form of <a href="/wiki/American_depositary_receipts" class="mw-redirect" title="American depositary receipts">American depositary receipts</a> listed in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> (traded since 1961, making it one of the oldest Japanese company to be listed on an American exchange),<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[15]</a> and was ranked 88th on the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> list.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> In 2023, the company was ranked 57th in the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Forbes Global 2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History of Sony</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokyo_Tsushin_Kogyo">Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg/220px-Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg/330px-Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg/440px-Sony-1945-rice-cooker-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Sony's first product was an electric rice cooker in the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Sony began in the wake of World War II. In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> started an electronics shop in Shirokiya,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> a department store building in the <a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihonbashi</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. The company started with a capital of ¥190,000<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> and a total of eight employees.<a href="#cite_note-Nobuo-23">[21]</a> On 7 May 1946, Ibuka was joined by <a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> to establish a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (東京通信工業, Tōkyō Tsūshin Kōgyō, Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation).<a href="#cite_note-History-24">[22]</a> The company built Japan's first <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorder</a>, called the Type-G.<a href="#cite_note-History-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> In 1958, the company changed its name to "Sony".<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3></div> Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo founders Morita and Ibuka realized that to achieve success and grow, their business had to expand to the global market, which required labeling their products with a short and easy <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> name.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> While looking for a romanized name, they at first strongly considered using their initials, TTK. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company <a href="/wiki/Tokyu_Corporation" title="Tokyu Corporation">Tokyo Kyuko</a> was known as TTK.<a href="#cite_note-History-24">[22]</a> The company occasionally used the syllabic acronym "Totsuko" in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was "Tokyo Teletech" until <a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The name "Sony" was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words: one was the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sonus" class="extiw" title="wikt:sonus">sonus</a>", which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sonny" class="extiw" title="wikt:sonny">sonny</a>", a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a young boy.<a href="#cite_note-SonyHistory-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> In 1950s Japan, "sonny boys" was a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a> in Japanese, which connoted smart and presentable young men, which <a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> considered themselves to be.<a href="#cite_note-SonyHistory-29">[27]</a> The first Sony-branded product, the <a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a> <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor radio</a>, appeared in 1955, but the company name did not change to Sony until January 1958.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> At the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Roman letters</a> to spell its name instead of writing it in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>. The move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time, <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a>, had strong feelings about the name. They pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's chairman gave their approval.<a href="#cite_note-History-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3></div> According to Schiffer, Sony's TR-63 radio "cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics."<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> By the mid-1950s, American teens had begun buying portable transistor radios in huge numbers, helping to propel the fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units in 1955 to 5 million units by the end of 1968.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Sony co-founder Akio Morita founded Sony Corporation of America in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Nobuo-23">[21]</a> In the process, he was struck by the mobility of employees between American companies, which was unheard of in Japan at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Nobuo-23">[21]</a> When he returned to Japan, he encouraged experienced, middle-aged employees of other companies to reevaluate their careers and consider joining Sony.<a href="#cite_note-Nobuo-23">[21]</a> The company filled many positions in this manner, and inspired other Japanese companies to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-Nobuo-23">[21]</a> Moreover, Sony played a major role in the development of Japan as a powerful exporter during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-Christian-34">[32]</a> supplying the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Military</a> with bomb parts used in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> It also helped to significantly improve American perceptions of "made in Japan" products.<a href="#cite_note-Lohr-36">[34]</a> Known for its production quality, Sony was able to charge above-market prices for its consumer electronics and resisted lowering prices.<a href="#cite_note-Lohr-36">[34]</a> In 1971, Masaru Ibuka handed the position of president over to his co-founder Akio Morita. Sony began <a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">a life insurance company</a> in 1979, one of its many peripheral businesses. Amid a global recession in the early 1980s, electronics sales dropped and the company was forced to cut prices.<a href="#cite_note-Lohr-36">[34]</a> Sony's profits fell sharply. "It's over for Sony", one analyst concluded. "The company's best days are behind it."<a href="#cite_note-Lohr-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_(TR-6,_TR-63_%26_TR-72)_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper,_July_26,_1957_(46264879332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_%28TR-6%2C_TR-63_%26_TR-72%29_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper%2C_July_26%2C_1957_%2846264879332%29.jpg/220px-Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_%28TR-6%2C_TR-63_%26_TR-72%29_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper%2C_July_26%2C_1957_%2846264879332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_%28TR-6%2C_TR-63_%26_TR-72%29_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper%2C_July_26%2C_1957_%2846264879332%29.jpg/330px-Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_%28TR-6%2C_TR-63_%26_TR-72%29_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper%2C_July_26%2C_1957_%2846264879332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_%28TR-6%2C_TR-63_%26_TR-72%29_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper%2C_July_26%2C_1957_%2846264879332%29.jpg/440px-Advertising_For_Sony_Transistor_Radios_%28TR-6%2C_TR-63_%26_TR-72%29_In_The_Vancouver_Sun_Newspaper%2C_July_26%2C_1957_%2846264879332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4452" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>Advertising for Sony transistor radios (TR-6, TR-63 & TR-72), 1957</figcaption></figure> Around that time, <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a> took up the role of president. He encouraged the development of the compact disc (CD) in the 1970s and 1980s, and of the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> in the early 1990s. Ohga went on to purchase <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">CBS Records</a> in 1988 and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> in 1989, greatly expanding Sony's media presence. Ohga would succeed Morita as chief executive officer in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Under the vision of co-founder Akio Morita<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> and his successors, the company had aggressively expanded into new businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-34">[32]</a> Part of its motivation for doing so was the pursuit of "convergence", linking film, music and digital electronics via the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-34">[32]</a> This expansion proved unrewarding and unprofitable,<a href="#cite_note-Christian-34">[32]</a> threatening Sony's ability to charge a premium on its products<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> as well as its brand name.<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stringer" title="Howard Stringer">Howard Stringer</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Idei" title="Nobuyuki Idei">Nobuyuki Idei</a> as chief executive officer, marking the first time that a foreigner had run a major Japanese electronics firm. Stringer helped to reinvigorate the company's struggling media businesses, encouraging blockbusters such as <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)" title="Spider-Man (2002 film)">Spider-Man</a> while cutting 9,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-34">[32]</a> He hoped to sell off peripheral business and focus the company again on electronics.<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> Furthermore, he aimed to increase cooperation between business units,<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> which he described as "silos" operating in isolation from one another.<a href="#cite_note-Nakamoto-39">[37]</a> In a bid to provide a unified brand for its global operations, Sony introduced a slogan known as "make.believe" in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio,_Broadcast_Band_Only_(MW),_7_Transistors,_Made_In_Japan,_Circa_1960_(15836828772).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio%2C_Broadcast_Band_Only_%28MW%29%2C_7_Transistors%2C_Made_In_Japan%2C_Circa_1960_%2815836828772%29.jpg/180px-Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio%2C_Broadcast_Band_Only_%28MW%29%2C_7_Transistors%2C_Made_In_Japan%2C_Circa_1960_%2815836828772%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio%2C_Broadcast_Band_Only_%28MW%29%2C_7_Transistors%2C_Made_In_Japan%2C_Circa_1960_%2815836828772%29.jpg/270px-Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio%2C_Broadcast_Band_Only_%28MW%29%2C_7_Transistors%2C_Made_In_Japan%2C_Circa_1960_%2815836828772%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio%2C_Broadcast_Band_Only_%28MW%29%2C_7_Transistors%2C_Made_In_Japan%2C_Circa_1960_%2815836828772%29.jpg/360px-Vintage_Sony_Model_TR-730_Transistor_Radio%2C_Broadcast_Band_Only_%28MW%29%2C_7_Transistors%2C_Made_In_Japan%2C_Circa_1960_%2815836828772%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2801" /></a><figcaption>A Sony TR-730 transistor radio made in Japan, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960</figcaption></figure> Despite some successes, the company faced continued struggles in the mid- to late-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-34">[32]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Hirai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazuo Hirai">Kazuo Hirai</a> was promoted to president and CEO, replacing Stringer. Shortly thereafter, Hirai outlined his company-wide initiative, named "One Sony" to revive Sony from years of financial losses and bureaucratic management structure, which proved difficult for former CEO Stringer to accomplish, partly due to differences in business culture and native languages between Stringer and some of Sony's Japanese divisions and subsidiaries. Hirai outlined three major areas of focus for Sony's electronics business, which include imaging technology, gaming and mobile technology, as well as a focus on reducing the major losses from the television business.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In February 2014, Sony announced the sale of its <a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> PC division to a new corporation owned by investment fund <a href="/wiki/Japan_Industrial_Partners" title="Japan Industrial Partners">Japan Industrial Partners</a> and spinning its TV division into its own corporation as to make it more nimble to turn the unit around from past losses totaling $7.8 billion over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Later that month, they announced that they would be closing 20 stores.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In April, the company announced that they would be selling 9.5 million shares in <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a> (roughly 8.2 percent of the game company's total shares) in a deal worth approximately $48 million.<a href="#cite_note-SQEXsale-43">[41]</a> In May 2014 the company announced it was forming two joint ventures with <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Oriental_Pearl_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Oriental Pearl Group">Shanghai Oriental Pearl Group</a> to manufacture and market Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> game consoles and associated software in China.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> In 2015, Sony purchased Toshiba's image sensor business.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sony_Style.jpg/200px-Sony_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sony_Style.jpg/300px-Sony_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sony_Style.jpg/400px-Sony_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="1325" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sony Style store in Bangkok, Thailand</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG/200px-MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG/300px-MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG/400px-MarkvilleSonyStore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sony Store (after rebranding from Sony Style<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Markville_Shopping_Centre" title="Markville Shopping Centre">Markville Shopping Centre</a>, Canada</div></div></div></div></div> It was reported in December 2016 by multiple news outlets that Sony was considering restructuring its U.S. operations by merging its TV & film business, Sony Pictures Entertainment, with its gaming business, Sony Interactive Entertainment. According to the reports, such a restructuring would have placed Sony Pictures under Sony Interactive's CEO, Andrew House, though House would not have taken over day-to-day operations of the film studio.<a href="#cite_note-tvfilmgaming-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> According to one report, Sony was set to make a final decision on the possibility of the merger of the TV, film, & gaming businesses by the end of its fiscal year in March of the following year (2017).<a href="#cite_note-tvfilmgaming-47">[45]</a> In 2017, Sony sold its <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> business to <a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In 2019, Sony merged its mobile, TV and camera businesses.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> On 1 April 2020, Sony Electronics Corporation was established as an intermediate holding company to own and oversee its electronics and IT solutions businesses. On 19 May 2020, the company announced that it would change its name to Sony Group Corporation as of 1 April 2021. Subsequently, Sony Electronics Corporation would be renamed to Sony Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> On the same day the company announced that it would turn <a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Financial Holdings">Sony Financial Holdings</a> (currently Sony Financial Group), of which Sony already owns 65.06% of shares, to a wholly owned subsidiary through a takeover bid.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> On 1 April 2021, Sony Corporation was renamed Sony Group Corporation. On the same day, Sony Mobile Communications Inc. absorbed Sony Electronics Corporation, Sony Imaging Products & Solutions Inc., and Sony Home Entertainment & Sound Products Inc. and changed its trade name to Sony Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats_and_technologies">Formats and technologies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">List of Sony trademarks</a></div> Sony has historically been notable for creating its own in-house standards for new recording and storage technologies, instead of adopting those of other manufacturers and standards bodies, while its success in the early years owes to a smooth capitalization on the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> standard introduced by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> with which Sony went on to enjoy a decades-long technological relationship in various areas. Sony (either alone or with partners) has introduced several of the most popular recording formats, including the 3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> disc.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_recording">Video recording</h3></div> Sony introduced <a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">videocassette</a> format, in 1971, but the standard was unpopular for domestic use due to the high price.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> The company subsequently launched the <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> format in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Sony was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Videotape_format_war" title="Videotape format war">videotape format war</a> of the early 1980s, when they were marketing the <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> system for video cassette recorders against the <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> format developed by <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-62">[60]</a> In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-62">[60]</a> Betamax is, for all practical purposes, an obsolete format. Sony's professional-oriented <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</a> format called <a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a>, which was derived from Betamax, was used until 2016 when Sony announced it was stopping production of all remaining 1/2-inch video tape recorders and players, including the Digital Betacam format.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> In 1985, Sony launched their <a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a> products and the <a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8 format</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Video8 and the follow-on hi-band <a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Hi8</a> format became popular in the consumer camcorder market. In 1987 Sony launched the 4 mm DAT or <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> as a new digital audio tape standard.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_display">Visual display</h3></div> Sony held a patent for its proprietary <a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> until 1996. Sony introduced the Triluminos Display, the company's proprietary color reproduction enhancing technology, in 2004, featured in the world's first <a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD" title="LED-backlit LCD">LED-backlit LCD</a> televisions.