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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كلارك كليفورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلارك كليفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کلارک کلیفورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلارک کلیفورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кларк Кліфард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кларк Кліфард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_M._Clifford" title="Clark M. Clifford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clark M. Clifford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קלארק קליפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלארק קליפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كلارك كليفورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلارك كليفورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="クラーク・クリフォード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラーク・クリフォード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Клиффорд, Кларк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клиффорд, Кларк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clark Clifford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кларк Кліффорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кларк Кліффорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="克拉克·克利福德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克拉克·克利福德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q386798#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Clark Clifford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg/220px-Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg/330px-Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg/440px-Clark_Clifford_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 1, 1968 – January 20, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Paul Nitze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board">Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 23, 1963 – February 29, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br />Lyndon B. Johnson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian" title="James Rhyne Killian">James Rhyne Killian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1, 1946 – January 31, 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rosenman" title="Samuel Rosenman">Samuel Rosenman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Murphy" title="Charles S. Murphy">Charles S. Murphy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Clark McAdams Clifford</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-12-25</span>)</span>December 25, 1906<br /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott, Kansas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">October 10, 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-10-10)</span> (aged 91)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margery Pepperell Kimball</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1944–1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Clark McAdams Clifford</b> (December 25, 1906 – October 10, 1998) was an American lawyer who served as an important political adviser to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. His official government positions were <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> (1946–1950), Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a> (1963–1968), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> (1968–1969);<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford was also influential in his role as an unofficial, informal presidential adviser in various issues.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A successful <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, lawyer, he was known for his elite clientele, charming manners, and impeccable suits.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All four Democratic presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era employed Clifford's services and relied on his counsel, marking him as one of the ultimate Washington insiders.<sup id="cite_ref-yoder_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emblematic of Clifford's influence in postwar Democratic presidential administrations was that after Jimmy Carter won the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>, his transition team was adamant that Clifford, as a symbol of the Washington, D.C., establishment, should not have any influence whatsoever, declaring that "if you ever see us relying on Clark Clifford, you'll know we have failed", yet Carter eventually came to rely on him nonetheless.<sup id="cite_ref-yoder_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his later years, Clifford became involved in several controversies. He was a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a> scandal, which led to a grand jury indictment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clifford was born on December 25, 1906, in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott, Kansas</a>. His parents resided there at the time because his father, Frank, was a traveling <a href="/wiki/Auditor" title="Auditor">auditor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad" title="Missouri Pacific Railroad">Missouri Pacific Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after his maternal uncle, Clark McAdams.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clifford built a solid reputation practicing law in St. Louis between 1928 and 1943. He served as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> from 1944 to 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_adviser">Presidential adviser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidential adviser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West,_Florida,_(left_to_right)..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West%2C_Florida%2C_%28left_to_right%29..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West%2C_Florida%2C_%28left_to_right%29..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West%2C_Florida%2C_%28left_to_right%29..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West%2C_Florida%2C_%28left_to_right%29..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West%2C_Florida%2C_%28left_to_right%29..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_White_House_staff_members_during_President_Truman%27s_vacation_at_Key_West%2C_Florida%2C_%28left_to_right%29..._-_NARA_-_200493.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Close associates of President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, photographed in spring 1948, during the President's vacation at <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>. Left to right: Clark Clifford (White House Counsel), William D. Hassett (White House Correspondence Secretary), <a href="/wiki/John_R._Steelman" title="John R. Steelman">John Steelman</a> (Assistant to the President) and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_J._Connelly" title="Matthew J. Connelly">Matthew Connelly</a> (White House Appointments Secretary).