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href="#Constitutional_Governmental_Regulations_of_1813"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitutional Governmental Regulations of 1813</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Governmental_Regulations_of_1813-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constitution of 1844</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1870" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1870"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Constitution of 1870</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1870-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Constitution of 1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Constitution of 1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Constitution of 1992</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Politics of Paraguay">Politics of Paraguay</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Paraguay">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Paraguay" title="Vice President of Paraguay">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Alliana" title="Pedro Alliana">Pedro Alliana</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Paraguay" title="Cabinet of Paraguay">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Chamber of Senators</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of Paraguay">President</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Chamber of Deputies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">President</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Paraguay">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Paraguay" title="Departments of Paraguay">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Paraguay" title="Districts of Paraguay">Districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Paraguay" title="Elections in Paraguay">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2013_Paraguayan_general_election" title="2013 Paraguayan general election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paraguayan_general_election" title="2018 Paraguayan general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Paraguayan_general_election" title="2023 Paraguayan general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Paraguay" title="List of political parties in Paraguay">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Paraguay" title="Foreign relations of Paraguay">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Paraguay)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Paraguay)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Ram%C3%ADrez_Lezcano" title="Rubén Ramírez Lezcano">Rubén Ramírez Lezcano</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Paraguay" title="List of diplomatic missions of Paraguay">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Paraguay" title="List of diplomatic missions in Paraguay">in Paraguay</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_passport" title="Paraguayan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Paraguayan_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Paraguayan citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Paraguay" title="Visa policy of Paraguay">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/32px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/48px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/64px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paraguay" title="Portal:Paraguay">Paraguay portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Template:Politics of Paraguay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Template talk:Politics of Paraguay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Paraguay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Republic of Paraguay</a></b> is governed under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of 1992, which is the country's sixth since independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1811. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence">Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay" title="History of Paraguay">History of Paraguay</a></div> <p>The recorded history of Paraguay began in 1516 with the failed expedition of <a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a> to the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> estuary, which divides <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. After further voyages of conquest, Paraguay became another of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain's</a> South American colonies. Paraguay finally gained its independence from Spain in 1811. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_Governmental_Regulations_of_1813">Constitutional Governmental Regulations of 1813</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional Governmental Regulations of 1813"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitutional Governmental Regulations, approved by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">Congress of Paraguay</a> two years after its independence from Spain in October 1813. The Constitutional Governmental Regulations contained seventeen articles, providing for a government by headed by two <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consuls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Yegros" title="Fulgencio Yegros">Fulgencio Yegros</a>. The framers also provided for a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> of 1,000 representatives. Recognizing the importance of the military in the embattled country, the framers gave each consul the rank of brigadier general and divided the armed forces and arsenals equally between them. However within ten years of adoption the Constitutional Governmental Regulations, both Consul Yegros and the Paraguayan legislature had been eliminated and Francia ruled directly until his death in 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_of_1844">Constitution of 1844</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1844"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1841 Francia's successor, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez" title="Carlos Antonio López">Carlos Antonio López</a>, asked the legislature to revise the Constitutional Governmental Regulations. Three years later, a new constitution granted López powers as broad as those Francia had used to govern. Congress could make and interpret the laws, but only the President could order that they be promulgated and enforced. The constitution placed no restrictions on the powers of the president, beyond limiting his term of office to ten years. There was no mention of the word <i>liberty</i> in the entire text. Congress subsequently made López president for life. He died in 1862 after 22 years of rule.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>, ruled under this constitution as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_of_1870">Constitution of 1870</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1870"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1865–1870), a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> adopted a new constitution in November 1870, which, with amendments, remained in force for seventy years. The constitution was based on principles of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Senate</a> and a Chamber of Representatives. Although its tenor was more democratic than the two previous constitutions, extensive power over the government and society in general remained in the hands of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_of_1940">Constitution of 1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 18, 1940 President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Felix_Estigarribia" class="mw-redirect" title="José Felix Estigarribia">José Felix Estigarribia</a> responded to a political stalemate by dissolving Congress and assuming emergency powers. To dramatize his government's desire for change, he scrapped the 1870 constitution and promulgated a new one on July 10, 1940. It was based on the 1937 Brazilian constitution which had established the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> regime. The new constitution was a severely authoritarian document that reflected Estigarribia's concern for stability and power. It provided for an extremely powerful state, with sweeping powers vested in the executive. The president now was chosen in direct elections for a term of five years, and was eligible for a second term. He could intervene in the economy, control the press, suppress private groups, suspend individual liberties, and take exceptional actions for the good of the state. He also had the power to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of siege</a>, which allowed him to suspend civil liberties in either the entire country or a portion of it for 90 days. The Senate was abolished and a unicameral Chamber of Representatives reduced in power. A new advisory Council of State was created, modeled on the experience of <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> Italy and Portugal, to represent group interests including business, farmers, bankers, the military, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. The