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u-fs30">History of the Mongol Empire</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">25,983 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>History of the Mongol Empire</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">People</a></li></ul></div><style 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class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction et traduction en français de l’Histoire des Mongols de Jean de Plancarpin, accompagnée d’une traduction de documents ayant trait au voyage dans l’empire mongol de Jean de Plancarpin (lettres et privilèges missionnaires... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31101157" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction et traduction en français de l’Histoire des Mongols de Jean de Plancarpin, accompagnée d’une traduction de documents ayant trait au voyage dans l’empire mongol de Jean de Plancarpin (lettres et privilèges missionnaires rédigés par Innocent IV, Histoire des Tartares du frère C. de Bridia, compte-rendu de Benoît de Pologne, extraits de la chronique de Salimbene de Adam avec la réponse au pape du grand-khan 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Circulation - 100 copies. <br /> <br />Тираж 100 экземпляров (70 в продажу)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39735111" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="df7ab9651f5de6ab36a0849d01e16d08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59913587,"asset_id":39735111,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59913587/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4765950" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RomanKhrapachevsky">Roman Khrapachevsky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4765950" type="text/json">{"id":4765950,"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Khrapachevsky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RomanKhrapachevsky","display_name":"Roman Khrapachevsky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RomanKhrapachevsky?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39735111 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39735111"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39735111, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39735111", }); 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This is commented translation 元史世祖本紀 into Russian. \r\nThe book was printed July 19, 2019. Circulation - 100 copies. \r\n\r\nТираж 100 экземпляров (70 в продажу)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59913587,"asset_id":39735111,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4765950,"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Khrapachevsky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RomanKhrapachevsky","display_name":"Roman Khrapachevsky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RomanKhrapachevsky?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6833,"name":"History of Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Mongolia?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12745,"name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=12829"},{"id":120563,"name":"Mongolian and Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_and_Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":433889,"name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Far_East?f_ri=12829"},{"id":575430,"name":"Mongolic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolic_Studies?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40992094" data-work_id="40992094" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40992094/A_BRIEF_OVERVIEW_OF_THE_ERA_OF_THE_CHAGATAI_KHAN_TARMASHIRIN_%C3%87a%C4%9Fatay_Han%C4%B1_Tarma%C5%9Firin_D%C3%B6nemine_K%C4%B1sa_Bir_Bak%C4%B1%C5%9F">A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ERA OF THE CHAGATAI KHAN TARMASHIRIN Çağatay Hanı Tarmaşirin Dönemine Kısa Bir Bakış</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cengiz Han’ın ölümü ile birlikte onun kurmuş olduğu büyük imparatorluk oğulları arasında pay edilmiştir. Çağatay Han, Doğu ve Batı Türkistan’ın hemen hemen bütün bölgelerinde hakimiyet kurmuştur. Çağatay Hanlığı dini çeşitlilik... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40992094" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cengiz Han’ın ölümü ile birlikte onun kurmuş olduğu büyük imparatorluk oğulları arasında pay edilmiştir. Çağatay Han,  Doğu ve Batı Türkistan’ın hemen hemen bütün bölgelerinde hakimiyet kurmuştur. Çağatay Hanlığı dini çeşitlilik bakımından kozmopolit bir yapıya sahiptir. Çagatay Han bu bölgelerde hakimiyetini sağlamlaştırmak maksadı ile istimâlet politikası gütmüştür. 1326 tarihinde Tarmaşirin Han Çağatay Hanlığı’nın hükümdarlığına geçmiş ve Müslümanlığı kabul ettikten sonra Alâeddin adını almıştır. Tarmaşirin’in İslamiyet’i kabul etmesi ile birlikte İslam ülkeleri ve Çağatay Hanlığı arasındaki ticari ve siyasi ilişkiler gelişme göstermiştir. Tarmaşirin’in İslam ülkeleri ile iyi ilişkiler içinde olması Moğol gelenek ve göreneklerine bağlı bazı kesimler tarafından hoş karşılanmamış ve Tarmaşirin’in amcaoğlu Bûzun’a bağlılıklarını bildirmişlerdir. Çağatay Hanlığı’nı yeniden canlandırmak isteyen gelenekçi Yedisu ve Cungarya’da bulunan Moğol beyleri Tarmaşirin’i tahttan indirerek onu öldürmüşlerdir. Tarmaşirin Han’ın öldürülmesi üzerine çıkan karışıklıklar ve istikrarsızlık hanlığın çöküşüne kadar gitmiştir. Siyasi bir birlikteliğin olmaması sonucu  Çağatay ulusu ikiye ayrılmıştır. Birisi yerleşik ve halkın çoğunluğu Müslüman olan Maverâünnehir, diğeri ise Moğol gelenek ve göreneklerine bağlı, atlı-göçebe kültürünü devam ettiren Moğolistan olmuştur.<br /><br />With the death of Genghis Khan, the great empire he founded was shared among his sons. Chagatai Khan established dominance in almost all the regions of East and West Turkistan. Chagatai Khanate has a cosmopolitan structure in terms of<br />religious diversity. Chagatai Khan pursued a policy of exploitation in order to consolidate his dominance in these regions. In 1326, Tarmashirin Khan became the ruler of Chagatai Khanate and took the name Alaeddin after converting to Islam. With<br />Tarmashirin's adoption of Islam, trade and political relations between Islamic countries and Chagatai Khanate developed. The fact that Tarmashirin had good relations with Islamic countries was not welcomed by some sections of the Mongolian<br />traditions and customs and they announced their allegiance to his uncle's son Buzun. The traditional Mongolian lords in Yedisu and Dzungaria who wanted to revive the Chagatai Khanate, dethroned Tarmashirin and killed him. The turmoil and<br />instability following the killing of Tarmashirin Khan led all the way to the collapse of the khanate. As a result of the lack of political unity, the Chagatai nation was divided into two. One was the settled Transoxiana, the majority of which was<br />Muslim, and the other was Mongolia, which maintained its equestrian-nomadic culture, adhering to Mongolian traditions and customs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40992094" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d48648d6a9ece1e548d8dfef919eab4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61273680,"asset_id":40992094,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61273680/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19179722" href="https://gantep.academia.edu/BaranG%C3%BCven%C3%A7">Baran Güvenç</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19179722" type="text/json">{"id":19179722,"first_name":"Baran","last_name":"Güvenç","domain_name":"gantep","page_name":"BaranGüvenç","display_name":"Baran Güvenç","profile_url":"https://gantep.academia.edu/BaranG%C3%BCven%C3%A7?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19179722/5345737/64932419/s65_baran.g_ven_.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40992094 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40992094"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40992094, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40992094", }); 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Çağatay Han, Doğu ve Batı Türkistan’ın hemen hemen bütün bölgelerinde hakimiyet kurmuştur. Çağatay Hanlığı dini çeşitlilik bakımından kozmopolit bir yapıya sahiptir. Çagatay Han bu bölgelerde hakimiyetini sağlamlaştırmak maksadı ile istimâlet politikası gütmüştür. 1326 tarihinde Tarmaşirin Han Çağatay Hanlığı’nın hükümdarlığına geçmiş ve Müslümanlığı kabul ettikten sonra Alâeddin adını almıştır. Tarmaşirin’in İslamiyet’i kabul etmesi ile birlikte İslam ülkeleri ve Çağatay Hanlığı arasındaki ticari ve siyasi ilişkiler gelişme göstermiştir. Tarmaşirin’in İslam ülkeleri ile iyi ilişkiler içinde olması Moğol gelenek ve göreneklerine bağlı bazı kesimler tarafından hoş karşılanmamış ve Tarmaşirin’in amcaoğlu Bûzun’a bağlılıklarını bildirmişlerdir. Çağatay Hanlığı’nı yeniden canlandırmak isteyen gelenekçi Yedisu ve Cungarya’da bulunan Moğol beyleri Tarmaşirin’i tahttan indirerek onu öldürmüşlerdir. Tarmaşirin Han’ın öldürülmesi üzerine çıkan karışıklıklar ve istikrarsızlık hanlığın çöküşüne kadar gitmiştir. Siyasi bir birlikteliğin olmaması sonucu Çağatay ulusu ikiye ayrılmıştır. Birisi yerleşik ve halkın çoğunluğu Müslüman olan Maverâünnehir, diğeri ise Moğol gelenek ve göreneklerine bağlı, atlı-göçebe kültürünü devam ettiren Moğolistan olmuştur.\n\nWith the death of Genghis Khan, the great empire he founded was shared among his sons. Chagatai Khan established dominance in almost all the regions of East and West Turkistan. Chagatai Khanate has a cosmopolitan structure in terms of\nreligious diversity. Chagatai Khan pursued a policy of exploitation in order to consolidate his dominance in these regions. In 1326, Tarmashirin Khan became the ruler of Chagatai Khanate and took the name Alaeddin after converting to Islam. With\nTarmashirin's adoption of Islam, trade and political relations between Islamic countries and Chagatai Khanate developed. The fact that Tarmashirin had good relations with Islamic countries was not welcomed by some sections of the Mongolian\ntraditions and customs and they announced their allegiance to his uncle's son Buzun. The traditional Mongolian lords in Yedisu and Dzungaria who wanted to revive the Chagatai Khanate, dethroned Tarmashirin and killed him. The turmoil and\ninstability following the killing of Tarmashirin Khan led all the way to the collapse of the khanate. As a result of the lack of political unity, the Chagatai nation was divided into two. One was the settled Transoxiana, the majority of which was\nMuslim, and the other was Mongolia, which maintained its equestrian-nomadic culture, adhering to Mongolian traditions and customs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61273680,"asset_id":40992094,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19179722,"first_name":"Baran","last_name":"Güvenç","domain_name":"gantep","page_name":"BaranGüvenç","display_name":"Baran Güvenç","profile_url":"https://gantep.academia.edu/BaranG%C3%BCven%C3%A7?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19179722/5345737/64932419/s65_baran.g_ven_.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6117,"name":"History of Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Iran?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=12829"},{"id":49837,"name":"Historia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":284772,"name":"Gelenek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gelenek?f_ri=12829"},{"id":414422,"name":"Ibn Battuta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Battuta?f_ri=12829"},{"id":581861,"name":"Çağatay Türkçesi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cagatay_Turkcesi?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1027639,"name":"Müslüman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCman?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1279354,"name":"Moğol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mogol?