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945 he was assigned to the White House and quickly promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captain</a> while serving as assistant naval aide and then naval aide to <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">President Harry S Truman</a>. He became a trusted personal adviser and friend of Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clifford went to Washington, first to serve as assistant to the President's Naval Adviser, after the naming of a personal friend from Missouri as the President's Naval Adviser. Following his discharge from the Navy, he remained at Truman's side as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> from 1946 to 1950, as Truman came rapidly to trust and rely upon Clifford. </p><p>Clifford was a key architect of Truman's campaign in 1948, when Truman pulled off a stunning upset victory over Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a>. Clifford encouraged Truman to embrace a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> image in hope of undermining the impact on the race of third-party <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, who had served as President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s Vice-President from 1941 to 1945. Clifford also believed that a strong pro-civil rights stance, while sure to alienate traditional <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a>, would not result in a serious challenge to the party's supremacy in that region. This prediction was foiled by <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>'s candidacy as a splinter <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democrat</a>, but Clifford's strategy nonetheless helped win Truman election in his own right and establish the Democratic Party's position in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his role as presidential adviser, one of his most significant contributions was his successful advocacy, along with <a href="/wiki/David_Niles" title="David Niles">David Niles</a>, of prompt 1948 recognition of the new Jewish state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, over the strong objections of Secretary of State General <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of similar importance, with the input of senior officials in the Departments of State, War, and Justice, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Central Intelligence Group, and utilizing the expertise of <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bohlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bohlen">Charles Bohlen</a>, was his preparation, along with <a href="/wiki/George_Elsey" title="George Elsey">George Elsey</a>, of the top secret <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025127/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/sectioned.php?documentid=4-1&pagenumber=1&groupid=1">Clifford-Elsey Report</a> for President Truman in 1946. That report, solicited by the President, which detailed the numerous ways in which the Soviet Union had gone back on its various treaties and understandings with the Western powers, along with Kennan's <a href="/wiki/X_Article" title="X Article">X Article</a> in <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, was instrumental in turning U.S. relations toward the Soviet Union in the direction of a harder line.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period he participated extensively in the legislative efforts that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> and its 1949 amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the government in 1950, Clifford practiced law in Washington, D.C., but continued to advise <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> leaders. One of his law clients was <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, then a U.S. Senator, and Clifford tried to assuage Truman's suspicion of Kennedy and his father, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy">Joseph P. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clifford was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">presidential transition of John F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford was also a member of <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> Kennedy's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_on_the_Defense_Establishment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee on the Defense Establishment (page does not exist)">Committee on the Defense Establishment</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a>. In May 1961, Kennedy appointed Clifford to the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Foreign_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board</a>, which he chaired beginning in April 1963 and ending in January 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-KS1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KS1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Johnson became president in November 1963 following <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination">Kennedy's assassination</a>, Clifford served frequently as an unofficial White House Counsel and sometimes undertook short-term official duties, including a trip with General <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Taylor">Maxwell Taylor</a> in 1967 to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and other countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USS_Liberty_incident">USS <i>Liberty</i> incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: USS Liberty incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clifford served as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a> during the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. In this capacity, he oversaw the official investigation of the 1967 <a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i> incident</a>. As a staunch supporter of Israel, he was perplexed by the Israeli government’s explanation following the attack: “We were baffled. From the beginning there was skepticism and disbelief about the Israeli version of events. We had enormous respect for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli intelligence">Israeli intelligence</a> and it was difficult to believe the <i>Liberty</i> had been attacked by mistake. Every conceivable theory was advanced that morning. It became clear that from the sketchy information available we could not figure out what happened.”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He delved deeper into the inconsistencies in the Israeli explanation: “That the <i>Liberty</i> could have been mistaken for the Egyptian supply ship <i>El Quseir</i> is unbelievable. <i>El Quseir</i> has one-fourth the displacement of the <i>Liberty</i>, roughly half the beam, is 180 feet shorter, and is very differently configured. The <i>Liberty’s</i> unusual antenna array and hull markings should have been visible to low-flying aircraft and torpedo boats. In the heat of battle the <i>Liberty</i> was able to identify one of the attacking torpedo boats as Israeli and to ascertain its hull number. In the same circumstances, trained Israeli naval personnel should have been able to easily see and identify the larger hull markings on the <i>Liberty</i>. The best interpretation of from available facts is that there were gross and inexcusable failures in the command and control of subordinate Israeli naval and air elements…The unprovoked attack on the <i>Liberty</i> constitutes a flagrant act of gross negligence for which the Israeli Government should be held completely responsible, and the Israeli military personnel involved should be punished.”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the attack, he had pressured the Johnson administration to hold the Israelis responsible: “My concern is that we are not tough enough. Handle as if Arabs or USSR had done it. Manner egregious. Inconceivable that it was accident. 3 strafing passes, 3 torpedo boats. Set forth facts. Punish Israelis responsible.”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He expressed his desire to hold Israel accountable in an eponymous 1967 report that he had authored: “I do not know to this day at what level the attack on the <i>Liberty</i> was authorized and I think it is unlikely that the full truth will ever come out. Having been for so long a staunch supporter of Israel, I was particularly troubled by this incident; I could not bring myself to believe that such an action could have been authorized by <a href="/wiki/Levi_Eshkol" title="Levi Eshkol">Levi Eshkol</a>. Yet somewhere inside the Israeli government, somewhere along the chain-of-command, something had gone terribly wrong – and then had been covered-up. I never felt the Israelis made adequate restitution or explanation for their actions.”<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_Defense">Secretary of Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advisors,_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Advisors%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Advisors%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Advisors%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Advisors%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Advisors%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Advisors%2C_Secretary_of_Defense_Clark_Clifford_and_Secretary_of_State_Dean_Rusk_-_NARA_-_192534.