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> It was widely used in other Sony's products as well, including computer monitors, laptops, and smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In 2013, Sony released a new line of televisions with an improved version of the technology, which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a> in the backlight system. It was the first commercial use of quantum dots.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In 2012, the company revealed a prototype of an ultrafine RGB <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> display, which it calls the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_LED" title="Crystal LED">Crystal LED</a> Display.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_recording">Audio recording</h3></div> Sony used the Compact Cassette format in many of its tape recorders and players, including the <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, the world's first portable music player.<a href="#cite_note-:5-71">[69]</a> Sony introduced the <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> format in 1992 as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> DCC or <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> and as a successor to the Compact Cassette.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Since the introduction of MiniDisc, Sony has attempted to promote its own audio compression technologies under the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a> brand, against the more widely used MP3. Until late 2004, Sony's <a href="/wiki/Walkman#Network_Walkman" title="Walkman">Network Walkman</a> line of digital portable music players did not support the MP3 standard natively. In 2004, Sony built upon the <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> format by releasing <a href="/wiki/HiMD" class="mw-redirect" title="HiMD">Hi-MD</a>. Hi-MD allows the playback and recording of audio on newly introduced 1 GB Hi-MD discs in addition to playback and recording on regular MiniDiscs. In addition to saving audio on the discs, Hi-MD allows the storage of computer files such as documents, videos and photos. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_encoding">Audio encoding</h3></div> In 1993, Sony challenged the industry standard <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> 5.1 surround sound format with a newer and more advanced proprietary motion picture digital audio format called <a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound).<a href="#cite_note-:3-73">[71]</a> This format employed eight channels (7.1) of audio opposed to just six used in Dolby Digital 5.1 at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-73">[71]</a> Ultimately, SDDS has been vastly overshadowed by the preferred DTS (<a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">Digital Theatre System</a>) and Dolby Digital standards in the motion picture industry. SDDS was solely developed for use in the theatre circuit; Sony never intended to develop a home theatre version of SDDS.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Sony and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> jointly developed the Sony-Philips digital interface format (<a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a>) and the high-fidelity audio system <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>. The latter became entrenched in a format war with <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>. Still, neither gained a major foothold with the general public. CDs had been preferred by consumers because of the ubiquitous presence of CD drives in consumer devices until the early 2000s when the iPod and streaming services became available.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In 2015, Sony introduced <a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio coding</a> technology which allows streaming <a href="/wiki/High-resolution_audio" title="High-resolution audio">high-resolution audio</a> over <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> connections at up to 990 kbit/s at 32 bit/96 kHz. Sony also contributed it as part of the <a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> starting from <a href="/wiki/Android_8.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Android 8.0">Android 8.0</a> "<a href="/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_8.0_Oreo_(API_26)" title="Android version history">Oreo</a>", enabling every OEM to integrate this standard into their own Android devices freely. However the decoder library is <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>, so receiving devices require licenses. On 17 September 2019, the Japan Audio Society (JAS) certified LDAC with their Hi-Res Audio Wireless certification. Currently the only codecs with the Hi-Res Audio Wireless certification are LDAC and <a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a>, another competing standard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_storage">Optical storage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BD-RE_200GB_front_side_20080119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_BD-RE_200GB_front_side_20080119.jpg/220px-Sony_BD-RE_200GB_front_side_20080119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Sony_BD-RE_200GB_front_side_20080119.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Front side of a Sony 200GB Blu-ray disc</figcaption></figure> Sony demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in 1977 and soon joined hands with Philips, another major contender for the storage technology, to establish a worldwide standard.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In 1983, the two company jointly announced the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact Disc</a> (CD). In 1984, Sony launched the <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a> series, an expansion of the Walkman brand to portable CD players. Sony began to improve performance and capacity of the novel format. It launched write-once <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> (WO) and <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">magneto-optical discs</a> which were around 125MB size for the specific use of archival data storage, in 1986 and 1988 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In the early 1990s, two high-density optical storage standards were being developed: one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density Disc (SD), supported by <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and many others. Philips and Sony abandoned their MMCD format and agreed upon Toshiba's SD format with only one modification. The unified disc format was called <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and was introduced in 1997. Sony was one of the leading developers of the <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> optical disc format, the newest standard for disc-based content delivery. The first Blu-ray players became commercially available in 2006. The format emerged as the standard for HD media over the competing format, Toshiba's <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, after a two-year-long <a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">high-definition optical disc format war</a>. Sony's <a href="/wiki/Laser_communication_in_space" title="Laser communication in space">laser communication</a> devices for <a href="/wiki/Small_satellite" title="Small satellite">small satellites</a> rely on the technologies developed for the company's optical disc products.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disk_storage">Disk storage</h3></div> In 1983, Sony introduced 90 mm micro diskettes, better known as 3.5-inch (89 mm) <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a>, which it had developed at a time when there were 4" floppy disks, and many variations from different companies, to replace the then on-going 5.25" floppy disks. Sony had great success and the format became dominant. 3.5" floppy disks gradually became obsolete as they were replaced by current media formats. Sony held more than a 70 percent share of the market when it decided to pull the plug on the format in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Sony still develops <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">magnetic tape</a> storage technologies along with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> and are one of only two manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a> (LTO) cartridges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flash_memory">Flash memory</h3></div> In 1998, Sony launched the <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a> format, the <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> cards for use in Sony lines of digital cameras and portable music players. It has seen little support outside of Sony's own products, with <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital card">Secure Digital cards</a> (SD) commanding considerably greater popularity. Sony has made updates to the Memory Stick format with <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick#Memory_Stick_Duo_and_PRO_Duo" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick Duo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick_Micro" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory Stick Micro">Memory Stick Micro</a>. The company has also released <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> products, branded under the Micro Vault line.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> Sony introduced <a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a>, a contactless IC card technology primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless payment</a>, as a result of the company's joint development and commercialization of <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">Near-Field Communication</a> (NFC) with Philips. The standard is largely offered in two forms, either chips embedded in smartphones or plastic cards with chips embedded in them. Sony plans to implement this technology in train systems across Asia.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In 2019, Sony launched the ELTRES, the company's proprietary low-power wide-area wireless communication (<a href="/wiki/LPWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPWAN">LPWAN</a>) standard.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_gaming">Video gaming</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg/220px-Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg/330px-Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg/440px-Sony-playstation_prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>The sole remaining prototype of Sony's original "PlayStation", a <a href="/wiki/Super_NES" class="mw-redirect" title="Super NES">Super NES</a> with a built-in <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive</figcaption></figure> Until 1991, Sony had little direct involvement with the video game industry. The company supplied components for other consoles, such as the sound chip for the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Famicom</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, and operated a video game studio, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Imagesoft" title="Sony Imagesoft">Sony Imagesoft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> As part of a joint project between Nintendo and Sony that began as early as 1988, the two companies worked to create a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> version of the Super Famicom,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> though Nintendo denied the existence of the Sony deal as late as March 1991.<a href="#cite_note-cgw199106-88">[86]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> in June 1991, Sony revealed a Super Famicom with a built-in CD-ROM drive, named the "Play Station" (also known as <a href="/wiki/SNES-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES-CD">SNES-CD</a>). However, a day after the announcement at CES, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony, opting to go with <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> instead but using the same technology.<a href="#cite_note-History2-89">[87]</a> The deal was broken by Nintendo after they were unable to come to an agreement on how revenue would be split between the two companies.<a href="#cite_note-History2-89">[87]</a> The breaking of the partnership infuriated Sony President <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a>, who responded by appointing Kutaragi with the responsibility of developing the PlayStation project to rival Nintendo.<a href="#cite_note-History2-89">[87]</a> At that time, negotiations were still on-going between Nintendo and Sony, with Nintendo offering Sony a "non-gaming role" regarding their new partnership with Philips. This proposal was swiftly rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony. Negotiations officially ended in May 1992 and in order to decide the fate of the PlayStation project, a meeting was held in June 1992, consisting of Sony President Ohga, PlayStation Head Kutaragi and several senior members of Sony's board. At the meeting, Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD-ROM-based system he had been working on which involved playing video games with 3D graphics to the board. Eventually, Sony President Ohga decided to retain the project after being reminded by Kutaragi of the humiliation he suffered from Nintendo. Nevertheless, due to strong opposition from a majority present at the meeting as well as widespread internal opposition to the project by the older generation of Sony executives, Kutaragi and his team had to be shifted from Sony's headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a>, a completely separate financial entity owned by Sony, so as to retain the project and maintain relationships with Philips for the MMCD development project (which helped lead to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_research_and_development">Continued research and development</h3></div> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a>'s annual review of the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a> report ranked Sony's as ninth in the world for the number of patent applications published under the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">PCT System</a>. 1,793 patent applications were published by Sony during 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:7-90">[88]</a> This position is up from their previous ranking as 13th in 2019 with 1,566 applications.<a href="#cite_note-wipo-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_units">Business units</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">List of assets owned by Sony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg/220px-Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg/330px-Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg/440px-Sony_store_Westfield_Riccarton_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Sony at <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Riccarton" title="Westfield Riccarton">Westfield Riccarton</a> shopping centre in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> Best known for its electronic products, Sony offers a wide variety of product lines in many areas. At its peak, it was dubbed as a "corporate octopus", for its sprawling ventures from private insurance to chemicals to cosmetics to home shopping to a Tokyo-based French food joint, in addition its core businesses such as electronics and entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> Even after it has unwound many business units including <a href="/wiki/Sony_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Chemicals">Sony Chemicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> PC, Sony still runs diverse businesses. As of 2020, Sony is organized into the following business segments: Game & Network Services (G&NS), Music, Pictures, Electronics Products & Solutions (EP&S), Imaging & Sensing Solutions (I&SS), Financial Services, and Others.<a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[90]</a> Usually, each business segment has a handful of corresponding intermediate holding companies under which all the related businesses are folded into, such as <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> being part of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a>, a subsidiary and, at the same time, a holding company for Sony's music businesses, along with <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">SMEJ</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_products_&_solutions">Electronics products & solutions</h3></div> Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics Corporation until 1 April 2021<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a>) is the electronics business unit of the Sony Group. It primarily conducts research and development (R&D), planning, designing, manufacturing and marketing for electronics products. Sony Global Manufacturing & Operations Corporation (SGMO) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation and responsible for managing manufacturing operations both in Japan and overseas, through its own factories as well as <a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing_services" title="Electronics manufacturing services">third party contract manufacturers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio">Audio</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Walkman_1979_(31011124386).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/First_Walkman_1979_%2831011124386%29.jpg/220px-First_Walkman_1979_%2831011124386%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/First_Walkman_1979_%2831011124386%29.jpg/330px-First_Walkman_1979_%2831011124386%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/First_Walkman_1979_%2831011124386%29.jpg/440px-First_Walkman_1979_%2831011124386%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>First Sony Walkman TPS-L2 from 1979 (expo in <a href="/wiki/Sony_Building_(Tokyo)" title="Sony Building (Tokyo)">Sony Building at Ginza, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo</a>)</figcaption></figure> In 1979, Sony released the world's first portable music player, the <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, bundled with the MDL-3L2 <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>. This line fostered a fundamental change in music listening habits by allowing people to carry music with them and listen to music through lightweight headphones.<a href="#cite_note-:5-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Originally used to refer to portable audio <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">cassette</a> players, the Walkman brand has been widely adopted by the company to encompass its portable digital audio and video players as well as a line of former <a href="/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony Ericsson</a> mobile phones. In the case of optical disc players, the <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a> brand was used until the late 1990s. In 1999 Sony's first portable digital audio players were introduced; one was a player using <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a> flash storage created by the Walkman division, and the other was a smaller pen-sized player with embedded flash storage created by the <a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> division; both accompanied with Sony's <a href="/wiki/OpenMG" title="OpenMG">OpenMG</a> copyright protection technology and PC software for music transfer.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Sony continue to develop Walkman <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio players</a>. Sony is a major audio products manufacturer and one of the <a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">active noise control</a> technology leaders.