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1363366,"name":"Cengiz Han","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cengiz_Han?f_ri=12829"},{"id":2612554,"name":"Maveraünnehir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mavera%C3%BCnnehir?f_ri=12829"},{"id":3454359,"name":"Atlı göçebe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atl%C4%B1_g%C3%B6%C3%A7ebe?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8855875" data-work_id="8855875" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8855875/Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_Empire">Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A general introduction, organized alphabetically, to Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. On many topics it is the only account available in English.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8855875" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f19b6abf3f5f40c5bf9b263e4f76c312" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35192917,"asset_id":8855875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35192917/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="851177" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/ChristopherAtwood">Christopher P Atwood</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="851177" type="text/json">{"id":851177,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Atwood","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"ChristopherAtwood","display_name":"Christopher P Atwood","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/ChristopherAtwood?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8855875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8855875"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8855875, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8855875", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8855875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8855875; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8855875"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8855875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8855875"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8855875; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8855875]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8855875").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8855875").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8855875"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6034" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12745" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12745" type="text/json">{"id":12745,"name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibeto-Mongolian_Buddhism">Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16592" type="text/json">{"id":16592,"name":"Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibeto-Mongolian_Buddhism?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8855875]'), work: {"id":8855875,"title":"Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire","created_at":"2014-10-19T11:16:22.541-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8855875/Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_8855875","summary":"A general introduction, organized alphabetically, to Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. 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Sources indicate that it is not, which makes an interesting approach on the Mongol Empire that not many scholars have taken thus far.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10157341" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="43205a129af5e9214798451ccff6f454" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36263745,"asset_id":10157341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36263745/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7300752" href="https://roac.academia.edu/JacobVandeKerkhof">Jacob Van de Kerkhof</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7300752" type="text/json">{"id":7300752,"first_name":"Jacob","last_name":"Van de Kerkhof","domain_name":"roac","page_name":"JacobVandeKerkhof","display_name":"Jacob Van de Kerkhof","profile_url":"https://roac.academia.edu/JacobVandeKerkhof?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7300752/2762404/7598813/s65_jacob.van_de_kerkhof.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10157341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10157341"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10157341, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10157341", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10157341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10157341").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10157341").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10157341"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56908" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperialism">Imperialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="56908" type="text/json">{"id":56908,"name":"Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperialism?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10157341]'), work: {"id":10157341,"title":"The Mongol Empire: Was it truly Mongol?","created_at":"2015-01-14T03:14:46.172-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10157341/The_Mongol_Empire_Was_it_truly_Mongol?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_10157341","summary":"This work will question whether the Mongol Empire was truly ran and controlled by the Mongols. Sources indicate that it is not, which makes an interesting approach on the Mongol Empire that not many scholars have taken thus far.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36263745,"asset_id":10157341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7300752,"first_name":"Jacob","last_name":"Van de Kerkhof","domain_name":"roac","page_name":"JacobVandeKerkhof","display_name":"Jacob Van de Kerkhof","profile_url":"https://roac.academia.edu/JacobVandeKerkhof?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7300752/2762404/7598813/s65_jacob.van_de_kerkhof.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":56908,"name":"Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperialism?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43764235" data-work_id="43764235" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43764235/T%C3%BCrk_Devlet_Te%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Mo%C4%9Fol_Hanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_ve_%C5%9Eube_Devletleri_%C3%9Czerindeki_Tesirlerine_Dair_Baz%C4%B1_Tespitler">Türk Devlet Teşkilatının Moğol Hanlığı ve Şube Devletleri Üzerindeki Tesirlerine Dair Bazı Tespitler</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43764235" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69955b7e919c02665b6c9cc8f7aebd80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74298791,"asset_id":43764235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74298791/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="653998" href="https://dumlupinar.academia.edu/altaytayfunozcan">Altay Tayfun Özcan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="653998" type="text/json">{"id":653998,"first_name":"Altay Tayfun","last_name":"Özcan","domain_name":"dumlupinar","page_name":"altaytayfunozcan","display_name":"Altay Tayfun Özcan","profile_url":"https://dumlupinar.academia.edu/altaytayfunozcan?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/653998/227897/20741383/s65_altay_tayfun._zcan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43764235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43764235"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43764235, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43764235", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43764235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43764235; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43764235"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43764235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43764235"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43764235; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43764235]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43764235").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43764235").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43764235"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2613406" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mo%C4%9Fol_Tarihi">Moğol Tarihi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2613406" type="text/json">{"id":2613406,"name":"Moğol Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mo%C4%9Fol_Tarihi?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43764235]'), work: {"id":43764235,"title":"Türk Devlet Teşkilatının Moğol Hanlığı ve Şube Devletleri Üzerindeki Tesirlerine Dair Bazı Tespitler","created_at":"2020-08-02T03:05:20.583-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43764235/T%C3%BCrk_Devlet_Te%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Mo%C4%9Fol_Hanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_ve_%C5%9Eube_Devletleri_%C3%9Czerindeki_Tesirlerine_Dair_Baz%C4%B1_Tespitler?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_43764235","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74298791,"asset_id":43764235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":653998,"first_name":"Altay Tayfun","last_name":"Özcan","domain_name":"dumlupinar","page_name":"altaytayfunozcan","display_name":"Altay Tayfun Özcan","profile_url":"https://dumlupinar.academia.edu/altaytayfunozcan?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/653998/227897/20741383/s65_altay_tayfun._zcan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2613406,"name":"Moğol Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mo%C4%9Fol_Tarihi?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38460920" data-work_id="38460920" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38460920/Tartaria_The_Hidden_Empire">Tartaria : The Hidden Empire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tartaria (originally pronounced “Tataria” without the first “r”) is the name of the pre Mongolian empire that originated in northern Asia before spanning the entire northern hemisphere. Great Tartaria was the largest empire during its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38460920" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tartaria (originally pronounced “Tataria” without the first “r”) is the name of the pre Mongolian empire that originated in northern Asia before spanning the entire northern hemisphere. Great Tartaria was the largest empire during its time and would have still been the largest empire today. The Tartarian empire flourished due in part of the civilization being a leader in advanced technology, free energy, and grand architecture.<br />Tartaria is also where the Greek word “Tartarus” originated from.<br />The denotation of lost souls spending eternity in Tartarus the underworld is due to the Tartarian Empire having been buried and wiped out during the mud flood. The world of the Tartarians is literally the world under our world. The underworld. Tartarus wasn’t the underworld and will never be the underworld. Tartaria is the underworld. The religionists used the Mud Flood deluge and how it wiped out the Tartarian Empire to confuse the populous into thinking they would join those in the “underworld” if they challenged the religious authority.<br />Who were the Tartarians?