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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buite-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Buite-Mongolië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buite-Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Знешняя Манголія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Знешняя Манголія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Външна Монголия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Външна Монголия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2lia_Exterior" title="Mongòlia Exterior – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mongòlia Exterior" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vn%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD_Mongolsko" title="Vnější Mongolsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vnější Mongolsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Exterior" title="Mongolia Exterior – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mongolia Exterior" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstera_Mongolio" title="Ekstera Mongolio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstera Mongolio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مغولستان بیرونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغولستان بیرونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolie-Ext%C3%A9rieure" title="Mongolie-Extérieure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mongolie-Extérieure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8" title="외몽골 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외몽골" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Luar" title="Mongolia Luar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mongolia Luar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Esterna" title="Mongolia Esterna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mongolia Esterna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מונגוליה החיצונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונגוליה החיצונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გარეთა მონღოლეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გარეთა მონღოლეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80r%C4%93j%C4%81_Mongolija" title="Ārējā Mongolija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārējā Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1orin%C4%97_Mongolija" title="Išorinė Mongolija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išorinė Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Надворешна Монголија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Надворешна Монголија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ар Монгол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ар Монгол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buiten-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Buiten-Mongolië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buiten-Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Zewn%C4%99trzna" title="Mongolia Zewnętrzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mongolia Zewnętrzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia_Exterior" title="Mongólia Exterior – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mongólia Exterior" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Внешняя Монголия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внешняя Монголия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வெளி மங்கோலியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெளி மங்கோலியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1%C5%9F_Mo%C4%9Folistan" title="Dış Moğolistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dış Moğolistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Зовнішня Монголія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зовнішня Монголія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیرونی منگولیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیرونی منگولیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%E1%BA%A1i_M%C3%B4ng" title="Ngoại Mông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngoại Mông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a historical region of the Qing dynasty. For the present day country, see <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. For the former communist state often referred to as Outer Mongolia, see <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg/330px-Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg/440px-Qing_dynasty_and_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Outer Mongolia and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> within the Qing dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1914_map_of_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1914_map_of_Asia.jpg/220px-1914_map_of_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1914_map_of_Asia.jpg/330px-1914_map_of_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1914_map_of_Asia.jpg/440px-1914_map_of_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>Map of Asia in 1914. Mongolia's independence had not yet been widely recognized in the 1910s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolia_1915.jpg/220px-Mongolia_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolia_1915.jpg/330px-Mongolia_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolia_1915.jpg/440px-Mongolia_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1915)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)">Treaty of Kyakhta</a> (North) Mongolia in 1915.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Monggol_bicig.svg/11px-Monggol_bicig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Monggol_bicig.svg/17px-Monggol_bicig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Monggol_bicig.svg/23px-Monggol_bicig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Mongolian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of text in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Outer Mongolia</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the name of a territory in the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Russian republic of <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>. The historical region gained <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911"><i>de facto</i> independence</a> from Qing China during the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. </p><p>While the administrative region of Outer Mongolia during the Qing dynasty only consisted of the four <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a> aimags (<a href="/wiki/Sechen_Khan" title="Sechen Khan">Setsen Khan</a> Aimag, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan" title="Tüsheet Khan">Tüsheet Khan</a> Aimag, <a href="/wiki/Sain_Noyon_Khan" title="Sain Noyon Khan">Sain Noyon Khan</a> Aimag, and <a href="/wiki/Zasagt_Khan" title="Zasagt Khan">Zasagt Khan</a> Aimag), in the late Qing period, "Outer Mongolia" was also used to refer to the combined Khalkha and <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> regions, as well as the directly-ruled <a href="/wiki/Tannu_Uriankhai" title="Tannu Uriankhai">Tannu Uriankhai</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Mongolia Area<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒙古地方</span></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠯ</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_administrative_divisions_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–1949)">Area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1912–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_(disputed_territories)_Mongolia_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_%28disputed_territories%29_Mongolia_Area.svg/220px-Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_%28disputed_territories%29_Mongolia_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_%28disputed_territories%29_Mongolia_Area.svg/330px-Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_%28disputed_territories%29_Mongolia_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_%28disputed_territories%29_Mongolia_Area.svg/440px-Republic_of_China_edcp_location_map_%28disputed_territories%29_Mongolia_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br />Location of Mongolia Area as part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (claim only)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulanbataar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulanbataar">Kulun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Independent country <i>(de facto)</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of China">Area</a> of the Republic of China <i>(de jure)</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Mongolia Area claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">ROC Provisional Government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Mongolia re-occupied by China</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1945_Mongolian_independence_referendum" title="1945 Mongolian independence referendum">Mongolia’s independence</a> recognised by China </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 October</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /> <b>∟</b> <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><br /> <b>∟</b> <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much of the region was subsequently claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, which had acquired the legal right to inherit all Qing territories through the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor</a>, as an integral part of the state. This is referred to as "Mongolia Area" to distinguish it from