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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porous_silicon_as_a_substrate_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Porous silicon as a substrate material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porous_silicon_as_a_substrate_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instrumentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combination_with_GC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_with_GC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Combination with GC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_with_GC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambient_SALDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambient_SALDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ambient SALDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambient_SALDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging_mass_spectrometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging_mass_spectrometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Imaging mass spectrometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging_mass_spectrometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization</b> (<b>SALDI</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Soft_laser_desorption" title="Soft laser desorption">soft laser desorption</a> technique used for <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a>, polymers, and small organic molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its first embodiment Koichi Tanaka used a cobalt/glycerol liquid matrix<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequent applications included a <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>/glycerol liquid matrix as well as a solid surface of porous silicon.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The porous silicon represents the first matrix-free SALDI surface analysis allowing for facile detection of intact molecular ions,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these porous silicon surfaces also facilitated the analysis of small molecules at the yoctomole level.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present laser desorption/ionization methods using other <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> matrices such as <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a> are often regarded as SALDI variants. As an example, silicon nanowires<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Titania nanotube arrays (NTA) have been used as substrates to detect small molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SALDI is used to detect proteins and protein-protein complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related method named "ambient SALDI" - which is a combination of conventional SALDI with <a href="/wiki/Ambient_ionization" title="Ambient ionization">ambient mass spectrometry</a> incorporating the <a href="/wiki/DART_ion_source" class="mw-redirect" title="DART ion source">direct analysis real time (DART)</a> ion source has also been demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_3296–3301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_3296–3301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SALDI is considered one of the most important techniques in MS and has many applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SALDI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SALDI.jpg/286px-SALDI.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SALDI.jpg/429px-SALDI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SALDI.jpg/572px-SALDI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of surface assisted laser desorption /ionization The blue circles represent the surface particles, the red circles represent the analyte molecules and the red circles with charges represent the charged analyte.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koichi Tanaka performed the first successful LDI experiments on proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Sunner and Chen used graphite particles of 2-150 μm in size as a substrate and solutions of analytes in glycerol to analyze low molecular weight analytes, peptides, and small proteins by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS (SALDI-MS).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique was soon picked up by the Siuzdak lab who used nanostructured silicon surface for analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent work on nanostructures included the addition of fluorinated "initiator" molecules onto the porous surface to enhance desorption/ionization, mass range, surface robustness, and sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other surface-based SALDI-MS approaches have also developed, including in 2000 where a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> particles fixed on <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> support<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the original 1999 nanostructured silicon<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> experiments, the research has largely focused on introducing novel nanomaterials as substrates, to enhance the sensitivity, broaden the mass range and expand the categories of samples that can be analyzed using this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SALDI was introduced as a promising method with potential applications in systems biology, particularly <a href="/wiki/Metabolomics" title="Metabolomics">metabolomics</a>. The introduction of nanomaterials as SALDI substrates attracted researchers in analytical chemistry. Such materials include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> (CNTs), metallic <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> like <a href="/wiki/Silver_nanoparticle" title="Silver nanoparticle">Ag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum_nanoparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum nanoparticles">Pt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_gold" title="Colloidal gold">Au</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanostructure" title="Nanostructure">nanostructured surfaces</a>. This development of substrates allowed for further development of SALDI. </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Desorption/ionization_on_silicon" title="Desorption/ionization on silicon">desorption/ionization on silicon</a> (DIOS)-MS<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular, and subsequently nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS)<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nano-assisted laser desorption/ionization (NALDI), has also attracted the attention of analytical scientists. These methods have since become a benchmark for semiconductor-based SALDI research.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main principle of SALDI relies on a medium that absorbs energy from a laser and then transfers the energy to the target sample. This class of techniques where the bulk of energy goes to the substrate instead of the sample molecules is known as soft ionization techniques. The development of SALDI started as a modification of <a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization</a> (MALDI). The former technique suffered from ionization interference from the matrix molecules of MALDI. SALDI substituted an active surface of specific substrates, usually made of inorganic components, for the organic matrix of MALDI.