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Sony's high-end microphones and headphones for professional use are produced at Sony/Taiyo Corporation, a designated special subsidiary at which 67% of employees have a disability, in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture" title="Ōita Prefecture">Ōita Prefecture</a>, Japan.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video">Video</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg/220px-Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg/330px-Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg/440px-Trinitron_KV-1320UB_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Sony KV-1320UB Trinitron from 1969</figcaption></figure> Sony produced the <a href="/wiki/TV8-301" class="mw-redirect" title="TV8-301">TV8-301</a>, the world's first all-<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> television, in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> In 1968, the company introduced the <a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> brand name for its lines of <a href="/wiki/Aperture_grille" title="Aperture grille">aperture grille</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> televisions and afterwards <a href="/wiki/Visual_display_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual display unit">computer monitors</a>. Sony stopped production of Trinitron for most markets, but continued producing sets for markets such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and China. Sony discontinued its series of Trinitron computer monitors in 2005. The company discontinued the last Trinitron-based television set in the U.S. in early 2007. The end of Trinitron marked the end of Sony's analog television sets and monitors. Sony used the LCD <a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a> name for its <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> TVs until summer 2005. The company then introduced the <a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">BRAVIA</a> name. BRAVIA is an in-house brand owned by Sony which produces high-definition LCD televisions, projection TVs and front projectors, home cinemas and the BRAVIA home theatre range. All Sony high-definition flat-panel LCD televisions in North America have carried the logo for BRAVIA since 2005. In 2006, Sony lost its decades-long No.1 market share in the global television market. In November 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_XEL-1" title="Sony XEL-1">Sony XEL-1</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> television, was released and manufactured for two years. Later in 2013, Sony demonstrated the first 4K OLED television.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> As of 2012, Sony was the third-largest maker of televisions in the world and the business unit had been unprofitable for eight consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-Discounts-103">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Bravia_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sony_Bravia_logo.svg/220px-Sony_Bravia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sony_Bravia_logo.svg/330px-Sony_Bravia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sony_Bravia_logo.svg/440px-Sony_Bravia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="28" /></a><figcaption>The logo of <a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a> television. Its backronym is "Best Resolution Audio Visual Integrated Architecture".</figcaption></figure> From 2011, Sony started restructuring of its loss-making television business, mainly by downsizing business units and outsourcing the manufacturing of display panels to the companies like <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Display" title="LG Display">LG Display</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In December 2011, Sony agreed to sell all stake in an LCD joint venture with Samsung Electronics (<a href="/wiki/S-LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="S-LCD">S-LCD</a>) for about $940 million.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> On 28 March 2012, Sony and Sharp announced that they have agreed to further amend the joint venture agreement originally executed by the parties in July 2009, as amended in April 2011, for the establishment and operation of Sharp Display Products Corporation ("SDP"), a joint venture to produce and sell large-sized LCD panels and modules.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The agreement was eventually terminated as Sony parted ways.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Sony's <a href="/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Display" title="Sony Mobile Display">small-sized LCD business subsidiary</a> and medium-to-large-sized OLED display business unit were spun off and became part of <a href="/wiki/Japan_Display" title="Japan Display">Japan Display</a> and <a href="/wiki/JOLED" title="JOLED">JOLED</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In 2017, Sony launched OLED televisions under the BRAVIA brand.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Also, Sony has sold a range of tapes, discs, recorders and players for <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videocassette</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> formats for decades. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photography_and_videography">Photography and videography</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG/188px-Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG/282px-Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG/376px-Sony_CyberShot_HX60_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Sony <a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a> digital camera</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg/188px-Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg/282px-Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg/376px-Sony_Alpha_ILCA-99M2_front-left_2017_CP%2B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digital <a href="/wiki/Sony_SLT_camera" title="Sony SLT camera">Sony SLT camera</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%9199_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Α99 II">α99 II</a></div></div></div></div></div> Sony offers a wide range of digital cameras. Its point-and-shoot models are branded <a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">DSLRs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">mirrorless</a> models are branded <a href="/wiki/Sony_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Alpha">Alpha</a>, though Sony no longer makes <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">DSLRs</a>. It also produces <a href="/wiki/Sony_Action_Cam" title="Sony Action Cam">action cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_camcorders" title="Sony camcorders">camcorders</a>, with the company's <a href="/wiki/Digital_movie_camera" title="Digital movie camera">cinema-grade</a> products being sold under the <a href="/wiki/CineAlta" title="CineAlta">CineAlta</a> name. Sony demonstrated a prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Sony Mavica</a> in 1981 and released it for the consumer market in 1988. The first Cyber-shot was introduced in 1996. Sony's market share of the digital camera market fell from a high of 20% to 9% by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nakamoto-39">[37]</a> Sony entered the market for <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">digital single-lens reflex cameras</a> in 2006 when it acquired the camera business of <a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a>. Sony rebranded the company's line of cameras as its <a href="/wiki/Sony_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Alpha">Alpha</a> line. Sony is the world's third largest manufacturer of the cameras, behind <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> respectively. In 2010, Sony introduced their first <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera">mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras</a>, which were the <a href="/wiki/NEX-3" class="mw-redirect" title="NEX-3">NEX-3</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEX-5" title="Sony NEX-5">NEX-5</a>. They also started a new lens mount system, which was the <a href="/wiki/Sony_E-mount" title="Sony E-mount">E-mount.</a> There were quite a few NEX models out there, when Sony decided to melt the NEX series into the Alpha series. The first Alpha MILC was the <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B13000" title="Sony α3000">α3000</a>, which was introduced in August 2013. It was followed by the Full-Frame <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B17" title="Sony α7">α7</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CE%917R" class="mw-redirect" title="Α7R">α7R</a> in October, then the successors of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEX-5" title="Sony NEX-5">NEX-5</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEX-6" title="Sony NEX-6">NEX-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEX-7" title="Sony NEX-7">NEX-7</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B15000" title="Sony α5000">α5000</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B16000" title="Sony α6000">α6000</a> in 2014. The α6000 became the most popular <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera">MILC</a> ever and Sony became the largest MILC manufacturer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computing">Computing</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg/220px-SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg/330px-SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg/440px-SONY_VAIO_VPCZ119FJ-S_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Notebook <a href="/wiki/Sony_Vaio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Vaio">Sony Vaio</a>. Sony axed its loss-making PC business in 2014.</figcaption></figure> Sony produced computers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SMC-777&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMC-777 (page does not exist)">SMC-777</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC-777" class="extiw" title="jp:SMC-777">jp</a>] personal computer, <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>) during the 1980s. The company withdrew from the computer business around 1990. Sony entered again into the global computer market under the new <a href="/wiki/VAIO" class="mw-redirect" title="VAIO">VAIO</a> brand, began in 1996. Short for "Video Audio Integrated Operation", the line was the first computer brand to highlight visual-audio features.<a href="#cite_note-Nakamoto-39">[37]</a> Sony faced considerable controversy when some of its laptop batteries exploded and caught fire in 2006, resulting in the largest computer-related recall to that point in history.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> In a bid to join the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a> market, the company launched its <a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a> line of <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> tablets in 2011. Since 2012, Sony's Android products have been marketed under the <a href="/wiki/Xperia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xperia">Xperia</a> brand used for its smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> On 4 February 2014, Sony announced that it would sell its VAIO PC business due to poor sales<a href="#cite_note-Sony_VAIO_divestment-115">[113]</a> and Japanese company Japan Industrial Partners (JIP) will purchase the VAIO brand, with the deal finalized by the end of March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> As of 2018, Sony maintained a 5% stake in the new, independent company. In 1990s, Sony was contracted to manufacture laptop computers for Apple and Dell.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation" title="Raspberry Pi Foundation">Raspberry Pi Foundation</a> delegates the manufacture of its <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computers</a> to Sony. Most <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> computers are made at Sony UK Technology Centre in <a href="/wiki/Pencoed" title="Pencoed">Pencoed</a>, Wales, UK.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healthcare_and_biotechnology">Healthcare and biotechnology</h4></div> Sony has targeted medical, healthcare and biotechnology business as a growth sector in the future. The company acquired iCyt Mission Technology, Inc. (renamed Sony Biotechnology Inc. in 2012), a manufacturer of flow cytometers, in 2010 and Micronics, Inc., a developer of microfluidics-based diagnostic tools, in 2011. In 2012, Sony announced that it would acquire all shares of <a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">So-net</a> Entertainment Corporation, the largest shareholder of M3, Inc., an operator of portal sites (m3.com, MR-kun, MDLinx and MEDI:GATE) for healthcare professionals. On 28 September 2012, <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture to develop new surgical endoscopes with <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> (or higher) and 3D capability.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Sony Olympus Medical Solutions Inc. (Sony 51%, Olympus 49%) was established on 16 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-sony-olympus-medical-123">[121]</a> On 28 February 2014, Sony, M3 and <a href="/wiki/Illumina_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumina (company)">Illumina</a> established a joint venture called P5, Inc. to provide a genome analysis service for research institutions and enterprises in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-P5-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobility">Mobility</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xperia_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Xperia_Logo.svg/220px-Xperia_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Xperia_Logo.svg/330px-Xperia_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Xperia_Logo.svg/440px-Xperia_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a>, the product device name for a range of smartphones from Sony</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg/94px-Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg/141px-Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg/188px-Telefon_kom%C3%B3rkowy_SONY_CMD-CD5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A historical Sony CMD-CD5 mobile phone</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Xperia_Z_(12480502603).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sony_Xperia_Z_%2812480502603%29.jpg/190px-Sony_Xperia_Z_%2812480502603%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sony_Xperia_Z_%2812480502603%29.jpg/285px-Sony_Xperia_Z_%2812480502603%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sony_Xperia_Z_%2812480502603%29.jpg/380px-Sony_Xperia_Z_%2812480502603%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z" title="Sony Xperia Z">Sony Xperia Z</a>, introduced and released in 2013. The first <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> with a <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">Full HD</a> display.</div></div></div></div></div> In 2000, Sony was a marginal player in the mobile phone market with a share of less than 1 percent. In 2001, Sony entered into a joint venture with Swedish telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>, forming Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications.<a href="#cite_note-Sony_Ericsson_press_release-125">[123]</a> Initial sales were rocky, and the company posted losses in 2001 and 2002. However, Sony Ericsson reached a profit in 2003. The company distinguished itself with multimedia-capable mobile phones, which included features such as cameras. These were unusual at the time. Despite their innovations, Sony Ericsson faced intense competition from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, which was released in 2007. From 2008 to 2010, amid a global recession, Sony Ericsson slashed its workforce by several thousand. In 2009, Sony Ericsson was the fourth-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world (after <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a>).<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> By 2010, its market share had fallen to sixth place.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Sony acquired Ericsson's share of the venture in 2012 for over US$1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Sony_Ericsson_press_release-125">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sony_Mobile" title="Sony Mobile">Sony Mobile</a> focuses exclusively on the smartphone market under the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a> brand. In 2013, Sony contributed to around two percent of the mobile phone market with 37 million mobile phones sold.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Sony Mobile's sales reached a peak in 2014 with 40 million handsets, the volume has since decreased. Sony shipped 13.5 million phones in 2017, 6.5 million in 2018, and 2.9 million handsets in FY 2020.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robotics">Robotics</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png/150px-Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png/225px-Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png/300px-Sony_Qrio_Robot_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/QRIO" title="QRIO">Sony QRIO</a>, a humanoid robot</figcaption></figure> Since the late 1990s, Sony has released numerous consumer robots, including dog-shaped robots called <a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a>, a music playing robot called <a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> robot called <a href="/wiki/QRIO" title="QRIO">QRIO</a>. Despite being a pioneer in the field, Sony had ceased robotics-related operations for 10 years due to financial difficulties, until it decided to revive them in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> In 2015, Sony partnered with an autonomous driving startup <a href="/wiki/ZMP_INC." title="ZMP INC.">ZMP INC.</a> to establish an aerial surveillance and reconnaissance <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> manufacturer named Aerosense.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> At the CES 2021, Sony unveiled a <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> with the brand Airpeak, the smallest of its kind that can incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">Sony Alpha</a> camera according to the company, entering the drone business on its own for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging_&_sensing_solutions">Imaging & sensing solutions</h3></div> Sony traces its roots in the semiconductor business back to 1954, when it became the first Japanese company to commercialize the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, invented and licensed by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, whilst some of the biggest and well-established names in Japan at the time like <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a> initially stuck with <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> they had been thriving on; despite being an expert on the vacuum tube himself, Ibuka saw potential of the novel technology and had Morita negotiate the terms for licensing, making Sony into one of the earliest and the youngest licensees of the transistor, together with <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In 1957, Sony employee <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> and his colleagues invented a <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">tunnel diode</a> (usually referred to as Esaki diode) by which they discovered the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunneling</a> effect in solids, for which Esaki received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel prize in Physics</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Sony has commanded a dominant share in the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> market.