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href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipēdija:Kontakti"><span>Kontakti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81kumlapa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipēdija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-lv.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Brīvā enciklopēdija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-lv.svg" width="120" height="15" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Meklēt Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Meklēt</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" aria-label="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Meklēt Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Meklēt</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Izplatība" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izplatība"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Izplatība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izplatība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izskats_un_īpašības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izskats_un_īpašības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izskats un īpašības</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izskats_un_īpašības-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Izskats un īpašības apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izskats_un_īpašības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ragi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ragi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elpošana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elpošana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elpošana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elpošana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nagi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzvedība" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzvedība"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uzvedība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzvedība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barība" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barība"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Barība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprodukcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprodukcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reprodukcija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reprodukcija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Reprodukcija apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reprodukcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dabīgie_ienaidnieki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dabīgie_ienaidnieki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dabīgie ienaidnieki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dabīgie_ienaidnieki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikācija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikācija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Klasifikācija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikācija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Klasifikācija apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikācija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tundras_ziemeļbrieži[22]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tundras_ziemeļbrieži[22]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tundras ziemeļbrieži<sup><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tundras_ziemeļbrieži[22]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meža_ziemeļbrieži[22]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meža_ziemeļbrieži[22]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Meža ziemeļbrieži<sup><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meža_ziemeļbrieži[22]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ziemeļbriedis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 113 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendier" title="Rendier – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rendier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ак-кийик – dienvidaltajiešu" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Ак-кийик" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="dienvidaltajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AA%E1%89%A1" title="ካሪቡ – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሪቡ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C4%81n" title="Hrān – senangļu" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrān" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="senangļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9" title="رنة – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="رنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atikw" title="Atikw – atikameku" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Atikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikameku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedakol_(Rangifer_tarandus)" title="Bedakol (Rangifer tarandus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bedakol (Rangifer tarandus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_%C5%9Fimal_maral%C4%B1" title="Adi şimal maralı – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi şimal maralı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قوزئی مارالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی مارالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Паўночны алень – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночны алень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Паўночны алень – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночны алень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Северен елен – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северен елен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjangan_kutub" title="Minjangan kutub – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Minjangan kutub" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3" title="বল্গা হরিণ – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বল্গা হরিণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karv-erc%27h" title="Karv-erc'h – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karv-erc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – sebuāņu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئافور باکووری – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئافور باکووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob_pol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD" title="Sob polární – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sob polární" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renifer" title="Renifer – kašubu" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Renifer" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%97" title="Çурçĕр пăланӗ – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр пăланӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carw_Llychlyn" title="Carw