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id="toc-Etymology_and_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_with_Dharmadeva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_Dharmadeva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Identification with Dharmadeva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_with_Dharmadeva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vedas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mahabharata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yaksha_Prashna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaksha_Prashna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Yaksha Prashna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaksha_Prashna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vana_Parva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vana_Parva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Vana Parva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vana_Parva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Udyoga_Parva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udyoga_Parva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Udyoga Parva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udyoga_Parva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavad_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Bhagavad Gita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhagavata_Purana_/_Srimad_Bhagavatam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavata_Purana_/_Srimad_Bhagavatam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Bhagavata Purana / Srimad Bhagavatam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavata_Purana_/_Srimad_Bhagavatam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_and_Fourth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_Fourth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Third and Fourth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_Fourth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Sixth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.3</span> <span>Tenth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahma_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahma_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Brahma Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahma_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garuda_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garuda_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Garuda Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garuda_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matsya_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matsya_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Matsya Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matsya_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishnu_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishnu_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Vishnu Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishnu_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Marriage and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE" title="যম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="যমরাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যমরাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama" title="Yama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_(hinduismus)" title="Jama (hinduismus) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jama (hinduismus)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="यमराज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यमराज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_(Hindu)" title="Yama (Hindu) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yama (Hindu)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama" title="Yama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="یمراز – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یمراز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama" title="Yama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8ng-m%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Ngièng-mò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngièng-mò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_(godheid)" title="Yama (godheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yama (godheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="ヤマ (インド神話) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤマ (インド神話)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%AE" title="ଯମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_(hinduizm)" title="Yama (hinduizm) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yama (hinduizm)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="یمراج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یمراج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iama_(deus)" title="Iama (deus) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iama (deus)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_(hinduism)" title="Yama (hinduism) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yama (hinduism)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Яма (индуизм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яма (индуизм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" title="Yama (Hinduism) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yama (Hinduism)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="يمراج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يمراج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_(mitologija)" title="Jama (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jama (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="யமன் (இந்து மதம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யமன் (இந்து மதம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Яма Радж (Һинд дине) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яма Радж (Һинд дине)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="యముడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యముడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Яма (дева) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яма (дева)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="یمراج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یمراج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%BB%E6%91%A9" title="閻摩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="閻摩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu god of death</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yama (disambiguation)">Yama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Yama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Death<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yama_on_buffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Yama_on_buffalo.jpg/220px-Yama_on_buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Yama_on_buffalo.jpg/330px-Yama_on_buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Yama_on_buffalo.jpg/440px-Yama_on_buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="2665" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 19th-century painting of Yama on his mount</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Dharmarāja, Yamarāja, Yammui</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Devanagari</th><td class="infobox-data">यम</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lokapala" title="Lokapala">Lokapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka (Yamaloka)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a><sup id="cite_ref-nineplan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nineplan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Oṁ sūryaputrāya idmahe<br />Mahākālāya dhīmahi<br />Tanno yama pracodayāt</li> <li>Om Vaivasvadaya Vidmahe<br />Dandahastaya Dhimahi<br />Tanno Yama Prachodayat</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">Daṇḍa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noose" title="Noose">Noose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Mace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Buffalo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shraddhadeva_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraddhadeva Manu">Shraddhadeva Manu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revanta" title="Revanta">Revanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapati" title="Tapati">Tapati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">Dhumorna<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunita (daughter);<br /><a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> (son)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manipuri</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thongalel" class="mw-redirect" title="Thongalel">Thongalel</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Norse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln1975129_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln1975129-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis Pater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln199133_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln199133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Sokar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yama</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">यम</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'twin'), also known as <b>Kāla</b> and <b>Dharmarāja</b>, is the Hindu god of death and justice, responsible for the dispensation of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">law</a> and punishment of sinners in his abode, <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientYama_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientYama-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often identified with <a href="#Identification_with_Dharmadeva">Dharmadeva</a>, the personification of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i>, though the two deities have different origins and myths.