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北魏 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-北魏前身" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北魏前身"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>北魏前身</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北魏前身-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-北魏立国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北魏立国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>北魏立国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北魏立国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一统北方" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一统北方"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>一统北方</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一统北方-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-孝文改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#孝文改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>孝文改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-孝文改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-北魏分裂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北魏分裂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>北魏分裂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北魏分裂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-河阴之变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#河阴之变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>河阴之变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-河阴之变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>内战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政治制度</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治制度-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治制度子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-子貴母死制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子貴母死制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>子貴母死制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子貴母死制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-離散諸部" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#離散諸部"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>離散諸部</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-離散諸部-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>经济发展</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-经济发展-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关经济发展子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-经济发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-赋役制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#赋役制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>赋役制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-赋役制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>军事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化、艺术和宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化、艺术和宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文化、艺术和宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化、艺术和宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-君主" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#君主"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>君主</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-君主-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藩王" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藩王"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>藩王</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藩王-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>研究書目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">北魏</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。34种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وي الشمالية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وي الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Паўночная Вэй – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Вэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Северна Уей – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Уей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiernezh_Wei_an_Norzh" title="Tiernezh Wei an Norzh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tiernezh Wei an Norzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_del_Nord" title="Wei del Nord – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wei del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6rdliche_Wei-Dynastie" title="Nördliche Wei-Dynastie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nördliche Wei-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Northern Wei" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Wei_del_Norte" title="Dinastía Wei del Norte – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Wei del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="وی شمالی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وی شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoinen_Wei-dynastia" title="Pohjoinen Wei-dynastia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjoinen Wei-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Wei_du_Nord" title="Dynastie Wei du Nord – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Wei du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_Wei" title="Sjeverni Wei – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverni Wei" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Utara" title="Wei Utara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wei Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_del_nord" title="Wei del nord – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wei del nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北魏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%9C%84_(%EB%B6%81%EC%A1%B0)" title="북위 (북조) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북위 (북조)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Vei" title="Šiaurės Vei – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Vei" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCu_Vei_dinastija" title="Ziemeļu Vei dinastija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļu Vei dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Тоба Вэй – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тоба Вэй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordelijke_Wei-dynastie" title="Noordelijke Wei-dynastie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordelijke Wei-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordlige_Wei" title="Nordlige Wei – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordlige Wei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna_dynastia_Wei" title="Północna dynastia Wei – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Północna dynastia Wei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Wei_do_Norte" title="Dinastia Wei do Norte – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Wei do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Северная Вэй – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Вэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_Wei" title="Sjeverni Wei – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverni Wei" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_Wei" title="Norra Wei – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norra Wei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ราชวงศ์เว่ย์เหนือ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์เว่ย์เหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Vey" title="Kuzey Vey – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Vey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Династія Північна Вей – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Північна Вей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ng%E1%BB%A5y" title="Bắc Ngụy – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Ngụy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北魏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="北魏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_G%C5%ABi" title="Pak Gūi – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak Gūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北魏" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">&#160;&#160;</span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于分裂後的元魏,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="東魏">東魏</a></b>」和「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a></b>」。</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" 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td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84055776">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%EF%BD%A5%E6%96%89.PNG/250px-%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%EF%BD%A5%E6%96%89.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%EF%BD%A5%E6%96%89.PNG/375px-%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%EF%BD%A5%E6%96%89.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%EF%BD%A5%E6%96%89.PNG/500px-%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%EF%BD%A5%E6%96%89.PNG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="606" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:orange; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;">&#160;</span> 橙色部份為北魏疆域</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">京城</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<span class="nowrap">386-398</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E6%A8%82" title="盛樂">盛乐</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="代 (十六国)">代國</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;398-494 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="平城 (北魏)">平城</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="平城遗址">遗址</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;494-534 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">洛陽(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E9%AD%8F%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%95%85%E5%9F%8E" title="汉魏洛阳故城">遗址</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;534-535 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安">长安</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%8E" title="汉长安城">遗址</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国君姓氏</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%B0%8F" title="拓跋氏">拓跋</a>(後改為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%A7%93" title="元姓">元姓</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">15</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;386-409 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">道武帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>(開始)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;532-535 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">孝武帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%84%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="元脩">元脩</a>(結束)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;;">兴衰</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<span class="nowrap">386年2月20日</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">拓跋珪重建代国,并改国号为魏</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;399年1月24日 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">拓跋珪改元天興,即皇帝位</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;439年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">統一<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="華北">華北</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;494年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏孝文帝">北魏孝文帝</a>遷都洛陽</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<span class="nowrap">528年5月17日</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%99%B0%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="河陰之變">河陰之變</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<span class="nowrap">534年11月8日</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">分裂為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="東魏">東魏</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;535年2月3日 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%AC%A2" title="高欢">高欢</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0" title="宇文泰">宇文泰</a>分別控制東西魏</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">面积</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">200萬平方公里<small>(450年)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>前身</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>继承</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="代 (十六国)">代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6" title="前秦">前秦</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%87%95" title="後燕">後燕</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="夏 (十六国)">夏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%87%95" title="北燕">北燕</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B6%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="北涼">北涼</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="東魏">東魏</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>北魏</b>(386年2月20日-535年2月3日)是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">北朝</a>時期的第一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="中国朝代">朝代</a>,由<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>所建立,定都<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="平城 (北魏)">平城</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="平城遗址">遗址</a>在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="山西省">山西省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E5%B8%82" title="大同市">大同市</a>)。