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> As of 2020, Sony is the world's largest manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/CMOS_image_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS image sensor">CMOS image sensors</a> as its chips are widely used in digital cameras, tablet computers, smartphones, drones and more recently, self-driving systems in automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> As of 2020, the company, through its chip business arm Sony Semiconductor Solutions, designs, manufactures, and sells a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> and electronic components, including image sensors (<a href="/wiki/HAD_CCD" title="HAD CCD">HAD CCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a>), image processors (<a href="/wiki/BIONZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BIONZ">BIONZ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a>, system LSIs, mixed-signal LSIs, emerging <a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">memory storage</a>, emerging displays (<a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a>, microOLED, and <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">holographic display</a>), multi-functional <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> (SPRESENSE), etc.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In 2020, Sony has launched the first <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_vision_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent vision sensor">intelligent vision sensors</a> with <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge computing</a> capabilies.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_&_network_services">Game & network services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg/220px-Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg/330px-Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg/440px-Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_San_Mateo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption>Sony Interactive Entertainment headquarters in <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_California" title="San Mateo, California">San Mateo, California</a> </figcaption></figure> Sony Interactive Entertainment (formerly Sony Computer Entertainment) is best known for producing the popular line of <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> consoles. The line grew out of a failed partnership with <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>. Originally, Nintendo requested Sony to develop an add-on for its <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> that would play CD-ROMs. In 1991 Sony announced <a href="/wiki/SNES-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES-CD">the add-on</a>, as well as a dedicated console known as the "Play Station". However, a disagreement over software licensing for the console caused the partnership to fall through. Sony then continued the project independently. Launched in 1994, the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">first PlayStation</a> gained 61% of global console sales and broke Nintendo's long-standing lead in the market.<a href="#cite_note-Quest-141">[139]</a> Sony followed up with the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> in 2000, which was even more successful. The console has become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles" title="List of best-selling game consoles">most successful</a> of all time, selling over 150 million units as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony&action=edit">[update]</a>. Sony released the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, a high-definition console, in 2006. It was the first console to use the <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> format, and was considerably more expensive than the competitors <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell processor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nakamoto-39">[37]</a> Early on, poor sales performance resulted in significant losses for the company, pushing it to sell the console at a <a href="/wiki/Loss_leader" title="Loss leader">loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pilling-142">[140]</a> The PlayStation 3 sold generally more poorly than its competitors in the early years of its release but managed to overtake the Xbox 360 in global sales later on.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> It later introduced the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a>, an accessory that allows players to control video games using motion gestures. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/170px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/255px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/340px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles" title="List of best-selling game consoles">best-selling</a> video game console of all time.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png/114px-Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png/171px-Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png/228px-Black_and_white_Playstation_5_base_edition_with_controller.png 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="3515" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> is the current-generation video game console by Sony.</div></div></div></div></div> Sony extended the brand to the portable games market in 2004 with the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> (PSP). The console has sold reasonably, but has taken a second place to a rival handheld, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>. Sony developed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a> (UMD) optical disc medium for use on the PlayStation Portable. Early on, the format was used for movies, but it has since lost major studio support. Sony released a disc-less version of its PlayStation Portable, the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable#PSP_Go_(N1000)" title="PlayStation Portable">PSP Go</a>, in 2009. The company went on to release its second portable video game system, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita" title="PlayStation Vita">PlayStation Vita</a>, in 2011 and 2012. Sony launched its fourth console, the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>, on 15 November 2013, which as of 31 December 2017 has sold 73.6 million units globally.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> On 18 March 2014, at <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">GDC</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/SCE_Worldwide_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="SCE Worldwide Studios">SCE Worldwide Studios</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuhei_Yoshida" title="Shuhei Yoshida">Shuhei Yoshida</a> announced their new virtual reality technology dubbed Project Morpheus, and later named <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a>, for PlayStation 4. The headset brought VR gaming and non-gaming software to the company's console. According to a report released by Houston-based patent consulting firm <a href="/wiki/LexInnova_Technologies" title="LexInnova Technologies">LexInnova</a> in May 2015, Sony is leading the virtual reality patent race. According to the firm's analysis of nearly 12,000 patents or patent applications, Sony has 366 virtual reality patents or patent applications.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> PlayStation VR was released worldwide on 13 October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> On 31 March 2019, the successor to the PlayStation 4 was announced and on 12 November 2020, the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> was released in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. The console was launched in Indonesia on 22 January 2021. Upon completion of the fiscal quarter, Sony sold 4.5 million PlayStation 5 consoles, keeping pace with the best-selling console of all time, the PlayStation 2.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictures_and_music">Pictures and music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> has two divisions: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures Entertainment</a>, Sony Music Group (<a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a>). <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony USA</a> previously owned and operated Sony Trans Com: a technology business that provided in-flight entertainment programming as well as video and audio playback equipment for the airline industry. Sony had purchased the business from Sundstrand Corp. in 1989 and subsequently sold it to <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Collins" title="Rockwell Collins">Rockwell Collins</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> In 2012, Sony rolled most of its consumer content services (including video, music and gaming) into the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sony_Pictures_Entertainment">Sony Pictures Entertainment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan">Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Networks_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures Networks India">Sony Pictures Networks India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg/220px-Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg/330px-Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg/440px-Sony_Pictures_Studios_Motor_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5046" data-file-height="3314" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures Entertainment">Sony Pictures Entertainment</a> studio lot in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California</figcaption></figure> Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. (SPE) is the television and film production/distribution unit of Sony. With 12.5% box office market share in 2011, the company was ranked third among movie studios.<a href="#cite_note-BOM-150">[148]</a> Its group sales in 2010 were US$7.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2010-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Profile-152">[150]</a> The company has produced many notable movie franchises, including <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_in_film" title="Spider-Man in film">Spider-Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid,_Part_III" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karate Kid, Part III">The Karate Kid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(film_series)" title="Men in Black (film series)">Men in Black</a>. It has also produced the popular television game shows <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)">Wheel of Fortune</a>. Sony entered the television and film production market when it acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment in 1989 for $3.4 billion. Columbia lives on in the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Motion_Picture_Group" title="Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group">Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group</a>, a division of SPE which in turn owns <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/TriStar_Pictures" title="TriStar Pictures">TriStar Pictures</a> among other film production and distribution companies such as <a href="/wiki/Screen_Gems" title="Screen Gems">Screen Gems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics" title="Sony Pictures Classics">Sony Pictures Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment" title="Sony Pictures Home Entertainment">Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</a>. SPE's television division is known as <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television" title="Sony Pictures Television">Sony Pictures Television</a>. For the first several years of its existence, Sony Pictures Entertainment performed poorly, leading many to suspect the company would sell off the division.<a href="#cite_note-Bates-153">[151]</a> In 2006, Sony started using <a href="/wiki/ARccOS_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="ARccOS Protection">ARccOS Protection</a> on some of their film DVDs, but later issued a recall.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> In late 2014, Sony Pictures <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures hack">became the target of a hack attack</a> from a clandestine group called Guardians of Peace, weeks before releasing the anti-North Korean <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy film</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Interview" title="The Interview">The Interview</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> In February 2024, Sony entered into an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> under which <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment" title="Sony Pictures Home Entertainment">Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</a> Corporation of Japan will handle the release of Disney products on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> on a licensing model, as well as production on physical media. Sony will market, sell and distribute new Disney releases and catalog films on DVD, Blu-ray and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">4K Ultra DVD</a> through Canadian and U.S. retailers and distributors.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sony_Music_Group_and_SMEJ">Sony Music Group and SMEJ</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg/170px-Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg/255px-Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg/340px-Met_Life_North_Building_from_West_25th_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, United States">New York City, United States</a></figcaption></figure> Sony Music Entertainment (also known as SME or Sony Music) is the largest global <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">recorded music company</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Consolidation" title="Music industry">"big three" record companies</a> and is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a>, the United States subsidiary of Sony. In one of its largest-ever acquisitions, Sony purchased <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">CBS Record Group</a> in 1988 for US$2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-UPI_Archives-157">[155]</a> In the process, Sony partnered and gained the rights to the ATV catalogue of Michael Jackson, considered by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> to be the most successful entertainer of all time. The acquisition of CBS Records provided the foundation for the formation of Sony Music Entertainment, which Sony established in 1991. In 1968, Sony and CBS Records had formed a 50:50 joint-venture CBS/Sony Records, later renamed CBS/Sony Group, in Japan. When CBS Records was acquired, a 50% stake in CBS/Sony Group owned by CBS was also transferred to Sony. In March 1988, four wholly owned subsidiaries were folded into CBS/Sony Group and the company was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> (SMEJ). It operates independently of Sony Music as it is directly owned by Japanese Sony. In 2004, Sony entered into a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertelsmann AG">Bertelsmann AG</a>, merging Sony Music Entertainment with <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">Bertelsmann Music Group</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a>. In 2005, Sony BMG faced a <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_CD_copy_protection_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal">copy protection scandal</a>, because its music CDs had installed <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">malware</a> on users' computers that was posing a security risk to affected customers.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In 2007, the company acquired <a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music</a> for US$370 million, gaining the rights to the catalogues of <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a>, among others. Sony bought out Bertelsmann's share in Sony BMG and formed a new Sony Music Entertainment in 2008. Since then, the company has undergone management changes. Sony purchased digital music recognition company <a href="/wiki/Gracenote" title="Gracenote">Gracenote</a> for US$260 million in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Media_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune Media Company">Tribune Media Company</a> acquired Gracenote from Sony in 2014 for $170 million.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Besides its record label, Sony operates other music businesses. In 1995, Sony merged its publisher with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="ATV Music Publishing">ATV Music Publishing</a>, forming Sony/ATV Music Publishing. At the time, the publishing company was the second largest of its kind in the world. The company owns the publishing rights to over 4 million compositions, including <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney" title="Lennon–McCartney">Lennon–McCartney</a> catalogue, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Smith" title="Sam Smith">Sam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sheeran" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>. In 2012, Sony/ATV acquired a majority stake in <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a>, becoming the world's largest music publishing company. In 2018, Sony bought the rest of the shares in the publisher, making it a wholly owned subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Since 2016, Sony owns all of Sony/ATV.<a href="#cite_note-Sony_Finalizes_Acquisition_of_Michael_Jackson_Estate-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anime">Anime</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg/220px-SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg/330px-SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg/440px-SME_Rokubancho_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda, Tokyo</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> Sony's entering into the Japanese animation, or <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, business happened in 1995 when its <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> (SMEJ) division established <a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a> as its subsidiary managing creative productions, which founded <a href="/wiki/A-1_Pictures" title="A-1 Pictures">A-1 Pictures</a>, the first anime studio of Sony, ten years later. Since then, through group-wide and international ventures,<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Sony has solidified its position in the industry, elevating the business to what is called the "fourth pillar of its entertainment portfolio" according to <a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">The Nikkei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The anime business operations of Sony are scattered around the group, mainly in its Pictures and Music units, as follows: SMEJ's notable related businesses include Aniplex and its subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/CloverWorks" title="CloverWorks">CloverWorks</a> and A-1 Pictures while <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan">Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan</a> (SPEJ) operates anime-oriented TV channels like <a href="/wiki/Animax" title="Animax">Animax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kids_Station" title="Kids Station">Kids Station</a>; Aniplex and U.S.-headquartered <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a> co-own U.S.