<br />The Tartarians (or Tartars) were the indigenous people (quite possibly founded by Noah’s sons) making up the world renowned Tartarian empire. The Tartarians were a tall people, averaging some eight to twelve feet in height. They would have been considered giants to our current average height of only around six feet; however, back then the height of ten feet was the average. Like the civilizations before them whose heights averaged twelve feet, fifty feet, two+ miles, etc…each preceding civilization had an average taller height than the civilizations coming after them and each succeeding civilization had an average shorter height than the civilizations predating them. Statures are diminishing after each deluge and with each new astrological age we enter.<br />Civilizations in the current astrological age (the Age of Pisces) are shorter in height than civilizations that existed in the previous astrological age (the Age of Aries) and will be taller in height than civilizations that will exist in the next astrological age (the Age of Aquarius).<br />The Tartarians are thought to have been “Breatherians,” a being who does not rely on the digestion and burning of calories from food/water, but instead rather receives energy straight from the aether. The aether is thought to be the very fabric of the space time continuum that some would associate with electrons, the wind, the holy spirit, the atmosphere, and the gasses in the atmosphere such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Since the The Tartarians quite possibly had a completely altered digestion system than the one we now have, they had no need for toilets in their bathrooms. Which could hint at one of the reasons why bathrooms in the recent past have been used quite extensively as social gathering powder rooms to not only freshen oneself up but to hear and spread local gossip.<br />The Tartarians were masters of masonry, brickwork, steam punk style technology, universally free energy, and grand architecture. Their Roman/Gothic esque style architecture can still be found in the current guise as water ducts, city halls, banks, water stations, cathedrals, churches, hospitals and similar public and city works type buildings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38460920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9900dcaaab167354420f744e60386984" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64028853,"asset_id":38460920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64028853/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16005828" href="https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper">David Vanderper</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16005828" type="text/json">{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Vanderper","domain_name":"ulg","page_name":"DavidVanderper","display_name":"David Vanderper","profile_url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16005828/4341433/19170987/s65_david.vanderper.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38460920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38460920"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38460920, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38460920", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38460920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38460920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38460920"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38460920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38460920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38460920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38460920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38460920").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38460920").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38460920"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="67" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Engineering">Architectural Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="67" type="text/json">{"id":67,"name":"Architectural Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Engineering?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38460920]'), work: {"id":38460920,"title":"Tartaria : The Hidden Empire","created_at":"2019-03-01T00:33:07.339-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38460920/Tartaria_The_Hidden_Empire?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_38460920","summary":"Tartaria (originally pronounced “Tataria” without the first “r”) is the name of the pre Mongolian empire that originated in northern Asia before spanning the entire northern hemisphere. Great Tartaria was the largest empire during its time and would have still been the largest empire today. The Tartarian empire flourished due in part of the civilization being a leader in advanced technology, free energy, and grand architecture.\nTartaria is also where the Greek word “Tartarus” originated from.\nThe denotation of lost souls spending eternity in Tartarus the underworld is due to the Tartarian Empire having been buried and wiped out during the mud flood. The world of the Tartarians is literally the world under our world. The underworld. Tartarus wasn’t the underworld and will never be the underworld. Tartaria is the underworld. The religionists used the Mud Flood deluge and how it wiped out the Tartarian Empire to confuse the populous into thinking they would join those in the “underworld” if they challenged the religious authority.\nWho were the Tartarians?\nThe Tartarians (or Tartars) were the indigenous people (quite possibly founded by Noah’s sons) making up the world renowned Tartarian empire. The Tartarians were a tall people, averaging some eight to twelve feet in height. They would have been considered giants to our current average height of only around six feet; however, back then the height of ten feet was the average. Like the civilizations before them whose heights averaged twelve feet, fifty feet, two+ miles, etc…each preceding civilization had an average taller height than the civilizations coming after them and each succeeding civilization had an average shorter height than the civilizations predating them. Statures are diminishing after each deluge and with each new astrological age we enter.\nCivilizations in the current astrological age (the Age of Pisces) are shorter in height than civilizations that existed in the previous astrological age (the Age of Aries) and will be taller in height than civilizations that will exist in the next astrological age (the Age of Aquarius).\nThe Tartarians are thought to have been “Breatherians,” a being who does not rely on the digestion and burning of calories from food/water, but instead rather receives energy straight from the aether. The aether is thought to be the very fabric of the space time continuum that some would associate with electrons, the wind, the holy spirit, the atmosphere, and the gasses in the atmosphere such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Since the The Tartarians quite possibly had a completely altered digestion system than the one we now have, they had no need for toilets in their bathrooms. Which could hint at one of the reasons why bathrooms in the recent past have been used quite extensively as social gathering powder rooms to not only freshen oneself up but to hear and spread local gossip.\nThe Tartarians were masters of masonry, brickwork, steam punk style technology, universally free energy, and grand architecture. Their Roman/Gothic esque style architecture can still be found in the current guise as water ducts, city halls, banks, water stations, cathedrals, churches, hospitals and similar public and city works type buildings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64028853,"asset_id":38460920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Vanderper","domain_name":"ulg","page_name":"DavidVanderper","display_name":"David Vanderper","profile_url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16005828/4341433/19170987/s65_david.vanderper.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":67,"name":"Architectural Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Engineering?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture?f_ri=12829"},{"id":6799,"name":"Architectural Geometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Geometry?f_ri=12829"},{"id":7655,"name":"Architectural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_History?f_ri=12829"},{"id":9733,"name":"Siberia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Siberia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=12829"},{"id":22288,"name":"Architectural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Heritage?f_ri=12829"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory?f_ri=12829"},{"id":38124,"name":"Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giants?f_ri=12829"},{"id":60090,"name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":74103,"name":"Tsarist Empire, Russian Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tsarist_Empire_Russian_Intellectual_History?f_ri=12829"},{"id":158721,"name":"Floods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Floods?f_ri=12829"},{"id":283090,"name":"Mud Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mud_Flow?f_ri=12829"},{"id":890507,"name":"Tartaria Tablets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tartaria_Tablets?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1259471,"name":"History of the Russian Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Russian_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1343740,"name":"Tartary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tartary?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28660452" data-work_id="28660452" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28660452/Commercial_Queens_Mongolian_Khatuns_and_the_Silk_Road_1">Commercial Queens: Mongolian Khatuns and the Silk Road 1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Three women dominated the politics and government of the Mongol Empire in the decade of the 1240s. Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish ruled as regents and are credited with corruption and petty politics throughout their regencies, while... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28660452" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Three women dominated the politics and government of the Mongol Empire in the decade of the 1240s. Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish ruled as regents and are credited with corruption and petty politics throughout their regencies, while Sorqoqtani Beki became a paragon of virtue throughout the world for her adherence to the yasa of Chinggis Khan. Curiously, very little attention has been paid to this period to verify the accuracy of the statements. This study examines the role of all three women, but also attempts to place their actions in context, examine their role in commerce and how that affected their activities and their legacies. It argues that while the overall depiction of Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish may not be inaccurate, it overlooks some crucial elements and motives in their actions which also reveal that Sorqoqtani's actions were not as virtuous as the sources state.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28660452" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="79c545e1374875a35b24ef26137e8ba1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49036757,"asset_id":28660452,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49036757/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="289569" href="https://northgeorgia.academia.edu/TimothyMay">Timothy May</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="289569" type="text/json">{"id":289569,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"May","domain_name":"northgeorgia","page_name":"TimothyMay","display_name":"Timothy May","profile_url":"https://northgeorgia.academia.edu/TimothyMay?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/289569/59835/20027513/s65_timothy.may.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28660452 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28660452"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28660452, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28660452", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28660452]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28660452").