439年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏太武帝">魏太武帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%87%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋燾">拓跋燾</a>统一<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华北地区">华北</a>,与南方政权对峙。 </p><p>494年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝文帝">魏孝文帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%81%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="迁都">迁都</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="洛阳">洛阳</a>。495年,孝文帝下诏首先在宫廷中禁止包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91%E8%AF%AD" title="鲜卑语">鲜卑语</a>在内的诸<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="北语">北语</a>,改说<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>,但对三十岁以上的人有所宽限。496年,孝文帝诏令<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="鮮卑八大貴族(页面不存在)">鮮卑八大貴族</a>全部改为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A7%93" title="汉姓">汉姓</a>,并将皇族姓氏<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%B0%8F" title="拓跋氏">拓跋</a>改为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%A7%93" title="元姓">元姓</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>534年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="北魏分裂">北魏分裂</a>為被<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%AD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="高歡">高歡</a>掌控的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="東魏">東魏</a>(都<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BA%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="邺城">邺城</a>)與被<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0" title="宇文泰">宇文泰</a>掌控的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>(都<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="長安">長安</a>)。东魏<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%9A_(%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F)" title="武定 (东魏)">武定</a>八年(550年),<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="齐文宣帝">高洋</a>废<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E9%9D%99%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝静帝">魏孝静帝</a>,代东魏自立,建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90" title="北齐">北齐</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>于恭帝三年(557年)<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%81%AD%E5%B8%9D" title="魏恭帝">魏恭帝</a>被权臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E6%8A%A4" title="宇文护">宇文护</a>逼迫禅位于堂弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E8%A7%89" class="mw-redirect" title="宇文觉">宇文觉</a>,建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周</a>,172年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="鲜卑族">鮮卑族</a>元魏历史才正式宣告结束。 </p><p>拓跋氏自称是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B8%9D" title="黄帝">黄帝</a>后裔,黄帝发源地为战国时<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="魏国 (战国)">魏国</a>所在,又“<b>魏</b>”有美好之意,故以此名<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7" title="国号">国号</a>。以其<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土">领土</a>位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="中国北方与南方">中国北方</a>,又是北朝的第一个政权,故史称“北魏”。因其所處時代在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国">三国時期</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a>政權之後,也被史書稱為“<b>后魏</b>”。又以其王室姓拓跋,后改姓元,故又别称<b>拓跋魏</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>虽然也姓拓跋,但是多數<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="史家">史学家</a>并不如此称呼这两个政权)、<b>元魏</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北魏前身"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E9.AD.8F.E5.89.8D.E8.BA.AB"></span>北魏前身</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:北魏前身"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑">鲜卑</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>时期因<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>衰落鲜卑族开始在<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="蒙古高原">蒙古高原</a>兴起。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a>末年(公元四世纪初)<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鮮卑">鲜卑</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A0%AD%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="索頭部">索头部</a>首领<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8C%97%E7%9B%A7" title="拓跋猗盧">拓跋猗卢</a>因协助西晋并州刺史<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E7%90%A8" title="刘琨">刘琨</a>征伐汉赵有功,被西晋朝廷封为代王。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北魏立国"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E9.AD.8F.E7.AB.8B.E5.9B.BD"></span>北魏立国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:北魏立国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox collapsible uncollapsed" style="border:1px solid #BBBBBB; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: small; line-height:1.3em; text-align:center; vertical-align: middle"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" style="background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#EEE);color: inherit;"><br /><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中國歷史"><img alt="中國歷史" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading_%28right-to-left%29.svg/240px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading_%28right-to-left%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading_%28right-to-left%29.svg/360px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading_%28right-to-left%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading_%28right-to-left%29.svg/480px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading_%28right-to-left%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a>系列條目</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中国史前文化"><b>史前時代</b></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="Template:Neolithic cultures of China"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>註</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国旧石器文化列表">舊石器時代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国中石器文化列表">中石器時代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国新石器文化列表">新石器時代</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古国时代"><b>古国時代</b></a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D" title="三皇五帝">三皇五帝</a>)</small> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%9F%B3%E5%B9%B6%E7%94%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铜石并用时代">銅石並用時代</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="黄河文明">黄河文明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="长江文明">长江文明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="遼河文明">辽河文明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="珠江文明">珠江文明</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝"><b>夏</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前21世紀—前17世纪</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝"><b>商</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前17世紀—前11世紀</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝"><b>周</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前11世紀<br />︱<br />前256年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8" title="西周">西周 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前11世紀—前771年</small></span> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%91%A8" title="东周">东周<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前770年—前256年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="春秋时期">春秋 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前770年—前5世紀</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="战国时期">戰國 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前5世紀—前221年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝"><b>秦</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前221年—前207年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝"><b>汉</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前202年<br />︱<br />220年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A5%9A" title="西楚"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>西楚 前206年—前202年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>前202年—9年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="新朝"><b>新</b> <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>9年—23年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%A7%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="更始政權"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>更始政權 23年—25年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>25年—220年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国"><b>三国</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>220年—280年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">魏<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>220年—266年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%B1%89" title="蜀汉">蜀漢<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>221年—263年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%90%B3" title="孫吳">吳<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>222年—280年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝"><b>晋</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>266年—420年</small></span> </a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>266年—316年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>317年—420年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="五胡十六国"><b>五胡十六国</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>304年—439年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="3" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝"><b>南<br />北<br />朝</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>420年<br />︱<br />589年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B" title="刘宋">宋 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>420年—479年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">北魏 <br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>386年—534年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BD%90" title="南齐">齐 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>479年—502年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" title="梁 (南朝)">梁 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>502年—557年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>535年—557年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>534年—550年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳 (南朝)">陳 <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>557年—589年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>557年—581年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90" title="北齐">北齐<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>550年—577年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝"><b>隋</b> <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>581年—619年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝"><b>唐</b> <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>618年—907年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8" title="武周"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>武周 690年—705年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="3" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD" title="五代十国"><b>五<br />代<br />十<br />國</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>907年<br />︱<br />979年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%A2%81" title="后梁">後梁<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>907年—923年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="3" rowspan="5">十國<br />(<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%90%B4" title="杨吴">吳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90" title="南唐">南唐</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E5%9B%BD" title="吴越国">吳越</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%9B%BD" title="闽国">閩</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%9C%80" title="前蜀">前蜀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80" title="後蜀">後蜀</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%86%E5%8D%97" title="荆南">荆南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A5%9A" title="马楚">楚</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B1%89" title="南汉">南汉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B1%89" title="北汉">北汉</a>)<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>907年—979年</small></span> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="3" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" title="辽朝"><b>辽<br />(契丹)</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>916年—1125年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>西辽<br />1124年—1218年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%94%90" title="后唐">後唐<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>923年—937年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%99%8B" title="后晋">後晉<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>936年—947年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2" title="後漢">後漢<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>947年—951年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8" title="后周">後周<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>951年—960年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝"><b>宋</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>960年<br />︱<br />1279年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>960年—1127年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#E1FFE1" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏"><b>西夏</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1038年—1227年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋<br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1127年—1279年</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝"><b>金</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1115年—1234年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFECE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>蒙古帝國 1206年—1368年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝"><b>元</b> <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1260年/1271年—1368年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83" title="北元"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>北元 1368年—1388年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝"><b>明</b> <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1368年—1644年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E" title="南明"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>南明 1644年—1662年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE1" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金"><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>後金 1616年—1636年</small></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><b>清</b> <span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1636年/1644年—1912年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期"><b>中華民國</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>大陆时期 1912年—1949年</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#FFE1FF" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><b>中華人民共和國</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>1949年至今</small></span></a> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="background-color:#C1F8F7" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國"><b>中華民國</b><br /><span style="color:var(--color-placeholder,#888)"><small>臺灣時期 1949年至今</small></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="plainlist" style="background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#EEE);color: inherit; text-align:center" colspan="10"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84090868">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>公元338年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8C%97%E7%9B%A7" title="拓跋猗盧">拓跋猗卢</a>后代<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%BF%BC%E7%8A%8D" title="拓跋什翼犍">拓跋什翼犍</a>在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="山西">山西</a>北部和今<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="內蒙古">內蒙古</a>等地建立<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="代 (十六国)">代國</a>。立都于盛乐(今内蒙古自治区<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%8E%BF" title="和林格尔县">和林格尔县</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。376年<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%BF%BC%E7%8A%8D" title="拓跋什翼犍">拓跋什翼犍</a>被自己的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E5%AF%94%E5%90%9B" title="拓跋寔君">拓跋寔君</a>杀害,同年<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6" title="前秦">前秦</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%BB%E5%9D%9A" title="苻坚">苻坚</a>进攻代国,拓跋寔君不敌被俘,后被车裂处死,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="代 (十六国)">代国</a>覆灭。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%9D%E6%B0%B4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="淝水之战">淝水之战</a>后,前秦统治瓦解。386年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>即代王位,重建代国。同年四月,改国号为<b>魏</b>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一统北方"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E7.BB.9F.E5.8C.97.E6.96.B9"></span>一统北方</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:一统北方"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏统一北方的战争">北魏统一北方的战争</a></div> <p>北魏登国十年(公元395年),后燕攻北魏,反被<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E5%90%88%E9%99%82%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="參合陂之戰">参合陂之战</a>所败,后燕元气大伤。396年,道武帝改元皇兴,率40万大军征讨<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%87%95" class="mw-redirect" title="后燕">后燕</a>,一举攻下中山、信度、邺城,397年十月,北魏军队攻下后燕都城中山,后燕分裂。398年(天興元年)北魏建都平城,次年<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>正式称帝。即為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">魏道武帝</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>统治时期对北魏进行了包括完善官僚制度,修订律法,兴汉学等部分改革以巩固北魏政权的统治。天赐六年(409年),<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">魏道武帝拓跋珪</a>被清河王<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%B4%B9" title="拓跋紹">拓跋绍</a>刺杀,之后拓跋绍又被太子<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">拓跋嗣</a>带兵诛杀。同年<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">拓跋嗣</a>继皇帝位,史称<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">魏明元帝</a>。经过<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E5%97%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋嗣">明元帝</a>时代的承平岁月,到<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%87%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋燾">北魏太武帝</a>时,于427年攻破<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="夏 (十六国)">夏</a>国首都<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E" title="统万城">统万城</a>,428年占领<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="安定">安定</a>,逐走赫连夏后主<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="赫连定">赫连定</a>。436年攻破<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="和龙">和龙</a>,灭亡<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%87%95" title="北燕">北燕</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%B6" title="太延">太延</a>五年(公元439年)吞并<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%87%89" title="北凉">北凉</a>。442年<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西凉">西凉</a>残余势力<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%9D_(%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%85%AC)" title="李宝 (敦煌公)">李宝</a>投降北魏。443年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E6%B1%A0" title="仇池">仇池</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E4%BF%9D%E7%86%BE" title="楊保熾">杨保炽</a>投降北魏。至此北魏完成了兼併<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="华北">华北</a>地区和北方,這時<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="华南">华南</a>地区和南方早已是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="劉宋">劉宋</a>,南北各自为政,形成互不隶属的對峙之局。 </p><p>在統一華北以前,北魏就有多次與南朝政權在黃淮下游交手的經驗。顯祖<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E5%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋弘">獻文帝</a>皇興三年(469),北魏上黨公、征南大將軍<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E7%99%BD%E6%9B%9C" title="慕容白曜">慕容白曜</a>攻下南朝宋所屬的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="青州">青州</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="治所">治所</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E9%99%BD%E5%9F%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="東陽城(页面不存在)">東陽城</a>,至此以後,現今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="山東半島">山東半島</a>,又屬黃淮下游古稱青齊的地區(《尚書‧禹貢》稱「海岱之地」)就歸北魏所管,並被割劃為青州、齊州、濟州、光州等區。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="孝文改革"><span id=".E5.AD.9D.E6.96.87.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>孝文改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:孝文改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="孝文帝改革">孝文帝改革</a></div> <p>中国北方因常年战乱而陷入长期坞堡林立的状态。地方世家大族藏匿人口,兼并土地。北魏统一北方后,暂时实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%9D%A3%E6%8A%A4%E5%88%B6" title="宗主督护制">宗主督护制</a>,承认大族坞堡主为地方领主。北魏朝廷无法直接管理坞堡地的人口。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="文成文明皇后">馮太后</a>掌政時代,馮太后已推行了一系列措施建立國家規模,如在太和九年、十年(485、486年)推行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6" title="均田制">均田制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%95%BF%E5%88%B6" title="三长制">三长制</a>,把之前因为戰亂而遺下的無主荒地按制度分給存活的農民,一部分可永久擁有,一部分則身死後交還<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%B6" title="公家">公家</a>。这些得到自己土地的农民很多是先前为世家大族耕种的农奴,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%95%BF%E5%88%B6" title="三长制">三长制</a>让这些被世家大族藏匿的人口成为在册的自耕农,以便国家随时征用。北魏同时限制世家大族增持土地。冯太后又施行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%B6" title="租調制">租調制</a>,農民按制度上數字,定期向<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="朝廷">朝廷</a>納<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%85" title="稅">稅</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏孝文帝">孝文帝</a>親政後更在文化上開始修整,在风雨飘摇之中的背景下為了维持和巩固<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="政权">政权</a>,進行了許多大刀阔斧的改革,即後世之所謂<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E6%BC%A2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="孝文漢化">孝文漢化</a>,其舉措大略如下: </p> <ul><li>一、遷<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="洛陽">洛陽</a>:孝文帝以舊都平城(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="山西省">山西省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E5%B8%82" title="大同市">大同市</a>)為用武之地,非可文治,而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="洛邑">洛邑</a>為歷史名都,物富民豐,交通便利,便於經略海內,控制<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a>,魏太和十七年(493年),以南伐為名,進駐<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">河洛</a>,定為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="國都">京師</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E9%83%BD" title="遷都">遷都</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="洛阳">洛阳</a>後,<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="戎裝">戎裝</a>以外,官民皆著<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢服">漢服</a>。</li> <li>二、改<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="漢姓">漢姓</a>:《魏書‧官氏志》記載了一百一十八個胡人改姓的例子,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%97%8F" title="皇族">皇族</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%B0%8F" title="拓跋氏">拓跋氏</a>改<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%A7%93" title="元姓">元姓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9B%E8%87%A3%E5%85%AB%E5%A7%93" title="勛臣八姓">步六孤</a>改<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="陸姓">陸姓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E8%B3%B4%E6%B0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="賀賴氏">賀賴氏</a>改<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E5%A7%93" title="賀姓">賀姓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%AD%A4%E5%A7%93" title="獨孤姓">獨孤</a>改姓<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%A7%93" title="刘姓">劉</a>。