-based anime distribution company <a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a>, which since 2022, has become the successor company to <a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a>, which it acquired in 2017 and included subsidiaries such as <a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a> (absorbing into Crunchyroll itself) and Madman Anime (to be rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Madman_Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Madman Anime">Crunchyroll Pty. Ltd.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> In December 2020, Funimation announced that it would buy <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>'s animation business <a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a> for $1.175 billion, which would help the company to compete more globally with entertainment giants such as Netflix.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> This acquisition was completed in August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:02-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_services">Financial services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg/170px-Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg/255px-Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg/340px-Otemachi_Financial_City_Grand_Cube1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="2715" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of Sony Financial Group in <a href="/wiki/Otemachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Otemachi">Otemachi</a>, Tokyo, Japan</figcaption></figure> Sony Financial Group is a holding company for Sony's financial services business which includes <a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a> (in Japan and the Philippines), Sony Assurance, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a>, etc. The unit proved to be the most profitable of Sony's businesses in FY 2005, earning $1.7 billion in profit.<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> Sony Financial's low fees have aided the unit's popularity while threatening Sony's premium brand name.<a href="#cite_note-Fackler-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_vehicles_and_batteries">Electric vehicles and batteries</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Energy_Devices_Corporation" title="Sony Energy Devices Corporation">Sony Energy Devices Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a></div> A company behind the commercialization of <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Sony had been exploring the possibility to manufacture the batteries for <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In 2014, Sony participated within <a href="/wiki/NRG_Energy" title="NRG Energy">NRG Energy</a> <a href="/wiki/EVgo" title="EVgo">eVgo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ready_for_Electric_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready for Electric Vehicle">Ready for Electric Vehicle</a> (REV) program, for <a href="/wiki/EV_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="EV charging">EV charging</a> parking lots.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> However, the company then decided to sell its lithium-ion battery business to <a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In 2015, Sony invested $842,000 in <a href="/wiki/ZMP_INC." title="ZMP INC.">ZMP INC.</a>, drawing speculations that it is contemplating developing <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">self-driving cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> In January 2020, Sony unveiled a concept electric car at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a>, designed in collaboration with components manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Magna_International" title="Magna International">Magna International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> At the occasion, Sony also stated its goal of developing technology for the automotive sector, especially concerning autonomous driving, sensors, and <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">in-car entertainment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> In 2022, Sony Group and <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> launched a joint venture for their electric vehicle partnership, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (SHM), which would deliver its first electric vehicles by 2026 and sell them online, starting in the United States and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The joint venture announced their new "Afeela" brand and its first prototype model at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show#2023" title="Consumer Electronics Show">CES 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_information">Corporate information</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_ownership">Institutional ownership</h3></div> Sony is a <a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha">kabushiki gaisha</a> registered to the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> in Japan and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> for overseas trading. As of 31 March 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony&action=edit">[update]</a>, the largest shareholders of Sony are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Trust_Bank_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Master Trust Bank of Japan">The Master Trust Bank of Japan</a>–nominated <a href="/wiki/Investment_trust" title="Investment trust">investment trusts</a> (main account; 17.95%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a> (as depositary bank for <a href="/wiki/American_depositary_receipt" title="American depositary receipt">American depositary receipt</a> holders; 8.91%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Trustee_Services_Bank" title="Japan Trustee Services Bank">Japan Trustee Services Bank</a>–nominated investment trusts <ul><li>Main trust account (6.1%)</li> <li>Trust account 7 (2.4%)</li> <li>Trust account 5 (2.1%)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank">JPMorgan Chase Bank</a> (3.2%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_trends">Business trends</h3></div> The key trends for Sony are (as of the financial year ending March 31):<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Revenue (¥ tr) </th> <th>Net profit (¥ bn) </th> <th>Total assets (¥ tr) </th> <th>Employees (k) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>−456 </td> <td>13.2 </td> <td>162 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>43.0 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>146 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>−128 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>−125 </td> <td>15.8 </td> <td>131 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>147 </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>73.2 </td> <td>17.6 </td> <td>128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>490 </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>916 </td> <td>20.9 </td> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>582 </td> <td>23.0 </td> <td>111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>1,171 </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td>109 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>882 </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td>108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>11.5 </td> <td>937 </td> <td>32.0 </td> <td>113 </td></tr></tbody></table> As of January 2024, Sony, one of the largest Japanese companies by market capitalization and operating profit, was valued at over $112 billion. At the same period, it was also recognized as the most cash-rich Japanese company, with its <a href="/wiki/Net_cash_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Net cash flow">net cash reserves</a> of ¥1.8 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Sony's revenue by different <a href="/wiki/Market_segments" class="mw-redirect" title="Market segments">market segments</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Segment </th> <th>Revenue FY 2022 (in billions of ¥) </th> <th>Revenue FY 2023 (in billions of ¥) </th> <th>Change </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Game & network services </td> <td>2,739 </td> <td>3,644 </td> <td>905 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Music </td> <td>1,116 </td> <td>1,380 </td> <td>264 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Pictures </td> <td>1,238 </td> <td>1,369 </td> <td>131 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Entertainment, technology, & services </td> <td>2,339 </td> <td>2,476 </td> <td>137 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Imaging & sensing solutions </td> <td>1,076 </td> <td>1,402 </td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Financial services </td> <td>1,533 </td> <td>1,454 </td> <td>−79 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">All other </td> <td>98.7 </td> <td>87.6 </td> <td>−11.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Total </td> <td>9,921 </td> <td>11,539 </td> <td>1,618 </td></tr></tbody></table>The company was immensely profitable throughout the 1990s and early 2000s in part because of the success of its new <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> line. The company encountered financial difficulty in the mid- to late-2000s due to several factors: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, increased competition for PlayStation, and the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a>. The company faced three consecutive years of losses leading up to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FT-187">[185]</a> While noting the negative effects of intervening circumstances such as natural disasters and fluctuating currency exchange rates, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> criticized the company for its "lack of resilience" and "inability to gauge the economy," voicing skepticism about Sony's revitalization efforts, given a lack of tangible results.<a href="#cite_note-FT-187">[185]</a> In September 2000 Sony had a market capitalization of $100 billion; but by December 2011 it had plunged to $18 billion, reflecting falling prospects for Sony but also reflecting grossly inflated share prices of the '<a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>' years.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Net worth, as measured by stockholder equity, has steadily grown from $17.9 billion in March 2002 to $35.6 billion through December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Earnings yield (inverse of the price to earnings ratio) has never been more than 5% and usually much less; thus Sony has always traded in over-priced ranges with the exception of the 2009 market bottom. On 9 December 2008, Sony announced that it would be cutting 8,000 jobs, dropping 8,000 contractors and reducing its global manufacturing sites by 10% to save $1.1 billion per year.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> In April 2012, Sony announced that it would reduce its workforce by 10,000 (6% of its employee base) as part of CEO <a href="/wiki/Kaz_Hirai" title="Kaz Hirai">Kaz Hirai</a>'s effort to get the company back into the black. This came after a loss of 520 billion yen (roughly US$6.36 billion) for fiscal 2012, the worst since the company was founded. Accumulation loss for the past four years was 919.32 billion-yen.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Sony planned to increase its marketing expenses by 30% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> 1,000 of the jobs cut come from the company's mobile phone unit's workforce. 700 jobs will be cut in the 2012–2013 fiscal year and the remaining 300 in the following fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Sony had revenues of ¥6.493 trillion in 2012 and maintained large reserves of cash, with ¥895 billion on hand as of 2012. In May 2012, Sony's market capitalization was valued at about $15 billion.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In January 2013, Sony announced it was selling its US headquarters building for $1.1 billion to a consortium led by real estate developer The Chetrit Group.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> On 28 January 2014, <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's Investors Services</a> dropped Sony's credit rating to Ba1—"judged to have speculative elements and a significant credit risk"—saying that the company's "profitability is likely to remain weak and volatile."<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> On 6 February 2014, Sony announced it would trim as many as 5,000 jobs as it attempts to sell its PC business and focus on mobile and tablets.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In 2014,<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Sony South Africa closed its TV, Hi-Fi and camera divisions<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> with the purpose of reconsidering its local distribution model and, in 2017, it returned<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> facilitated by Premium Brand Distributors (Pty) Ltd. In November 2018, Sony posted its earning report for the second quarter showing it has lost about US$480 million in the mobile phone division,<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> prompting another round of downsizing in the unit, including the closure of a manufacturing plant and halving of its workforce.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_engagement">Community engagement</h3></div> <ul><li>EYE SEE project Sony Corporation is actively involved in the EYE SEE project conducted by <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>. EYE SEE digital photography workshops have been run for children in Argentina, Tunisia, Mali, South Africa, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda, Liberia and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></li> <li>South Africa Mobile Library Project Sony assists The South Africa Primary Education Support Initiative (SAPESI) through financial donations and children book donations to the South Africa Mobile Library Project.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></li> <li>The Sony Canada Charitable Foundation The Sony Canada Charitable Foundation (SCCF) is a non-profit organization which supports three key charities; the Make-A-Wish Canada, the United Way of Canada and the EarthDay and ECOKIDS program.</li> <li>Sony Foundation and You Can After the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Queensland_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–11 Queensland floods">2011 Queensland floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires" title="Black Saturday bushfires">Victorian bushfires</a>, Sony Music released benefit albums with money raised going to the Sony Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> You Can is the youth cancer program of Sony Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></li> <li>Open Planet Ideas Crowdsourcing Project Sony launched its Open Planet Ideas Crowdsourcing Project, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> and the design group, <a href="/wiki/IDEO" title="IDEO">IDEO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a></li> <li>Street Football Stadium Project On the occasion of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, Sony partnered with streetfootballworld and launched the Street Football Stadium Project to support football-based educational programmes in local communities across Latin America and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> More than 25 Street Stadiums were developed since the project's inception.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></li> <li>The Sony Global Relief Fund for COVID-19 During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Sony launched a relief fund in line with other media and tech companies to aid individuals working in the medical, education, and entertainment sectors.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> Over the years, Sony has faced a number of allegations and criticism pertaining to their corporate behavior, often leading to legal proceedings and customer dissatisfaction. In August 2000, then Sony Pictures Entertainment U.S. senior vice president Steve Heckler was quoted saying "The industry will take whatever steps it needs to protect itself and protect its revenue streams ...".<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Sony then worked on a <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_copy_protection_rootkit_scandal" title="Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal">DRM system that works like a rootkit</a> in order to enforce its copyright claims upon users of music CDs. With respect to Sony's gaming consoles, subsequent updates are released to the said consoles, many of which strip the user of some of the originally advertised features in order to save the company some licensing fees or protect itself from the modding community. On April 1, 2010, Sony released a patch for the <a href="/wiki/PS3" class="mw-redirect" title="PS3">PS3</a> that would remove <a href="/wiki/OtherOS" title="OtherOS">OtherOS</a> from being installed onto the system after hackers were looking for ways to exploit OtherOS in order to run <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_homebrew" title="PlayStation 3 homebrew">homebrew software</a>. Then on January 12, 2011, Sony filled lawsuits against <a href="/wiki/Geohot" class="mw-redirect" title="Geohot">geohot</a> and fail0verflow for their efforts on exploiting the PS3.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> In December 2023, Sony announced that it will remove the Discovery app and its content, even if previously paid for, from its gaming consoles.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_record">Environmental record</h3></div> In November 2011, Sony was ranked ninth (jointly with Panasonic) in <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>'s Guide to Greener Electronics.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> This chart grades major electronics companies on their environmental work. The company scored 3.6/10, incurring a penalty point for comments it has made in opposition to energy efficiency standards in California. It also risks a further penalty point in future editions for being a member of trade associations that have commented against energy efficiency standards.<a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_Greener_Electronics-220">[218]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, Sony receives the highest score for energy policy advocacy after calling on the EU to adopt an unconditional 30% reduction target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Meanwhile, it receives full marks for the efficiency of its products.<a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_Greener_Electronics-220">[218]</a> In June 2007, Sony ranked 14th on the <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> guide.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Sony fell from its earlier 11th-place ranking due to Greenpeace's claims that Sony had double standards in their waste policies.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> As of May 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony&action=edit">[update]</a> Greenpeace's 2017 Guide to Greener Electronics rated Sony approximately in the middle among electronics manufacturers with a grade of D+.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Since 1976, Sony has had an Environmental Conference.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Sony's policies address their effects on global warming, the environment, and resources. They are taking steps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that they put out as well as regulating the products they get from their suppliers in a process that they call "green procurement".