Outer Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Edict1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edict1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edict2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edict3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edict3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Outer Mongolia, however, was under the <i>de facto</i> control of the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate</a>, which was largely unrecognized internationally. The Republic of China briefly established <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia"><i>de facto</i> rule</a> over most of the region from 1919 to 1921. After the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> was founded in 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of China <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> recognized Mongolian independence in 1946 under Soviet pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this recognition was later rescinded by the Kuomintang government in 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">which had retreated to Taiwan</a> because of continued Soviet support to the Chinese communists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The People's Republic of China continued recognition of the Mongolian People's Republic since 1949, and has established full diplomatic relations with Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-IBS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Borjigin2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjigin2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three alternate terms, including Ar Mongol, Mobei Mongol, and Outer Mongolia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ar_Mongol">Ar Mongol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ar Mongol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Ar mongol</i> or <i>Mobei Mongol</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">漠北蒙古</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mòběi Měnggǔ</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'North-of-the-<a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Desert</a> Mongolia') is sometimes used in Chinese and Mongolian languages to refer to North Mongolia<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when making a distinction with South Mongolia, so as to elide the history of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> and rather imply a geographic unity or distinction of regions inhabited by Mongols in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulag_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulag-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also exists an English term: <i>Northern Mongolia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulag_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulag-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ar Mongol can also be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> synchronically, during that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>, the word <i>ar</i> refers to the back side of something, which has been extended to mean the northern side of any spatial entity, e.g. a mountain or a yurt. The word <i>öbür</i> refers to the front/south (and thus protected) side of a mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the difference between South Mongolia and the Mongolian state is conceived as the metaphor of the backward northern side and the south side of a mountain. </p><p>In contrast to Mobei Mongol (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">漠北蒙古</span>), there is also Monan Mongol (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">漠南蒙古</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mònán Měnggǔ</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'South of the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Desert</a> Mongolia'), roughly referring to the region now known as South Mongolia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, "Outer Mongolia" is sometimes still informally used to refer to the independent state of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. To avoid confusion between Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia, Chinese sources generally refer to the former as the "State of Mongolia" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">蒙古国</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Měnggǔ Guó</span></i>); that is, the translation of the official name in Mongolian, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl">Монгол Улс</span></span>/<span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mongol Uls</i></span>, instead of just "Mongolia" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蒙古</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Měnggǔ</span></i>), which could refer to the entire Mongolian region. </p><p>"Outer Mongolia" is also used sometimes used <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquially</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbole</a> to refer to a place that is very far away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannu_Uriankhai" title="Tannu Uriankhai">Tannu Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Northwest China">Outer Northwest China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Mongolia–Taiwan relations">Mongolia–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area (administrative division)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "Ar Mongol" (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠷᠤ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ</span>, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Ар Монгол</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">IPA transcription</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[ar<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɔɴɢɞɮ]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">back side of Mongolia</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) appears to have first appeared at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. Initially, "Ar Mongol" referred to the Mongols west of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a>, but later the scope of reference changed and was used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a> north of the Gobi Desert. In the early 20th century, the name "Outer Mongolia" (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ</span>，<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>: <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Гадаад Монгол</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Latin_alphabet" title="Mongolian Latin alphabet">Latin</a>: <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Gadaad Mongol</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[ɢaˈtaːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɔɴɢɞɮ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ</span> <i>Tulergi Monggo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">外蒙古</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wài Měnggǔ</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Borjigin2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjigin2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to be used in official documents. In Mongolian reports and documents of the 1900s and 1920s, "Ar Mongol" was used interchangeably with "Outer Mongolia".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes called "Outer Mongolia" informally in current China.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2002, the ROC reaffirmed its recognition of Mongolia as an independent country again,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Mainland Affairs Council issued a statement saying that "Mongolia (formerly known as Outer Mongolia in Taiwan) has never been part of its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">constitutionally</a> claimed territory."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Borjigin2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borjigin2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjigin2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huhbator Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (South Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFЦ.Цэрэндорж2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ц.Цэрэндорж (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/127">"Ар Монгол"</a> (in Mongolian). Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.date=2016&rft.au=%D0%A6.