</li> <li>三、斷<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="胡語(页面不存在)">胡語</a>:凡三十歲以下<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="官員">官員</a>一律使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>,如果仍用<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91%E8%AF%AD" title="鲜卑语">鮮卑語</a>,即降爵黜官。</li> <li>四、通<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻">婚姻</a>:鼓勵與<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢族">漢族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E9%96%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="門閥">世家</a>通婚,並從己身開始迎娶<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢族">漢族</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E6%97%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="士族 (中国)">士族</a>女子。</li> <li>五、重<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>:祀<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>,尊<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="儒教 (宗教)">儒教</a>,尋古書,設立<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="太學">太學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小學">小學</a>。</li></ul> <p>自此胡漢界線开始逐漸消弭,而中央政权重新掌控地方人口与经济,對当时和后世發展意義非凡。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北魏分裂"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E9.AD.8F.E5.88.86.E8.A3.82"></span>北魏分裂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:北魏分裂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="河阴之变"><span id=".E6.B2.B3.E9.98.B4.E4.B9.8B.E5.8F.98"></span>河阴之变</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:河阴之变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>第八任皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AE%A3%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏宣武帝">魏宣武帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%81%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="元恪">元恪</a>立他的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%AF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="元诩">元诩</a>当太子时,没有按旧制<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%B4%E6%AF%8D%E6%AD%BB" title="子貴母死">子贵母死</a>处死太子的母亲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%AD%A6%E9%9D%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="宣武靈皇后">胡贵嫔</a>,導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%88%9A" title="外戚">外戚</a>及士族掌權。孝明帝元诩即位后,胡贵嫔为皇太后,後<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%8E%AE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="六鎮之亂">六鎮之亂</a>爆發。胡党可能毒死元诩,還以女嬰代替皇帝,後來決定立<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%92%8A" title="元钊">元钊</a>為帝,這樣隨意的換人做法使得大将<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%B1%E8%8D%A3" title="尔朱荣">尔朱荣</a>趁势讨伐,杀死胡太后、元钊,立孝文帝侄长乐王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AD%90%E6%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="元子攸">元子攸</a>为帝,在大杀宗室的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%98%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="河阴之变">河阴之变</a>后掌控朝政。孝文帝侄<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A2%A2" title="元颢">元颢</a>、孝文帝子<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%82%A6" title="元悦">元悦</a>等宗室都因河阴之变而南下投靠<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%A2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="南朝梁">梁朝</a>。梁朝雍州刺史<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A7%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="萧纲">萧纲</a>趁机上表请求北伐,收复襄阳、新野,“拓地千里”。 </p><p>529年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="梁武帝">梁武帝</a>派<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E4%B9%8B" title="陈庆之">陈庆之</a>攻陷洛阳,立元颢为帝。陈庆之目睹洛阳的衣冠、礼仪、人才不输南朝,心生感慨。元颢御下无方失去人心,又急于脱离陈庆之掌控而请求梁武帝不再增援,不久为尔朱荣所败被杀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内战"><span id=".E5.86.85.E6.88.98"></span>内战</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:内战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>孝莊帝元子攸不能容忍尔朱荣跋扈,在尔朱荣回朝后设计铲除之,梁武帝亦于530年趁机派兵拥立元悦为帝。但不久后尔朱氏就立尔朱荣内侄长广王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%99%94" title="元晔">元晔</a>为帝,孝庄帝也被尔朱家族所杀害,元悦见状亦放弃称帝而南归。尔朱氏觉得元晔世系疏远,又废元晔改立孝文帝侄<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="元恭">元恭</a>。 </p><p>尔朱家族大将<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%AC%A2" title="高欢">高欢</a>倒戈,立辖区内的宗室勃海太守<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏安定王">元朗</a>为帝以号令天下,讨伐尔朱家族,并取得胜利。532年,高欢以元恭为尔朱氏所立、元朗世系疏远为由,皆废黜,有意立元悦,元悦于是北返,但因德行有失,高欢没有立他,而是立孝文帝孙平阳王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="元修">元修</a>为帝,是为孝武帝。元恭、元悦、元晔、元朗皆被孝武帝所杀。孝武帝不能容忍高欢掌握朝政,在534年投奔<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安">长安</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0" title="宇文泰">宇文泰</a>。 </p><p>高欢写信让孝武帝回銮未果,于是另立孝文帝曾孙<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%96%84%E8%A7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="元善见">元善见</a>为帝,建都邺城(今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河北">河北</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%BC%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="临漳">临漳</a>),史称“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏</a>”,称孝武帝为“出帝”。北魏就此分裂<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。一年后宇文泰弑孝武帝,另立孝文帝孙南阳王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AE%9D%E7%82%AC" title="元宝炬">元宝炬</a>为帝,建都<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安">长安</a>,史称“<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治制度"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>政治制度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:政治制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="子貴母死制度"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E8.B2.B4.E6.AF.8D.E6.AD.BB.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>子貴母死制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:子貴母死制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北魏的宮廷為了避免外戚干政,實施殘酷的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%B4%E6%AF%8D%E6%AD%BB" title="子貴母死">子貴母死</a>制度,即後宮女性所生皇子被立为太子就得被<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%9C%E6%AD%BB" title="賜死">賜死</a>,以避免母以子貴的情況發生。但幼子還是需要人照顧,因此就有所謂的<i>保太后</i>,即以太子的保姆在太子繼位後成為皇太后<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。北魏有三種皇太后,一種是皇帝的生母,另一種是皇帝的保姆,還有一種是未曾替前任皇帝生皇子因而存活的皇后。如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E7%8C%AE%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏献文帝">北魏献文帝</a>乃由漢人女子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%BA_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="李貴人 (北魏文成帝)">李贵人</a>所生,然李贵人在生下献文帝以後即被賜死,由身為太后的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AE%E6%9C%89" class="mw-redirect" title="馮有">馮氏</a>所養大。献文帝曾求當時當權的馮太后廢除舊法,但被拒絕。後來直到篤信佛教的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%AE%A3%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="北魏宣武帝">北魏宣武帝</a>,才終於取消子貴母死,但他卻導致北魏的外戚爭權,最終導致北魏滅亡及分裂。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D" title="魏文成帝">北魏文成帝拓跋濬</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏太武帝">北魏太武帝</a>的孙子,其父<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%99%83" title="拓跋晃">拓跋晃</a>没有做过皇帝,文成帝也并非以储君身份登基,故其生母<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E7%A9%86%E6%81%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="景穆恭皇后">郁久闾氏</a>未曾被赐死,在文成帝登基之初尚在人世,但不久后,身为在位皇帝之母的她也因“子贵母死”制度所累而死。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="離散諸部"><span id=".E9.9B.A2.E6.95.A3.E8.AB.B8.E9.83.A8"></span>離散諸部</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:離散諸部"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>打碎部落,重編為八部,立八部大人統領。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济发展"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>经济发展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:经济发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="赋役制度"><span id=".E8.B5.8B.E5.BD.B9.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>赋役制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:赋役制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝文帝">魏孝文帝</a>改革之前,北魏的税收由部落贡纳、牧民的畜牧税为以及一般农民的租调为主<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,其中农民的租调为最大收入。北魏规定租调税收为“户调帛二匹、絮二斤、丝一斤、粟二十石;又入帛一匹二丈,委之州库,以供调外之费。”<sup id="cite_ref-#1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不过这是个一般办法,政府需要的时候可以增加征收物品的种类和数量。租调是按户收取的,户的大小没有限制,孝文帝改革之前,三五十家组成一户的情形很普遍。除了这种一般性税收外,政府经常因为战争而加开新税,官吏因为没有官俸,也常常以各种借口征税,给百姓带来很大的负担。 </p><p>徭役方面,兵役方面由鲜卑人担任,因而兵役较轻。而力役的情况因为缺少史料,无法得知。只知道,为政府工作的工、杂役非常多。他们被编为隶户、军户、营户、府户、绫罗户、乐户等等。 </p><p>孝文帝改革后,为了给官僚机构提供俸禄,以减少官吏欺压百姓。提高了税率,魏孝文帝定每户增调帛三匹、谷二斛九斗,充百官俸禄<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。又在太和九年(485年)实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6" title="均田制">均田制</a>,办法大致有四项: </p> <ol><li>十五岁以上的男丁和妇人均可授田,男丁授露田四十亩,妇人二十亩,授田视轮休需要加倍或再加倍。如果有牛一头则授田三十亩,最多四头牛,多出的不授田。老少病残或者缺乏男丁的家庭十一岁以上和有病者均授予半夫之田。奴婢一样按照男丁和妇人的标准授田。授田不准买卖,年老或身死还田,但七十以上授田者不必归还。</li> <li>男丁授桑田20亩。桑田不必还给国家,可传给子孙,也可以可卖出多于20亩的部分,也可买桑田补足20亩。产麻地男子授麻田10亩,妇人50亩,年老及身死后还田。</li> <li>多余土地可以借给农民耕种,政府严格控制农民迁徙,只允许迁往空荒地区。</li> <li>规定驻地长官在所在地给予公田,刺史十五顷,太守十顷,治中别驾八顷,县令郡丞六顷,不许买卖。</li></ol> <p>政府在均田制的基础上重新规定了税收制度,一夫一妻应缴纳的租调为:“其民调,一夫一妇帛一匹,粟二石。民年十五以上未娶者,四人出一夫一妇之调;奴任耕、婢任织者八口当未娶者四;耕牛二十头当奴婢八。其麻布之乡,一夫一妇布一匹,下至牛,以此为降。”<sup id="cite_ref-#1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="军事"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B"></span>军事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:军事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北魏兵民分开,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>兵用于打仗,民从事耕桑<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而兵主要由鲜卑及其他少数民族组成,农业主要由汉人从事。兵民之分也就是胡汉之分,也是胡汉分治的体现。 </p><p>而士兵里面也分两种,一种是鲜卑兵,另外一种是非鲜卑兵。 </p><p>鲜卑兵由代北部落的鲜卑人组成,主要担任北魏的禁旅和边防六镇的士兵。这种兵带贵族性质,地位颇高。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>非鲜卑兵中,以<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="高车">高车</a>兵最为重要,禁军和六镇边兵都有高车人。此外还有部分少数民族和汉人军队。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化、艺术和宗教"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E3.80.81.E8.89.BA.E6.9C.AF.E5.92.8C.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>文化、艺术和宗教</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:文化、艺术和宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernWeiMaitreya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NorthernWeiMaitreya.jpg/200px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NorthernWeiMaitreya.jpg/300px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/NorthernWeiMaitreya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>北魏时期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E5%8B%92" class="mw-disambig" title="弥勒">弥勒</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>像,铸于443年</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit"><b>扩充</b></a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>北魏经历了游牧部落联盟而迅速转移到国家的历史,拓跋鲜卑人有自己的语言而没有文字。北魏时期的主要宗教是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%90%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="琐罗亚斯德教">琐罗亚斯德教</a>,其中最重要的是佛教,僧尼的人数曾发展到二百多万。北魏道教,主要是经过<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%87%E8%B0%A6%E4%B9%8B" title="寇谦之">寇谦之</a>改良的天师道。当时佛道两家的斗争十分激烈,太武帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%87%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋燾">拓跋燾</a>曾经大舉灭佛。琐罗亚斯德教在中国称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%86%E6%95%99" title="祆教">祆教</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E7%81%AB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="拜火教">拜火教</a>,主神被称为“胡天”,主要在入华的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>人当中传播。孝文帝在平城(大同)开凿了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%86%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="云冈石窟">云冈石窟</a>。 </p> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <p>北魏大部分時期,由於國家及私人贊助,佛教藝術十分興盛。雲崗佛教石窟約興建於西元460年,由上千位工匠歷時約三十五年完工,洞窟內有雕塑及繪畫。之後,北魏孝文帝亦於龍門興建石窟。雲崗石窟的佛像屬較靜態的罽賓風格,龍門的造像形式則較流線飄逸,開始展現中國風格的影響。北魏的陪葬陶器亦受到佛教影響,強調「正面性」(frontality) 及對稱。