<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Sony has said that they have signed on to have about 75 percent of their <a href="/wiki/Sony_Building_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Building (New York)">Sony Building</a> running on <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>. The "Sony Take Back Recycling Program" allow consumers to recycle the electronics products that they buy from Sony by taking them to <a href="/wiki/ECycle_(Recycling)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECycle (Recycling)">eCycle (Recycling)</a> drop-off points around the U.S. The company has also developed a biobattery that runs on sugars and carbohydrates that works similarly to the way living creatures work. This is the most powerful small <a href="/wiki/Biobattery" title="Biobattery">biobattery</a> to date.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> In 2000, Sony faced criticism for a document entitled "NGO Strategy" that was leaked to the press. The document involved the company's surveillance of environmental activists in an attempt to plan how to counter their movements. It specifically mentioned environmental groups that were trying to pass laws that held electronics-producing companies responsible for the cleanup of the toxic chemicals contained in their merchandise.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartel">Cartel</h3></div> In 2007 an investigation launched in 2002 by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> culminated in Sony, <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxell" title="Maxell">Maxell</a> receiving a total of 110 million US dollar fine for fixing professional videotape prices between the years 1999 and 2002 through regular meetings and other illegal contracts; at the time the three corporations shared a combined 85% control of the market. Sony's part of the fine was raised by a third for trying to obstruct the investigation by refusing to answer inquiries made by the EU officials and shredding of evidence during the multiple law-enforcement raids.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> During the year 2001 prior to the investigation Sony sold professional videotapes for a total of €115 million inside the EU. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/28px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/42px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/56px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_games" title="Portal:Video games">Video games portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions by Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">List of assets owned by Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Japan" title="List of companies of Japan">List of companies of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries owned by Sony</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Since April 2021, the "Sony Corporation" legal name is used for Sony Group's electronics business that was previously known as "Sony Electronics Corporation". </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Previously <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: SNE until 2021. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/ServiceArea/210401E/">"Change of the Sony entity for License Agreements, etc"</a>. www.sony.net. Sony Group Corporation. 2021-04-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318211939/https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/ServiceArea/210401E/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2021-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sony.net&rft.atitle=Change+of+the+Sony+entity+for+License+Agreements%2C+etc.&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.net%2FSonyInfo%2FNews%2FServiceArea%2F210401E%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/company/">"Sony Corporate History"</a>. sony.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413190256/https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/company/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-13. 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Retrieved 2020-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electronicspecifier.com&rft.atitle=Top+20+semiconductor+sales+leaders+for+Q1+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicspecifier.com%2Fnews%2Fanalysis%2Ftop-20-semiconductor-sales-leaders-for-q1-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Sony-s-key-image-sensor-business-hit-by-smartphone-market-decline">"Sony's key image sensor business hit by smartphone market decline"</a>. 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Retrieved 2021-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=petapixel.com&rft.atitle=2019+Market+Share+Data+Shows+Canon+and+Sony+Growing%2C+Nikon+Shrinking+%7C+PetaPixel&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetapixel.com%2F2020%2F08%2F14%2F2019-market-share-data-shows-canon-and-sony-growing-nikon-shrinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-market-share2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-market-share2_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/267095/global-market-share-of-lcd-tv-manufacturers/">"Global LCD TV manufacturer market share from 2008 to 2017"</a>. Statista. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124004644/https://www.statista.com/statistics/267095/global-market-share-of-lcd-tv-manufacturers/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2017-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+LCD+TV+manufacturer+market+share+from+2008+to+2017.&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F267095%2Fglobal-market-share-of-lcd-tv-manufacturers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1614155663">"Samsung tops global TV market for 15th consecutive year"</a>. 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Penerbit Salemba. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789796914456" title="Special:BookSources/9789796914456"><bdi>9789796914456</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230025207/https://books.google.com/books?id=oc_0AkhysO0C&q=Sony+had+great+success+and+the+format+became+dominant.+3.5%22+floppy+disks+gradually+became+obsolete+as+they+were+replaced+by+current+media+formats&pg=PT194#v=snippet&q=Sony%20had%20great%20success%20and%20the%20format%20became%20dominant.%203.5%22%20floppy%20disks%20gradually%20became%20obsolete%20as%20they%20were%20replaced%20by%20current%20media%20formats&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-30. Retrieved 2020-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+of+Marketing&rft.pub=Penerbit+Salemba&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789796914456&rft.aulast=Ma%27arif&rft.aufirst=Nelly+Nailatie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doc_0AkhysO0C%26q%3DSony%2Bhad%2Bgreat%2Bsuccess%2Band%2Bthe%2Bformat%2Bbecame%2Bdominant.%2B3.5%2522%2Bfloppy%2Bdisks%2Bgradually%2Bbecame%2Bobsolete%2Bas%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Breplaced%2Bby%2Bcurrent%2Bmedia%2Bformats%26pg%3DPT194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/floppy-disk-history-the-evolution-of-personal-computing-1804.html">"Floppy disk history: The evolution of personal computing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206204632/https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/floppy-disk-history-the-evolution-of-personal-computing-1804.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2020-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floppy+disk+history%3A+The+evolution+of+personal+computing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpe.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Finsights%2Farticles%2Ffloppy-disk-history-the-evolution-of-personal-computing-1804.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2017" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Sebastian (2017-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/08/ibm-and-sony-cram-up-to-330tb-into-tiny-tape-cartridge/">"IBM and Sony cram up to 330 terabytes into tiny tape cartridge"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527023718/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/08/ibm-and-sony-cram-up-to-330tb-into-tiny-tape-cartridge/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2023-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=IBM+and+Sony+cram+up+to+330+terabytes+into+tiny+tape+cartridge&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2017%2F08%2Fibm-and-sony-cram-up-to-330tb-into-tiny-tape-cartridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sony-micro-vault-enabling-portable-bragability-for-gran-turismo-4-gamers">"Sony MICRO VAULT – enabling portable bragability for Gran Turismo 4 gamers!"</a>. GamesIndustry.biz. 2005-03-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917152040/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sony-micro-vault-enabling-portable-bragability-for-gran-turismo-4-gamers">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesIndustry.biz&rft.atitle=Sony+MICRO+VAULT+%E2%80%93+enabling+portable+bragability+for+Gran+Turismo+4+gamers%21&rft.date=2005-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Farticles%2Fsony-micro-vault-enabling-portable-bragability-for-gran-turismo-4-gamers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpeyevHuang2015" class="citation news cs1">Alpeyev, Pavel; Huang, Grace (2015-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-16/sony-s-answer-to-apple-pay-is-laying-tracks-for-asian-expansion">"Sony's Answer to Apple Pay Is Laying Tracks for Asian Expansion"</a>. Bloomberg Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120072420/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-16/sony-s-answer-to-apple-pay-is-laying-tracks-for-asian-expansion">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2015-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sony%27s+Answer+to+Apple+Pay+Is+Laying+Tracks+for+Asian+Expansion&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Alpeyev&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft.au=Huang%2C+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-10-16%2Fsony-s-answer-to-apple-pay-is-laying-tracks-for-asian-expansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenewsautomotive.com/news/sony-unveils-lpwa-iot-communication-module">"Sony unveils LPWA IoT communication module"</a>. eeNews Automotive. 2019-05-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023015553/https://www.eenewsautomotive.com/news/sony-unveils-lpwa-iot-communication-module">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eeNews+Automotive&rft.atitle=Sony+unveils+LPWA+IoT+communication+module&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenewsautomotive.com%2Fnews%2Fsony-unveils-lpwa-iot-communication-module&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMariaWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-223172-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-223172-6"><bdi>0-07-223172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Score%21%3A+The+Illustrated+History+of+Electronic+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=376&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FOsborne&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-223172-6&rft.aulast=DeMaria&rft.aufirst=Rusel&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Johnny+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "Game Over", by David Scheff </li> <li id="cite_note-cgw199106-88"><a href="#cite_ref-cgw199106_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&pub=2&id=83">"Celebrating Software"</a>. Computer Gaming World. June 1991. p. 64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004050/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&pub=2&id=83">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-03. 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Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edge+Online&rft.atitle=The+Making+Of%3A+PlayStation&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge-online.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmaking-playstation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-90"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf">"World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021"</a> (PDF). WIPO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108113717/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Indicators+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fwipo_pub_941_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wipo-91"><a href="#cite_ref-wipo_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2020" class="citation book cs1">World Intellectual Property Organization (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4526">World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020</a>. World IP Indicators (WIPI). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.42184">10.34667/tind.42184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280532012" title="Special:BookSources/9789280532012"><bdi>9789280532012</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214220604/https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4526">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-14. 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Retrieved 2020-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sony.net&rft.atitle=Sony+Global+%E2%80%93+Organization+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.net%2FSonyInfo%2FCorporateInfo%2FData%2Forganization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Officially, Sony Mobile Communications Inc. absorbed Sony Electronics Corporation, Sony Imaging Products & Solutions Inc., and Sony Home Entertainment & Sound Products Inc. and changed its trade name to Sony Corporation. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2016" class="citation news cs1">Wells, Georgia (2016-09-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-history-of-headphones-1473274924">"The History of Headphones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314071319/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-history-of-headphones-1473274924">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-14. 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Retrieved 2020-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=CNN+%E2%80%93+MP3+for+Christmas%3F+Maybe+%E2%80%93+November+24%2C+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FTECH%2Fcomputing%2F9911%2F24%2Fmp3.xmas.idg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.microsoft.com/1999/11/15/microsoft-and-sony-enable-high-quality-music-files-to-be-downloaded-on-pcs-and-portable-devices/">"Microsoft and Sony Enable High-Quality Music Files To Be Downloaded on PCs and Portable Devices"</a>. 1999-11-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926153130/https://news.microsoft.com/1999/11/15/microsoft-and-sony-enable-high-quality-music-files-to-be-downloaded-on-pcs-and-portable-devices/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-26. 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Retrieved 2023-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yotk+Times&rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+Sony+Is+Near+Macintosh+Pact&rft.date=1991-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F02%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-sony-is-near-macintosh-pact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/22/business/company-news-sony-will-supply-notebook-computers-to-dell.html">"COMPANY NEWS; SONY WILL SUPPLY NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS TO DELL"</a>. The New Yotk Times. 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Retrieved 2018-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenpeace+International&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Greener+Electronics+%282017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Farchive-international%2Fen%2Fcampaigns%2Fclimate-change%2Fcool-it%2FGuide-to-Greener-Electronics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208124950/http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/Environment/activities/history/index.html">"History of Environmental Activities at Sony"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/Environment/activities/history/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2022-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Environmental+Activities+at+Sony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.net%2FSonyInfo%2FEnvironment%2Factivities%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988">. Retrieved 7 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127044020/http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/Environment/activities/vision/index.html">"Sony Group Environmental: Vision"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/Environment/activities/vision/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2022-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+Group+Environmental%3A+Vision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.net%2FSonyInfo%2FEnvironment%2Factivities%2Fvision%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988">. Web.archive.org. (27 November 2007). Retrieved 7 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techgadgets.in/misc-gadgets/2007/24/sony-develops-worlds-most-powerful-sugar-based-bio-battery-prototype/">Sony develops World's Most Powerful Sugar-based Bio Battery Prototype</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101125807/http://www.techgadgets.in/misc-gadgets/2007/24/sony-develops-worlds-most-powerful-sugar-based-bio-battery-prototype/">Archived</a> 2016-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Techgadgets.in (24 August 2007). Retrieved 7 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2000" class="citation news cs1">Knight, Danielle (2000-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/environment/2000/09/sonys-pr-war-activists">"Sony's PR War on Activists"</a>. Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024125232/https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2000/09/sonys-pr-war-activists/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2010-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Sony%27s+PR+War+on+Activists&rft.date=2000-09-22&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherjones.com%2Fenvironment%2F2000%2F09%2Fsonys-pr-war-activists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/tech-eu-video-fines-dc-idUKBFA00056020071120">"EU fines Sony, others for videotape price fixes"</a>. Reuters. 2007-11-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123183738/https://www.reuters.com/article/tech-eu-video-fines-dc-idUKBFA00056020071120">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EU+fines+Sony%2C+others+for+videotape+price+fixes&rft.date=2007-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ftech-eu-video-fines-dc-idUKBFA00056020071120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbj.hu/budapest/culture/awards/eu-fines-sony-fuji-maxell-for-videotape-price-fixing10993">"EU fines Sony, Fuji, Maxell for videotape price fixing"</a>. Budapest Business Journal. 2007-11-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123183740/https://bbj.hu/budapest/culture/awards/eu-fines-sony-fuji-maxell-for-videotape-price-fixing10993">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Budapest+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=EU+fines+Sony%2C+Fuji%2C+Maxell+for+videotape+price+fixing&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbj.hu%2Fbudapest%2Fculture%2Fawards%2Feu-fines-sony-fuji-maxell-for-videotape-price-fixing10993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASony" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Japan_(biography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Made in Japan (biography)">Made in Japan</a> by Akio Morita and Sony, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> (1994)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Sony: The Private Life by <a href="/wiki/John_Nathan" title="John Nathan">John Nathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a> (1999)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>The Japan Project: Made in Japan – a documentary about Sony's early history in the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanders" title="Terry Sanders">Terry Sanders</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>The Portable Radio in American Life by Michael Brian Schiffer (The University of Arizona Press, 1991).