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SALDI is a three-stage process. The first stage is mainly concerned with mixing the samples with the substrate. In the second stage, the laser pulses are applied to the mix where the substrate absorbs the laser energy and transfers it to the sample molecules. In the final stage desorption and ionization occur and the potential difference accelerates produced ions into the mass analyzer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substrates">Substrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Substrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The substrate surface is playing a big role in adsorption, desorption, and ionization of the analyte molecules. This role is affected mainly by the chemical and physical properties of the substrate. Among these physical properties are the optical absorption coefficient, heat capacity and heat conductivity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1) The optical absorption coefficient: as this increases the ability of the substrate to absorb and generate more heat when absorb energy increases. </p><p>2) The heat capacity: as this decreases, the same amount of heat induces a larger temperature increase. </p><p>3) The heat conductivity: as this decreases, the substrate is better able to maintain the high temperature; therefore, the adsorption, desorption and ionization of the analytes occur more rapidly and effectively. </p><p> There are three classes of nanomaterials that are utilized in SALDI-MS. Namely, the carbon-based, semiconductor-based and metallic-based.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanotubos_tipos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nanotubos_tipos.png/220px-Nanotubos_tipos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Nanotubos_tipos.png 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>The forms of Carbon Nanotubes: Multiple or Single Wall Carbon Nanotube</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_nanotubes_and_carbon-based_SALDI">Carbon nanotubes and carbon-based SALDI</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carbon nanotubes and carbon-based SALDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term carbon nanotube refers to a cylinder with a rolled graphene sheet. CNT can be single walled (<a href="/wiki/Single_walled_carbon_nanotube" class="mw-redirect" title="Single walled carbon nanotube">SWNT</a>) or multi-walled (MWNT). The SWNTs are perfect simulators of an ideal <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">blackbody</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> to <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a>. They exhibit better performance than former materials like <a href="/wiki/Super_black" title="Super black">super black</a>, (a chemically etched nickel-phosphorus alloy).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the CNT's a desired material for laser mass spectrometry applications.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That's why they attracted the researchers since discovery in the year 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Graphene_as_a_surface_material">Graphene as a surface material</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Graphene as a surface material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graphene is a type of popular carbon nanomaterial discovered in 2004. It has a large surface area that could effectively attach the analyte molecules. On the other hand, the efficiency of desorption/ionization for analytes on a layer of graphene can be enhanced by its simple monolayer structure and unique electronic properties. Polar compounds including <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">anticancer drugs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleosides</a> can be successfully analyzed. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Nonpolar_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpolar solvent">nonpolar</a> molecules can be analyzed with high resolution and sensitivity due to the hydrophobic nature of graphene itself. Compared with a conventional matrix, graphene exhibits a high desorption/ionization efficiency for nonpolar compounds. The graphene substrate functions as a substrate to trap analytes and it transfers energy to the analytes upon laser irradiation, which allows for the analytes to be readily desorbed/ionized and the interference of matrix to be eliminated. It has been demonstrated that the use of graphene as a substrate material avoids the fragmentation of analytes and provides good <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> and a high salt tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanostructured_semiconductor-based_SALDI">Nanostructured semiconductor-based SALDI</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nanostructured semiconductor-based SALDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Porous_silicon_as_a_substrate_material">Porous silicon as a substrate material</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Porous silicon as a substrate material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Porous silicon acted as an effective substrate for SALDI, its porous structure helped in trapping the analytes and its unique <a href="/wiki/Optical_rotation" title="Optical rotation">optical activity</a> transferred effectively the laser energy to the adsorbate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was effective for analyzing wide range of biological small molecules. recently, a new technique named nanostructure Imaging mass spectrometry (NIMS) was introduced as a result of using explosive vaporization for desorption.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mechanism for porous silicon surface as a SALDI substrate involves three steps: </p><p>1)Adsorption: the analyte is adsorbed by porous silicon through Hydrogen bond formation using the silanol groups. </p><p>2) Electronic excitation:laser pulse excite the silicon producing free electrons and positive charges in the surface layer.this increase the acidity of silanol groups which donate the proton easily to analytes. </p><p>3) Thermal Activation: analytes are activated thermally and dissociated from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG/220px-Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG/330px-Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG/440px-Schematic_illustration_of_SALDI_instrument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Schematic illustration of SALDI instrument</figcaption></figure> <p>SALDI as an improvement of MALDI, used the very similar instrument to that of MALDI. It employs a laser source for pulsed laser generation which is responsible for excitation of the sample mixture, which consists of the analyte and substrate materials. On the other side of the instrument, the mass analyzer which separates the analytes according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and the detector are located. Analytes are accelerated to the analyzer by applying potential difference.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combination_with_GC">Combination with GC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Combination with GC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analytes were introduced from <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a> (GC) instrument which was coupled to the SALDI-MS instead of analytes being adsorbed on a solid substrate and directly ionized by means of a pulsed laser. Coupling to GC increased the efficiency of ionization and sensitivity. This was introduced for the first time in 2009 by Sunner et al.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambient_SALDI">Ambient SALDI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ambient SALDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, researchers were able to analyze in ambient conditions as a result of the involvement of <a href="/wiki/DART_ion_source" class="mw-redirect" title="DART ion source">DART ion source</a> into the SALDI-MS system.