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="君主"><span id=".E5.90.9B.E4.B8.BB"></span>君主</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:君主"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%AD%8F%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元魏君主列表">元魏君主列表</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%AD%8F%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%9B%BE" title="元魏皇帝世系图">元魏皇帝世系图</a></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="1000" align="center"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">北朝</a>·<a class="mw-selflink selflink">北魏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7" title="年号">年号</a></b>  <small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D/%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit">编辑</a></small> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>肖像 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%99%E5%8F%B7" title="庙号">庙号</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A5%E5%8F%B7" title="谥号">谥号</a> </th> <th width="140px">名讳 </th> <th>在世时间 </th> <th>在位时间 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7" title="年号">年号</a>及使用时间 </th> <th>陵寝 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>献明皇帝</b><br /><small>(道武帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋珪">拓跋珪</a>追谥)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E5%AF%94" title="拓跋寔">拓跋寔</a> </td> <td>?-371年 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="4">— </td> <td rowspan="2">烈祖<br /><small>(明元帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">拓跋嗣</a>尊)</small> </td> <td><b>宣武皇帝</b><br /><small>(明元帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">拓跋嗣</a>谥)</small> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E9%81%93%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏道武帝">拓跋珪</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/371%E5%B9%B4" title="371年">371年</a>-<a href="/wiki/409%E5%B9%B4" title="409年">409年</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/386%E5%B9%B4" title="386年">386年</a>-<a href="/wiki/398%E5%B9%B4" title="398年">398年</a><small>(代王、魏王)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%9B%BD" title="登国">登国</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/386%E5%B9%B4" title="386年">386年</a>-<a href="/wiki/396%E5%B9%B4" title="396年">396年</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="金陵 (北魏)">盛樂金陵</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3"><b>道武皇帝</b><br /><small>(明元帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">拓跋嗣</a>改谥)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A7%8B_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="皇始 (北魏)">皇始</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/396%E5%B9%B4" title="396年">396年</a>-<a href="/wiki/398%E5%B9%B4" title="398年">398年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">太祖<br /><small>(孝文帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="元宏">元宏</a>追改庙号)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/398%E5%B9%B4" title="398年">398年</a>-<a href="/wiki/409%E5%B9%B4" title="409年">409年</a><small>(北魏皇帝)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%85%B4_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="天兴 (北魏)">天兴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/398%E5%B9%B4" title="398年">398年</a>-<a href="/wiki/404%E5%B9%B4" title="404年">404年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%B5%90_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="天赐 (北魏)">天赐</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/404%E5%B9%B4" title="404年">404年</a>-<a href="/wiki/409%E5%B9%B4" title="409年">409年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3">太宗 </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>明元皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" title="魏明元帝">拓跋嗣</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/392%E5%B9%B4" title="392年">392年</a>-<a href="/wiki/423%E5%B9%B4" title="423年">423年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/409%E5%B9%B4" title="409年">409年</a>-<a href="/wiki/423%E5%B9%B4" title="423年">423年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%85%B4_(%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D)" title="永兴 (魏明元帝)">永兴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/409%E5%B9%B4" title="409年">409年</a>-<a href="/wiki/413%E5%B9%B4" title="413年">413年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="金陵 (北魏)">雲中金陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%91%9E" title="神瑞">神瑞</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/414%E5%B9%B4" title="414年">414年</a>-<a href="/wiki/416%E5%B9%B4" title="416年">416年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%B8%B8" title="泰常">泰常</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/416%E5%B9%B4" title="416年">416年</a>-<a href="/wiki/423%E5%B9%B4" title="423年">423年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="6">— </td> <td rowspan="6">世祖 </td> <td rowspan="6"><b>太武皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏太武帝">拓跋焘</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/408%E5%B9%B4" title="408年">408年</a>-<a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/424%E5%B9%B4" title="424年">424年</a>-<a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E5%85%89" title="始光">始光</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/424%E5%B9%B4" title="424年">424年</a>-<a href="/wiki/428%E5%B9%B4" title="428年">428年</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="金陵 (北魏)">云中金陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%B4%A5" title="神䴥">神䴥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/428%E5%B9%B4" title="428年">428年</a>-<a href="/wiki/431%E5%B9%B4" title="431年">431年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%92%8C_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="延和 (北魏)">延和</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/432%E5%B9%B4" title="432年">432年</a>-<a href="/wiki/434%E5%B9%B4" title="434年">434年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%B6" title="太延">太延</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/435%E5%B9%B4" title="435年">435年</a>-<a href="/wiki/440%E5%B9%B4" title="440年">440年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E7%9C%9F%E5%90%9B" title="太平真君">太平真君</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/440%E5%B9%B4" title="440年">440年</a>-<a href="/wiki/451%E5%B9%B4" title="451年">451年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B9%B3_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="正平 (北魏)">正平</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/451%E5%B9%B4" title="451年">451年</a>-<a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>南安隱王</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E4%BD%99" title="拓跋余">拓跋余</a> </td> <td>?-<a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E5%B9%B3_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="承平 (北魏)">承平</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>景穆太子</b><br /><small>(太武帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏太武帝">拓跋焘</a>谥)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%99%83" title="拓跋晃">拓跋晃</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/428%E5%B9%B4" title="428年">428年</a>-<a href="/wiki/451%E5%B9%B4" title="451年">451年</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>恭宗<br /><small>(文成帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D" title="魏文成帝">拓跋濬</a>追尊)</small> </td> <td><b>景穆皇帝</b><br /><small>(文成帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D" title="魏文成帝">拓跋濬</a>追谥)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="4">— </td> <td rowspan="4">高宗 </td> <td rowspan="4"><b>文成皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D" title="魏文成帝">拓跋濬</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/440%E5%B9%B4" title="440年">440年</a>-<a href="/wiki/465%E5%B9%B4" title="465年">465年</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a>-<a href="/wiki/465%E5%B9%B4" title="465年">465年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%89_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="兴安 (北魏)">兴安</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/452%E5%B9%B4" title="452年">452年</a>-<a href="/wiki/454%E5%B9%B4" title="454年">454年</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="金陵 (北魏)">云中金陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E5%85%89" title="兴光">兴光</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/454%E5%B9%B4" title="454年">454年</a>-<a href="/wiki/455%E5%B9%B4" title="455年">455年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%89_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="太安 (北魏)">太安</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/455%E5%B9%B4" title="455年">455年</a>-<a href="/wiki/459%E5%B9%B4" title="459年">459年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="和平 (北魏)">和平</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/460%E5%B9%B4" title="460年">460年</a>-<a href="/wiki/465%E5%B9%B4" title="465年">465年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">显祖 </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>献文皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8C%AE%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="魏献文帝">拓跋弘</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/454%E5%B9%B4" title="454年">454年</a>-<a href="/wiki/476%E5%B9%B4" title="476年">476年</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/466%E5%B9%B4" title="466年">466年</a>-<a href="/wiki/471%E5%B9%B4" title="471年">471年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="天安 (北魏)">天安</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/466%E5%B9%B4" title="466年">466年</a>-<a href="/wiki/467%E5%B9%B4" title="467年">467年</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="金陵 (北魏)">云中金陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%85%B4" title="皇兴">皇兴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/467%E5%B9%B4" title="467年">467年</a>-<a href="/wiki/471%E5%B9%B4" title="471年">471年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3">高祖 </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>孝文皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝文帝">元宏</a><br /><small>(改拓跋氏为元氏)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/467%E5%B9%B4" title="467年">467年</a>-<a href="/wiki/499%E5%B9%B4" title="499年">499年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/471%E5%B9%B4" title="471年">471年</a>-<a href="/wiki/499%E5%B9%B4" title="499年">499年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%85%B4_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="延兴 (北魏)">延兴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/471%E5%B9%B4" title="471年">471年</a>-<a href="/wiki/476%E5%B9%B4" title="476年">476年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="長陵 (北魏)">长陵 </a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E6%98%8E" title="承明">承明</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/476%E5%B9%B4" title="476年">476年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="太和 (北魏)">太和</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/477%E5%B9%B4" title="477年">477年</a>-<a href="/wiki/499%E5%B9%B4" title="499年">499年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="4">— </td> <td rowspan="4">世宗 </td> <td rowspan="4"><b>宣武皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AE%A3%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏宣武帝">元恪</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/483%E5%B9%B4" title="483年">483年</a>-<a href="/wiki/515%E5%B9%B4" title="515年">515年</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/500%E5%B9%B4" title="500年">500年</a>-<a href="/wiki/515%E5%B9%B4" title="515年">515年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%98%8E" title="景明">景明</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/500%E5%B9%B4" title="500年">500年</a>-<a href="/wiki/503%E5%B9%B4" title="503年">503年</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="景陵 (北魏)">景陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%A7%8B_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="正始 (北魏)">正始</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/504%E5%B9%B4" title="504年">504年</a>-<a href="/wiki/508%E5%B9%B4" title="508年">508年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B3_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="永平 (北魏)">永平</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/508%E5%B9%B4" title="508年">508年</a>-<a href="/wiki/512%E5%B9%B4" title="512年">512年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E6%98%8C_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="延昌 (北魏)">延昌</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/512%E5%B9%B4" title="512年">512年</a>-<a href="/wiki/515%E5%B9%B4" title="515年">515年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="5">— </td> <td rowspan="5">肃宗 </td> <td rowspan="5"><b>孝明皇帝</b> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝明帝">元诩</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/510%E5%B9%B4" title="510年">510年</a>-<a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/515%E5%B9%B4" title="515年">515年</a>-<a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%99%E5%B9%B3" title="熙平">熙平</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/516%E5%B9%B4" title="516年">516年</a>-<a href="/wiki/518%E5%B9%B4" title="518年">518年</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="定陵 (北魏)">定陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%BE%9C_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="神龜 (北魏)">神龟</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/518%E5%B9%B4" title="518年">518年</a>-<a href="/wiki/520%E5%B9%B4" title="520年">520年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%89" title="正光">正光</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/520%E5%B9%B4" title="520年">520年</a>-<a href="/wiki/525%E5%B9%B4" title="525年">525年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%98%8C_(%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7)" title="孝昌 (年号)">孝昌</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/525%E5%B9%B4" title="525年">525年</a>-<a href="/wiki/527%E5%B9%B4" title="527年">527年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B3%B0" title="武泰">武泰</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%A7%91%E5%A8%98" title="元姑娘">元氏</a>名不详<br /><small>(为孝明帝女,即位1天后废黜)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a>-? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a><br /><small>(仅1天)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B3%B0" title="武泰">武泰</a><br /><small>(未改元)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%92%8A" title="元钊">元钊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/526%E5%B9%B4" title="526年">526年</a>-<a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B3%B0" title="武泰">武泰</a><br /><small>(未改元)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>彭城武宣王</b><br /><small>(宣武帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AE%A3%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏宣武帝">元恪</a>谥)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8B%B0" title="元勰">元勰</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/473%E5%B9%B4" title="473年">473年</a>-<a href="/wiki/508%E5%B9%B4" title="508年">508年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>肃祖<br /><small>(孝庄帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E5%BA%84%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝庄帝">元子攸</a>追尊)</small> </td> <td><b>文穆皇帝</b><br /><small>(孝庄帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E5%BA%84%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝庄帝">元子攸</a>追谥)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>—<br /><small>(节闵帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E8%8A%82%E9%97%B5%E5%B8%9D" title="魏节闵帝">元恭</a>追废帝号)</small> </td> <td><b>彭城武宣王</b><br /><small>(节闵帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E8%8A%82%E9%97%B5%E5%B8%9D" title="魏节闵帝">元恭</a>追废帝号,复谥)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>孝宣皇帝</b><br /><small>(孝庄帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E5%BA%84%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝庄帝">元子攸</a>追谥)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8A%AD" title="元劭">元劭</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EF%BC%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="?">?</a>-<a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>武懷皇帝</b><br /><small>(废帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%97_(%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E7%8E%8B)" title="元朗 (安定王)">元朗</a>谥)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E5%BA%84%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝庄帝">元子攸</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/507%E5%B9%B4" title="507年">507年</a>-<a href="/wiki/530%E5%B9%B4" title="530年">530年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a>-<a href="/wiki/530%E5%B9%B4" title="530年">530年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B3%B0" title="武泰">武泰</a><br /><small>(未改元)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="靜陵 (北魏)">靜陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="建義 (北魏)">建义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>敬宗<br /><small>(孝武帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝武帝">元修</a>尊上庙号)</small> </td> <td><b>孝莊皇帝</b><br /><small>(孝武帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝武帝">元修</a>改谥)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%AE%89_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="永安 (北魏)">永安</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/528%E5%B9%B4" title="528年">528年</a>-<a href="/wiki/530%E5%B9%B4" title="530年">530年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%99%94" title="元晔">元晔</a><br /><small>(废为东海王)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EF%BC%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="?">?</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/530%E5%B9%B4" title="530年">530年</a>-<a href="/wiki/531%E5%B9%B4" title="531年">531年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%98%8E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="建明 (北魏)">建明</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/530%E5%B9%B4" title="530年">530年</a>-<a href="/wiki/531%E5%B9%B4" title="531年">531年</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>广陵惠王</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%BE%BD" title="元羽">元羽</a><br /><small>(节闵帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E8%8A%82%E9%97%B5%E5%B8%9D" title="魏节闵帝">元恭</a>追尊皇帝,称“先帝”)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/471%E5%B9%B4" title="471年">471年</a>-<a href="/wiki/501%E5%B9%B4" title="501年">501年</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>节闵皇帝</b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>追谥)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E8%8A%82%E9%97%B5%E5%B8%9D" title="魏节闵帝">元恭</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/498%E5%B9%B4" title="498年">498年</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/531%E5%B9%B4" title="531年">531年</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%B0" title="普泰">普泰</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/531%E5%B9%B4" title="531年">531年</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%97_(%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E7%8E%8B)" title="元朗 (安定王)">元朗</a><br /><small>(废为安定王)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/513%E5%B9%B4" title="513年">513年</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/531%E5%B9%B4" title="531年">531年</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="中兴 (北魏)">中兴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/531%E5%B9%B4" title="531年">531年</a>-<a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>广平武穆王</b><br /><small>(孝明帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝明帝">元诩</a>谥)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%80%80" title="元怀">元怀</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/488%E5%B9%B4" title="488年">488年</a>-<a href="/wiki/517%E5%B9%B4" title="517年">517年</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>— </td> <td><b>武穆皇帝</b><br /><small>(孝武帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏孝武帝">元修</a>追谥)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>孝武皇帝</b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>谥)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="元修">元修</a><br /><small>(一说元脩)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/510%E5%B9%B4" title="510年">510年</a>-<a href="/wiki/534%E5%B9%B4" title="534年">534年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a>-<a href="/wiki/534%E5%B9%B4" title="534年">534年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%98%8C" title="太昌">太昌</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E9%99%B5_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="雲陵 (北魏)">云陵</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%85%B4_(%E9%AD%8F%E5%AD%9D%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D)" title="永兴 (魏孝武帝)">永兴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%86%99_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="永熙 (北魏)">永熙</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/532%E5%B9%B4" title="532年">532年</a>-<a href="/wiki/534%E5%B9%B4" title="534年">534年</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="藩王"><span id=".E8.97.A9.E7.8E.8B"></span>藩王</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:藩王"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%AD%8F%E8%97%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元魏藩王列表">元魏藩王列表</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875305" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q875305"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B795#北魏" class="extiw" title="s:宋書/卷95">宋書/卷95</a>》,出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E7%BA%A6" title="沈约">沈约</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%B9%A6" title="宋书">宋书</a>》</dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B757#北魏" class="extiw" title="s:南齊書/卷57">南齊書·卷57</a>》,出自<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A7%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE" title="萧子显">萧子显</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BD%90%E4%B9%A6" title="南齐书">南齊書</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">司马光. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7140">资治通鉴</a>.&#160;: 卷140 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-09-06</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914164433/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7140">存档</a>于2016-09-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%8F%B8%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%B5%84%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%89%B4&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=%E5%8D%B7140&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh%2F%25E8%25B3%2587%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E9%2580%259A%25E9%2591%2591%2F%25E5%258D%25B7140&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 152–155. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5622-2277-0" title="Special:网络书源/7-5622-2277-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;7-5622-2277-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E4%BF%8A&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%B7%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90&amp;rft.date=2000-11&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=7-5622-2277-0&amp;rft.pages=152-155&amp;rft.place=%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C&amp;rft.pub=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">傅乐成 主编;邹纪万 著《中国通史 魏晋南北朝史》,2009年,九州出版社,第96页;ISBN: 9787510800597。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.cn/gb/exhibition/art_history/12_09.htm">东魏、西魏及北齐、北周 (中国国家博物馆)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E7%BF%BC" title="趙翼">趙翼</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%B2%E5%8A%84%E8%A8%98" title="二十二史劄記">二十二史劄記</a>》卷14 保太后:「後魏自道武創例,立太子則先殺其母,以防母后預政,自是遂著為令,而帝即位皆無太后,於是轉奉保母為太后。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">李凭《北魏文成帝初年的三后之争》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">邹纪万《中国通史:魏晋南北朝史》,182页,九州出版社,2009年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》食货志</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《资治通鉴》第一百三十六卷</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B3%E6%A5%A0" title="万绳楠">万绳楠</a>(2006)《陈寅恪魏晋南北朝讲演录》 第十七篇 《六镇问题》,贵州人民出版社,232页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》二八《刘洁传》:“郡国之民虽不征讨,服勤农桑,以供军国,实经世之大本,府库之所资。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">万绳楠(2006)《陈寅恪魏晋南北朝讲演录》 第十七篇 《六镇问题》,贵州人民出版社,230页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php?_op=?SUBJECT_ID:300018409">藝術與建築索引典—北魏</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup> 於2011 年4 月1 日查閱</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%94%B6" title="魏收">魏收</a>. <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B72" class="extiw" title="s:魏書/卷2">《魏書‧卷二‧太祖紀第二下》</a>. <q>永興二年九月甲寅,上諡宣武皇帝,葬於盛樂金陵,廟號太祖。