</li> <li>Sony Radio, Sony Transistor Radio 35th Anniversary 1955–1990 – information booklet (1990)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sony" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sony">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sony" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sony">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony" title="Template:Sony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony" title="Template talk:Sony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Publishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">Technologies and brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α (Alpha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dash" title="Sony Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine" title="Sony Dream Machine">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM/HDCAM-SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMZ-T1" title="HMZ-T1">HMZ-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzone" title="Inzone">Inzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocationFree_Player" title="LocationFree Player">LocationFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films" title="List of 8 channel SDDS films">8 channel films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display" title="Silicon X-tal Reflective Display">SXRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8/Hi8/Digital8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLI%C3%89" title="CLIÉ">Sony CLIÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Lissa" title="Sony Lissa">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Mavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Optiarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA" title="FD Trinitron/WEGA">FD series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">1 inch Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Watchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software" title="Sony Creative Software">Sony Creative Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa Networks</a> (57%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Online distribution</a> <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Flix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">Great American Media</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former/Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former/Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Anime Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_on_Demand" title="Anime on Demand">Anime on Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Minisode_Network" title="The Minisode Network">Minisodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation" title="Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation">Sony DADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">Sony Network Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions" title="Sony Professional Solutions">Sony Professional Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDLinx" title="MDLinx">M3</a> (39.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (4.9%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a> (umbrella company in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">Other subsidiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonprofit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shohoku_College" title="Shohoku College">Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor" title="Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor">Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Electronics industry in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiwa" title="Aiwa">Aiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaxala_Networks" title="Alaxala Networks">Alaxala Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinco" title="Alinco">Alinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Electronics" title="Alpine Electronics">Alpine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anritsu" title="Anritsu">Anritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOR_(company)" title="AOR (company)">AOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Technica" title="Audio-Technica">Audio-Technica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings" title="Bandai Namco Holdings">Bandai Namco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatEye" title="CatEye">CatEye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosina" title="Cosina">Cosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%2BM_Group" title="D+M Group">D+M Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denso_Ten" title="Denso Ten">Denso Ten</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Printing" title="Dai Nippon Printing">DNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiki" title="Eiki">Eiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eizo" title="Eizo">Eizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elecom" title="Elecom">Elecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP_Guitars" title="ESP Guitars">ESP Guitars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostex" title="Fostex">Fostex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_Business_Innovation" title="Fujifilm Business Innovation">Business Innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funai" title="Funai">Funai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furuno" title="Furuno">Furuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Corporation" title="Futaba Corporation">Futaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu_Photonics" title="Hamamatsu Photonics">Hamamatsu Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirose_Electric_Group" title="Hirose Electric Group">Hirose Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(company)" title="Clarion (company)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxell" title="Maxell">Maxell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiden" title="Ibiden">Ibiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icom_Incorporated" title="Icom Incorporated">Icom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikegami_Tsushinki" title="Ikegami Tsushinki">Ikegami Tsushinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwatsu_Electric" title="Iwatsu Electric">Iwatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Display" title="Japan Display">Japan Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Radio_Company" title="Japan Radio Company">JRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Remote_Control" title="Japan Remote Control">JR Propo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood" title="JVCKenwood">JVCKenwood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Corporation" title="Kenwood Corporation">Kenwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawai_Musical_Instruments" title="Kawai Musical Instruments">Kawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiramek" title="Kiramek">Kiramek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KO_PROPO" title="KO PROPO">KO PROPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman">Luxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuchi_Motor" title="Mabuchi Motor">Mabuchi Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspro_Denkoh" title="Maspro Denkoh">Maspro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melco" title="Melco">Melco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Memory_Japan" title="Micron Memory Japan">Micron Memory Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinebeaMitsumi" title="MinebeaMitsumi">MinebeaMitsumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumi_Electric" title="Mitsumi Electric">Mitsumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutoh_Europe_nv" title="Mutoh Europe nv">Mutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Mobile_Communications" title="NEC Mobile Communications">Mobile Communications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichia" title="Nichia">Nichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichicon" title="Nichicon">Nichicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidec" title="Nidec">Nidec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nidec_Copal_Corporation" title="Nidec Copal Corporation">Nidec Copal Corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Dempa_Kogyo" title="Nihon Dempa Kogyo">Nihon Dempa Kogyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Chemi-Con" title="Nippon Chemi-Con">Nippon Chemi-Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKK_switches" title="NKK switches">NKK Switches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">Onkyo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integra_Home_Theater" title="Integra Home Theater">Integra Home Theater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Electric" title="Orion Electric">Orion Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixela_Corporation" title="Pixela Corporation">Pixela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plextor" title="Plextor">Plextor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riso_Kagaku_Corporation" title="Riso Kagaku Corporation">Riso Kagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohm" title="Rohm">Rohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubycon_Corporation" title="Rubycon Corporation">Rubycon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansui_Electric" title="Sansui Electric">Sansui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanwa_Electronic" title="Sanwa Electronic">Sanwa Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCREEN_Holdings" title="SCREEN Holdings">SCREEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Sammy_Holdings" title="Sega Sammy Holdings">Sega Sammy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Group" title="Seiko Group">Seiko Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(watch)" title="Pulsar (watch)">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient_Watch" title="Orient Watch">Orient Watch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Instruments" title="Seiko Instruments">Seiko Instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimadzu" title="Shimadzu">Shimadzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindengen_Electric_Manufacturing" title="Shindengen Electric Manufacturing">Shindengen Electric Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNK" title="SNK">SNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Electric" title="Stanley Electric">Stanley Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Micronics" title="Star Micronics">Star Micronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Ltd" title="Stax Ltd">Stax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamron" title="Tamron">Tamron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAC_Corporation" title="TEAC Corporation">TEAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Corporation" title="Tiger Corporation">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOA_Corporation" title="TOA Corporation">TOA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electron" title="Tokyo Electron">Tokyo Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniden" title="Uniden">Uniden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushio,_Inc." title="Ushio, Inc.">Ushio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wacom" title="Wacom">Wacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaesu_(brand)" title="Yaesu (brand)">Yaesu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokogawa_Electric" title="Yokogawa Electric">Yokogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zojirushi" title="Zojirushi">Zojirushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Corporation" title="Zoom Corporation">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuken" title="Zuken">Zuken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiwa" title="Aiwa">Aiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronica" title="Bronica">Bronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinon_Industries" title="Chinon Industries">Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Contax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica" title="Konica">Konica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_(brand)" title="National (brand)">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norita" title="Norita">Norita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okaya_Optical" title="Okaya Optical">Okaya Optical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Association_of_Japan" title="Electronic Industries Association of Japan">Electronic Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_Network_Corporation_of_Japan" title="Innovation Network Corporation of Japan">INCJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronic_Industries_Development_Association" title="Japan Electronic Industries Development Association">Japan Electronic Industries Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronics_and_Information_Technology_Industries_Association" title="Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association">Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Category:Electronics industry in Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Nikkei_225_companies_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikkei_225" title="Template:Nikkei 225"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nikkei_225" title="Template talk:Nikkei 225"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikkei_225" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nikkei 225"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Nikkei_225_companies_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> companies of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_%26_i_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven & i Holdings">7&i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advantest" title="Advantest">Advantest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="AEON (company)">ÆON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGC_Inc." title="AGC Inc.">AGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">ANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amada_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Amada Co">Amada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bank" title="Aozora Bank">Aozora Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Breweries" title="Asahi Breweries">Asahi Breweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Kasei" title="Asahi Kasei">Asahi Kasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astellas_Pharma" title="Astellas Pharma">Astellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings" title="Bandai Namco Holdings">Bandai Namco Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_Bank" title="Chiba Bank">Chiba Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyoda_Corporation" title="Chiyoda Corporation">Chiyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubu_Electric_Power" title="Chubu Electric Power">Chuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugai_Pharmaceutical_Co." title="Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.">Chugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comsys" title="Comsys">Comsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Yokohama" title="Bank of Yokohama">Concordia Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Saison" title="Credit Saison">Credit Saison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiichi_Sankyo" title="Daiichi Sankyo">Daiichi Sankyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_House" title="Daiwa House">Daiwa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_Securities_Group" title="Daiwa Securities Group">Daiwa Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denki_Kagaku_Kogyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Denki Kagaku Kogyo">Denka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Printing" title="Dai Nippon Printing">DNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowa_Holdings" title="Dowa Holdings">Dowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebara_Corporation" title="Ebara Corporation">Ebara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai_(company)" title="Eisai (company)">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">ENEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">Fanuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Retailing" title="Fast Retailing">Fast Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujikura" title="Fujikura">Fujikura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Financial_Group" title="Fukuoka Financial Group">Fukuoka Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Group" title="Furukawa Group">Furukawa Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Electric" title="Furukawa Electric">Furukawa Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS_Yuasa" title="GS Yuasa">GS Yuasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiwa_Real_Estate" title="Heiwa Real Estate">Heiwa Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Construction_Machinery" title="Hitachi Construction Machinery">Hitachi Construction Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Zosen_Corporation" title="Hitachi Zosen Corporation">Hitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuetsu_Paper_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuetsu Paper Mills">Hokuetsu Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHI_Corporation" title="IHI Corporation">IHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">INPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isetan_Mitsukoshi_Holdings" title="Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings">Isetan-Mitsukoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itochu" title="Itochu">Itochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFE_Holdings" title="JFE Holdings">JFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Front_Retailing" title="J. Front Retailing">J. Front Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JGC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="JGC Corporation">JGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Steel_Works" title="Japan Steel Works">JSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">JT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTEKT" title="JTEKT">JTEKT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajima" title="Kajima">Kajima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_Electric_Power_Company" title="Kansai Electric Power Company">KEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Corporation" title="Kao Corporation">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keio_Corporation" title="Keio Corporation">Keio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisei_Electric_Railway" title="Keisei Electric Railway">Keisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkoman" title="Kikkoman">Kikkoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirin_Company" title="Kirin Company">Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_Line" title="K Line">K Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Steel" title="Kobe Steel">Kobelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubota" title="Kubota">Kubota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuraray" title="Kuraray">Kuraray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa_Hakko_Kirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyowa Hakko Kirin">Kyowa