Llychlyn – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carw Llychlyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensdyr" title="Rensdyr – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rensdyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τάρανδος – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάρανδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reindeer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaco" title="Boaco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boaco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjap%C3%B5der" title="Põhjapõder – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhjapõder" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elur-orein" title="Elur-orein – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elur-orein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گوزن شمالی – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوزن شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peura" title="Peura – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peura" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reind%C3%BDr" title="Reindýr – fēru" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Reindýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fēru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendiart" title="Rendiart – ziemeļfrīzu" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rendiart" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ziemeļfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9infhia" title="Réinfhia – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réinfhia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8in-fhiadh" title="Rèin-fhiadh – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rèin-fhiadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno" title="Reno – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="کلسیا گوزن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کلسیا گوزن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Reindeer" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אייל הצפון – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייל הצפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="रेंडियर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेंडियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob" title="Sob – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9nszarvas" title="Rénszarvas – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rénszarvas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_kutub" title="Rusa kutub – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusa kutub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttu" title="Tuttu – inupiaku" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuttu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentiro" title="Rentiro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rentiro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hreind%C3%BDr" title="Hreindýr – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hreindýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%90%E1%92%83%E1%91%90" title="ᑐᒃᑐ – inuītu" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑐᒃᑐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuītu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4" title="トナカイ – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トナカイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidang_kutub" title="Kidang kutub – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kidang kutub" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილოეთის ირემი – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთის ირემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizerzert" title="Tizerzert – kabilu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tizerzert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Солтүстік бұғысы – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік бұғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttu" title="Tuttu – grenlandiešu" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Tuttu" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="grenlandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%9C%EB%A1%9D" title="순록 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="순록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eivira_ked%C3%AE" title="Şivira kedî – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şivira kedî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarandus" title="Tarandus – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tarandus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno" title="Reno – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Reno" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaurinis_elnias" title="Šiaurinis elnias – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurinis elnias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABstuma%C4%BC%C5%86s" title="Pūstumaļņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pūstumaļņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibo" title="Karibo – malagasu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karibo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ирвас – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирвас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="റെയിൻഡിയർ – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയിൻഡിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цаа буга – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаа буга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="रेनडियर – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेनडियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_kutub" title="Rusa kutub – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusa kutub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကဲရီဘူးသမင် – birmiešu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကဲရီဘူးသမင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88" title="کاریبو – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاریبو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%97" title="हिउँमृग – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिउँमृग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendier" title="Rendier – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rendier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8r_du_Nord" title="Chèr du Nord – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chèr du Nord" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak%CA%BCaz_b%C4%AF%C4%AFh" title="Hakʼaz bįįh – navahu" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hakʼaz bįįh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8n" title="Rèn – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjaine_pedru" title="Pohjaine pedru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pohjaine pedru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Цæгатаг саг – osetīnu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгатаг саг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renifer_tundrowy" title="Renifer