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28660452").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28660452"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7240" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silk_Road_Studies">Silk Road Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7240" type="text/json">{"id":7240,"name":"Silk Road Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silk_Road_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49663" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies">Women and Gender Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49663" type="text/json">{"id":49663,"name":"Women and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28660452]'), work: {"id":28660452,"title":"Commercial Queens: Mongolian Khatuns and the Silk Road 1","created_at":"2016-09-22T06:34:09.959-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28660452/Commercial_Queens_Mongolian_Khatuns_and_the_Silk_Road_1?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_28660452","summary":"Three women dominated the politics and government of the Mongol Empire in the decade of the 1240s. Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish ruled as regents and are credited with corruption and petty politics throughout their regencies, while Sorqoqtani Beki became a paragon of virtue throughout the world for her adherence to the yasa of Chinggis Khan. Curiously, very little attention has been paid to this period to verify the accuracy of the statements. This study examines the role of all three women, but also attempts to place their actions in context, examine their role in commerce and how that affected their activities and their legacies. It argues that while the overall depiction of Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish may not be inaccurate, it overlooks some crucial elements and motives in their actions which also reveal that Sorqoqtani's actions were not as virtuous as the sources state.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49036757,"asset_id":28660452,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":289569,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"May","domain_name":"northgeorgia","page_name":"TimothyMay","display_name":"Timothy May","profile_url":"https://northgeorgia.academia.edu/TimothyMay?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/289569/59835/20027513/s65_timothy.may.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7240,"name":"Silk Road Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silk_Road_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":49663,"name":"Women and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40404493" data-work_id="40404493" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40404493/Cengiz_Han_Genghis_Khan_">Cengiz Han ( Genghis Khan )</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1162 yılında, sağ elinde gücün simgesi olarak nitelendirilecek bir kan pıhtısı ile doğan bir bebek dünyaya geldi. Çocukluğu ve gençliği ölüm tehlikeleri ile geçen: Temüçin. Babası düşman Tatarlar tarafından zehirlenmişti. Bozkır’ın sert... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40404493" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1162 yılında, sağ elinde gücün simgesi olarak nitelendirilecek bir kan pıhtısı ile doğan bir bebek dünyaya geldi. Çocukluğu ve gençliği ölüm tehlikeleri ile geçen: Temüçin. Babası düşman Tatarlar tarafından zehirlenmişti. Bozkır’ın sert ikliminde annesi ve kardeşleriyle birlikte hayata tutunmaya çalıştı. Öyle bir büyüdü ki adını Dünya tarihine altın harflerle yazdırdı.<br />Dünya tarihinin gördüğü son büyük kabile imparatorluğunu teşkil eden Çengiz Han, bozkırda yaşayan göçebe insanları tek bir çatı altında birleştirdi. Verdiği mücadeleler sayesinde, yerleşik halklara karşı avcı ve çobanların muzaffer önderi oldu. Moğol atlılarının toynakları Kuzey Çin, İran, Afganistan, Anadolu coğrafyalarından geçti. Çengiz Han, Dünya tarihinde en geniş siyasi sınırlara ulaşan imparatorluğun kurucusu olmuştur.<br />Bu tez çalışması, Çengiz Han’ın hayatına dair her şeyi araştırmayı amaç edinmiş olup bu önemli şahsiyetin Dünya tarihindeki yerinin unutulmaması için çaba sarf edilmiştir.<br />3 bölümden meydana gelen bu çalışmada, birinci bölümü “XII. Asırda Moğolistan” oluşturmaktadır. Bu bölümde XII. Asırda Orta Asya’nın coğrafi ve siyasi şartları ele alınırken, Çengiz Han’ın Kökeni ve Ailesi ile Doğumu ve Gençlik Yılları ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölüm “Çengiz Han’ın Siyasi Kariyeri” adlı başlıkla başlamış olup Çengiz Han’ın yetişkinlik döneminin başlamasından mütevellit askeri faaliyetlerini konu edinmektedir. Son bölüm ise “Çengiz Han’ın Son Faaliyetleri ve Ölümü” ve “Çengiz Han’ın Karakteri ve Eseri” konularından oluşturularak çalışmaya son şekil verilmiştir.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40404493" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7e8207bfe0f52fc4bc7de8fb3c819259" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60657509,"asset_id":40404493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60657509/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57904103" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Kerem%C3%87ite">Kerem Çite</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57904103" type="text/json">{"id":57904103,"first_name":"Kerem","last_name":"Çite","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KeremÇite","display_name":"Kerem Çite","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Kerem%C3%87ite?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57904103/15175780/32637950/s65_kerem._ite.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40404493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40404493"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40404493, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40404493", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40404493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40404493; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40404493"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40404493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40404493"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40404493; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40404493]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40404493").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40404493").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40404493"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1446" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1446" type="text/json">{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2853" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies">Medieval Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2853" type="text/json">{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6034" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40404493]'), work: {"id":40404493,"title":"Cengiz Han ( Genghis Khan )","created_at":"2019-09-20T13:33:31.050-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40404493/Cengiz_Han_Genghis_Khan_?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_40404493","summary":"1162 yılında, sağ elinde gücün simgesi olarak nitelendirilecek bir kan pıhtısı ile doğan bir bebek dünyaya geldi. Çocukluğu ve gençliği ölüm tehlikeleri ile geçen: Temüçin. Babası düşman Tatarlar tarafından zehirlenmişti. Bozkır’ın sert ikliminde annesi ve kardeşleriyle birlikte hayata tutunmaya çalıştı. Öyle bir büyüdü ki adını Dünya tarihine altın harflerle yazdırdı.\nDünya tarihinin gördüğü son büyük kabile imparatorluğunu teşkil eden Çengiz Han, bozkırda yaşayan göçebe insanları tek bir çatı altında birleştirdi. Verdiği mücadeleler sayesinde, yerleşik halklara karşı avcı ve çobanların muzaffer önderi oldu. Moğol atlılarının toynakları Kuzey Çin, İran, Afganistan, Anadolu coğrafyalarından geçti. Çengiz Han, Dünya tarihinde en geniş siyasi sınırlara ulaşan imparatorluğun kurucusu olmuştur.\nBu tez çalışması, Çengiz Han’ın hayatına dair her şeyi araştırmayı amaç edinmiş olup bu önemli şahsiyetin Dünya tarihindeki yerinin unutulmaması için çaba sarf edilmiştir.\n3 bölümden meydana gelen bu çalışmada, birinci bölümü “XII. Asırda Moğolistan” oluşturmaktadır. Bu bölümde XII. Asırda Orta Asya’nın coğrafi ve siyasi şartları ele alınırken, Çengiz Han’ın Kökeni ve Ailesi ile Doğumu ve Gençlik Yılları ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölüm “Çengiz Han’ın Siyasi Kariyeri” adlı başlıkla başlamış olup Çengiz Han’ın yetişkinlik döneminin başlamasından mütevellit askeri faaliyetlerini konu edinmektedir. Son bölüm ise “Çengiz Han’ın Son Faaliyetleri ve Ölümü” ve “Çengiz Han’ın Karakteri ve Eseri” konularından oluşturularak çalışmaya son şekil verilmiştir.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60657509,"asset_id":40404493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57904103,"first_name":"Kerem","last_name":"Çite","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KeremÇite","display_name":"Kerem Çite","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Kerem%C3%87ite?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57904103/15175780/32637950/s65_kerem._ite.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=12829"},{"id":30128,"name":"Life of Genghis Khan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_of_Genghis_Khan?f_ri=12829"},{"id":497446,"name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genghis_Khan?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31227955" data-work_id="31227955" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31227955/FOREIGN_POLICY_OF_MONGOLIA">FOREIGN POLICY OF MONGOLIA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31227955" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ec7889cdb973d2899dff855fb0e5a753" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51638526,"asset_id":31227955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51638526/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6218828" href="https://yasar.academia.edu/dilekpolat">dilek polat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6218828" type="text/json">{"id":6218828,"first_name":"dilek","last_name":"polat","domain_name":"yasar","page_name":"dilekpolat","display_name":"dilek polat","profile_url":"https://yasar.academia.edu/dilekpolat?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6218828/4159186/12801758/s65_dilek.polat.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31227955 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31227955"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31227955, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31227955", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31227955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31227955").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31227955").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31227955"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6034" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6833" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6833" type="text/json">{"id":6833,"name":"History of Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Mongolia?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26847" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols">Mongols</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26847" type="text/json">{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31227955]'), work: {"id":31227955,"title":"FOREIGN POLICY OF MONGOLIA","created_at":"2017-02-04T10:23:40.426-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31227955/FOREIGN_POLICY_OF_MONGOLIA?