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> tradition, Yama was considered the first mortal who died and espied the way to the celestial abodes;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result, he became the ruler of the departed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His role, characteristics, and abode have been expounded in texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>. </p><p>Yama is described as the twin of <a href="/wiki/Yami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami">Yami</a> (Yamuna, Goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a>, and the son of the god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (sun) (in earlier traditions <a href="/wiki/Vivasvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivasvat">Vivasvat</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a>, also called Sandhya and Randala. He judges the souls of the dead and, depending on their deeds, assigns them to the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Pitris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitris">Pitris</a> (forefathers), <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a> (hell), or to be reborn on the earth. </p><p>Yama is one of the <a href="/wiki/Lokapala" title="Lokapala">Lokapalas</a> (guardians of the realms), appointed as the protector of the south direction. He is often depicted as a dark-complexioned man riding a buffalo and carrying a noose or mace to capture souls.<sup id="cite_ref-VM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yama was <a href="/wiki/Yama_in_world_religions" title="Yama in world religions">subsequently adopted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a> as the king of hell. In modern culture, Yama has been depicted in various safety campaigns in India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_epithets">Etymology and epithets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "<i>Yama</i>" means 'twin' (Yama has a twin sister, <a href="/wiki/Yami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami">Yami</a>), and later came to mean 'binder' (derived from "<i>yam</i>"); the word also means 'moral rule or duty' (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>), 'self-control', 'forbearance', and 'cessation'.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yama is also known by many other names, including <i>Kala</i> ('time'), <i>Pashi</i> (one who carries a noose') and <i>Dharmaraja</i> ('lord of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_with_Dharmadeva">Identification with Dharmadeva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification with Dharmadeva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Yama and Dharmadeva, the god personifying the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, are generally considered to be one and the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Vettam Mani</a> speculates a reason for this identification: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> has used as synonyms for Dharmadeva in the Mahabharata the words Dharmaraja, Vṛsa and Yama. Now among the synonyms for the two there are two words in common- Dharmaraja and Yama. This has led to this misunderstanding. Because Kala weighs the evil and good in man he got the name Dharmaraja. Dharmadeva got that name because he is the incarnation of Dharma. The real name of Kāla is Yama. Dharmadeva got the name Yama because he possesses 'Yama' (control of the self for moral conduct)."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Vettam Mani</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Mani believes that Yama and Dharmadeva are two different deities, citing that the Puranic scriptures depict atleast two different legends about the deities — </p> <ul><li>Yama is the judge of the dead, while Dharmadeva is one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Prajapatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatis">Prajapatis</a></i> (agents of creation).<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yama is the son of sun god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a>, while Dharmadeva is born from the chest of the god <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yama is married to Dhumorna.<sup id="cite_ref-VM_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Dharmadeva is married to ten or thirteen <a href="/wiki/Daksha#Daughters" title="Daksha">daughters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yama has a daughter Sunita.<sup id="cite_ref-VM_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharmadeva fathered many sons from his wives. He also fathered <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, the eldest of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yama_with_danda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Yama_with_danda.jpg/200px-Yama_with_danda.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Yama_with_danda.jpg/300px-Yama_with_danda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Yama_with_danda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The deity Yama with fangs and holding a daṇḍa (a rod). He stands on a lotus covered dais, behind which lies a buffalo, his vahana (conveyance).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yama-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yama-01.JPG/200px-Yama-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yama-01.JPG/300px-Yama-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yama-01.JPG/400px-Yama-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="4705" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Yama depicted in youthful form</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_pp.36-39,_41_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman_pp.36-39,_41-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yama is the lokapala ("Guardian of the realms") of the south and the son of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three hymns (10, 14, and 35) in the 10th book of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> are addressed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Puranas, Yama is described as having four arms, protruding fangs, and complexion of storm clouds, with a wrathful expression; surrounded by a garland of flames; dressed in red, yellow, or blue garments; holding a noose and a mace or sword; and riding a water-buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He holds a noose (<a href="/wiki/Pasha_(Hinduism)" title="Pasha (Hinduism)">pāśa</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> in one hand, with which he seizes the lives of people who are about to die. He is also depicted holding a <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">danda</a> which is a Sanskrit word for "staff".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yama is the son of Surya and <a href="/wiki/Saranyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranyu">Saranyu</a>. He is the twin brother of <a href="/wiki/Yami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami">Yami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brother of <a href="/wiki/Shraddhadeva_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraddhadeva Manu">Shraddhadeva Manu</a> and the step brother of <a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a> and his son was Katila.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several temples across India dedicated to Yama.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnu Dharmottara</a></i>, Yama is said to be represented on a buffalo, with garments like of heated gold, and all kinds of ornaments. He has four arms with the complexion of rain clouds. Dhumorna, his wife, is represented sitting on the left haunch of Yama and she has the colour of a dark blue lotus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedas">Vedas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vedas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma-raja,_a_form_of_Yama,_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked;_bazaar_art,_c.1960%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dharma-raja%2C_a_form_of_Yama%2C_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1960%27.jpg/220px-Dharma-raja%2C_a_form_of_Yama%2C_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1960%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dharma-raja%2C_a_form_of_Yama%2C_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1960%27.jpg/330px-Dharma-raja%2C_a_form_of_Yama%2C_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1960%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dharma-raja%2C_a_form_of_Yama%2C_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1960%27.jpg/440px-Dharma-raja%2C_a_form_of_Yama%2C_presides_over_a_%22hell%22_of_punishments_for_the_wicked%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1960%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Dharma-raja, a form of Yama, presides over a "hell" of punishments for the wicked; bazaar art, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1960</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, Yama is the son of a solar deity <a href="/wiki/Vivasvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivasvat">Vivasvat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saranyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranyu">Saraṇyū</a> and has a twin sister named Yamī.