military was entrusted with responsibility to safeguard the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 4, 1940 <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_constitutional_referendum,_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan constitutional referendum, 1940">a referendum</a> approved this constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_of_1967">Constitution of 1967</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After taking power in 1954, President <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a> governed for the next thirteen years under the constitution of 1940. A Constituent Assembly <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Constitutional_Assembly_election,_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan Constitutional Assembly election, 1967">elected</a> in 1967 drafted a new constitution that went into force later that year. It maintained the overall authoritarian character of the 1940 document, including the broad powers vested in the president. Nevertheless, it reinstated the Senate and renamed the lower house the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Chamber of Deputies</a>. In addition, the assembly allowed the president to be reelected for another two terms beginning in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution of 1967 contained a <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>, eleven chapters with 231 articles, and a final chapter of transitory provisions. The first chapter contains eleven "fundamental statements" defining a wide variety of topics, including the political system (a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary republic">unitary republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic government</a>), the official languages (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a>), and the official religion of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. The next two chapters dealt with territory, civil divisions, nationality, and citizenship. Chapter four contained a number of general provisions, such as statements prohibiting the use of dictatorial powers, requiring public officials to act in accordance with the constitution, and entrusted national defense and public order to the armed forces and police, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter five, with seventy-nine articles, was by far the longest section of the constitution, and deals in considerable detail with the rights of the population. This chapter purportedly guaranteed the population extensive liberty and freedom before the law without discrimination. In addition to the comprehensive individual rights, spelled out in thirty-three articles, there are sections covering social, economic, labor, and political rights. For example, Article 111 stipulates that "The suffrage is the right, duty, and public function of the voter... Its exercise will be obligatory within the limits to be established by law, and nobody could advocate or recommend electoral abstention." The formation of political parties was also guaranteed, although parties advocating the destruction of the republican regime or the multiparty representative democratic system are not permitted. This chapter also specified five obligations of citizens, including obedience to the constitution and laws, defense of the country, and employment in legal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, however, these rights were largely ignored, as Stroessner ruled under a state of siege for only a few short breaks from 1954 to 1987. This power, carried over from the 1940 constitution, allowed the president to suspend constitutional freedoms for up to 90 days in either all or part of the country. Within five days of declaring a state of siege, the president was required to notify Congress of his reasons for doing so, the rights being restricted, and the portion(s) of the country where it applied. Stroessner had declared a state of siege soon after taking office, and had it renewed every 90 days. Although the state of siege technically only applied to Asunción after 1970, the courts held that anyone charged with security offenses could be brought to the capital and tried under the state-of-siege provisions—even if the offense occurred elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter six identified <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> as one of the fundamental factors for the achievement of rural well-being. It also called for the adoption of equitable systems of land distribution and ownership. Colonization was protected as an official program involving not only citizens but also foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapters seven through ten concerned the composition, selection, and functions of the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a>, respectively. Chapter eleven discussed provisions for amending or rewriting the constitution. The final chapter contained transitory articles. The most important of these stated that, for purposes of eligibility and re-eligibility of the president, only those terms that would be completed after the presidential term that expired on August 15, 1968 counted. The only constitutional amendment, that of March 25, 1977, modified this article to allow the president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_of_1992">Constitution of 1992</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1992"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stroessner was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 coup</a> led by one of his longtime confidants, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" title="Andrés Rodríguez (politician)">Andrés Rodríguez</a>. Per the provisions of the 1967 Constitution, Rodríguez assumed power as interim president and was elected <a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_general_election" title="1989 Paraguayan general election">later that year</a> to serve the balance of Stroessner's eighth term. The constitution required new elections if a president dies or resigns less than two years into a term, and only then for the balance of the term. </p><p>Rodriguez governed for three years under the 1967 Constitution. That document was replaced with a much more democratic constitution in 1992. It provides for a division of government powers among three branches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the presidency remained the key institution, its powers were significantly reduced in response to the abuses of the past. The president is limited to a single five-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also lost the power to appoint and dismiss judges and dissolve the legislature at will, and also lost his previous control over government spending.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution also instituted the first meaningful system of <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a> the country had ever seen. For instance, Congress acquired the power to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> and remove the president and state ministers; there had been no such provision in the 1967 constitution. </p><p>The ban on any sort of presidential reelection has become so entrenched that <a href="/wiki/2017_Paraguayan_crisis" title="2017 Paraguayan crisis">protests ensued in 2017</a> when the legislature deliberated an amendment that would have allowed a president to run for a second five-year term, even if it is nonconsecutive. Had it passed, it would have cleared the way for incumbent <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Cartes" title="Horacio Cartes">Horacio Cartes</a> to run for reelection the following year. The Constitution establishes that any modifications to a president's term should occur via a reform and not an amendment. Cartes ultimately gave up any plans to run again, and the amendment was defeated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C._Bruneau1988" class="citation book cs1">Thomas C. Bruneau (December 1988). "Constitutional Development". In Hanratty, Dannin; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.). <i>Paraguay: A country study</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89600299">89600299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Development&rft.btitle=Paraguay%3A+A+country+study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89600299&rft.au=Thomas+C.+Bruneau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Paraguay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Paraguay/Colonial-period#ref27949">Paraguay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10181.html">Security and Political Offenses</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Paraguay.pdf">Country profile: Paraguay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (October 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez_Escobar2016" class="citation web cs1">Martinez Escobar, Fernando (2016-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/should-paraguay-allow-its-presidents-to-be-reelected-68464">"Should Paraguay allow its presidents to be reelected?