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Defense Clifford with the Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> in 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 19, 1968, Johnson announced his selection of Clifford to succeed <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> as the U.S. Secretary of Defense. Clifford estimated that, in the year just prior to his appointment, he had spent about half of his time advising the President and the other half working for his law firm.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely known and respected in Washington and knowledgeable on defense matters, Clifford was generally hailed as a worthy successor to McNamara. Many regarded the new secretary as more of a <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">hawk</a> on Vietnam than McNamara, and thought his selection might presage an escalation of the U.S. military effort there. Clifford attempted to allay such fears when, responding to a query about whether he was a hawk (favoring aggressive military action) or a dove (favoring a peaceful resolution to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>), he remarked, "I am not conscious of falling under any of those ornithological divisions."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Policy planning director <a href="/wiki/Les_Gelb" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Gelb">Les Gelb</a> recalled in 2018, however, that Clifford was secretly opposed to the war since 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelb1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Secretary did not change the management system McNamara had installed at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, and for the most part assigned internal administration to <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Nitze">Paul H. Nitze</a>. Clifford made no effort to depart from McNamara's policies and programs on such matters as nuclear strategy, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and military assistance, but he favored the <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_program" title="Sentinel program">Sentinel</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">anti-ballistic missile</a> system, to which McNamara had given only lukewarm backing. Clifford wanted to deploy the system, and supported congressional appropriations for it. One important effect of Sentinel construction, he thought, would be to encourage the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to enter arms control talks with the U.S. Indeed, before Clifford left office, the Johnson administration made arrangements for negotiations that eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> of 1972. </p><p>Clifford continued McNamara's highly publicized Cost Reduction Program, announcing that over $1.2 billion had been saved in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> (FY) 1968 as a result of the effort. Faced with a congressionally mandated reduction of expenditures in FY 1969, Clifford suspended the planned activation of an infantry division and deactivated 50 small ships, 9 naval air squadrons, and 23 <a href="/wiki/Nike-Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike-Hercules">Nike-Hercules</a> missile launch sites. </p><p>By the time Clifford became secretary, Defense Department work on the fiscal year 1969 budget was complete. It amounted in total obligational authority to $77.7 billion, almost $3 billion more than in FY 1968. The final FY 1970 budget, which Clifford and his staff worked on before they left office after the election of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> to the presidency, amounted to $75.5 billion TOA (Total Obligational Authority).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VietnamOMC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/VietnamOMC.png/300px-VietnamOMC.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="589" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/VietnamOMC.png/450px-VietnamOMC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/VietnamOMC.png/600px-VietnamOMC.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Political map of Vietnam in 2007 with latitudes</figcaption></figure> <p>Clifford took office committed to rethinking Johnson's Vietnam policies, and Vietnam policy consumed most of his time. He had argued against escalation in 1965 in private counsel with the president, but then provided public support for the president's position once the decision was made. At his confirmation hearing, he told the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services Committee</a> of the U.S. Senate that the limited objective of the U.S. was to guarantee to the people of South Vietnam the right of self-determination. He opposed ending the U.S. bombing of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> at the time, but acknowledged that the situation could change.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, on March 31, 1968, just a month after Clifford arrived at the Pentagon, Johnson, in an effort to get peace talks started, ordered the cessation of bombing north of the <a href="/wiki/20th_parallel_north" title="20th parallel north">20th parallel</a>, an area comprising almost 80 percent of North Vietnam's land area and 90 percent of its population. In the same address, Johnson announced that he would not be a candidate for reelection in 1968, surprising everyone, Clifford included. Soon the North Vietnamese agreed to negotiations, which began in Paris in mid-May 1968. Later, on October 31, 1968, to encourage the success of these talks, the President, with Clifford's strong support, ordered an end to all bombing in North Vietnam. </p><p>Clifford, like McNamara, had to deal with frequent requests for additional troops from military commanders in Vietnam. When he became secretary, the authorized force in Vietnam was 525,000. Soon after moving into his Pentagon office, Clifford persuaded Johnson to deny General <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a>'s request for an additional 206,000 American troops in Vietnam. </p><p>At the end of March 1968, however, Johnson agreed to send 24,500 more troops on an emergency basis, raising authorized strength to 549,500, a figure never reached. Even as he oversaw a continued buildup, Clifford preferred to emphasize the points Johnson had made in his March 31, 1968, address: that the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">South Vietnamese army</a> could take over a greater share of the fighting, that the administration would place an absolute limit on the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam, and that it would take steps, including the bombing restrictions, to reduce the combat level. </p><p>Eventually Clifford moved very close, with Johnson's tacit support, to the views McNamara held on Vietnam just before he left office—no further increases in U.S. troop levels, support for the bombing halt and gradual disengagement from the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelb1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time Clifford clearly disagreed with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, who believed, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>,</i> "that the war was being won by the allies" and that it "would be won if America had the will to win it." He later recalled how he turned against the war: "I found out that we couldn't win the war with the limitations that we had, which I thought were correct limitations, and I thought all we were going to do was just waste the lives of our men and our treasure out in the jungles of North and South Vietnam."