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is cognate to the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avestan</a> Yima, son of Vīvanhvant. The majority of Yama's appearances are in the first and tenth book. Yama is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> in the Rigveda. Agni is both Yama's friend and priest, and Yama is stated to have found the hiding Agni. In the Rigveda, Yama is the king of the dead, and one of the two kings that humans see when they reach heaven (the other being <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>). Yama is stated to be a gatherer of the people, who gave dead people a place to rest. Out of the three Rigvedic heavens, the third and highest belong to Yama (the lower two belong to <a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a>). Here is where the gods resides, and Yama is surrounded by music. In the ritual sacrifice, Yama is offered <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">soma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, and is invoked to sit at the sacrifice, lead the sacrificers to the abode of the gods, and provide long life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the dialogue hymn between Yama and Yamī (RV 10.10), as the first two humans, Yamī tries to convince her twin brother Yama to have sex with her. Yamī makes a variety of arguments, including continuing the mortal line, that <a href="/wiki/Tvastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvastar">Tvashtar</a> created them as a couple in the womb, and that <a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a> are famous for their incest. Yama argues that their ancestors, "the Gandharva in the waters and the watery maiden," as a reason not to commit incest, that <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> are strict in their ordinances, and that they have spies everywhere. By the end of the hymn, Yamī becomes frustrated but Yama remains firm in his stance. However, by RV 10.13.4, Yama is stated to have chosen to leave offspring, but Yamī is not mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vedic literature states that Yama is the first mortal, and that he chose to die, and then proceeded to create a path to the "other world", where deceased ancestral fathers reside. Due to being the first man to die, he is considered the chief of the dead, lord of settlers, and a father. Throughout the course of Vedic literature, Yama becomes more and more associated with the negative aspects of death and eventually becomes the god of death. He also becomes associated with Antaka (the Ender), Mṛtyu (Death), Nirṛti (Decease), and Sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yama has two four-eyed, broad nosed, brindled, reddish-brown dogs, <a href="/wiki/Sharvara_and_Shyama" title="Sharvara and Shyama">Sharvara and Shyama</a>, who are the sons of <a href="/wiki/Sarama" title="Sarama">Saramā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamisonBrereton20141392_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamisonBrereton20141392-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the Atharvaveda, one of dogs is brindled and the other is dark. The dogs are meant to track down those who are about to die, and guard the path to Yama's realm. Scholars who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Aufrecht" title="Theodor Aufrecht">Theodor Aufrecht's</a> interpretation of RV 7.55 state that the dogs were also meant to keep wicked men out of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Shukla_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā</a> (the White Yajurveda) states Yama and his twin sister Yamī both reside in the highest heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atharvaveda states Yama is unsurpassable and is greater than Vivasvat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taittirīya Aranyaka and the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80pastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Āpastamba">Āpastamba Śrauta</a> state that Yama has golden-eyed and iron-hoofed horses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhuvanesvar002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bhuvanesvar002.jpg/220px-Bhuvanesvar002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bhuvanesvar002.jpg/330px-Bhuvanesvar002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bhuvanesvar002.jpg/440px-Bhuvanesvar002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption>Yama depicted on Hindu temple</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, Yama is portrayed as a teacher to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> boy <a href="/wiki/Nachiketa" title="Nachiketa">Nachiketa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having granted three boons to Nachiketa, their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of being, knowledge, the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (i.e. the soul, self) and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the translation by Brahmrishi Vishvatma Bawra:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yama says: I know the knowledge that leads to heaven. I will explain it to you so that you will understand it. O Nachiketas, remember this knowledge is the way to the endless world; the support of all worlds; and abides in subtle form within the intellects of the wise.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chapter 1, Section 1, Verse 14</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mahabharata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savitri,_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Savitri%2C_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg/183px-Savitri%2C_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Savitri%2C_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg/275px-Savitri%2C_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Savitri%2C_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg/366px-Savitri%2C_Satyavan_%26_Yama_by_M._V._Dhurandhar_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of Yama and Savitri from the Vana Parva</figcaption></figure> <p>In the epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Dharmadeva (who is identified with Yama) is the father of <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, the oldest brother of the five <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yama most notably appears in person in the <i>Yaksha Prashna</i> and the <i>Vana Parva,</i> and is mentioned in the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yaksha_Prashna">Yaksha Prashna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yaksha Prashna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Yaksha_Prashna" title="Yaksha Prashna">Yaksha Prashna</a>, Dharmadeva (Yama) appears as a <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> (nature spirit) in the form of a crane to question Yudhishthira and test his righteousness. Impressed by Yudhishthira's strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and his answers to the riddles posed, Yama reveals himself as his father, blesses him, and brings his younger Pandava brothers back to life. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Yaksha [Yama] asked, "What enemy is invincible? What constitutes an incurable disease? What sort of man is noble and what sort is ignoble"? And Yudhishthira responded, "Anger is the invincible enemy. Covetousness constitutes a disease that is incurable. He is noble who desires the well-being of all creatures, and he is ignoble who is without mercy".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vana_Parva">Vana Parva</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vana Parva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana Parva</a>, when Yudhishthira asks the sage <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> whether there has ever been a woman whose devotion matched <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi's</a>, the sage replied by relating the story of <a href="/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan" title="Savitri and Satyavan">Savitri and Satyavan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Savitri's husband Satyavan died, Yama arrived to carry away his soul.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Yama was so impressed with Savitri's purity and dedication to dharma and to her husband, he was convinced to instead bring Satyavan back to life.