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_31227955","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51638526,"asset_id":31227955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6218828,"first_name":"dilek","last_name":"polat","domain_name":"yasar","page_name":"dilekpolat","display_name":"dilek polat","profile_url":"https://yasar.academia.edu/dilekpolat?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6218828/4159186/12801758/s65_dilek.polat.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6833,"name":"History of Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Mongolia?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":67498,"name":"Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":90477,"name":"Mongol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol?f_ri=12829"},{"id":120563,"name":"Mongolian and Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_and_Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":138654,"name":"Mongol empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol_empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":515479,"name":"post-Mongol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/post-Mongol?f_ri=12829"},{"id":575430,"name":"Mongolic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolic_Studies?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38406493" data-work_id="38406493" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38406493/Textile_as_Traveller_The_Transmission_of_Inscribed_Robes_across_Asia_in_the_Twelfth_through_Fourteenth_Centuries">Textile as Traveller: The Transmission of Inscribed Robes across Asia in the Twelfth through Fourteenth Centuries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Penultimate proofs The twelfth to fourteenth centuries marked a period of cross-continental exchange on an unprecedented scale between East, Central, and West Asia. Textiles woven with script or script-like elements shed some light on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38406493" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Penultimate proofs<br />The twelfth to fourteenth centuries marked a period of cross-continental<br />exchange on an unprecedented scale between East, Central,<br />and West Asia. Textiles woven with script or script-like elements<br />shed some light on this cross-continental movement, as inscribed<br />textiles were produced across Asia. These woven inscriptions, likely<br />derived from the West Asian tradition of ṭirāz and connected to<br />practices of honorific robing, appear in both pseudo and readable<br />scripts. Their appearance in East Asia hints at the semiotic significance<br />ṭirāz-style inscriptions had, even outside the Islamic world.<br />The trend of employing foreign scripts as a decorative motif on<br />robes appears to have reached its apex during the Mongol period<br />(ca. 1206–1368). However, evidence for such decoration has been<br />unearthed from the centuries prior to the Mongol conquests as well.<br />Tracing the routes that inscribed textiles took across the continent<br />reveals the kinds of cultural, political, and technological exchange<br />occurring throughout Asia during these 300 years.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38406493" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d65a09d3ce7e7a6644301d3bb2690752" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58464242,"asset_id":38406493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58464242/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2825974" href="https://grinnell.academia.edu/EirenShea">Eiren Shea</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2825974" type="text/json">{"id":2825974,"first_name":"Eiren","last_name":"Shea","domain_name":"grinnell","page_name":"EirenShea","display_name":"Eiren Shea","profile_url":"https://grinnell.academia.edu/EirenShea?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2825974/924470/20232298/s65_eiren.shea.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38406493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38406493"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38406493, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38406493", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38406493]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38406493").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38406493").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38406493"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2320" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles">Textiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2320" type="text/json">{"id":2320,"name":"Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6502" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mamluk_Studies">Mamluk Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6502" type="text/json">{"id":6502,"name":"Mamluk Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mamluk_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38406493]'), work: {"id":38406493,"title":"Textile as Traveller: The Transmission of Inscribed Robes across Asia in the Twelfth through Fourteenth Centuries","created_at":"2019-02-21T06:41:09.791-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38406493/Textile_as_Traveller_The_Transmission_of_Inscribed_Robes_across_Asia_in_the_Twelfth_through_Fourteenth_Centuries?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_38406493","summary":"Penultimate proofs\nThe twelfth to fourteenth centuries marked a period of cross-continental\nexchange on an unprecedented scale between East, Central,\nand West Asia. Textiles woven with script or script-like elements\nshed some light on this cross-continental movement, as inscribed\ntextiles were produced across Asia. These woven inscriptions, likely\nderived from the West Asian tradition of ṭirāz and connected to\npractices of honorific robing, appear in both pseudo and readable\nscripts. Their appearance in East Asia hints at the semiotic significance\nṭirāz-style inscriptions had, even outside the Islamic world.\nThe trend of employing foreign scripts as a decorative motif on\nrobes appears to have reached its apex during the Mongol period\n(ca. 1206–1368). However, evidence for such decoration has been\nunearthed from the centuries prior to the Mongol conquests as well.\nTracing the routes that inscribed textiles took across the continent\nreveals the kinds of cultural, political, and technological exchange\noccurring throughout Asia during these 300 years.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58464242,"asset_id":38406493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2825974,"first_name":"Eiren","last_name":"Shea","domain_name":"grinnell","page_name":"EirenShea","display_name":"Eiren Shea","profile_url":"https://grinnell.academia.edu/EirenShea?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2825974/924470/20232298/s65_eiren.shea.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2320,"name":"Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6502,"name":"Mamluk Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mamluk_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59143229" data-work_id="59143229" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59143229/The_Spread_of_Gold_Thread_Production_in_the_Mongol_Period_A_Study_of_Gold_Textiles_in_the_China_National_Silk_Museum_Hangzhou">The Spread of Gold Thread Production in the Mongol Period: A Study of Gold Textiles in the China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38193" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles_Art_History_">Textiles (Art History)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38193" type="text/json">{"id":38193,"name":"Textiles (Art History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles_Art_History_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59143229]'), work: {"id":59143229,"title":"The Spread of Gold Thread Production in the Mongol Period: A Study of Gold Textiles in the China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou","created_at":"2021-10-20T12:04:13.359-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59143229/The_Spread_of_Gold_Thread_Production_in_the_Mongol_Period_A_Study_of_Gold_Textiles_in_the_China_National_Silk_Museum_Hangzhou?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_59143229","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73218977,"asset_id":59143229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2825974,"first_name":"Eiren","last_name":"Shea","domain_name":"grinnell","page_name":"EirenShea","display_name":"Eiren Shea","profile_url":"https://grinnell.academia.edu/EirenShea?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2825974/924470/20232298/s65_eiren.shea.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":38193,"name":"Textiles (Art History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles_Art_History_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70246391" data-work_id="70246391" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70246391/Mongol_Zoominar_Presents_Daily_Life_in_the_Mongol_Empire">Mongol Zoominar Presents: Daily Life in the Mongol Empire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Mongol Zoominar presents: Daily Life in the Mongol Empire with Susanne Reichert (University of Michigan) "A Day at Karakorum: The City and Its People" Alicia Ventresca Miller (University of Michigan) "Life in the Northern... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70246391" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Mongol Zoominar presents: <br /> <br />Daily Life in the Mongol Empire <br />with <br />Susanne Reichert (University of Michigan) <br /> "A Day at Karakorum: The City and Its People" <br /> <br />Alicia Ventresca Miller (University of Michigan) <br /> "Life in the Northern Realms of the Mongol Empire" <br /> <br />Organizer and Moderator: Qiao Yang (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science) <br /> <br />Friday, February 18, 2022, 15:30 (IST time, GMT+2) <br /> <br />For Details and link: <br />Jonathan Brack: <a href="mailto:brackjon@bgu.ac.il" rel="nofollow">brackjon@bgu.ac.il</a> <br />Wonhee Cho: <a href="mailto:wonheecho@gmail.com" rel="nofollow">wonheecho@gmail.com</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70246391" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="28ea3797f89084c9ca378f0b613099b0" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":239371,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Biran","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"MichalBiran","display_name":"Michal Biran","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/MichalBiran?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/239371/16519458/16855399/s65_michal.biran.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70246391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70246391"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70246391, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70246391", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_70246391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function 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$(".js-view-count-work_70246391").