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he left office, Clifford, in the July 1969 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, made his views very clear: "Nothing we might do could be so beneficial ... as to begin to withdraw our combat troops. Moreover ... we cannot realistically expect to achieve anything more through our military force, and the time has come to begin to disengage. That was my final conclusion as I left the Pentagon ...".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Johnson Administration ended under the cloud of the Vietnam War, Clifford concluded his short term as Secretary of Defense with his reputation actually enhanced. He got along well with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, and this helped him to secure approval of at least some of his proposals. He settled into his duties quickly and efficiently, and capably managed the initial de-escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; indeed, he apparently strongly influenced Johnson in favor of a de-escalation strategy. As he left office to return to his law practice in Washington, Clifford expressed the hope and expectation that international tensions would abate, citing the shift in the Vietnam confrontation from the battlefield to the conference table, and the evident willingness of the Soviet Union to discuss limitations on strategic <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_Committee">Church Committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Church Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Friday, December 5, 1975, Clifford recommended to the Church Committee that the National Security Council and a Director General of Intelligence—not the Central Intelligence Agency—be the ones with the authority to decide whether or not to engage in covert action.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_presidential_emissary_to_India">Special presidential emissary to India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special presidential emissary to India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clifford's legal practice and lobbying work made him wealthy, and he was considered one of Washington's "superlawyers" due to the reach of his influence and seemingly limitless connections. Clifford's office overlooked the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, emphasizing his long experience in the capital. </p><p>In 1980, President Carter appointed him as special <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">presidential emissary</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Clifford made waves by threatening the newly established <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with war for its intransigence in negotiating the release of the hostages seized from the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He also referred to President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> as an "amiable dunce" at a Washington dinner party.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International:_the_BCCI_Scandal">Bank of Credit and Commerce International: the BCCI Scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bank of Credit and Commerce International: the BCCI Scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?19811-1/counsel-president-memoir"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Clifford on <i>Counsel to the President: A Memoir</i>, July 28, 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a> (BCCI) scandal focused on the criminal conduct of the international bank and its control of financial institutions nationwide. The bank was found by regulators in the U.S. and the United Kingdom to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, bribery, support of terrorism, <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">arms trafficking</a>, the sale of nuclear technologies, the commission and facilitation of <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance_and_tax_evasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax avoidance and tax evasion">tax evasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>, illegal immigration, and the illicit purchases of banks and real estate. The bank was found to have at least $10 billion in unaccounted funds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1982 to 1991, Clifford served as chairman of First American Bankshares, which grew to become the largest bank in Washington, D.C. The bank was nominally owned by a group of Arab investors, but in order to assuage fears from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>, Clifford had assembled a board of distinguished American citizens to exercise day-to-day control. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert M. Morgenthau</a>, the District Attorney for <a href="/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County">New York County</a> (coterminous with the <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>), disclosed that his office had found evidence that BCCI secretly owned First American. Morgenthau convened a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> to determine whether Clifford and his partner, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Altman" title="Robert A. Altman">Robert A. Altman</a>, had deliberately misled federal regulators when the two men assured them that BCCI would have no outside control.<sup id="cite_ref-FalseProfits_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FalseProfits-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An audit by <a href="/wiki/Price_Waterhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Price Waterhouse">Price Waterhouse</a> revealed that contrary to agreements between First American's nominal investors and the Federal Reserve, many of the investors had borrowed heavily from BCCI. Even more seriously, they had pledged their First American stock as collateral. When they missed interest payments, BCCI took control of the shares. It was later estimated that in this manner, BCCI had ended up with 60 percent or more of First American's stock. There had long been suspicions that First American's investors were actually nominees for BCCI. However, the audit was solid confirmation that BCCI secretly—and illegally—owned First American.<sup id="cite_ref-FalseProfits_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FalseProfits-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clifford's predicament worsened when it was disclosed he had made about $6 million in <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a> from bank stock that he had bought with an <a href="/wiki/Unsecured_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsecured loan">unsecured loan</a> from BCCI. The grand jury handed up indictments, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a> opened its own investigation. Clifford's assets in New York City, where he kept most of his investments, were frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clifford insisted that he had no knowledge of illegal activity at First American, and insisted that he himself had been deceived about the extent of BCCI's involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the support of <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Adham" title="Kamal Adham">Kamal Adham</a>, both former president Robert A. Altman and former chairman Clifford were indicted on largely circumstantial evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate", prepared by U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Brown" title="Hank Brown">Hank Brown</a>, noted that a key strategy of "BCCI's successful secret acquisitions of U.S. banks in the face of regulatory suspicion was its aggressive use of a series of prominent Americans", Clifford among them.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford, who prided himself on decades of meticulously ethical conduct, summed his predicament up when he sadly told a reporter from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, "I have a choice of either seeming stupid or <a href="/wiki/Venality" title="Venality">venal</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ac_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Clifford maintained his innocence, he did face criminal charges of fraud, conspiracy, and taking bribes. These charges were dropped in 1993 because of Clifford’s ill health. In 1998, the year of his death, he and Altman reached a $5 million settlement with the Federal Reserve and settled the last of several civil lawsuits against them.