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Tirtha-Yatra Parva</dt></dl> <p>In the Tirtha-yatra Parva (Book 3, Varna Parva, CXLII), Lomasa tells Yudhishthira "in days of yore, there was (once) a terrible time in the <a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a> when the eternal and primeval Deity [<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>] assumed the duties of Yama. And, O thou that never fallest off, when the God of gods began to perform the functions of Yama, there died not a creature while the births were as usual." </p><p>This led to an increase in the population and the Earth sinking down "for a hundred yojanas. And suffering pain in all her limbs." The earth sought the protection of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, who incarnated as a boar (<a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>) and lifted her back up.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Udyoga_Parva">Udyoga Parva</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Udyoga Parva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Udyoga_Parva" title="Udyoga Parva">Udyoga Parva</a>, it is stated that the wife of Yama is called Urmila.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhagavad_Gita">Bhagavad Gita</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bhagavad Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, part of the Mahabharata, Krishna states:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of the celestial Naga snakes I am Ananta; of the aquatic deities I am Varuna. Of departed ancestors I am Aryamaa and among the dispensers of law I am Yama, lord of death.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chapter 10, Verse 29</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Puranas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yama and his abode are frequently mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>. Some Puranas like Agni Purana and Linga Purana mention him as son of <a href="/wiki/Ratri" title="Ratri">Rajni</a> and Surya.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhagavata_Purana_/_Srimad_Bhagavatam"><span id="Bhagavata_Purana_.2F_Srimad_Bhagavatam"></span>Bhagavata Purana / Srimad Bhagavatam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bhagavata Purana / Srimad Bhagavatam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Third_and_Fourth_Canto">Third and Fourth Canto</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Third and Fourth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the third and fourth cantos of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Srimad Bhagavatam</a>, Yama was incarnated as a <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a> called <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a> due to being cursed by a sage for being too harsh in his punishments. From the <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Book_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Book Trust">Bhaktivedanta Book Trust</a> (BBT) translation:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As long as Vidura played the part of a śūdra, being cursed by Maṇḍūka Muni [also known as <a href="/wiki/Mandavya" title="Mandavya">Māṇḍavya</a> Muni], <a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryamā</a> officiated at the post of Yamarāja to punish those who committed sinful acts.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 1, Chapter 13, Verse 15</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Vidura, a devotee of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, is the main protagonist in the third canto. In this <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">canto</a>, after being thrown out of his home by King <a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a> (his older half-brother) for admonishing the <a href="/wiki/Kaurava" title="Kaurava">Kauravas'</a> ignoble behaviour towards the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a>, Vidura went on a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> where he met other devotees of Krishna such as <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a> and the sage <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata)" title="Maitreya (Mahābhārata)">Maitreya</a>, the latter of whom revealed Vidura's true origin to him: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know that you are now Vidura due to the cursing of Māṇḍavya <a href="/wiki/Muni_(Saint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muni (Saint)">Muni</a> and that formerly you were King Yamarāja, the great controller of living entities after their death. You were begotten by the son of <a href="/wiki/Satyavati" title="Satyavati">Satyavatī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyāsadeva</a>, in the kept wife of his brother.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 3, Chapter 5, Verse 20</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Krishna also states Yama punishes sinners, as relayed to Vidura (again, an incarnation of Yama) by Maitreya during their conversation about the origin and creation of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">multiverse</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmanas</a>, the cows and the defenceless creatures are My [Krishna's] own body. Those whose faculty of judgement has been impaired by their own sin look upon those as distinct from Me. They are just like furious serpents, and they are angrily torn apart by the bills of the vulturelike messengers of Yamaraja, the superintendent of sinful persons.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 3, Chapter 16, Verse 10</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A detailed account of the punishment of a sinner upon their death is also provided, beginning with their seizure and journey to Yamaloka (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">i.e. Hell</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a criminal is arrested for punishment by the constables of the state, a personal engaged in criminal sense gratification is similarly arrested by the Yamadutas, who bind him by the neck with a strong rope and cover his subtle body so that he may undergo severe punishment. While carried by the constables of Yamaraja, he is overwhelmed and trembles in their hands. While passing on the road [to Yamaloka] he is bitten by dogs, and he can remember the sinful activities of his life. He is thus terribly distressed.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 3, Chapter 30, Verses 20–21</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sixth_Canto">Sixth Canto</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sixth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sixth canto, Yama (not as <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a> nor with <a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryama</a> in the post; see third and fourth canto) instructs his messengers, the <i>Yamadutas</i>, when questioned about who has supreme authority in the universe since there are so many gods and demigods: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yamarāja said: My dear servants, you have accepted me as the Supreme, but factually I am not. Above me, and above all the other demigods, including Indra and Candra, is the one supreme master and controller. The partial manifestations of His personality are Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva, who are in charge of the creation, maintenance and annihilation of this universe. He is like the two threads that form the length and breadth of a woven cloth. The entire world is controlled by Him just as a bull is controlled by a rope in its nose.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 6, Chapter 3, Verse 12<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tenth_Canto">Tenth Canto</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tenth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the tenth canto, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> travel to Yama's abode to bring back the dead son of their Guru, <a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani Muni</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Lord Janārdana took the conchshell that had grown around the demon’s body and went back to the chariot. Then He proceeded to Saṁyamanī, the beloved capital of Yamarāja, the lord of death. Upon arriving there with Lord Balarāma, He loudly blew His conchshell, and Yamarāja, who keeps the conditioned souls in check, came as soon as he heard the resounding vibration. Yamarāja elaborately worshiped the two Lords with great devotion, and then he addressed Lord Kṛṣṇa, who lives in everyone’s heart: "O Supreme Lord Viṣṇu, what shall I do for You and Lord Balarāma, who are playing the part of ordinary humans?"<br /> <br /> The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: Suffering the bondage of his past activity, My spiritual master’s son was brought here to you. O great King, obey My command and bring this boy to Me without delay.