Hakko Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marubeni" title="Marubeni">Marubeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruha_Nichiro" title="Maruha Nichiro">Maruha Nichiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marui" title="Marui">Marui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsui_Securities" title="Matsui Securities">Matsui Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meidensha" title="Meidensha">Meidensha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Holdings" title="Meiji Holdings">Meiji Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Engineering_%26_Shipbuilding" title="Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding">MES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Minebea">Minebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings">Mitsubishi Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubishi Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Estate" title="Mitsubishi Estate">Mitsubishi Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Logistics" title="Mitsubishi Logistics">Mitsubishi Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Materials" title="Mitsubishi Materials">Mitsubishi Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsui & Co">Mitsui & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Chemicals" title="Mitsui Chemicals">Mitsui Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Fudosan" title="Mitsui Fudosan">Mitsui Fudosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui Kinzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumi_Electric" title="Mitsumi Electric">Mitsumi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines" title="Mitsui O.S.K. Lines">MOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexon" title="Nexon">Nexon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Electric_Glass" title="Nippon Electric Glass">NEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGK_Insulators" title="NGK Insulators">NGK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirei" title="Nichirei">Nichirei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Express" title="Nippon Express">Nippon Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kayaku" title="Nippon Kayaku">Nippon Kayaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Light_Metal" title="Nippon Light Metal">Nippon Light Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ham" title="Nippon Ham">Nippon Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Paper_Industries" title="Nippon Paper Industries">Nippon Paper Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Soda" title="Nippon Soda">Nippon Soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Chemical_Corporation" title="Nissan Chemical Corporation">Nissan Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Seifun_Group" title="Nisshin Seifun Group">Nisshin Seifun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisshin Steel">Nisshin Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissui" title="Nissui">Nissui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Boseki" title="Nitto Boseki">Nittobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompo_Japan_Nipponkoa_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings">Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomura_Holdings" title="Nomura Holdings">Nomura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sheet_Glass" title="Nippon Sheet Glass">NSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSK_Ltd." title="NSK Ltd.">NSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel" title="Nippon Steel">NSSMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTN_Corporation" title="NTN Corporation">NTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTT_Data" title="NTT Data">NTT Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen" title="Nippon Yusen">NYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayashi_Corporation" title="Obayashi Corporation">Obayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway" title="Odakyu Electric Railway">Odakyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji_Paper_Company" title="Oji Paper Company">Oji Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="OKI (company)">OKI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuma_Corporation" title="Okuma Corporation">Okuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Gas" title="Osaka Gas">Osaka Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Metals" title="Pacific Metals">Pacific Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resona_Holdings" title="Resona Holdings">Resona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapporo Brewery">Sapporo Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCREEN_Holdings" title="SCREEN Holdings">SCREEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secom" title="Secom">Secom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekisui_House" title="Sekisui House">Sekisui House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Corporation" title="Shimizu Corporation">Shimz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-Etsu_Chemical" title="Shin-Etsu Chemical">Shin-Etsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinsei_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinsei Bank">Shinsei Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shionogi" title="Shionogi">Shionogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiseido" title="Shiseido">Shiseido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Bank" title="Shizuoka Bank">Shizuoka Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa_Denko" title="Showa Denko">Showa Denko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Showa Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank">SoftBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojitz" title="Sojitz">Sojitz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru_Corporation" title="Subaru Corporation">Subaru Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMCO" title="SUMCO">SUMCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Chemical" title="Sumitomo Chemical">Sumitomo Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries" title="Sumitomo Heavy Industries">Sumitomo Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Metal Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group">Sumitomo Mitsui Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Trust_Holdings" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings">Sumitomo Mitsui Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Osaka Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Pharma" title="Sumitomo Pharma">Sumitomo Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Realty_%26_Development" title="Sumitomo Realty & Development">Sumitomo Realty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%26D_Holdings" title="T&D Holdings">T&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiheiyo_Cement" title="Taiheiyo Cement">Taiheiyo Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Corporation" title="Taisei Corporation">Taisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takara_Holdings" title="Takara Holdings">Takara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashimaya" title="Takashimaya">Takashimaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teijin" title="Teijin">Teijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company" title="Tokyo Electric Power Company">TEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumo" title="Terumo">Terumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobu_Railway" title="Tobu Railway">Tobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toho_Zinc" title="Toho Zinc">Toho Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Carbon" title="Tokai Carbon">Tokai Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokuyama_Corporation" title="Tokuyama Corporation">Tokuyama Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokio_Marine" title="Tokio Marine">Tokio Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electron" title="Tokyo Electron">Tokyo Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Gas" title="Tokyo Gas">Tokyo Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tatemono" title="Tokyo Tatemono">Tokyo Tatemono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyu_Corporation" title="Tokyu Corporation">Tokyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyu_Land" title="Tokyu Land">Tokyu Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toppan" title="Toppan">Toppan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toray_Industries" title="Toray Industries">Toray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosoh" title="Tosoh">Tosoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_Ltd." title="Toto Ltd.">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyobo" title="Toyobo">Toyobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Tsusho" title="Toyota Tsusho">Toyota Tsusho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBE_Corporation" title="UBE Corporation">UBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitika" title="Unitika">Unitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uny" class="mw-redirect" title="Uny">Uny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Japan">Yahoo! Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_Transport" title="Yamato Transport">Yamato Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yasakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokogawa_Electric" title="Yokogawa Electric">Yokogawa Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Rubber_Company" title="Yokohama Rubber Company">Yokohama Rubber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TOPIX_100_companies_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TOPIX_100" title="Template:TOPIX 100"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TOPIX_100" title="Template talk:TOPIX 100"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TOPIX_100" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TOPIX 100"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TOPIX_100_companies_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TOPIX" title="TOPIX">TOPIX</a> 100 companies of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core 30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astellas_Pharma" title="Astellas Pharma">Astellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiichi_Sankyo" title="Daiichi Sankyo">Daiichi Sankyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itochu" title="Itochu">Itochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubishi Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsui & Co">Mitsui & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidec" title="Nidec">Nidec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_%26_Telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Telegraph & Telephone">NTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_(company)" title="Recruit (company)">Recruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_%26_i_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven & i Holdings">Seven & i Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-Etsu_Chemical" title="Shin-Etsu Chemical">Shin-Etsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMC_Corporation" title="SMC Corporation">SMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank">SoftBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sony Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group">Sumitomo Mitsui Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokio_Marine" title="Tokio Marine">Tokio Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electron" title="Tokyo Electron">Tokyo Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large 70</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="AEON (company)">ÆON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">ANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Breweries" title="Asahi Breweries">Asahi Group Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Kasei" title="Asahi Kasei">Asahi Kasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings" title="Bandai Namco Holdings">Bandai Namco Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugai_Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chugai Pharmaceutical">Chugai Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_House" title="Daiwa House">Daiwa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai_(company)" title="Eisai (company)">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">ENEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Retailing" title="Fast Retailing">Fast Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Exchange_Group" title="Japan Exchange Group">Japan Exchange Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Post_Holdings" title="Japan Post Holdings">Japan Post Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">JT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Corporation" title="Kao Corporation">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirin_Company" title="Kirin Company">Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubota_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubota Corporation">Kubota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="jp:レーザーテック">Lasertec</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="jp:エムスリー">M3.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marubeni" title="Marubeni">Marubeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings">Mitsubishi Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Estate" title="Mitsubishi Estate">Mitsubishi Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Fudosan" title="Mitsui Fudosan">Mitsui Fudosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel_%26_Sumitomo_Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal">Nippon Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen" title="Nippon Yusen">Nippon Yusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitori" title="Nitori">Nitori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomura_Holdings" title="Nomura Holdings">Nomura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ono_Pharmaceutical" title="Ono Pharmaceutical">Ono Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oriental_Land_Company" title="The Oriental Land Company">Oriental Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orix" title="Orix">Orix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsuka_Pharmaceutical" title="Otsuka Pharmaceutical">Otsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resona_Holdings" title="Resona Holdings">Resona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secom" title="Secom">Secom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekisui_House" title="Sekisui House">Sekisui House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimano" title="Shimano">Shimano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shionogi" title="Shionogi">Shionogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiseido" title="Shiseido">Shiseido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompo_Japan_Nipponkoa_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings">Sompo Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru_Corporation" title="Subaru Corporation">Subaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E5%8F%8B%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%89%B1%E5%B1%B1" class="extiw" title="jp:住友金属鉱山">Sumitomo Metal Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Trust_Holdings" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings">Sumitomo Mitsui Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Realty_%26_Development" title="Sumitomo Realty & Development">Sumitomo Realty & Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysmex_Corporation" title="Sysmex Corporation">Sysmex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumo" title="Terumo">Terumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toray_Industries" title="Toray Industries">Toray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicharm" title="Unicharm">Unicharm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Holdings" title="Z Holdings">Z Holdings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_imaging_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_imaging_companies" title="Template:Major imaging companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_imaging_companies" title="Template talk:Major imaging companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_imaging_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major imaging companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_imaging_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Imaging_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging technology">imaging</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikvision" title="Hikvision">Hikvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki Electric Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_information_storage_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_information_storage_companies" title="Template:Major information storage companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_information_storage_companies" title="Template talk:Major information storage companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_information_storage_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major information storage companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_information_storage_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Information_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Information storage">information storage</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADATA" title="ADATA">ADATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Inc.">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Technologies" title="Dell Technologies">Dell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Data_Systems" title="Hitachi Data Systems">Hitachi Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Technology" title="Kingston Technology">Kingston Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plextor" title="Plextor">Plextor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Power" title="Silicon Power">Silicon Power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcend_Information" title="Transcend Information">Transcend Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41187#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417635918">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126331139">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/260846756">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/272457-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81038550">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138875460">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138875460">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00301989">Japan</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628696">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35999186">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710621&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268482605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06245168?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500334810">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/27755">Museum of Modern Art</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/26987">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/7983">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03012462X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/7e6d07d8-535c-4534-a4cc-6183355d55e0">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony&oldid=1258385863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony&oldid=1258385863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:TOPIX_100" title="Category:TOPIX 100">TOPIX 100</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sony" title="Category:Sony">Sony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_initial_public_offerings" title="Category:1950s initial public 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