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 3, 1931, Clifford married Margery Pepperell "Marny" Kimball (April 20, 1908 – April 14, 2000). They had three daughters: Margery Clifford (nickname: Gery), Joyce Clifford Burland and Randall Clifford Wight.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clifford was a self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Zionist">Christian Zionist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long after a final, frail appearance in the 1997 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> television documentary <i>Truman</i>, Clifford died on October 10, 1998, at the age of 91. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, with Distinction, from President Johnson on the President's last day in office, January 20, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978: Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> presented by Awards Council member and trial lawyer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nizer" title="Louis Nizer">Louis Nizer</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clark Clifford emerged as a national figure almost overnight, moving from a low-level naval aide in the White House to President Truman's top adviser and strategist. His success came from hard work, a good mind, poker skills to match those of his boss, the ability to stroke the press, the knack to immediately seize on serendipitous opportunities, and the ability to identify, reshape and promote good ideas first proposed by others, such as George Kennan. He thus gained fame for papers that he presented forcefully, but did not actually write, including his 1947 proposal on Truman's reelection strategy and the Clifford-Elsey papers on Cold War strategy. He became a trusted advisor to presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in 1960, assuring his access by indicating he wanted no public office. His reputation – and his law practice – continued to soar until finally Lyndon Johnson appointed him Defense Secretary to lead the nation out of the Vietnam trap.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> argues that in many ways Clifford resembled the four wise men who shaped American foreign policy in the 1940s and early 1950s – <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averell_Harriman" class="mw-redirect" title="Averell Harriman">Averell Harriman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>. However, Isaacson argues, "Clifford remained a Wise Man wannabe because he could never quite shake his reputation as a partisan wheeler-dealer and manipulator."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Goldwyn" title="Tony Goldwyn">Tony Goldwyn</a> portrayed Clifford in the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Television movie">television film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a></i>. In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> portrayed Clifford in the HBO television film <i><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War">Path to War</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, Clifford's memoirs <i>Counsel to the President</i> (co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations</a>) were published just as his name was implicated in the unfolding BCCI scandal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_Clark_M._Gifford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571292/clark-m-clifford/">"Clark M. Gifford - Lyndon Johnson Administration"</a>. <i>Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213152713/http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571292/clark-m-clifford/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+-+Historical+Office&rft.atitle=Clark+M.+Gifford+-+Lyndon+Johnson+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571292%2Fclark-m-clifford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Acacia, Clark Clifford: The Wise Man of Washington</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoder-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yoder_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoder_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin M. Yoder Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article116581273.html">"Government tasks will test Trump's skill"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922152345/http://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article116581273.html">Archived</a> September 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1969" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Saul (September 3, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69382864/clark-clifford-never-elected-helps/">"Clark Clifford, Never Elected, Helps 'Govern' the Nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Tribune" title="Des Moines Tribune">Des Moines Tribune</a></i>. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205001859/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69382864/clark-clifford-never-elected-helps/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Des+Moines+Tribune&rft.atitle=Clark+Clifford%2C+Never+Elected%2C+Helps+%27Govern%27+the+Nation&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1969-09-03&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F69382864%2Fclark-clifford-never-elected-helps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauley1968" class="citation news cs1">Cauley, John R. (February 20, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69382300/clark-clifford-likes-a-challenge/">"Clark Clifford Likes a Challenge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kansas City Times">The Kansas City Times</a></i>. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205002227/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69382300/clark-clifford-likes-a-challenge/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Times&rft.atitle=Clark+Clifford+Likes+a+Challenge&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1968-02-20&rft.aulast=Cauley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F69382300%2Fclark-clifford-likes-a-challenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69377549/clark-clifford-robert-altman/">"Clark Clifford, Robert Altman / Biographies at a glance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Sun" title="The Desert Sun">The Desert Sun</a></i>. Gannett News Service. September 12, 1991. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204231621/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69377549/clark-clifford-robert-altman/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Desert+Sun&rft.atitle=Clark+Clifford%2C+Robert+Altman+%2F+Biographies+at+a+glance&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1991-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F69377549%2Fclark-clifford-robert-altman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Acacia, <i>Clark Clifford: The Wise Man of Washington</i> (2009), pp 1-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acacia, <i>Clark Clifford</i> (2009), ch 1-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David G.</a> (1992) <i><a href="/wiki/Truman_(book)" title="Truman (book)">Truman</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105017.htm">Truman Adviser Recalls May 14, 1948 Decision to Recognize Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190340/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105017.htm">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Richard H. Curtiss, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a>, May, June 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?2929174">Weizmann Thanks Clark Clifford for His “Magnificent” Help In Getting Truman to Support Partition and Recognize Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509070315/http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?2929174">Archived</a> May 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. shapell.