<br /> <br /> Yamarāja said, "So be it," and brought forth the guru’s son. Then those two most exalted Yadus presented the boy to Their spiritual master and said to him, "Please select another boon." </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 10, Chapter 45, Verses 42–46<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brahma_Purana">Brahma Purana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brahma Purana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG/220px-Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG/330px-Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG/440px-Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="4925" /></a><figcaption>Yama depicted as regent of the South</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a>, Yama is the lord of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. Mentions include:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Chapter 2.29–30:</b> Yama has a daughter called Sunita and a grandson called Vena, who turned his back on dharma</li> <li><b>Chapter 20:</b> The various hells of Yama are described along with their concomitant sins</li> <li><b>Chapter 30.64–68:</b> Yama chastises his mother for cursing him (to his father)</li> <li><b>Chapter 35.11:</b> Yama is destroyed by Shiva after coming to claim the soul of <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> (and at the behest of the Gods is revived afterwards)</li> <li><b>Chapter 48.4:</b> Krishna describes himself as <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, and Yama ("I am Yama who restrains the universe.")</li> <li><b>Chapter 105:</b> Descriptions of the "terrible servants of Yama" are given</li> <li><b>Chapter 126.42.50:</b> Descriptions of the agony of death for sinners including being caught by Yama with His noose, and the tortures suffered in His abode</li> <li><b>Chapter 24 (book 4):</b> Yama is killed in battle by <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Karttikeya</a>; on <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva's</a> orders, Yama is revived by Nandi.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Riding on his terrible buffalo, the god of Death Yama hastened to that place. He was holding his sceptre (rod of chastisement). His physical body was yellow in colour. In prowess he was comparable to none. He was unparalleled in brilliance, strength and power of demanding obedience. His limbs were well developed and he wore garlands.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Brahma Purana, Chapter 30.9–12<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garuda_Purana">Garuda Purana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Garuda Purana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, Yama and his realm where sinners are punished are detailed extensively, including in the twelfth chapter called '<i>The Realm of Yama</i>'. In this text, the name of Yama's wife is Syamala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matsya_Purana">Matsya Purana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Matsya Purana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a>, In addition to his battles against the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a>, Yama is mentioned extensively:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Chapter XI:</b> Yama as boy is cursed</li> <li><b>Chapter XLIX:</b> Yama fights <a href="/wiki/Janamejaya" title="Janamejaya">Janamejaya</a> in Hell and after being captured, gives him knowledge of emancipation</li> <li><b>Chapter XCIII:</b> Yama is declared to be of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><b>Chapter CII:</b> Synonyms of Yama are given (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmaraja</a>, Mrityo, Antaka, Vaivaswata, <a href="/wiki/Kaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaal">Kala</a>, Sarvabhutaksaya, Audumbara, Dadhna, Nila, Paramesthi, Vrikodara, Chitra, and <a href="/wiki/Chitragupta" title="Chitragupta">Chitragupta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Chapter CCXLVIII:</b> Yama – like others – is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><b>Chapter CCLIII:</b> Yama is 13th of the 32 Devas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vishnu_Purana">Vishnu Purana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vishnu Purana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>, Yama is the son of sun-god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (named <a href="/wiki/Vivasvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivasvan">Vivasvan</a> in the Vedas, also means 'sun') and Sandhya (named <a href="/wiki/Saranya" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranya">Saranya</a> in the Vedas, is another name), the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a> (named <a href="/wiki/Tvastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvastar">Tvastar</a> in the Vedas) emerged from the navel of <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvakarman">Vishvakarman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a conversation with his servant, Yama states that he is subordinate to Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While establishing the relationship between Vishnu and Lakshmi, the Chapter 8 of Book 1 describes Dhumorna as Yama's consort.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varying information about Yama's consorts and children are found in Hindu texts. The <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnudharmottara">Vishnudharmottara</a></i> describe Dhumorna (also known as Urmila) as his consort.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahabharata_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahabharata-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Visible_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visible-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Garuda Purana</i>, Syamala is the name of Yama's wife. According to some other texts, Yama has three consorts—Hema-mala, Sushila and Vijaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielou_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When identified with Dharmadeva, he also married 10 or 13 daughters of the god <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Brahma Purana</i>, the name of Yama's eldest daughter is Sunita, who is the mother of the king Vena. Sobhavati, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Chitragupta" title="Chitragupta">Chitragupta</a>, is sometimes mentioned to be Yama's daughter. In the Mahabharata, <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, the eldest Pandava, was blessed by Dharma to his mother <a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YamaGod_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yama_Dharmaraja_Temple" title="Yama Dharmaraja Temple">Yama Dharmaraja Temple</a> is a Hindu temple located at Thiruchitrambalam in the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The temple is dedicated to Yama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamantaka,_Fear-Striking_Vajra,_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo,_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/220px-Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/330px-Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/440px-Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="3319" /></a><figcaption>Yama is revered in Tibet as the Lord of Death and as a guardian of spiritual practice.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yama_in_world_religions" title="Yama in world religions">Yama in world religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>Mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a>, Yama subsequently entered <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist mythology</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a>. He is also recognized in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to his depiction in movie and television adaptations of scriptures such as in the television series, Yama has also been depicted in road safety campaigns in India, particularly to warn against the dangers of riding motorcycles without helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharma Raja has been depicted as a character in "The Star-Touched Queen" and "A Crown of Wishes" by Roshani Chokshi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalantaka" title="Kalantaka">Kalantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaitarna_River_(mythological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaitarna River (mythological)">Vaitarna River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Buddhism)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When identified with <a href="#Identification_with_Dharmadeva">Dharmadeva</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mani_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other names of Yama's consort include Urmila and Shyamala.<sup id="cite_ref-Debroy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debroy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yama is also sometimes depicted with three consorts Hema-mala, Sushila and Vijaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielou_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When identified with <a href="#Identification_with_Dharmadeva">Dharmadeva</a>, he is married to 10 or 13 daughters of <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yama told his servant, “Do not touch those who are devoted to Vishnu. I am the lord of all the others except these. I am not really independent, I work under the supervision of Vishnu. He is also capable of punishing me. Even the gods worship the lotus-like feet of Vishnu. Stay away from the devotees of Vishnu.”<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJlaAAAAcAAJ&q=yama+god+of+justice&pg=RA2-PA228"><i>Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour</i></a>. [Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press. 