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_3296–3301_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_3296–3301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensics">Forensics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forensics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forensic investigation owes DIOS the favor of producing evidence in contraceptive polymers in an alleged sexual assault case that could've never been made by any other analytical technique.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Pihlainen K. et al. reported that the technique showed great promise in the forensic analysis of illicit drugs. They also reported that the interference was diminished by using this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, another report stated that DIOS identified 11 impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profiling the impurities was expected to lead to their origin. Eight years later, the authors published another report and mentioned that the technique identified the catecholamines in a human peripheral blood lymphocyte extract.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the quantitation of salicylate in human serum was proved using the DIOS-MS in negative ion mode.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomedical">Biomedical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biomedical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas et al. worked on a group of enzyme systems, were able to achieve monitoring and direct analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reaction by DIOS-MS. One famous result was the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholineesterase</a> (AChE) with acetylcholine producing <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>. This approach gained more fame when showed the ability to detect the selectivity of different enzyme inhibitors. The study started with <a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">hyperzine A</a>, tacrine, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-N-butylcarbamate, which are all inhibitors of AChE. The Inhibitor constant (ki) value of each of the inhibitors was found to be an important factor of their inhibition potentials. DIOS-MS has another advantage over MALDI, it can detect additional information in the low-mass region of mass spectrum as it can detect peptide peaks, and also identify post-translation modifications. These capabilities have great applications in protein identification with more confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_diagnosis">Clinical diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clinical diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DIOS-MS technique was employed as a novel technique for patient diagnosis by examining the patients' plasma. The study focused on patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) by comparing the DIOS metabolic profiles generated with those of healthy subjects. The information obtained can be used to estimate disease progression and the effect of medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical">Pharmaceutical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An interesting area for researchers is to mobilize or immobilize some target proteins. It's a requirement in drug development mechanisms as some proteins' binding partners are not discovered yet. This was achieved by Zou et al. by using the DIOS technique. They employed a Psi surface as a probe to immobilize a targeted protein. </p><p>Next, the test drugs with the trial binding partners were introduced and incubated the probe. The immobilized proteins were able to capture the drug molecules that had a high affinity for the targeted protein. The ones with low affinity were washed off. The next step was to identify the captured drug molecules, and this was done by the SALDI analysis. The process offers great selectivity in testing drug candidates; it filters out the weak candidates and picks the most effective ones. It's not limited to proteins, it can work with macro biological molecules like <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another famous test was done with hemoglobin. In this test, a hemoglobin-modified surface was employed. The target was to identify the non-covalent binding between hemoglobin and relevant chemicals. Among 13 different chemicals that included antimicrobials, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, only triphenyltin chloride succeeded in binding hemoglobin strongly. This was a practical warning of the high toxicity of this material relative to other tested compounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemical">Biochemical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biochemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolic_profiling">Metabolic profiling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Metabolic profiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With increasing work and research in metabolomics, new techniques were needed for introducing novel study approaches. SALDI-MS and the family of direct analysis mass spectrometry (DAMS) were introduced as novel approaches in metabolomics. Goodacre et al. employed the DIOS-MS technique to study the yeast. They portrayed the yeast metabolites secreted by yeast showing that the metabolic "footprinting" of yeast is achievable. In a prior research work, the same group employed direct infusion mass spectrometry (DIMS) with electrospray ionization. They studied the metabolic profiles of a large number of wild types and mutants; and mathematical techniques were employed for data analysis to determine potential biomarkers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imaging_mass_spectrometry">Imaging mass spectrometry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imaging mass spectrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SALDI has been employed for imaging of a mouse heart and brain tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first achieved SALDI-MS. As in SALDI, laser has to penetrate through the tissue and be absorbed by the layer underneath, thickness would be a limiting factor, and researchers were able to overcome this factor by introducing an organic matrix onto the tissue section. This was named matrix enhanced surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ME-SALDI-MS) to account for the different processes employed in the technique and refer to the modification that enhanced the technique. </p><p>More work was done for imaging of drug molecule distribution in brain tissue, then the cholesterol distribution in brain tissue and the sucrose distribution in Gerbera jamesonii flower stem. Also biofluids for direct analysis of drug molecules and their metabolites has been investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fast_atom_bombardment" title="Fast atom bombardment">Fast atom bombardment</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTanakaWakiIdoAkita1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tanaka, Koichi; Waki, Hiroaki; Ido, Yutaka; Akita, Satoshi; Yoshida, Yoshikazu; Yoshida, Tamio; Matsuo, T. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Metabolite+imaging+using+matrix-enhanced+surface-assisted+laser+desorption%2Fionization+mass+spectrometry+%28ME-SALDI-MS%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft.issn=1044-0305&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18926722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasms.2008.09.011&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Qiang&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Yongsheng&rft.au=Pagan-Miranda%2C+Coral&rft.au=Chiu%2C+Yu+Matthew&rft.au=He%2C+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jasms.2008.09.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-assisted+laser+desorption%2Fionization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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