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoir-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Memoir_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffordHolbrooke1991" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clifford, Clark M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Holbrooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard C. Holbrooke">Holbrooke, Richard C.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeJ4AAAAMAAJ"><i>Counsel to the President: A Memoir</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394569956" title="Special:BookSources/9780394569956"><bdi>9780394569956</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803220635/https://books.google.com/books?id=eeJ4AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counsel+to+the+President%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780394569956&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Clark+M.&rft.au=Holbrooke%2C+Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeJ4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Krock, <i>Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line</i> (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acacia, <i>Clark Clifford</i> pp 207-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum1980" class="citation web cs1">Rosenbaum, David E. (December 9, 1980). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/659446958">"Reagan Transition Costs Will Exceed $2 Million"</a></span>. The Times Argus. Times News Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2021</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reagan+Transition+Costs+Will+Exceed+%242+Million&rft.pub=The+Times+Argus&rft.date=1980-12-09&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F659446958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KS1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KS1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansas.com/2010/06/14/1359182/4-presidents-heard-advice-of-fort.html">"4 presidents heard advice of Fort Scott man"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820143035/http://www.kansas.com/2010/06/14/1359182/4-presidents-heard-advice-of-fort.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4+presidents+heard+advice+of+Fort+Scott+man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansas.com%2F2010%2F06%2F14%2F1359182%2F4-presidents-heard-advice-of-fort.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2009" class="citation book cs1">Scott, James (June 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn0pk8pVE88C"><i>The Attack on the Liberty: The Untold Story of Israel's Deadly 1967 Assault on a U.S. Spy Ship</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416554820" title="Special:BookSources/9781416554820"><bdi>9781416554820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Attack+on+the+Liberty%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Israel%27s+Deadly+1967+Assault+on+a+U.S.+Spy+Ship&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=9781416554820&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTn0pk8pVE88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321181859/https://test.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d373">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>test.history.state.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://test.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d373">the original</a> on March 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=test.history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1964%E2%80%931968%2C+Volume+XIX%2C+Arab-Israeli+Crisis+and+War%2C+1967+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftest.history.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v19%2Fd373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/state-department-documents-from-the-1967-war-june-1967-2">"State Department Documents from the 1967 War (June 1967)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Department+Documents+from+the+1967+War+%28June+1967%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fstate-department-documents-from-the-1967-war-june-1967-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assaultontheliberty.com/clifford.htm">"Clark Clifford on USS Liberty"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clark+Clifford+on+USS+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassaultontheliberty.com%2Fclifford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honorlibertyvets.org/experts.html">"Experts on the USS Liberty"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experts+on+the+USS+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honorlibertyvets.org%2Fexperts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Historical Office." Clark M. Clifford > Historical Office > Article View. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_R._Trask1985" class="citation book cs1">Roger R. Trask (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretariesofdef00wash"><i>The Secretaries of Defense: A Brief History, 1947-1985</i></a>. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretariesofdef00wash/page/34">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secretaries+of+Defense%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+1947-1985&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Historical+Office%2C+Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Roger+R.+Trask&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretariesofdef00wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelb1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelb, Les and Gladstone, Brooke (January 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/what-post-missed-episode">What the Press and "The Post" Missed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801024730/https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/what-post-missed-episode">Archived</a> August 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/On_The_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="On The Media">On The Media</a>. WNYC Studios. Accessed June 25, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417090338/http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2013/FY13_Green_Book.pdf">National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2013</a>. Department of Defense. March 2012. p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acacia, <i>Clark Clifford</i> pp 236-328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/org.wgbh.mla:348bd4b1ae559bcd90abab7b114328312a4bf800">“Interview with Clark M. Clifford, 1981.”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114122644/http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/org.wgbh.mla%3A348bd4b1ae559bcd90abab7b114328312a4bf800">Archived</a> January 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 18, 1981. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 23, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark M. Clifford, "A Viet Nam Reappraisal: The Personal History of One Man's View and How It Evolved." <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 47.4 (1969): 601-622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senate_Subcommittee_on_Intelligence_and_the_Rights_of_Americans_of_the_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence_(Church_Committee)1975" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Intelligence and the Rights of Americans of the Select Committee on Intelligence (Church Committee) (December 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Church-Committee-Hearings-Volume7-Covert-Action"><i>Covert Action: Church Committee Hearings, Vol. 7</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covert+Action%3A+Church+Committee+Hearings%2C+Vol.+7&rft.date=1975-12&rft.au=U.S.