1873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+Commercial%2C+Industrial+and+Scientific%3A+Products+of+the+Mineral%2C+Vegetable+and+Animal+Kingdoms%2C+Useful+Arts+and+Manufactures.+Ed.+by+Edward+Balfour&rft.pub=%5BDr.%3A%5D+Scottish+and+Adelphi+Press&rft.date=1873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJlaAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dyama%2Bgod%2Bof%2Bjustice%26pg%3DRA2-PA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nineplan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nineplan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217070734/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html">"Planetary Linguistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html">the original</a> on December 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Linguistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseds.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fnineplanets%2Fnineplanets%2Fdays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/224/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+encyclopaedia+%3A+a+comprehensive+dictionary+with+special+reference+to+the+epic+and+Puranic+literature&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft%2Fpage%2F224%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Puranic Encyclopedia by Vettam Mani</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debroy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debroy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debroy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebroy2005" class="citation book cs1">Debroy, Bibek (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=yama+Urmila"><i>The History of Puranas</i></a>. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4"><bdi>978-81-8090-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Puranas&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8090-062-4&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oQlAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyama%2BUrmila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danielou-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danielou_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danielou_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&q=Yama"><i>The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series</i></a>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-354-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-354-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-354-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India%3A+The+Classic+Work+on+Hindu+Polytheism+from+the+Princeton+Bollingen+Series&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-354-4&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HMXN9h6WX0C%26q%3DYama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln1975129-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln1975129_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln1975">Lincoln 1975</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln199133-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln199133_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln1991">Lincoln 1991</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx4OAAAAYAAJ&q=yama+thongaren">"Glimpses of Manipuri Language, Literature, and Culture"</a>. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Manipuri+Language%2C+Literature%2C+and+Culture&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYx4OAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dyama%2Bthongaren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AncientYama-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AncientYama_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Yama/">"Yama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Yama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FYama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrinivasa_M.2020" class="citation web cs1">Shrinivasa M. (Jan 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/a-temple-for-yamaraj-in-mandya-district/articleshow/73181559.cms">"A temple for Yamaraj in Mahoba district | Mysuru News"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+temple+for+Yamaraj+in+Mahoba+district+%7C+Mysuru+News&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft.au=Shrinivasa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmysuru%2Fa-temple-for-yamaraj-in-mandya-district%2Farticleshow%2F73181559.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&q=Yama+Dharma"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143415176" title="Special:BookSources/9780143415176"><bdi>9780143415176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780143415176&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26q%3DYama%2BDharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wattpad.com/339449859-yama-and-markandeya-chapter-1-introduction">"Yama And Markandeya – Chapter – 1 "Introduction" – Wattpad"</a>. <i>www.wattpad.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wattpad.com&rft.atitle=Yama+And+Markandeya+%E2%80%93+Chapter+%E2%80%93+1+%22Introduction%22+%E2%80%93+Wattpad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wattpad.com%2F339449859-yama-and-markandeya-chapter-1-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1995" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC&pg=PA172"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120811133" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120811133"><bdi>978-8120811133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8120811133&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VM_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/369/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+encyclopaedia+%3A+a+comprehensive+dictionary+with+special+reference+to+the+epic+and+Puranic+literature&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft%2Fpage%2F369%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielou2017" class="citation book cs1">Danielou, Alain (2017-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIXtDwAAQBAJ&q=yama+god+of+justice+dharma&pg=PA132"><i>The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3638-9"><bdi>978-81-208-3638-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India%3A+The+Classic+Work+on+Hindu+Polytheism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3638-9&rft.aulast=Danielou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIXtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyama%2Bgod%2Bof%2Bjustice%2Bdharma%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=yama&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3">"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit"</a>. <i>spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spokensanskrit.org&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary+for+Spoken+Sanskrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Ftran_input%3Dyama%26direct%3Dse%26script%3Dhk%26link%3Dyes%26mode%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1897" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1897). <i>Vedic Mythology</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shulman_pp.36-39,_41-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_pp.36-39,_41_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulman pp.36–39, 41 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YamaGod-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YamaGod_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hinduscriptures.com/gods/devta/yama-god-death/1364/">"Yama – the god of death"</a>. <i>HinduScriptures.com</i>. 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Itihaas, Smrutis, Sanskrit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HinduScriptures.com&rft.atitle=Yama+%E2%80%93+the+god+of+death&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduscriptures.com%2Fgods%2Fdevta%2Fyama-god-death%2F1364%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10014.htm">"Book 10 Hymn 14 – Yama"</a>. <i>Rig Veda</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London, UK: Mayur University. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953567973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0953567973"><bdi>978-0953567973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamandalu%3A+The+seven+sacred+rivers+of+Hinduism&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Mayur+University&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0953567973&rft.aulast=Warrier&rft.aufirst=Shrikala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/yamaraj-the-hindu-god-of-death">"How much do you know about Yamaraj – the Hindu God of Death?"</a>. <i>speakingtree.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=speakingtree.in&rft.atitle=How+much+do+you+know+about+Yamaraj+%E2%80%93+the+Hindu+God+of+Death%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speakingtree.in%2Fblog%2Fyamaraj-the-hindu-god-of-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111222204/https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/yama-the-god-of-death-in-hinduism/">"Yama: The god of death in Hinduism"</a>. <i>Sanskriti Magazine – Hinduism and Indian Culture</i>. 