%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmongoltoli.mn%2Fhistory%2Fh%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongolianembassy.us/about-mongolia/history/#.Y53Z7crCahA">"History of Mongolia"</a>. Embassy of Mongolia in Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Mongolia&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Mongolia+in+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmongolianembassy.us%2Fabout-mongolia%2Fhistory%2F%23.Y53Z7crCahA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edict1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edict1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherickKayaliVan_Young2006" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reKxAAAAQBAJ&q=complete+territories+of+manchu,+han,+mongol,+hui,+tibetan&pg=PA245"><i>Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742578159" title="Special:BookSources/9780742578159"><bdi>9780742578159</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623163006/https://books.google.com/books?id=reKxAAAAQBAJ&q=complete+territories+of+manchu,+han,+mongol,+hui,+tibetan&pg=PA245">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+to+Nation%3A+Historical+Perspectives+on+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780742578159&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Kayali%2C+Hasan&rft.au=Van+Young%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreKxAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcomplete%2Bterritories%2Bof%2Bmanchu%2C%2Bhan%2C%2Bmongol%2C%2Bhui%2C%2Btibetan%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edict2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edict2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhai2017" class="citation book cs1">Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ziEwDwAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA190"><i>憲法何以中國</i></a>. City University of HK Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629373214" title="Special:BookSources/9789629373214"><bdi>9789629373214</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623161632/https://books.google.com/books?id=ziEwDwAAQBAJ&q=%E4%BB%8D%E5%90%88%E6%BB%BF%E3%80%81%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%92%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B&pg=PA190">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%95%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=City+University+of+HK+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789629373214&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Zhiyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DziEwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%E4%BB%8D%E5%90%88%E6%BB%BF%E3%80%81%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%92%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edict3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edict3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2016" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Quanxi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P46rDAAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA273"><i>政治憲法與未來憲制</i></a>. City University of HK Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629372910" title="Special:BookSources/9789629372910"><bdi>9789629372910</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623163135/https://books.google.com/books?id=P46rDAAAQBAJ&q=%E4%BB%8D%E5%90%88%E6%BB%BF%E3%80%81%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%92%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B&pg=PA273">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=City+University+of+HK+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789629372910&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Quanxi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP46rDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%E4%BB%8D%E5%90%88%E6%BB%BF%E3%80%81%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%92%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriters1974" class="citation book cs1">Friters, Gerard M (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/211232"><i>Outer Mongolia and its International Position</i></a>. New York: Octagon Books. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/211232">211232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outer+Mongolia+and+its+International+Position&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F211232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friters&rft.aufirst=Gerard+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F211232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210192036/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237">"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i>. 11 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237">the original</a> on 10 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>. <q>In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory. {...} Long a province of China, Mongolia declared its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. After the Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on 3 Oct, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country – 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Mongolian+office+to+ride+into+Taipei+by+end+of+the+year&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Farchives%2F2002%2F10%2F11%2F0000175237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mac.gov.tw/public/Attachment/252122204856.pdf">"有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料"</a> [Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese (Taiwan)). <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mac.gov.tw%2Fpublic%2FAttachment%2F252122204856.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/22/archives/taiwan-veto-likely-taipei-regime-may-again-bar-outer-mongolia-from.html">"Taiwan Veto Likely; Taipei Regime May Again Bar Outer Mongolia From U.N."</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 22 April 1961, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213652/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/22/archives/taiwan-veto-likely-taipei-regime-may-again-bar-outer-mongolia-from.html">archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Veto+Likely%3B+Taipei+Regime+May+Again+Bar+Outer+Mongolia+From+U.N.&rft.date=1961-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F04%2F22%2Farchives%2Ftaiwan-veto-likely-taipei-regime-may-again-bar-outer-mongolia-from.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060916040248/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS173.pdf">"China-Mongolia Boundary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Boundary Study</i> (173). The Geographer, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a>: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS173.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Boundary+Study&rft.atitle=China-Mongolia+Boundary&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.fsu.edu%2Flibrary%2Fcollection%2FLimitsinSeas%2FIBS173.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of China</i>, volume 10, p 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Norcin, C. (1999): <i>Monggol kelen-ü toli</i>. Ömnud monggol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya. Page 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulag-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulag_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulag_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulag1998" class="citation book cs1">Bulag, Uradyn (1998). <i>Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 179–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Hybridity+in+Mongolia&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bulag&rft.aufirst=Uradyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bawden, Charles (1997): Mongolian-English dictionary. London: Kegan Paul. Page 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Norcin, C. (1999): <i>Monggol kelen-ü toli</i>. Ömnud monggol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya. Page 169, 580. <i>ömnud: agula dabagan-u engger tal-a-yin gajar</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a><br /> (Southern 6 <a href="/wiki/Leagues_of_China" title="Leagues of China">leagues</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorchin">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaid">Jalaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_(Borjigin_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dörbet (Borjigin clan)">Dörbet (Borjigid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlos">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharchin">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiman_Banner" title="Naiman Banner">Naiman</a></li> <li>Bairin (<a href="/wiki/Baarin_Right_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Baarin Right Banner">Right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baarin_Left_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Baarin Left Banner">Left Banner</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarud">Jarud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongniud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongniud">Ongniud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Horqin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Horqin">Ar Horqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexigten" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexigten">Hexigten</a></li> <li>Khalkha Left Wing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Üzemchin">Üzemchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abganar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abganar (page does not exist)">Abganar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuuchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuuchid">Khuuchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abag_Banner" title="Abag Banner">Abag</a></li> <li>Sonid (<a href="/wiki/Sonid_Right_Banner" title="Sonid Right Banner">Right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonid_Left_Banner" title="Sonid Left Banner">Left Banner</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siziwang" class="mw-redirect" title="Siziwang">Sizi Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muminggan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muminggan">Muminggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li>Khalkha Right Wing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outer Mongolia</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkha</a> 4 <a href="/wiki/Aimag" title="Aimag">aimags</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan" title="Tüsheet Khan">Tüshiyetu Khan Aimag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sain_Noyan_Aimag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sain Noyan Aimag (page does not exist)">Sain Noyan Aimag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zasagtu_Khan_Aimag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zasagtu