+Senate+Subcommittee+on+Intelligence+and+the+Rights+of+Americans+of+the+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence+%28Church+Committee%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FChurch-Committee-Hearings-Volume7-Covert-Action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ac-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ac_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/cclifford.htm">"Clark McAdams Clifford"</a>. <i>Arlington National Cemetery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014093024/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/cclifford.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft.atitle=Clark+McAdams+Clifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.net%2Fcclifford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffros1997" class="citation book cs1">Effros, Robert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781557755032/ch032.xml"><i>Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks</i></a> (Vol. IV ed.). International Monetary Fund. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557755032" title="Special:BookSources/9781557755032"><bdi>9781557755032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Legal+Issues+Affecting+Central+Banks&rft.pages=371&rft.edition=Vol.+IV&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781557755032&rft.aulast=Effros&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.imf.org%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9781557755032%2Fch032.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FalseProfits-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FalseProfits_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FalseProfits_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Truell, Larry Gurwin (1992) <i>False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World's Most Corrupt Financial Empire</i>. Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-62339-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-62339-1">0-395-62339-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaquet1992" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Baquet" title="Dean Baquet">Baquet, Dean</a> (July 30, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615154235/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/30/business/the-bcci-scandal-after-plea-bargain-by-sheik-question-is-what-he-knows.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"After Plea Bargain by Sheik, Question Is What He Knows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/30/business/the-bcci-scandal-after-plea-bargain-by-sheik-question-is-what-he-knows.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">the original</a> on June 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Plea+Bargain+by+Sheik%2C+Question+Is+What+He+Knows&rft.date=1992-07-30&rft.aulast=Baquet&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-bcci-scandal-after-plea-bargain-by-sheik-question-is-what-he-knows.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/">The BCCI Affair</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227024524/https://fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/">Archived</a> December 27, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown. December 1992. 102d Congress 2d Session Senate Print 102–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1998" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Marilyn (October 11, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/11/us/clark-clifford-a-major-adviser-to-four-presidents-is-dead-at-91.html">"Clark Clifford, a Major Adviser to Four Presidents, is Dead at 91"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053234/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/11/us/clark-clifford-a-major-adviser-to-four-presidents-is-dead-at-91.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clark+Clifford%2C+a+Major+Adviser+to+Four+Presidents%2C+is+Dead+at+91&rft.date=1998-10-11&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fclark-clifford-a-major-adviser-to-four-presidents-is-dead-at-91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Who's Who in American Politics, 1965-66</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/origins-us-israeli-relationship-truman-and-jewish-state">"The Origins of the U.S.-Israeli Relationship: Truman and the Jewish State | The Washington Institute"</a>. <i>www.washingtoninstitute.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtoninstitute.org&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+U.S.-Israeli+Relationship%3A+Truman+and+the+Jewish+State+%7C+The+Washington+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Forigins-us-israeli-relationship-truman-and-jewish-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/slideshows/these-are-the-known-recipients-of-the-presidential-medal-of-freedom-with-distinction?slide=2">"These Are the Known Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom With Distinction"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204231924/https://www.usnews.com/news/slideshows/these-are-the-known-recipients-of-the-presidential-medal-of-freedom-with-distinction?slide=2">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+Are+the+Known+Recipients+of+the+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+With+Distinction&rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fslideshows%2Fthese-are-the-known-recipients-of-the-presidential-medal-of-freedom-with-distinction%3Fslide%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1998" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Marilyn (October 11, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/11/us/clark-clifford-a-major-adviser-to-four-presidents-is-dead-at-91.html">"Clark Clifford, a Major Adviser To Four Presidents, Is Dead at 91"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053234/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/11/us/clark-clifford-a-major-adviser-to-four-presidents-is-dead-at-91.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clark+Clifford%2C+a+Major+Adviser+To+Four+Presidents%2C+Is+Dead+at+91&rft.date=1998-10-11&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fclark-clifford-a-major-adviser-to-four-presidents-is-dead-at-91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23public-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Acacia, <i>Clark Clifford: The Wise Man of Washington</i> (2009), passim and p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Isaacson, <i>American Sketches: Great Leaders, Creative Thinkers, and Heroes of a Hurricane</i> (2009) pp 66-67</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Acacia, John. <i>Clark Clifford: The Wise Man of Washington</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120079474/clark-clifford-the-wise-man-of-washington">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217150506/https://www.questia.com/library/120079474/clark-clifford-the-wise-man-of-washington">Archived</a> December 17, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffordHolbrooke1991" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clifford, Clark M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Holbrooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard C. Holbrooke">Holbrooke, Richard C.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeJ4AAAAMAAJ"><i>Counsel to the President: A Memoir</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394569956" title="Special:BookSources/9780394569956"><bdi>9780394569956</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counsel+to+the+President%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780394569956&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Clark+M.&rft.au=Holbrooke%2C+Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeJ4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coates, Benjamin A. "Strategists and Rhetoricians: Truman's Foreign Policy Advisers." in Daniel S. Margolies, ed., <i>A Companion to Harry S. Truman</i> (2012): 159-187.</li> <li>Frantz, Douglas, and David McKean. <i>Friends in high places: The rise and fall of Clark Clifford</i> (St. Martin's Press, 1995).</li> <li>Janoff, Bruce L. "Clifford, Clark" <i>American National Biography</i> (2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask,_Roger_R.1985" class="citation book cs1">Trask, Roger R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretariesofdef00wash"><i>The Secretaries of Defense: A Brief History, 1947-1985</i></a>. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretariesofdef00wash/page/34">34</a>-36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secretaries+of+Defense%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+1947-1985&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Historical+Office%2C+Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Trask%2C+Roger+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretariesofdef00wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClark+Clifford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Clifford&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clark_Clifford" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/cliford.htm#subjects">Oral History Interviews with Clark M. Clifford, Truman Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050303202157/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/CliffordC/CliffordC.asp">Oral History Interviews with Clark Clifford, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712055656/http://openvault.wgbh.org/wapina/barcode9484clifford_4/index.html">Interview about the Berlin Blockade</a> for the WGBH series, *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509083727/http://openvault.wgbh.org/series/War%2Band%2BPeace%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNuclear%2BAge/">War and Peace in the Nuclear Age</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1UEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">Article arguing for de-escalation of American involvement in Vietnam</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life</a></i> magazine, May 22, 1970</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1461">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/812#463842">Collection of Letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/936/hash/wAEomSag//">Clark M. Clifford</a> (Radio Reports partially in German) from the archive of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/1948Campaign_CliffordMemo.pdf">Clifford Memorandum of November 19, 1947</a>, outlining presidential strategy for winning the 1948 election</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mm00084499/">Clark M. Clifford Papers @ Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/personal-papers/clark-m-clifford-papers">Clark M. Clifford Papers @ Truman Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rosenman" title="Samuel Rosenman">Samuel Rosenman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> </b><br />1946–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Murphy" title="Charles S. Murphy">Charles Murphy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian" title="James Rhyne Killian">James Killian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a> </b><br />1963–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell Taylor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />1968–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecDef" title="Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LB_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template:LB Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:LB_Johnson_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:LB Johnson cabinet (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LB_Johnson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LB Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/100px-Lbj2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/150px-Lbj2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/200px-Lbj2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="5552" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Henry H. Fowler</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Joseph W. Barr</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> (1963–1968)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clark Clifford</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a> (1964–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> (1966–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">John A. Gronouski</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">Larry O'Brien</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">W. Marvin Watson</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Connor" title="John T. Connor">John T. Connor</a> (1965–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trowbridge" title="Alexander Trowbridge">Alexander Trowbridge</a> (1967–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Smith" title="C. R. Smith">C. R. Smith</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Gardner" title="John W. Gardner">John W. Gardner</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Cohen" title="Wilbur J. Cohen">Wilbur J. Cohen</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coldwell_Wood" title="Robert Coldwell Wood">Robert Coldwell Wood</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_S._Boyd" title="Alan S. Boyd">Alan S. Boyd</a> (1967–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Wiggins" title="James Russell Wiggins">James Russell Wiggins</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_House_counsels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_House_Counsels" title="Template:White House Counsels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_House_Counsels" title="Template talk:White House Counsels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_House_Counsels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White House Counsels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_House_counsels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House counsels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rosenman" title="Samuel Rosenman">Rosenman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Murphy" title="Charles S. 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Temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">Ehrlichman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Garment" title="Leonard Garment">Garment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Buchen" title="Philip W. Buchen">Buchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lipshutz" title="Robert Lipshutz">Lipshutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Cutler" title="Lloyd Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_F._Fielding" title="Fred F. Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Wallison" title="Peter J. Wallison">Wallison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Culvahouse_Jr." title="Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr.">Culvahouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Boyden_Gray" title="C. 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93508384">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/87458/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8KMKyVQ7KxYxhxKM773">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119010801">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82024001">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123103480">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123103480">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Clifford, Clark M."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd20231182938&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p086594540">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90639138">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597141905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007459583605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14067056">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0590184X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119010801.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119010801">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03198939X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568762">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h1338s">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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