15 March 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sanskriti+Magazine+%E2%80%93+Hinduism+and+Indian+Culture&rft.atitle=Yama%3A+The+god+of+death+in+Hinduism&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskritimagazine.com%2Findian-religions%2Fhinduism%2Fyama-the-god-of-death-in-hinduism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnzLgxvmOFkC&q=shani+karma&pg=PA9"><i>Effectuation of Shani Adoration</i></a>. Saturn Publications Pvt. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190632713" title="Special:BookSources/9788190632713"><bdi>9788190632713</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effectuation+of+Shani+Adoration&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Saturn+Publications+Pvt.&rft.isbn=9788190632713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnzLgxvmOFkC%26q%3Dshani%2Bkarma%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Great Temples of India, Ceylon, and Burma</i>. Asian Educ. Service. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Temples+of+India%2C+Ceylon%2C+and+Burma&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Asian+Educ.+Service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vishnudharmottar031493mbp"><i><span></span></i>[no title cited; ¿<i>Vishnu Dharmottara</i>?]<i><span></span></i></a>. Calcutta University Press. 1928 – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bno+title+cited%3B+%C2%BFVishnu+Dharmottara%3F%5D&rft.pub=Calcutta+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvishnudharmottar031493mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1914">Rao 1914</a>, vol. 2, p. 525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2014). <i>The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1381–</span>1383, <span class="nowrap">1389–</span>1390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370184" title="Special:BookSources/9780199370184"><bdi>9780199370184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%3A+The+Earliest+Religious+Poetry+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1381-%3C%2Fspan%3E1383%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1389-%3C%2Fspan%3E1390&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199370184&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Brereton%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamisonBrereton20141392-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamisonBrereton20141392_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014">Jamison & Brereton 2014</a>, p. 1392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pp. 269–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBawraMilcetich2009" class="citation book cs1">Bawra, Brahmrishi Vishvatma; Milcetich, William F. 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CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448607174" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448607174"><bdi>978-1448607174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Soul%3A+Commentary+on+the+Katha+Upanishad&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1448607174&rft.aulast=Bawra&rft.aufirst=Brahmrishi+Vishvatma&rft.au=Milcetich%2C+William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuloQgAACAAJ%26q%3DBrahmrishi%2BVishvatma%2BBawra%2Bkatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM.N.Dutt" class="citation book cs1">M.N.Dutt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMahabharataMNDutt"><i>Mahabharata</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMahabharataMNDutt/page/n209">206</a>–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahabharata&rft.pages=206-208&rft.au=M.N.Dutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheMahabharataMNDutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05117.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Bhagwat Yana Parva: Section CXVII"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9171495341" title="Special:BookSources/978-9171495341"><bdi>978-9171495341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-gita+As+It+Is&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9171495341&rft.aulast=Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=His+Divine+Grace+A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSA3hsIq5dsC%26q%3Dbhagavad%2Bgita%2Bas%2Bit%2Bis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Shastri1951" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Shastri, Editor (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460751"><i>The Linga-Purana, Part 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linga-Purana%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=J.+L.+Shastri&rft.aufirst=Editor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.460751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Shastri1998" class="citation book cs1">J. 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Bhaktivedanta Swami (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYVOCgAAQBAJ&q=srimad+bhagavatam"><i>Srimad-Bhagavatam, Third Canto: The Status Quo</i></a>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9171496362" title="Special:BookSources/978-9171496362"><bdi>978-9171496362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad-Bhagavatam%2C+Third+Canto%3A+The+Status+Quo&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-9171496362&rft.aulast=Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=His+Divine+Grace+A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYVOCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsrimad%2Bbhagavatam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/6/3/12/">"ŚB 6.3.12"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Hayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbs9AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dvishnu%2Bpurana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-vishnu-purana/d/doc57604.html"><i>The Vishnu Purana</i></a> (abridged ed.). 25 May 2013 – via wisdomlib.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.edition=abridged&rft.date=2013-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fthe-vishnu-purana%2Fd%2Fdoc57604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp042.htm">"Book I: Chapter VIII"</a>. <i>The Vishnu Purana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span> – via sacred-texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%3A+Chapter+VIII&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fvp%2Fvp042.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahabharata-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahabharata_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrpZAAAAMAAJ&q=yama+Urmila&pg=PA343"><i>The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated Into English Prose: Drona parva (2nd ed. 1892)</i></a>. Bhārata Press. 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata+of+Krishna-Dwaipayana+Vyasa+Translated+Into+English+Prose%3A+Drona+parva+%282nd+ed.+1892%29&rft.pub=Bh%C4%81rata+Press&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrpZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dyama%2BUrmila%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visible-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Visible_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaaren1982" class="citation book cs1">Baaren, Theodorus Petrus van (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocu4AAAAIAAJ&q=yama+dhumorna"><i>Visible Religion: Annual for Religious Iconography</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004067790" title="Special:BookSources/9789004067790"><bdi>9789004067790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visible+Religion%3A+Annual+for+Religious+Iconography&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9789004067790&rft.aulast=Baaren&rft.aufirst=Theodorus+Petrus+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Docu4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyama%2Bdhumorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A myth about Yama's marriage to Vijaya or Shyamala is found in the <i>Bhavishya Purana</i> where she is the daughter of a Brahmina lady named Urmila.<sup id="cite_ref-Debroy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debroy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mani, Vettam (1975). Purāṇic encyclopaedia with special reference to the Epic and Purāṇic Literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/bengaluru-traffic-police-deploys-yamaraja-on-streets-to-warn-people-against-violations-spread-road-safety-awareness-4715071.html">"Bengaluru Traffic Police deploys 'Yamaraja' on streets to warn people about violations, spread road safety awareness"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Bengaluru+Traffic+Police+deploys+%27Yamaraja%27+on+streets+to+warn+people+about+violations%2C+spread+road+safety+awareness&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Fbengaluru-traffic-police-deploys-yamaraja-on-streets-to-warn-people-against-violations-spread-road-safety-awareness-4715071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400831104" title="Special:BookSources/9781400831104"><bdi>9781400831104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781400831104&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FDqf415wqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApte1975" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman Shivram (1975) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalsanskri00apteuoft"><i>The Practical Sanskrit–English Dictionary</i></a> (Fourth, revised and enlarged ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0567-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0567-4"><bdi>81-208-0567-4</bdi></a> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Sanskrit%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Fourth%2C+revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=81-208-0567-4&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalsanskri00apteuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAryaJoshi2001" class="citation book cs1">Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K.L. (2001). <i>Ṛgveda Saṁhita</i> (Second Revised ed.). Parimal Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7110-138-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7110-138-7">81-7110-138-7</a>. <q>Sanskrit text, English translation according to H.H. Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%9Agveda+Sa%E1%B9%81hita&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Arya&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Prakash&rft.au=Joshi%2C+K.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span> 4 volumes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChidbhavananda1997" class="citation book cs1">Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997). <i>Siva Sahasranama Stotram</i> (Third ed.). Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siva+Sahasranama+Stotram&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Tapovanam&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Chidbhavananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFergus2017" class="citation book cs1">Fergus, Jon William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptZttAEACAAJ"><i>The Vedas</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781541294714" title="Special:BookSources/9781541294714"><bdi>9781541294714</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>The Samhitas of the Rig, Yajur (White and Black), Sama, and Atharva Vedas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vedas&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781541294714&rft.aulast=Fergus&rft.aufirst=Jon+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptZttAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lincoln" title="Bruce Lincoln">Lincoln, Bruce</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/462739">"The Indo-European Myth of Creation"</a></span>. <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462739">10.1086/462739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710">0018-2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162101898">162101898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Indo-European+Myth+of+Creation&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162101898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462739&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F462739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1991" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Bruce (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JY77EuSuLk8C"><i>Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48199-9"><bdi>978-0-226-48199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%2C+War%2C+and+Sacrifice%3A+Studies+in+Ideology+%26+Practice&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48199-9&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJY77EuSuLk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonell1974" class="citation book cs1">MacDonell, A.A. (1974) [1898]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vedicmythology00macd"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a></span> (Reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1113-5"><bdi>81-208-1113-5</bdi></a> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=81-208-1113-5&rft.aulast=MacDonell&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvedicmythology00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrabhupada1993" class="citation book cs1">Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, His Divine Grace, Swami (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSA3hsIq5dsC&q=bhagavad+gita+as+it+is">"As It Is"</a>. <i>Bhagavad-gita</i>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789171495341" title="Special:BookSources/9789171495341"><bdi>9789171495341</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=As+It+Is&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-gita&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789171495341&rft.aulast=Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=A.C.+Bhaktivedanta%2C+His+Divine+Grace%2C+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSA3hsIq5dsC%26q%3Dbhagavad%2Bgita%2Bas%2Bit%2Bis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrabhupada1972" class="citation book cs1">Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, His Divine Grace, Swami (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYVOCgAAQBAJ&q=srimad+bhagavatam">"Third Canto: The Status Quo"</a>. <i>Srimad-Bhagavatam</i>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9171496362" title="Special:BookSources/978-9171496362"><bdi>978-9171496362</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Third+Canto%3A+The+Status+Quo&rft.btitle=Srimad-Bhagavatam&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-9171496362&rft.aulast=Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=A.C.+Bhaktivedanta%2C+His+Divine+Grace%2C+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYVOCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsrimad%2Bbhagavatam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRao1914" class="citation book cs1">Rao, T.A. Gopnatha (1914). <i>Elements of Hindu Iconography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+Iconography&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=T.A.+Gopnatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span> 2 volumes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1864" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Horace Hayman (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fbs9AAAAcAAJ&q=vishnu+purana"><i>The Vishnu Purana</i></a>. Trübner – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Hayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbs9AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dvishnu%2Bpurana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodSubrahmanyam2008" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ernest; Subrahmanyam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gR5jOtpNQC&q=Vaitarani&pg=PA64"><i>The Garuda Purana</i></a>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4375-3213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4375-3213-5"><bdi>978-1-4375-3213-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garuda+Purana&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4375-3213-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Subrahmanyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38gR5jOtpNQC%26q%3DVaitarani%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Meid, W. 1992. <i>Die Germanische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache</i>. In Beck et al., <i>Germanische Religionsgeschichte – Quellen und Quellenprobleme</i>, pp. 486–507. New York, de Gruyter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yama&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shmashana" title="Shmashana">Shmashana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Cremation ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti#Burial" title="Antyesti">Burial in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaben" title="Ngaben">Ngaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Post-<a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a> rituals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rituals_after_death" title="Indian rituals after death">Niravapanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasam_Pagri" title="Rasam Pagri">Rasam Pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pind_Sammelan" title="Pind Sammelan">Pind Sammelan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terahvin" title="Terahvin">Terahvin</a>* <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead#India" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestor worship</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitrs">Pitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab#Jathera—ancestral_shrines" title="Religion in the Punjab">Jathera or Dhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)">Bhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">Loka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaitarani_(mythology)" title="Vaitarani (mythology)">Vaitarani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Haridwar" title="Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar">Hindu genealogy registers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru-shishya_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru-shishya tradition">Parampara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9616887#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/11154135788815082174">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2018245504">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165345046">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165345046">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559268305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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