tundrowy – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Renifer tundrowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="رینڈیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رینڈیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena" title="Rena – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – retoromāņu" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Северный олень – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северный олень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reindeer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boazu" title="Boazu – ziemeļsāmu" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Boazu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ziemeļsāmu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob" title="Sob – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sob" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reindeer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob" title="Sob – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sob" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severni_jelen" title="Severni jelen – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severni jelen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ирвас – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирвас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulungu_Aktiki" title="Kulungu Aktiki – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kulungu Aktiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துருவ மான் – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருவ மான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF" title="పలవల దుప్పి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పలవల దుప్పి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กวางเรนเดียร์ – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กวางเรนเดียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibu" title="Karibu – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karibu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_geyi%C4%9Fi" title="Ren geyiği – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ren geyiği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Иви – tuviešu" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Иви" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%BA%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="شىمال بۇغىسى – uiguru" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىمال بۇغىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Північний олень – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північний олень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="رینڈیر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رینڈیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimol_bug%CA%BBusi" title="Shimol bugʻusi – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimol bugʻusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%E1%BA%A7n_l%E1%BB%99c" title="Tuần lộc – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuần lộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangifer_tarandus" title="Rangifer tarandus – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rangifer tarandus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AF%E9%B9%BF" title="驯鹿 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="驯鹿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AF%E9%B9%BF" title="驯鹿 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="驯鹿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%B9%BF" title="馴鹿 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馴鹿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamazane_yase-Athiki" title="Inyamazane yase-Athiki – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inyamazane yase-Athiki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39624#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Labot starpvalodu saites" class="wbc-editpage">Labot saites</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Vārdtelpas"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Pāradresēts no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbrie%C5%BEi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziemeļbrieži">Ziemeļbrieži</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;width:26em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Ziemeļbriedis<br /><i>Rangifer tarandus <small>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Linnejs" title="Kārlis Linnejs">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</small></i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Caribou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ziemeļbriedis"><img alt="Ziemeļbriedis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Caribou.jpg/250px-Caribou.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Caribou.jpg/375px-Caribou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Caribou.jpg/500px-Caribou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1638" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#FFC0CB;"><a href="/wiki/Organismu_klasifik%C4%81cija" title="Organismu klasifikācija">Klasifikācija</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valsts_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Valsts (bioloģija)">Valsts</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieki" title="Dzīvnieki">Dzīvnieki</a></span> (<i>Animalia</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tips_(zoolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Tips (zooloģija)">Tips</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Hordai%C5%86i" title="Hordaiņi">Hordaiņi</a></span> (<i>Chordata</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Klase_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Klase (bioloģija)">Klase</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" title="Zīdītāji">Zīdītāji</a></span> (<i>Mammalia</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rta" title="Kārta">Kārta</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81rnad%C5%BEi" title="Pārnadži">Pārnadži</a></span> (<i>Artiodactyla</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apak%C5%A1k%C4%81rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Apakškārta">Apakškārta</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Atgremot%C4%81ju_apak%C5%A1k%C4%81rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Atgremotāju apakškārta">Atgremotāju apakškārta</a></span> (<i>Ruminantia</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dzimta_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Dzimta (bioloģija)">Dzimta</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Brie%C5%BEu_dzimta" title="Briežu dzimta">Briežu dzimta</a></span> (<i>Cervidae</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apak%C5%A1dzimta" class="mw-redirect" title="Apakšdzimta">Apakšdzimta</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Stirnu_apak%C5%A1dzimta" title="Stirnu apakšdzimta">Stirnu apakšdzimta</a></span> (<i>Capreolinae</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A2ints_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Ģints (bioloģija)">Ģints</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ziemeļbrieži</a></span> (<i>Rangifer</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Suga" title="Suga">Suga</a></th><td><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ziemeļbriedis</a></span> (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFC0CB;">Izplatība</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Rangifer_tarandus_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rangifer_tarandus_map.png/250px-Rangifer_tarandus_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rangifer_tarandus_map.png/375px-Rangifer_tarandus_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rangifer_tarandus_map.png/500px-Rangifer_tarandus_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />Ar zaļu atzīmēta ziemeļbriežu izplatība Ziemeļamerikā, ar sarkanu - Eirāzijā</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center; font-size: 110%; background-color:#white; color:black; border: 1px solid #FFC0CB; padding: 2px; margin-top: 4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rangifer_tarandus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rangifer tarandus">Ziemeļbriedis Vikikrātuvē</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ziemeļbriedis</b> (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) ir liela auguma <a href="/wiki/Brie%C5%BEu_dzimta" title="Briežu dzimta">briežu dzimtas</a> (<i>Cervidae</i>) <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81js" class="mw-redirect" title="Zīdītājs">zīdītājs</a>, kas pieder <b>ziemeļbriežu ģintij</b> (<i>Rangifer</i>). Tā ir vienīgā <a href="/wiki/Suga" title="Suga">suga</a> ziemeļbriežu ģintī. Ziemeļbrieži dalās 2 lielās grupās: tundras ziemeļbrieži, kuriem ir 8 <a href="/wiki/Pasuga" title="Pasuga">pasugas</a>, un meža ziemeļbrieži, kuriem ir 5 pasugas. </p><p>Ziemeļbriedis ir izplatīts <a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCu_puslode" title="Ziemeļu puslode">ziemeļu puslodes</a> <a href="/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika">arktiskajā</a> un subarktiskajā <a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">biomā</a>. Ir sastopamas <a href="/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieku_migr%C4%81cija" title="Dzīvnieku migrācija">migrējošas</a> <a href="/wiki/Popul%C4%81cija" title="Populācija">populācijas</a> un populācijas, kas ir nometnieces. Kopumā suga ir plaši izplatīta, tomēr dažu pasugu izdzīvošana ir apdraudēta, un dažas no tām ir jau izmirušas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ziemeļbriežu <a href="/wiki/Med%C4%ABbas" title="Medības">medības</a> un to audzēšana daļējos mājas apstākļos, lai iegūtu gaļu, kažokādu, ragus, pienu un tos izmantotu kā transporta līdzekli, ir viena no svarīgākajām nodarbēm daudzām <a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCi" title="Ziemeļi">ziemeļu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tauta" title="Tauta">tautām</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pateicoties mītam par <a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tku_vec%C4%ABtis" title="Ziemassvētku vecītis">Ziemassvētku vecīša</a> lidojošajiem ziemeļbriežiem, tos labi pazīst visā <a href="/wiki/Pasaule" title="Pasaule">pasaulē</a>, kur svin <a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētkus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ziemeļbriežu ganīšana</b> </p> <ul><li>Ziemeļbriežu ganīšana nodrošina ienākumus vairāk nekā 20 dažādām Arktikas pamatiedzīvotāju kopienām.</li> <li>Kopumā deviņās valstīs aptuveni 100 000 cilvēku nodarbojas ar aptuveni 2,5 miljonu pieradinātu ziemeļbriežu ganīšanu.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izplatība"><span id="Izplat.C4.ABba"></span>Izplatība</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Izplatība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Izplatība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Archangel_reindeer3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Archangel_reindeer3.jpg/240px-Archangel_reindeer3.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Archangel_reindeer3.jpg/360px-Archangel_reindeer3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Archangel_reindeer3.jpg/480px-Archangel_reindeer3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="2327" /></a><figcaption>Daudzām ziemeļu tautām ziemeļbriežu aizjūgs ziemas sezonā ir galvenais pārvietošanās veids</figcaption></figure> <p>Ziemeļbrieža <a href="/wiki/Izplat%C4%ABbas_are%C4%81ls" title="Izplatības areāls">izplatības areāls</a> aptver ziemeļu puslodes <a href="/wiki/Holarktika" title="Holarktika">holarktisko</a> reģionu. Tas mājo gan <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundrā</a>, gan <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taigā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziemeļbriedis ir sastopams <a href="/wiki/Skandin%C4%81vija" title="Skandināvija">Skandināvijā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenlande" title="Grenlande">Grenlandē</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija">Krievijā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija">Mongolijā</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna">Ķīnas</a> ziemeļos (uz ziemeļiem no 50 paralēles) un <a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCamerika" title="Ziemeļamerika">Ziemeļamerikā</a>, gan <a href="/wiki/Kan%C4%81da" title="Kanāda">Kanādā</a>, gan <a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C4%BCaska" title="Aļaska">Aļaskā</a> un Kanādas pierobežas štatos). </p><p>Līdz 19. gadsimta vidum tas bija sastopams pat <a href="/wiki/Aidaho" title="Aidaho">Aidaho</a> dienvidos. Tas kādreiz dzīvoja <a href="/wiki/Sahal%C4%ABna" title="Sahalīna">Sahalīnā</a> un, iespējams, arī <a href="/wiki/%C4%AArija" title="Īrija">Īrijā</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pleistoc%C4%93ns" title="Pleistocēns">Pleistocēna</a> laikā ziemeļbriedis <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropā</a> bija sastopams līdz <a href="/wiki/Sp%C4%81nija" title="Spānija">Spānijai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mūsdienās dienvidu reģionu populācijas ir izmirušas, un tas vairs nav sastopamas daudzās sava izplatības areāla vēsturiskajās zemēs. Vislielākās populācijas mūsdienās ir <a href="/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3ija" title="Norvēģija">Norvēģijā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somija" title="Somija">Somijā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sib%C4%ABrija" title="Sibīrija">Sibīrijā</a>, Grenlandē, Aļaskā un Kanādā. </p><p>Mājas ziemeļbrieži ir sastopami Skandināvijā un Krievijā. Tie tiek turēti lielos baros, kuros ir 150—170 dzīvnieki. Eiropā savvaļas ziemeļbrieži ir palikuši tikai Norvēģijā.