Khan Aimag (page does not exist)">Zasagtu Khan Aimag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secen_Khan_Aimag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secen Khan Aimag (page does not exist)">Secen Khan Aimag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Hetao Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alxa Ööled Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejin_Banner" title="Ejin Banner">Ejine Torghuud Banner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_(Choros_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dörbet (Choros clan)">Dörbet (Choros clan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoton" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoton">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot" title="Olot">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay people">Altai Nuur Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Torghuud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Torghuud (page does not exist)">New Torghuud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Khoshut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Khoshut (page does not exist)">New Khoshut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Mongolian regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahar_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar Mongols">Chakhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannu_Uriankhai" title="Tannu Uriankhai">Tannu Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mongols in other provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Guihua Town Tümed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai Mongols">Qinghai Mongols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Old Torghuud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Khoshut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Khoshut (page does not exist)">Middle Khoshut</a> (Xinjiang)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damxung_Mongols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damxung Mongols (page does not exist)">Damxung Mongols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga Mongols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defunct_Chinese_provinces_and_provincial_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defunct_Chinese_provinces" title="Template:Defunct Chinese provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defunct_Chinese_provinces" title="Template talk:Defunct Chinese provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct_Chinese_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct Chinese provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defunct_Chinese_provinces_and_provincial_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Defunct Chinese provinces and provincial regions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguang Province">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_Jiangbei_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan Jiangbei Province">Henanjiangbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhe_Province" title="Jiangzhe Province">Jiangzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Liaoyang</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Lingbei</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Yuan_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea under Yuan rule">Zhengdong</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Special administrative areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Central Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguang Province">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_Province" title="Jiaozhi Province">Jiaozhi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Special administrative areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beizhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Beizhili">Beizhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhili" title="Nanzhili">Nanzhili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC (1912–1949)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andong_Province" title="Andong Province">Andong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahar_Province" title="Chahar Province">Qahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejiang_Province" title="Hejiang Province">Hejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexi_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexi Province (page does not exist)">Hexi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaobei" title="Liaobei">Liaobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenjiang_Province" title="Nenjiang Province">Nenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehe_Province" title="Rehe Province">Rehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songjiang_Province" title="Songjiang Province">Songjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan" title="Suiyuan">Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xikang" title="Xikang">Xikang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing%27an_Province" title="Xing'an Province">Xing'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhili" title="Zhili">Zhili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Special administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xikang" title="Xikang">Chuanbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Dongsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahar_Province" title="Chahar Province">Qahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehe_Province" title="Rehe Province">Rehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan" title="Suiyuan">Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuntian_Prefecture" title="Shuntian Prefecture">Jingzhao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Provincal fu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntian_Prefecture" title="Shuntian Prefecture">Shuntianfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Special administrative municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Jingdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Jingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Songhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Yuan</a> administrative municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andong_Province" title="Andong Province">Liaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoxi" title="Liaoxi">Liaoxi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudanjiang_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudanjiang Province (page does not exist)">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyuan_Province" title="Pingyuan Province">Pingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahar_Province" title="Chahar Province">Qahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehe_Province" title="Rehe Province">Rehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songjiang_Province" title="Songjiang Province">Songjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan" title="Suiyuan">Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xikang" title="Xikang">Xikang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Greater administrative areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_administrative_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater administrative area">Huabei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_administrative_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater administrative area">Dongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_administrative_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater administrative area">Huadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_administrative_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater administrative area">Zhongnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_administrative_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater administrative area">Xibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_administrative_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater administrative area">Xinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshan,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anshan, China">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian → Lüda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Hankou → Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Administrative territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Administrative Territories">Chuanbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Administrative Territories">Chuandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Administrative Territories">Chuannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Administrative Territories">Chuanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangsu Administrative Territories">Subei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangsu Administrative Territories">Sunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhui Administrative Territories">Wanbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_Administrative_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhui Administrative Territories">Wannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCda_Administrative_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüda Administrative Territory">Lüda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_Region" title="Chamdo Region">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&oldid=1258084360">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_Mongolia&oldid=1258084360</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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