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70246391"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="591" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics">Nutrition and Dietetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="591" type="text/json">{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2190" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies">Chinese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2190" type="text/json">{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism_Archaeology_">Urbanism (Archaeology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3290" type="text/json">{"id":3290,"name":"Urbanism (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism_Archaeology_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70246391]'), work: {"id":70246391,"title":"Mongol Zoominar Presents: Daily Life in the Mongol Empire","created_at":"2022-02-01T21:13:26.269-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70246391/Mongol_Zoominar_Presents_Daily_Life_in_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_70246391","summary":"The Mongol Zoominar presents:\r\n\r\nDaily Life in the Mongol Empire\r\nwith\r\nSusanne Reichert (University of Michigan)\r\n \"A Day at Karakorum: The City and Its People\"\r\n\r\nAlicia Ventresca Miller (University of Michigan)\r\n \"Life in the Northern Realms of the Mongol Empire\"\r\n\r\nOrganizer and Moderator: Qiao Yang (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science)\r\n\r\nFriday, February 18, 2022, 15:30 (IST time, GMT+2)\r\n\r\nFor Details and link:\r\nJonathan Brack: brackjon@bgu.ac.il\r\nWonhee Cho: wonheecho@gmail.com\r\n\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80074606,"asset_id":70246391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":239371,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Biran","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"MichalBiran","display_name":"Michal Biran","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/MichalBiran?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/239371/16519458/16855399/s65_michal.biran.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":3290,"name":"Urbanism (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism_Archaeology_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":3566,"name":"Inner Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inner_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism?f_ri=12829"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":14687,"name":"Historical Migrations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Migrations?f_ri=12829"},{"id":15280,"name":"History of Daily Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Daily_Life?f_ri=12829"},{"id":44529,"name":"Activities of Daily Living","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activities_of_Daily_Living?f_ri=12829"},{"id":67498,"name":"Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolia?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10974178" data-work_id="10974178" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10974178/Clothing_Authority_Mongol_attire_and_textiles_in_the_socio_political_complex">Clothing Authority: Mongol attire and textiles in the socio-political complex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">MA thesis researching the socio-political dimensions of Mongolian attire in the Mongolian Empire and Yuan dynasty. I just can't get the appendices uploaded because of their size! Anyone interested, please drop me a note and I will... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10974178" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">MA thesis researching the socio-political dimensions of Mongolian attire in the Mongolian Empire and Yuan dynasty. <br /> <br />I just can't get the appendices uploaded because of their size! <br />Anyone interested, please drop me a note and I will e-mail them on to you!</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10974178" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8fd29a494f9897e8c3892b9eba4660d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36719194,"asset_id":10974178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36719194/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24587019" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ulrikeherold">ulrike herold</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24587019" type="text/json">{"id":24587019,"first_name":"ulrike","last_name":"herold","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ulrikeherold","display_name":"ulrike herold","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ulrikeherold?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10974178 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10974178"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10974178, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10974178", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10974178]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10974178").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10974178").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10974178"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5256" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Textiles">History of Textiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5256" type="text/json">{"id":5256,"name":"History of Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Textiles?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6034" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118681" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_textiles_and_clothing">Archaeological textiles and clothing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="118681" type="text/json">{"id":118681,"name":"Archaeological textiles and clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_textiles_and_clothing?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10974178]'), work: {"id":10974178,"title":"Clothing Authority: Mongol attire and textiles in the socio-political complex","created_at":"2015-02-21T06:09:59.160-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10974178/Clothing_Authority_Mongol_attire_and_textiles_in_the_socio_political_complex?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_10974178","summary":"MA thesis researching the socio-political dimensions of Mongolian attire in the Mongolian Empire and Yuan dynasty.\r\n\r\nI just can't get the appendices uploaded because of their size!\r\nAnyone interested, please drop me a note and I will e-mail them on to you!","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36719194,"asset_id":10974178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24587019,"first_name":"ulrike","last_name":"herold","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ulrikeherold","display_name":"ulrike herold","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ulrikeherold?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5256,"name":"History of Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Textiles?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":118681,"name":"Archaeological textiles and clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_textiles_and_clothing?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":177724,"name":"History of clothing and fashion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_clothing_and_fashion?f_ri=12829"},{"id":575430,"name":"Mongolic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolic_Studies?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9972167" data-work_id="9972167" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9972167/Mint_%C3%A1ltal%C3%A1ban_a_r%C3%A9gi_professzorok_Pallag_Zolt%C3%A1n_besz%C3%A9lget%C3%A9se_V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry_Istv%C3%A1n_keletkutat%C3%B3val">Mint általában a régi professzorok... Pallag Zoltán beszélgetése Vásáry István keletkutatóval</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A retrospective interview with István Vásáry in the journal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9972167" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="af975d4b7cdbef03227f4779a7c3425e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36117266,"asset_id":9972167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36117266/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10615384" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZoltanPallag">Zoltan Pallag</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10615384" type="text/json">{"id":10615384,"first_name":"Zoltan","last_name":"Pallag","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZoltanPallag","display_name":"Zoltan Pallag","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZoltanPallag?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10615384/5013695/47105889/s65_zoltan.pallag.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9972167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9972167"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9972167, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9972167", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9972167]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9972167").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9972167").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9972167"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads">Eurasian Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6730" type="text/json">{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary">History of Hungary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11180" type="text/json">{"id":11180,"name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9972167]'), work: {"id":9972167,"title":"Mint általában a régi professzorok... Pallag Zoltán beszélgetése Vásáry István keletkutatóval","created_at":"2015-01-01T12:33:34.838-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9972167/Mint_%C3%A1ltal%C3%A1ban_a_r%C3%A9gi_professzorok_Pallag_Zolt%C3%A1n_besz%C3%A9lget%C3%A9se_V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry_Istv%C3%A1n_keletkutat%C3%B3val?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_9972167","summary":"A retrospective interview with István Vásáry in the journal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36117266,"asset_id":9972167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10615384,"first_name":"Zoltan","last_name":"Pallag","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZoltanPallag","display_name":"Zoltan Pallag","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZoltanPallag?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10615384/5013695/47105889/s65_zoltan.pallag.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":11180,"name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":16883,"name":"Central Eurasian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Eurasian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":30129,"name":"History of Golden Horde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Golden_Horde?f_ri=12829"},{"id":40697,"name":"Turkology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkology?f_ri=12829"},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=12829"},{"id":55112,"name":"Oriental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oriental_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":79644,"name":"Turkic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_Linguistics?f_ri=12829"},{"id":301108,"name":"Oriental Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oriental_Languages?f_ri=12829"},{"id":358461,"name":"History of Oriental studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Oriental_studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":537728,"name":"Kipchaks - Cumans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kipchaks_-_Cumans?f_ri=12829"},{"id":575429,"name":"Altaic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altaic_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1019482,"name":"Turkic \u0026 Altaic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_and_Altaic_Studies-1?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10016534" data-work_id="10016534" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10016534/Mongolensturm_und_Fall_Konstantinopels_Dominikanische_Erz%C3%A4hlungen_im_diachronen_Vergleich_Berlin_2011">Mongolensturm und Fall Konstantinopels. Dominikanische Erzählungen im diachronen Vergleich, Berlin 2011.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Zwei Krisenmomente des europäischen Spätmittelalters stehen im Zentrum des Buches: der sogenannte "Mongolensturm" (1241) und der "Fall Konstantinopels" (1453). Diese Geschehnisse brüskierten lateinische Weltvorstellungen und... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10016534" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Zwei Krisenmomente des europäischen Spätmittelalters stehen im Zentrum des Buches: der sogenannte "Mongolensturm" (1241) und der "Fall Konstantinopels" (1453). Diese Geschehnisse brüskierten lateinische Weltvorstellungen und Geschichtserwartungen: Die Mongolen zerstörten den Traum der kreuzfahrenden Lateiner von einer vollständigen Christianisierung der Welt unter Führung Roms. An den Höfen und Universitäten und in den Klöstern Europas wurde über Herkunft, Identität und heilsgeschichtliche Bedeutung der Eroberer spekuliert. Die Osmanen eroberten mit Konstantinopel die Stadt, die als Erbin des letzten Weltreichs auf Erden angesehen wurde. Ihr Untergang weckte akute Endzeiterwartungen und stellte die christliche Historiographie und Theologie insbesondere in Bezug auf die heilsgeschichtliche Deutung der Osmanen vor neue Herausforderungen. Wie diese Geschehnisse erzählt, gedeutet und bewältigt wurden, wird an dominikanischen Zeugnissen (an Briefen, Chroniken, Traktaten, Reden und Predigten) untersucht.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10016534" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="58bc0a95896e2f7f6f9ef58c08e9ffab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36151784,"asset_id":10016534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36151784/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9433707" href="https://uzh.academia.edu/JulianeSchiel">Juliane Schiel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9433707" type="text/json">{"id":9433707,"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"Schiel","domain_name":"uzh","page_name":"JulianeSchiel","display_name":"Juliane Schiel","profile_url":"https://uzh.academia.edu/JulianeSchiel?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9433707/6578697/7768971/s65_juliane.schiel.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10016534 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10016534"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10016534, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10016534", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10016534]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10016534").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10016534").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10016534"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1187" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History">Ottoman History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1187" type="text/json">{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="369762" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mendicant_Orders_in_Middle_Ages">Mendicant Orders in Middle Ages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="369762" type="text/json">{"id":369762,"name":"Mendicant Orders in Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mendicant_Orders_in_Middle_Ages?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10016534]'), work: {"id":10016534,"title":"Mongolensturm und Fall Konstantinopels. Dominikanische Erzählungen im diachronen Vergleich, Berlin 2011.","created_at":"2015-01-05T08:40:27.365-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10016534/Mongolensturm_und_Fall_Konstantinopels_Dominikanische_Erz%C3%A4hlungen_im_diachronen_Vergleich_Berlin_2011?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_10016534","summary":"Zwei Krisenmomente des europäischen Spätmittelalters stehen im Zentrum des Buches: der sogenannte \"Mongolensturm\" (1241) und der \"Fall Konstantinopels\" (1453). Diese Geschehnisse brüskierten lateinische Weltvorstellungen und Geschichtserwartungen: Die Mongolen zerstörten den Traum der kreuzfahrenden Lateiner von einer vollständigen Christianisierung der Welt unter Führung Roms. An den Höfen und Universitäten und in den Klöstern Europas wurde über Herkunft, Identität und heilsgeschichtliche Bedeutung der Eroberer spekuliert. Die Osmanen eroberten mit Konstantinopel die Stadt, die als Erbin des letzten Weltreichs auf Erden angesehen wurde. Ihr Untergang weckte akute Endzeiterwartungen und stellte die christliche Historiographie und Theologie insbesondere in Bezug auf die heilsgeschichtliche Deutung der Osmanen vor neue Herausforderungen. Wie diese Geschehnisse erzählt, gedeutet und bewältigt wurden, wird an dominikanischen Zeugnissen (an Briefen, Chroniken, Traktaten, Reden und Predigten) untersucht.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36151784,"asset_id":10016534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":36391275,"asset_id":10016534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9433707,"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"Schiel","domain_name":"uzh","page_name":"JulianeSchiel","display_name":"Juliane Schiel","profile_url":"https://uzh.academia.edu/JulianeSchiel?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9433707/6578697/7768971/s65_juliane.schiel.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":369762,"name":"Mendicant Orders in Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mendicant_Orders_in_Middle_Ages?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37358155" data-work_id="37358155" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37358155/Book_Review_A_Short_history_of_the_Mongols_By_George_Lane_pp_236_London_I_B_Tauris_2018_">Book Review: A Short history of the Mongols .By George Lane .pp. 236 . London, I.B. Tauris, 2018 .</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37358155" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f00d902e7b121c391843a335985ee9c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57318945,"asset_id":37358155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57318945/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58903" href="https://oeaw.academia.edu/BrunoDeNicola">Bruno De Nicola</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58903" type="text/json">{"id":58903,"first_name":"Bruno","last_name":"De Nicola","domain_name":"oeaw","page_name":"BrunoDeNicola","display_name":"Bruno De Nicola","profile_url":"https://oeaw.academia.edu/BrunoDeNicola?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58903/17122/19864669/s65_bruno.de_nicola.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37358155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37358155"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37358155, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37358155", }); 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London, I.B. 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For full program and registration, visit <a href="https://www.cosmopolitanpasts.sinologie.lmu.de" rel="nofollow">https://www.cosmopolitanpasts.sinologie.lmu.de</a> <br /> <br />Sessions: <br />Constructed Worlds 􏰀􏰁􏰂􏰃 通都大邑 <br />Borders and Liminalities 􏰄􏰅􏰆􏰇 四海為家 <br />Inside Out 􏰈􏰉􏰊􏰋 禮尚往來 <br />Cosmos+Polis= 􏰌􏰍􏰎天下？</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48950063" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5da44a75e2fb76317560292212970317" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67347858,"asset_id":48950063,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67347858/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2893676" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/AnnieChan">Annie Chan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2893676" type="text/json">{"id":2893676,"first_name":"Annie","last_name":"Chan","domain_name":"lmu-munich","page_name":"AnnieChan","display_name":"Annie Chan","profile_url":"https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/AnnieChan?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2893676/3911234/38789489/s65_annie.chan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48950063 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48950063"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48950063, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48950063", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48950063]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48950063").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48950063").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48950063"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2190" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies">Chinese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2190" type="text/json">{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2839" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sinology">Sinology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2839" type="text/json">{"id":2839,"name":"Sinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sinology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6579" type="text/json">{"id":6579,"name":"Cosmopolitanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmopolitanism?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7242" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tang_Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7242" type="text/json">{"id":7242,"name":"Tang Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tang_Dynasty?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48950063]'), work: {"id":48950063,"title":"Conference abstract: Cosmopolitan Pasts of China and the Eurasian World","created_at":"2021-05-17T08:08:10.120-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48950063/Conference_abstract_Cosmopolitan_Pasts_of_China_and_the_Eurasian_World?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_48950063","summary":"Free and open to all. 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Roche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48676339" type="text/json">{"id":48676339,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Roche","domain_name":"mmu","page_name":"JasonRoche","display_name":"Jason T . 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Analisaremos a organização social, política e religiosa desta comunidade, abordando ainda aspectos relacionados a Genghis Khan e sua influência na Ásia... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44528442" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar os aspectos do cotidiano da sociedade mongol. Analisaremos a organização social, política e religiosa desta comunidade, abordando ainda aspectos relacionados a Genghis Khan e sua influência na Ásia Central.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44528442" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a790e2ca8284ba794f16c0c457df0631" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64973025,"asset_id":44528442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64973025/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="114172242" href="https://ulme.academia.edu/SamilaSilvaMesquita">Samila Silva Mesquita</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="114172242" type="text/json">{"id":114172242,"first_name":"Samila","last_name":"Silva Mesquita","domain_name":"ulme","page_name":"SamilaSilvaMesquita","display_name":"Samila Silva Mesquita","profile_url":"https://ulme.academia.edu/SamilaSilvaMesquita?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/114172242/30249699/80701779/s65_samila.silva_mesquita.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44528442">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44528442"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ulme.academia.edu/RevistaMythos">Revista Mythos</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44528442'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44528442').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44528442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44528442"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44528442, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44528442", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44528442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44528442; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44528442"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44528442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44528442"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44528442; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44528442]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44528442").