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daži ziemeļbrieži no Norvēģijas 20. gadsimta sākumā tika <a href="/wiki/Introdukcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Introdukcija">introducēti</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantijas_oke%C4%81ns" title="Atlantijas okeāns">Atlantijas okeāna</a> dienvidos <a href="/wiki/Dienvidd%C5%BEord%C5%BEija" title="Dienviddžordžija">Dienviddžordžijas</a> salā, kur ziemeļbrieži ir sastopami joprojām. Apmēram 4000 dzīvnieki tika ievesti Francijai piederošajās <a href="/wiki/Kergel%C4%93na_arhipel%C4%81gs" title="Kergelēna arhipelāgs">Kergelēna arhipelāga</a> salās <a href="/wiki/Indijas_oke%C4%81ns" title="Indijas okeāns">Indijas okeāna</a> dienviddaļā. Arī <a href="/wiki/Islande" title="Islande">Islandē</a> ir ievesti ziemeļbrieži, un to skaits ir apmēram 2000—4000.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izskats_un_īpašības"><span id="Izskats_un_.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Izskats un īpašības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Izskats un īpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Izskats un īpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg/220px-Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg/330px-Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg/440px-Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Svalb%C4%81ra" title="Svalbāra">Svalbāras</a> ziemeļbriežu pasuga (<i>R. t. platyrhynchus</i>) ir vismazākā no visām pasugām, lielākie tēviņi sver 90 kg, attēlā Svalbāras ziemeļbrieža mātīte</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Rentier_fws_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rentier_fws_1.jpg/180px-Rentier_fws_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rentier_fws_1.jpg/270px-Rentier_fws_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rentier_fws_1.jpg/360px-Rentier_fws_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Liels ziemeļbriežu tēviņš var sasniegt 318 kg masu</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Caribou_using_antlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Caribou_using_antlers.jpg/220px-Caribou_using_antlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Caribou_using_antlers.jpg/330px-Caribou_using_antlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Caribou_using_antlers.jpg/440px-Caribou_using_antlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Ragiem ir milzīga nozīme, lai nostiprinātu augstāku vietu bara hierarhijā</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg/220px-20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg/330px-20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg/440px-20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Vasarā pēdas kļūst mīkstas un izplešas, tādējādi atbalsta virsma kļūst lielāka, nodrošinot stabilāku iešanu pa mitro un mīksto tundras zemi</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/220px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/330px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/440px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Ziemeļbrieži ir ļoti labi peldētāji un, ja nepieciešams, var pārpeldēt ezeru vai platu upi</figcaption></figure> <p>Ziemeļbriežu pasugas viena no otras atšķiras gan augumā, gan ar <a href="/wiki/Apmatojums" class="mw-redirect" title="Apmatojums">apmatojuma</a> krāsu. Abiem dzimumiem aug <a href="/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi">ragi</a>, tikai tēviņiem tie ir lielāki nekā mātītēm. Dažu pasugu mātītēm ragu nav vispār. Mātītes ķermeņa garums parasti ir 162—205 cm, to svars 79—120 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-ad_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tēviņu ķermeņa garums ir 180—214 cm, svars 92—210 kg. Reizēm ļoti lieli tēviņi var sasniegt 318 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-ad_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augstums skaustā ziemeļbriežiem ir 85—150 cm, <a href="/wiki/Aste" title="Aste">astes</a> garums 14—20 cm. Vismazākā pasuga ir <a href="/wiki/Svalb%C4%81ra" title="Svalbāra">Svalbāras</a> salu ziemeļbriedis (<i>R. t. platyrhynchus</i>), šīs pasugas mātītes garums ir apmēram 150 cm un svars 53 kg pavasarī, bet 70 kg rudenī. Tēviņu ķermeņa garums ir 160 cm, svars 65 kg pavasarī un 90 kg rudenī.<sup id="cite_ref-pol_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salīdzinoši ar pārējām pasugām, Svalbāras ziemeļbriedim ir arī īsas <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81jas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kājas">kājas</a>, tā augstums skaustā ir 80 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-pol_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kopumā ziemeļu pasugas ir mazākas nekā dienvidu pasugas. Arī mājas ziemeļbriežiem, salīdzinot ar savvaļas īpatņiem, ir īsākas kājas un lielāka masa. </p><p>Kažoka krāsa ir atkarīga no vairākiem faktoriem: individualitātes, sezonas un pasugas veida. Dienvidu pasugas ir tumšākas nekā ziemeļu pasugas. Bet pamatā kažoki ir brūnpelēki ar gaišāku, gandrīz baltu kaklu. Kažokam ir dubults apmatojums. Tam ir bieza un silta pavilna un garāki akotmati, kas nosedz pavilnu, sargājot to no nokrišņiem, turklāt akotmata iekšpuse ir tukša un pildīta ar <a href="/wiki/Gaiss" title="Gaiss">gaisu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ragi">Ragi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Ragi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ragi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lielākajai daļai pasugu abiem dzimumiem aug ragi.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tēviņu ragi ir lielāki, žuburaināki un iespaidīgāki nekā mātīšu ragi. <a href="/wiki/Skandin%C4%81vija" title="Skandināvija">Skandināvijas</a> populācijām vecākiem tēviņiem ragi nokrīt decembrī, bet jaunajiem — pavasarī, toties mātītēm ragi nokrīt vasarā. Ragiem var izšķirt 2 žuburu grupas, vienu zemāku un otru augstāku. Salīdzinot pasugas, ragu lielums ir atšķirīgs. Ziemeļu pasugām ragi ir mazāki, smailāki, un raga kaulam veidojas apaļāka forma.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toties dažām pasugām ragi ir ļoti lieli un krāšņi, kļūstot par otriem lielākajiem ragiem visā <a href="/wiki/Brie%C5%BEu_dzimta" title="Briežu dzimta">briežu dzimtā</a> pēc <a href="/wiki/Alnis" title="Alnis">aļņa</a> ragiem. Tie var sasniegt 100 cm platumu un 135 cm augstumu. Bet, salīdzinot ar ķermeņa lielumu, tie ir vislielākie ragi briežu dzimtā.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elpošana"><span id="Elpo.C5.A1ana"></span>Elpošana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Elpošana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Elpošana"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziemeļbriežiem ir īpaši veidotas nāsis, kas var izplesties un nozīmīgi palielināt savu virsmu. Aukstā laikā tam ir ļoti liela nozīme gaisa sasildīšanai, pirms tas nokļūst <a href="/wiki/Plau%C5%A1as" title="Plaušas">plaušās</a>. Nāsis uztver izelpotā gaisa kondensātu un samitrina ieelpoto, sauso gaisu, un iespējama kondensāta daļēja absorbcija asins sistēmā. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagi">Nagi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Nagi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Nagi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziemeļbrieža nagi piemērojas sezonai. Vasarā, kad tundra ir mitra un mīksta, pēdas apakša kļūst līdzīga sūklim un izplešas, veidojot lielāku atbalsta virsmu. Ziemā pēdas saraujas, kļūst cietākas, nags izveido kaut ko līdzīgu cietam gredzenam, kas iecērtas ledū un sniegā, nodrošinot ziemeļbrieža gaitu pret slīdēšanu. Šāds nags ir arī piemērots sniega rakšanai, lai ziemeļbriedis izraktos cauri sniegam līdz <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%93rpji" title="Ķērpji">ķērpjiem</a> un <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūnas">sūnām</a>, kuras ir ziemeļbriežu barība.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzvedība"><span id="Uzved.C4.ABba"></span>Uzvedība</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Uzvedība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Uzvedība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg/240px-Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg/360px-Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg/480px-Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Migrējošs bars Ziemeļamerikā</figcaption></figure> <p>Dažas <a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCamerika" title="Ziemeļamerika">Ziemeļamerikas</a> ziemeļbriežu <a href="/wiki/Popul%C4%81cija" title="Populācija">populācijas</a> veic garāko migrācijas ceļu no visiem pasaules <a href="/wiki/Sauszeme" title="Sauszeme">sauszemes</a> <a href="/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieki" title="Dzīvnieki">dzīvniekiem</a>. Tie katru gadu noiet apmēram 5000 km.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropas</a> populācijām migrācijas ceļi ir īsāki, bet dažas <a href="/wiki/Sala" title="Sala">salu</a> populācijas kā <i>R. t. pearsoni</i> un <i>R. t. platyrhynchus</i> ir nometnieces un pamatā uzturas vienā un tajā pašā vietā. Migrācijas laikā ziemeļbrieži dienas laikā veic 19—55 km. Tas notiek lēnām un bez steigas, jo skrienot ziemeļbrieža ātrums ir 60—80 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pavasara migrācijas laikā mazākie ģimeņu bari apvienojas lielos baros, kuros ir 50 000—500 000 ziemeļbriežu. Rudeņos migrēšana notiek nelielos baros, jo tās laikā ir ziemeļbriežu <a href="/wiki/Riests" title="Riests">riests</a>. Ziemas laikā ziemeļbrieži uzturas <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEs" title="Mežs">meža</a> zonā, pavasarī tie pamet ziemas barošanās vietas un dodas uz vasaras ganībām un mazuļu dzimšanas vietām <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundrā</a>. Ziemeļbrieži ne tikai ātri skrien, tie arī ļoti labi peld, apmēram ar ātrumu 6,5 km/h, bet, ja nepieciešams, ātrums var būt 10 km/h. Migrējošs bars neapjūk <a href="/wiki/Ezers" title="Ezers">ezera</a> vai platas <a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">upes</a> krastā, tas bez kavēšanās to šķērso.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barība"><span id="Bar.C4.ABba"></span>Barība</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Barība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Barība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg/220px-Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg/330px-Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg/440px-Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Ziemeļbrieži uz autoceļa laiza sāli, attēls uzņemts <a href="/wiki/Britu_Kolumbija" title="Britu Kolumbija">Britu Kolumbijā</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ziemeļbriežiem tāpat kā pārējiem <a href="/wiki/Atgremot%C4%81ji" title="Atgremotāji">atgremotājiem</a> ir četru kambaru <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%86%C4%A3is" title="Kuņģis">kuņģis</a>. Pamatā tie barojas ar <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%93rpji" title="Ķērpji">ķērpjiem</a> un <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūnas">sūnām</a>. Vasarā tie barojas arī ar <a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABtoli" title="Vītoli">vītolu</a> un <a href="/wiki/B%C4%93rzi" title="Bērzi">bērzu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lapas" title="Lapas">lapām</a>, kā arī ar <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%AB%C5%A1%C4%BCi" title="Grīšļi">grīšļiem</a> un <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81laugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zālaugi">zāli</a>. Reizēm ir novērots, ka ziemeļbrieži barojas ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemingi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemingi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">lemingiem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arktikas_palija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arktikas palija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">arktikas palijām</a> un <a href="/wiki/Putni" title="Putni">putnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ola" title="Ola">olām</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudenī tie ēd arī <a href="/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes">sēnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reprodukcija">Reprodukcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Reprodukcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Reprodukcija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riests ziemeļbriežiem sākas vēlu septembrī un beidzas novembrī. Tēviņi savā starpā cīnās par tiesībām pāroties. Tie uzbrūk viens otram ar ragiem, un saāķējušies kopā cenšas viens otru pastumt atpakaļ. Dominants tēviņš izveido sev harēmu no 15—20 mātītēm, ar kurām pārojas. Šajā laikā tēviņš pārtrauc baroties un novājē. Jaunie briedēni dzimst nākamajā gadā laikā no maija līdz jūnijam. Pēc 45 dienām tie jau barojas kā pieaugušie ziemeļbrieži. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dabīgie_ienaidnieki"><span id="Dab.C4.ABgie_ienaidnieki"></span>Dabīgie ienaidnieki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļu: Dabīgie ienaidnieki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Dabīgie ienaidnieki"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ir vairāki <a href="/wiki/Pl%C4%93s%C4%93ji" title="Plēsēji">plēsēji</a>, kas aktīvi medī ziemeļbriežus. Jaunos briedēnus medī <a href="/wiki/Klin%C5%A1u_%C4%93rglis" title="Klinšu ērglis">klinšu ērglis</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>), un tas ir galvenais briedēnu bieds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bet tikko dzimušus briedēnus, mātītes, kas dzemdē, un slimos dzīvniekus medī arī <a href="/wiki/%C4%80mrija" class="mw-redirect" title="Āmrija">āmrijas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C5%ABnais_l%C4%81cis" title="Brūnais lācis">brūnie lāči</a> un <a href="/wiki/Pol%C4%81rl%C4%81cis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polārlācis">polārlāči</a>. Polārlācis var uzbrukt arī pieaugušam un veselam briedim. Galvenais veco un slimo ziemeļbriežu vajātājs ir <a href="/wiki/Pel%C4%93kais_vilks" title="Pelēkais vilks">pelēkais vilks</a>, īpaši ziemā. Mirušu ziemeļbriežu kaulus skrubina arī <a href="/wiki/Lapsas" title="Lapsas">lapsas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krauklis" title="Krauklis">kraukļi</a> un <a href="/wiki/Vanagi" title="Vanagi">vanagi</a>. Vasarā ziemeļbriežus nomoka arī <a href="/wiki/Dz%C4%93l%C4%93jodi" title="Dzēlējodi">odu</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kni%C5%A1%C4%BCi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knišļi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">knišļu</a> bari.