泰常五年,改諡曰道武。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;rft.au=%E9%AD%8F%E6%94%B6&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8%E2%80%A7%E5%8D%B7%E4%BA%8C%E2%80%A7%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%B4%80%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%8B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%94%B6" title="魏收">魏收</a>. <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B77%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="s:魏書/卷7下">《魏書‧卷七下‧高祖紀第七下》</a>. <q>上諡曰孝文皇帝,廟曰高祖。五月丙申,葬長陵。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;rft.au=%E9%AD%8F%E6%94%B6&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8%E2%80%A7%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%8B%E2%80%A7%E9%AB%98%E7%A5%96%E7%B4%80%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%8B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究書目"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>研究書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:研究書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>康樂:《從西郊到南郊:國家祭典與北魏政治》(台北:稻禾出版社,1995)。</li> <li>前田正名 著,孫耀 等 譯:《平城歷史地理學研究》(北京:書目文獻出版社,1994)。</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">窪添庆文. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514065344/https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&amp;filename=WSZZ200201023">关于北魏的太子监国制度</a>. 文史哲. 2002, (1): 124–129 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-05-14</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0511-4721"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0511-4721</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16346%2Fj.cnki.37-1101%2Fc.2002.01.024"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.16346/j.cnki.37-1101/c.2002.01.024</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库">NSSD</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nssd.cn/html/1/156/159/index.html?lngId=6681488">6681488 </a></span><span style="position:relative; top:-2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&amp;filename=WSZZ200201023">原始内容</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>存档于2022-05-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&amp;rft.au=%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E5%BA%86%E6%96%87&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0511-4721&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2&amp;rft.pages=124-129&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkns.cnki.net%2Fkcms%2Fdetail%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fdbcode%3DCJFD%26filename%3DWSZZ200201023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16346%2Fj.cnki.37-1101%2Fc.2002.01.024&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="width: auto; margin: 0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="中国朝代">中国朝代</a>:中国北方地区政权</b> </th></tr> </tbody></table><table class="wikitable succession-box" style="width: auto; margin: 0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center"><small>前朝</small>:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="五胡十六国">五胡十六国</a> </b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">北朝</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">魏</a><br /> (独立自<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6" title="前秦">前秦</a>,继承<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="代 (十六国)">代国</a>)<br /><small>386年2月20日—534年11月8日</small></b> </td> <td width="30%" align="center"><small>后朝</small>:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">北朝</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">北朝</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="五胡十六国時期諸政權" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="Template:五胡十六國"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:五胡十六國(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:五胡十六國"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="五胡十六国時期諸政權" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="五胡十六国">五胡十六国</a>時期諸政權</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B5%B5" title="汉赵">前趙</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="夏 (十六国)">夏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%87%89" title="北凉">北凉</a>(沮渠氏)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑">鲜卑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E9%83%A8%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91" title="段部鮮卑">段部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%8B" title="遼西國">遼西</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E9%BE%95" title="段龕">段齊</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E9%83%A8" title="慕容部">慕容部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B5%91" title="吐谷浑">吐谷浑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕">前燕</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%87%95" title="後燕">後燕</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%87%95" title="西燕">西燕</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%87%95_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="南燕 (十六國)">南燕</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E9%83%A8" title="拓跋部">拓跋部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="代 (十六国)">代</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">北魏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%87%89" title="南凉">南凉</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9E%E4%BC%8F%E9%83%A8" title="乞伏部">乞伏部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%A6" title="西秦">西秦</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8" title="宇文部">宇文部</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%AF" title="羯">羯</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E8%B5%B5" title="后赵">后赵</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%90" title="氐">氐</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E6%B1%A0" title="仇池">仇池</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%B1%89" title="成汉">成汉</a>(巴氐) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6" title="前秦">前秦</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%87%89" title="后凉">后凉</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8C%E6%97%8F" title="羌族">羌</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%A7%A6" title="后秦">后秦</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%95%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="宕昌國">宕昌</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E8%87%B3" title="鄧至">鄧至</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F" title="汉族">漢</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%87%89" title="前凉">前凉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E9%AD%8F" title="冉魏">冉魏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B6%BC" title="西涼">西涼</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E8%A5%BF%E5%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="后西凉">后西涼</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%87%89" title="北凉">北凉</a>(段氏) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%93%E6%A5%9A" title="桓楚">桓楚</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%99%E8%9C%80" title="譙蜀">譙蜀</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%87%95" title="北燕">北燕</a>(馮氏)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%BA" title="高句麗人">高句丽</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%87%95" title="北燕">北燕</a>(高氏)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%B6" title="丁零">丁零</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%9F%E9%AD%8F" title="翟魏">翟魏</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他政權</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E6%B2%88" title="丘沈">丘沈</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%A2" title="胡亢">胡亢</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%9B%BE" title="杜曾">杜曾</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E9%99%A4%E6%AC%8A%E6%B8%A0" title="虛除權渠">虛除權渠</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%9D" title="司馬保">司馬保</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B8%A0%E7%9F%A5" title="句渠知">句渠知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%AE%89_(%E6%99%89%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳安 (晉朝)">陳安</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E4%BB%81" title="慕容仁">慕容仁</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89" title="侯子光">侯子光</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%9F%9C" title="黃韜">黃韜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E9%BE%95" title="段龕">段龕</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%98%BE_(%E7%8B%AC%E5%AD%A4%E9%83%A8)" title="刘显 (独孤部)">劉顯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E8%8A%92%E8%95%A9" title="劉芒蕩">劉芒蕩</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%90%9A" title="張琚">張琚</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E5%8B%A4" title="段勤">段勤</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8D%88" title="王午">王午</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%9E%97_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="蘇林 (十六國)">蘇林</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%AD%B7" title="呂護">呂護</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%BA%B7_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="劉康 (十六國)">劉康</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%98_(%E5%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2)" title="李弘 (廣漢)">李弘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%82%B2" title="張育">張育</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%AE%E4%BA%8E%E4%B9%9E" title="鮮于乞">鮮于乞</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%AF%A7_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="康寧 (十六國)">康寧</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%BB%8E" title="劉黎">劉黎</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%8F%AD%E9%A3%9B" title="魏揭飛">魏揭飛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%95%B7" title="法長">法長</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E8%B6%85_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="张超 (十六国)">張超</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%BB%E5%BB%A3" title="苻廣">苻廣</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%BF%B9" title="張翹">張翹</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A7%8B" title="王始">王始</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%BE%8D" title="曹龍">曹龍</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%A0%86%E5%AE%B0" title="司馬順宰">司馬順宰</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%9E%E6%A0%97%E6%96%AF" title="白亞栗斯">白亞栗斯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E8%99%8E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="劉虎 (北魏)">劉虎</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%BC%98" title="曹弘">曹弘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%88%A9%E5%92%8C" title="彭利和">彭利和</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="南北朝歷史事件" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:南北朝歷史事件"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template talk:南北朝歷史事件"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:南北朝歷史事件"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="南北朝歷史事件" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>歷史事件</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南朝</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="宋武帝">劉裕篡晉</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E6%94%BB%E5%AE%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="北魏攻宋河南之战">河南之战</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%98%89%E4%B9%8B%E6%B2%BB" title="元嘉之治">元嘉之治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%98%89%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="元嘉北伐">元嘉北伐</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B1%E7%9C%99%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="盱眙之围">盱眙之围</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%8B%E5%AE%97%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E8%A8%8C" title="劉宋宗室內訌">宋室內鬨</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%B9%89%E5%AE%A3" title="刘义宣">刘义宣之乱</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E8%AF%9E_(%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B)" title="刘诞 (刘宋)">竟陵王之乱</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AD%90%E5%8B%9B" title="劉子勛">义嘉之难</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B7%9E%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="青州之战">青州之战</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E9%81%93%E6%88%90" title="蕭道成">蕭道成篡宋</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E3%9D%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B" title="唐㝢之起事">唐寓之起义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8E%E4%B9%8B%E6%B2%BB" title="永明之治">永明之治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B8%E7%AD%BE" title="典签">典籤之亂</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="梁武帝">萧衍篡齊與天監之治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E6%9B%86_(%E7%A5%96%E6%B2%96%E4%B9%8B)" title="大明曆 (祖沖之)">大明曆</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%B1%B1%E5%A0%B0" title="浮山堰">浮山堰崩塌</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%BE%E9%9B%A2%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="鍾離之戰">鍾離之戰</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%85%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="陳慶之北伐">陈庆之北伐</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A2%A2" title="元颢">元颢入洛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%81%AD%E8%AE%BA%E8%AE%BA%E6%88%98" title="神灭论论战">神灭论论战</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E6%99%AF%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="侯景之乱">侯景之乱</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E6%99%AF%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="侯景之乱">建康城破</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E7%B4%80" title="蕭紀">萧纪称帝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%99%B5%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="江陵之戰">江陵之戰與西梁建立</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E9%9C%B8%E5%85%88" title="陈霸先">陈霸先建陈</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%90%B3_(%E5%B7%B4%E9%99%B5%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B)" title="王琳 (巴陵郡王)">王琳存梁抗陳</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="陈文帝">天嘉小康</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="陈宣帝">陳頊廢帝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%BA%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="太建北伐">太建北伐</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%BB%85%E9%99%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="隋滅陳之戰">隋滅陳之戰</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北朝</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9" title="北魏統一北方">北魏統一北方</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E5%90%B4%E8%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B" title="盖吴起事">盖吴起事</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="北魏太武帝灭佛">北魏太武帝灭佛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E7%8B%B1" title="国史之狱">国史之狱</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%B2%A1%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" title="雲岡石窟">云冈石窟开凿</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="孝文帝改革">孝文帝改革</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6" title="均田制">均田制</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%95%BF%E5%88%B6" title="三长制">三长制</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" title="龙门石窟">龙门石窟开凿</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%85%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="法慶事件">法慶事件</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%9B%B2" title="宋雲">天竺取经</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E9%99%87%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="关陇起义">关陇起义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%95%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="六镇之乱">六镇之乱</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E8%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B" title="河北起事">河北起事</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%BB%8F%E6%B3%A8" title="水经注">水经注</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%98%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="河阴之变">河阴之变</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%99%B5%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="韓陵之戰">韓陵之戰</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%AD%A6%E8%A5%BF%E8%BF%81" title="孝武西迁">孝武西迁</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="北魏分裂">北魏分裂</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="小关之战">小关之战</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%8B%91%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="沙苑之戰">沙苑之战</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%A1%A5%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="河桥之战">河桥之战</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%99%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(543%E5%B9%B4)" title="邙山之戰 (543年)">邙山之戰 (543年)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E5%A3%81%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(546%E5%B9%B4)" title="玉壁之戰 (546年)">玉壁之戰</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6" title="府兵制">府兵制改革</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%99%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(564%E5%B9%B4)" title="邙山之战 (564年)">邙山之战 </a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="北周武帝灭佛">北周武帝灭佛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8%E6%BB%85%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="北周滅北齊之戰">北周統一北方</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%AE%A1%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="三總管之亂">尉遲迥之亂</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝">楊堅称帝</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div style="background-color:#8B2323;font-weight:bold;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表"><span style="color:white">中國歷史事件</span></a></div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%96%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:中國傳疑時代歷史事件">傳疑時代</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:夏朝歷史事件">夏朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:商朝歷史事件">商朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:西周歷史事件">西周</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ 東周(<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:春秋歷史事件">春秋</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:戰國歷史事件">戰國</a>)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:秦朝歷史事件">秦朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:漢朝歷史事件">漢朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:三國歷史事件">三國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%89%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:晉朝歷史事件">晉朝</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五胡十六國歷史事件">十六國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <b>南北朝</b> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:隋朝歷史事件">隋朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:唐朝歷史事件">唐朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五代十國歷史事件">五代十國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:宋朝歷史事件">宋朝</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%A4%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:遼金夏歷史事件">遼金夏</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:元朝歷史事件">元朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:明朝歷史事件">明朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:清朝歷史事件">清朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="魏晋南北朝" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wei_Jin_Southern_Northern_Dynasties" title="Template:Wei Jin Southern Northern Dynasties"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wei_Jin_Southern_Northern_Dynasties" title="Template talk:Wei Jin Southern Northern Dynasties"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Wei_Jin_Southern_Northern_Dynasties" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Wei Jin Southern Northern Dynasties"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="魏晋南北朝" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晋南北朝</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><table class="wikitable" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="font-size:88%; line-height:1.6em; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0em 0.5em 0em"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">漢朝時期</a></b> <br /><small>- 220年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="15"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晉南北朝時期</a></b> <br /><small>220年 - 589年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝<br />時期</a></b> <br /><small>581年 - <br />619年 -</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1"></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="5"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国">三國時期</a></b><br /><small>184年 - 220年 - 280年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="3"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晉朝時期</a></b><br /><small>265年 - 280年 - 420年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="8"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝時期</a></b><br /><small>420年 - 589年</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EEE" colspan="9"></td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="8"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南朝時期</a></b><br /><small>420年 - 589年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#EEE" colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a><br /><small>- 220年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a><br /><small>220年 - 265年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="3"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a><br /><small>265年 - 316年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a><br /><small>317年 - 420年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B" title="刘宋">宋</a><br /><small>420年 - 479年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BD%90" title="南齐">齐</a> <br /><small>479年 - 502年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" title="梁 (南朝)">梁</a><br /><small>502年 - 557年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳 (南朝)">陈</a><br /><small>557年 - 589年</small></td> <td colspan="2"> 亡於<br />隋</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> 繼承<br />東漢</td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%B1%89" title="蜀汉">蜀汉</a> <br /><small>221年 - 263年</small></td> <td colspan="2"> 亡於<br />曹魏</td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td> 繼承<br />梁</td> <td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A2%81" title="西梁">西梁</a> <br /><small>555年 - 587年</small></td> <td colspan="3"> 亡於<br />隋</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2"> 獨立於<br />曹魏</td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%90%B3" title="孫吳">孫吳</a> <br /><small>229年 - 280年</small></td> <td> 亡於<br />西晉</td> <td colspan="12"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EEE" colspan="7"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="五胡十六国">十六國時期</a></b><br /><small>304年 - 439年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="8"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">北朝時期</a></b> <br /><small>439年 - 581年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#EEE"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"></td> <td> 獨立於<br />西晉</td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="五胡十六国">五胡諸國</a> <br /><small>304年 - 439年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3" rowspan="2"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">北魏</a><br /><small>386年 - 534年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏</a> <br /><small>534年 - 550年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90" title="北齐">北齐</a><br /><small>550年 - 577年</small></td> <td colspan="3"> 亡於<br />北周</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a><br /><small>535年 - 556年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周</a><br /><small>557年 - 581年</small></td> <td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="3"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a><br /><small>581年 - </small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP 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