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+Paraguay+allow+its+presidents+to+be+reelected%3F&rft.pub=The+Conversation&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Martinez+Escobar&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fshould-paraguay-allow-its-presidents-to-be-reelected-68464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Paraguay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1992" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (1992-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/13/world/long-shadow-on-paraguay-vote-stroessner.html">"Long Shadow on Paraguay Vote: Stroessner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Long+Shadow+on+Paraguay+Vote%3A+Stroessner&rft.date=1992-12-13&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F12%2F13%2Fworld%2Flong-shadow-on-paraguay-vote-stroessner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Paraguay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Paraguay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/paraguay/para1992.html">1992 Constitution of Paraguay</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>(In french) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/py1992.pdf">Constitution de la République du Paraguay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsje.gov.py/constituciones.php">List of all constitutions</a> (downloadable, in PDF) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paraguay_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paraguay_topics" title="Template:Paraguay topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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New Andalusia">Governorate of New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez" title="Carlos Antonio López">Carlos Antonio López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1911%E2%80%931912)" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1911–1912)">First Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1922)">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution_(Paraguay)" title="February Revolution (Paraguay)">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1947)" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1947)">Third Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">1954 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner">Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Paraguayan coup d'état attempt">1996 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marzo_paraguayo" title="Marzo paraguayo">Marzo paraguayo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Paraguayan coup d'état attempt">2000 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Fernando_Lugo" title="Impeachment of Fernando Lugo">2012 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Paraguayan_crisis" title="2017 Paraguayan crisis">2017 political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay" title="Coat of arms of Paraguay"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Paraguay" title="Geography of Paraguay">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Paraguay">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Paraguay" title="Climate of Paraguay">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Paraguay" title="Environmental issues in Paraguay">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Fauna of Paraguay">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Flora of Paraguay">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Paraguay" title="List of national parks of Paraguay">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Protected areas of Paraguay">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Paraguay" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Paraguay">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Politics of Paraguay">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Paraguay">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Paraguay" title="Elections in Paraguay">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Paraguay" title="Foreign relations of Paraguay">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Paraguay" title="Armed Forces of Paraguay">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Paraguay" title="List of political parties in Paraguay">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legal system and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Paraguay" title="Civil Code of Paraguay">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Paraguay" title="Human rights in Paraguay">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Paraguay">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Paraguay" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Paraguay" title="Agriculture in Paraguay">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Companies of Paraguay">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Paraguay" title="Ecotourism in Paraguay">Ecotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Paraguay" title="Energy in Paraguay">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Paraguay" title="Central Bank of Paraguay">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Guaraní <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Paraguay" title="Category:Science and technology in Paraguay">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_y_Productos_de_Asunci%C3%B3n_(BVPASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsa de Valores y Productos de Asunción (BVPASA)">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Paraguay" title="Transport in Paraguay">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Society of Paraguay">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Paraguay" title="Demographics of Paraguay">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Paraguay" title="Health in Paraguay">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Paraguay" title="Crime in Paraguay">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Paraguay" title="Immigration to Paraguay">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Paraguay">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paraguayans" title="List of Paraguayans">List of Paraguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Paraguay" title="Freedom of religion in Paraguay">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Paraguay" title="Baháʼí Faith in Paraguay">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Paraguay" title="Catholic Church in Paraguay">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Paraguay" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Paraguay">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Paraguay" title="Mennonites in Paraguay">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_La_Muerte" title="San La Muerte">San La Muerte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paraguay" title="Culture of Paraguay">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Paraguay">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Paraguay" title="Public holidays in Paraguay">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Paraguay" title="Sport in Paraguay">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Paraguay" title="Category:National symbols of Paraguay">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_National_Anthem" title="Paraguayan National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay" title="Coat of arms of Paraguay">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Paraguay" title="Flag of Paraguay">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paraguay" title="Tourism in Paraguay">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Paraguay" title="Outline of Paraguay">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Paraguay-related_articles" title="Index of Paraguay-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Paraguay" title="Bibliography of Paraguay">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paraguay" title="Category:Paraguay">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paraguay" title="Portal:Paraguay">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_American_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_American_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of American countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Barbados" title="Constitution of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belize" title="Constitution of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chile" title="Constitution of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guatemala" title="Constitution of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guyana" title="Constitution of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jamaica" title="Constitution of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Suriname" title="Constitution of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay" title="Constitution of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Aruba" title="Constitution of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Constitution of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Constitution of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Constitution of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Constitution of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a 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