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikācija"><span id="Klasifik.C4.81cija"></span>Klasifikācija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļu: Klasifikācija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Klasifikācija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziemeļbriežiem ir 13 pasugas, kas iedalās 2 lielās grupās: tundras ziemeļbriežos un meža ziemeļbriežos.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tundras_ziemeļbrieži[22]"><span id="Tundras_zieme.C4.BCbrie.C5.BEi.5B22.5D"></span>Tundras ziemeļbrieži<sup id="cite_ref-buc_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļu: Tundras ziemeļbrieži[22]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Tundras ziemeļbrieži[22]"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>†(<i>R. tarandus eogroenlandicus</i>) — dzīvoja <a href="/wiki/Grenlande" title="Grenlande">Grenlandes</a> austrumu krastā;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus granti</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/A%C4%BCaska" title="Aļaska">Aļaskā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jukona" title="Jukona">Jukonā</a> un Kanādas ziemeļrietumos;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus groenlandicus</i>) — dzīvo Kanādas ziemeļrietumos, Nunavutā un Grenlandes rietumos;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus pearsoni</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Novaja_Zem%C4%BCa" title="Novaja Zemļa">Novaja Zemļa</a> <a href="/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija">Krievijā</a>;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus pearyi</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Kan%C4%81da" title="Kanāda">Kanādas</a> ziemeļrietumos un <a href="/wiki/Nunavuta" title="Nunavuta">Nunavutā</a>;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus platyrhynchus</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Svalb%C4%81ra" title="Svalbāra">Svalbāras</a> salā <a href="/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3ija" title="Norvēģija">Norvēģijā</a>;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus sibiricus</i>) — dzīvo Sibīrijas tundras daļā;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus tarandus</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Eir%C4%81zija" title="Eirāzija">Eirāzijas</a> tundrā, <a href="/wiki/Skandin%C4%81vija" title="Skandināvija">Skandināviju</a> ieskaitot;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meža_ziemeļbrieži[22]"><span id="Me.C5.BEa_zieme.C4.BCbrie.C5.BEi.5B22.5D"></span>Meža ziemeļbrieži<sup id="cite_ref-buc_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļu: Meža ziemeļbrieži[22]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Meža ziemeļbrieži[22]"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eiropas meža ziemeļbriedis<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>R. tarandus fennicus</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Somija" title="Somija">Somijas</a> mežos;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus buskensis</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Sib%C4%ABrija" title="Sibīrija">Sibīrijas</a> mežu daļā;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus caribou</i>) — dzīvo sākot ar Aļasku un beidzot ar <a href="/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABfaundlenda" title="Ņūfaundlenda">Ņūfaundlendu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labradora_(re%C4%A3ions)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labradora (reģions) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Labradoru</a> un <a href="/wiki/Jaunanglija" title="Jaunanglija">Jaunangliju</a>;</li> <li>†(<i>R. tarandus dawsoni</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gva%C4%AB" title="Haida Gvaī">Haida Gvaī</a> Kanādā;</li> <li>(<i>R. tarandus phylarchus</i>) — dzīvo <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%8Datka" title="Kamčatka">Kamčatkā</a> un <a href="/wiki/Ohotska" title="Ohotska">Ohotskā</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=13" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjz&volume=80&year=&issue=&msno=z02-062&calyLang=eng">Evolution of the Dawson caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni)</a><sup title="Novecojusi saite">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">novecojusi saite</a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/278435">The Caribou Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142:flying-reindeer-and-santa-claus-&catid=2:feature-archive&Itemid=7">Flying Reindeer and Santa Claus: Fact, Fiction and Myth</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nov_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nov_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Novak, R. M. (editor) (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 2. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Pp. 1128-1130. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5789-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5789-9">ISBN 0-8018-5789-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4491">Europe's last wild reindeer herds in peril</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationaladventure.com/iceland/reindeer.html">Reindeer Hunting in Iceland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ad_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ad_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102233709/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/caribou.php">«Caribou»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/caribou.php">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2010. gada 2. janvārī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 8. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pol-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pol_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pol_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216000640/http://www.npolar.no/en/species/svalbard-reindeer.html">«Svalbard reindeer»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npweb.npolar.no/english/arter/svalbardrein">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2018. gada 16. februārī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 8. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-reid_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-reid_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, F. (2006). Mammals of North America. Peterson Field Guides. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-93596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-93596-5">ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/reindeer">Reindeer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504023943/http://www.largeherbivore.org/reindeer/">«Factsheet: Rangifer tarandus - Reindeer»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.largeherbivore.org/reindeer/">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2011. gada 4. maijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 8. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706171742/http://taiga.net/projectcaribou/pdf/allaboutcaribou.PDF">«All About Caribou»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiga.net/projectcaribou/pdf/allaboutcaribou.PDF">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2013. gada 6. jūlijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2014. gada 17. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516185920/http://www.arcticphoto.co.uk/stories/avkas/ry0246-32.htm">«A reindeer uses its hooves to clear away snow to reach lichen»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcticphoto.co.uk/stories/avkas/ry0246-32.htm">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2013. gada 16. maijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 8. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514111934/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/wildlife/maps-caribou/">«Caribou Migration Monitoring by Satellite Telemetry»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/wildlife/maps-caribou/">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2012. gada 14. maijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 9. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210338/http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/29742/0">«IUCN: Rangifer tarandus»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/29742/0">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2011. gada 31. maijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 9. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107145338/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=91">«Lemmings»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=91">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2011. gada 7. novembrī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 7. novembrī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut by Ingrid Anand-Wheeler. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55325-035-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55325-035-4">ISBN 1-55325-035-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol32/siimets.pdf">^ The Sun, the Moon and Firmament in Chukchi Mythology and on the Relations of Celestial Bodies and Sacrifice by Ülo Siimets at 140</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8314000/8314558.stm">Eagles filmed hunting reindeer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824104908/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/caribou/Predators.html">«Caribou Foes: Natural Predators in the Wilderness»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/caribou/Predators.html">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2011. gada 24. augustā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2011. gada 9. janvārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA660&lpg=PA660&dq=R.+tarandus+buskensis&source=bl&ots=QbhX6WnZ0c&sig=XSnPm46wQGo2Eq9OGjAqr3AnhsI&hl=lv&ei=zqopTaDTF8H-4AbYvpjgDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=R.%20tarandus%20buskensis&f=false">Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buc-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-buc_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-buc_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913001209/http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200328">«Mammal Species of the World: Rangifer tarandus»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200328">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2012. gada 13. septembrī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2013. gada 18. maijā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delfi.lv/campus/56036786/vide/120005162/daudzus-rigas-zoodarza-iemitniekus-turpmak-sauks-pavisam-citadi">Daudzus Rīgas zoodārza iemītniekus turpmāk sauks pavisam citādi</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zieme%C4%BCbriedis&action=edit&section=14" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rangifer_tarandus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rangifer tarandus">Ziemeļbriedis</a></b></i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/reindeer"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/severnyi-olen-f26f2b">Krievijas Lielās enciklopēdijas raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/renne-caribou/"><i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(franciski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328653"><i>Encyclopædia of Life</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viraltales.com/9-facts-reindeer-will-blow-mind/">9 Facts About Reindeer That Will Blow Your Mind</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icr.arcticportal.org/">The Reindeer Portal, Source of Information About Reindeer Husbandry Worldwide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A//www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/1925/Reindeer_1935.htm#Scene_1">1935 Reindeer Herding in the Northwest Territories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605052633/http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwnhc.ca%2Ftimeline%2F1925%2FReindeer_1935.htm#Scene_1">Arhivēts</a> 2013. gada 5. jūnijā, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023182634/http://www.rangifer.net/rangifer/index.cfm">Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220062008/http://www.villreinfangst.no/eng/index.php">Reindeer hunting as World Heritage - a ten thousand year-long tradition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu/about_reindeer/adaptations/index.php#Adaptations%20To%20Life%20In%20The%20Arctic">Adaptations To Life In The Arctic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212060456/http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu/about_reindeer/adaptations/index.php#Adaptations%20To%20Life%20In%20The%20Arctic">Arhivēts</a> 2010. gada 12. decembrī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.</li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-112433">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongresa_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Kongresa bibliotēka">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85112433">sh85112433</a></span></li> <li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4177757-8">4177757-8</a></span></li> <li>BNF: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119761648">cb119761648</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119761648">(data)</a></span></li> <li>NDL: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573261">00573261</a></span></li> <li>NKC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph717512&CON_LNG=ENG">ph717512</a></span></li> <li>BNE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4964673">XX4964673</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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