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44528442").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44528442"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6034" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44528442]'), work: {"id":44528442,"title":"CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA VIDA NAS ESTEPES MONGÓIS NO SÉCULO XIII","created_at":"2020-11-18T11:03:41.234-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44528442/CARACTERIZA%C3%87%C3%83O_DA_VIDA_NAS_ESTEPES_MONG%C3%93IS_NO_S%C3%89CULO_XIII?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_44528442","summary":"O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar os aspectos do cotidiano da sociedade mongol. Analisaremos a organização social, política e religiosa desta comunidade, abordando ainda aspectos relacionados a Genghis Khan e sua influência na Ásia Central. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64973025,"asset_id":44528442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":114172242,"first_name":"Samila","last_name":"Silva Mesquita","domain_name":"ulme","page_name":"SamilaSilvaMesquita","display_name":"Samila Silva Mesquita","profile_url":"https://ulme.academia.edu/SamilaSilvaMesquita?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/114172242/30249699/80701779/s65_samila.silva_mesquita.jpg"},{"id":178891310,"first_name":"Revista","last_name":"Mythos","domain_name":"ulme","page_name":"RevistaMythos","display_name":"Revista Mythos","profile_url":"https://ulme.academia.edu/RevistaMythos?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/178891310/49546236/60380813/s65_revista.mythos.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":55112,"name":"Oriental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oriental_Studies?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44065972" data-work_id="44065972" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44065972/_Daoists_the_Imperial_Cult_of_Sage_Kings_and_Mongol_Rule_T_oung_Pao_International_Journal_of_Chinese_Studies_106_Issue_3_4_2020_309_357">“Daoists, the Imperial Cult of Sage-Kings, and Mongol Rule,” T’oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies 106, Issue 3-4 (2020): 309-357.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article demonstrates the central position that Daoists occupied in the representations of state power in north China under Mongol rule. In the mid-thirteenth century, Daoist Master Jiang Shanxin and his disciples, under Khubilai... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44065972" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article demonstrates the central position that Daoists occupied in the representations of state power in north China under Mongol rule. In the mid-thirteenth century, Daoist Master Jiang Shanxin and his disciples, under Khubilai Khan’s patronage, actively rebuilt several temples of Confucian sage-kings in southern Shanxi province. Jiang Shanxin’s lineage was a product of dynamic interactions between the Mongol conquerors and local Chinese Daoists in which the two found common ground in sage-kings worship that had served to strengthen imperial legitimacy in previous dynasties. The strong Mongol-Daoist alliance in reordering the empire’s ritual space resulted in not just the revival of but also the creation of new ritual precedents for the Chinese imperial cult of sage-kings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44065972" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76628a1caad7244176f6d86ccdc72a7c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64615548,"asset_id":44065972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64615548/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="915163" href="https://nus.academia.edu/JinpingWang">Jinping Wang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="915163" type="text/json">{"id":915163,"first_name":"Jinping","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"JinpingWang","display_name":"Jinping Wang","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/JinpingWang?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/915163/2675430/34633510/s65_jinping.wang.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44065972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44065972"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44065972, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44065972", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44065972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44065972; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44065972"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44065972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44065972"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44065972; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44065972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44065972").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44065972").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44065972"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daoism">Daoism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2399" type="text/json">{"id":2399,"name":"Daoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daoism?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12745" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12745" type="text/json">{"id":12745,"name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145807" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_China">North China</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="145807" type="text/json">{"id":145807,"name":"North China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_China?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44065972]'), work: {"id":44065972,"title":"“Daoists, the Imperial Cult of Sage-Kings, and Mongol Rule,” T’oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies 106, Issue 3-4 (2020): 309-357.","created_at":"2020-09-11T04:53:53.017-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44065972/_Daoists_the_Imperial_Cult_of_Sage_Kings_and_Mongol_Rule_T_oung_Pao_International_Journal_of_Chinese_Studies_106_Issue_3_4_2020_309_357?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_44065972","summary":"This article demonstrates the central position that Daoists occupied in the representations of state power in north China under Mongol rule. In the mid-thirteenth century, Daoist Master Jiang Shanxin and his disciples, under Khubilai Khan’s patronage, actively rebuilt several temples of Confucian sage-kings in southern Shanxi province. Jiang Shanxin’s lineage was a product of dynamic interactions between the Mongol conquerors and local Chinese Daoists in which the two found common ground in sage-kings worship that had served to strengthen imperial legitimacy in previous dynasties. The strong Mongol-Daoist alliance in reordering the empire’s ritual space resulted in not just the revival of but also the creation of new ritual precedents for the Chinese imperial cult of sage-kings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64615548,"asset_id":44065972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":915163,"first_name":"Jinping","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"JinpingWang","display_name":"Jinping Wang","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/JinpingWang?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/915163/2675430/34633510/s65_jinping.wang.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2399,"name":"Daoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daoism?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12745,"name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":145807,"name":"North China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_China?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3436774" data-work_id="3436774" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3436774/Notes_on_the_Maintenance_of_Diversity_in_Amdo_Language_Use_in_Gnyan_thog_Village_Annual_Rituals">Notes on the Maintenance of Diversity in Amdo: Language Use in Gnyan thog Village Annual Rituals</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">[From the introduction]. The Reb gong Vale is a densely populated high-altitude agricultural oasis that runs north-to-south for approximately twenty kilometers through the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, surrounded by barren pastoral... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3436774" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">[From the introduction]. <br />The Reb gong Vale  is a densely populated high-altitude agricultural oasis that runs north-to-south for approximately twenty kilometers through the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, surrounded by barren pastoral hills that rise to rocky snow-capped peaks. The majority of the vale's residents self-identify as Tibetan, but this population contains considerable diversity along religious, sectarian, and linguistic lines. We explore how the linguistic diversity of the region might have been maintained despite communities sharing a common identity, being engaged in inter-communal ritual networks, sharing common trade and pilgrimage sites, and living in close proximity in the absence of geographical barriers. Given their contiguity and interconnectedness, what enabled certain communities to remain distinct from nearby populations? Under such circumstances, how did relatively small communities maintain distinct languages? What prevented them from being linguistically assimilated into the Tibetan population?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3436774" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5a92b186d06409fdf21df18d342c4b1b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31204593,"asset_id":3436774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31204593/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2082513" href="https://latrobe.academia.edu/GeraldRoche">Gerald Roche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2082513" type="text/json">{"id":2082513,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Roche","domain_name":"latrobe","page_name":"GeraldRoche","display_name":"Gerald Roche","profile_url":"https://latrobe.academia.edu/GeraldRoche?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2082513/680419/155679716/s65_gerald.roche.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3436774 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3436774"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3436774, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3436774", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3436774]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3436774").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3436774").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3436774"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="378" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies">Area Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="378" type="text/json">{"id":378,"name":"Area Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1712" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_cultural_change">Globalisation and cultural change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1712" type="text/json">{"id":1712,"name":"Globalisation and cultural change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_cultural_change?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3436774]'), work: {"id":3436774,"title":"Notes on the Maintenance of Diversity in Amdo: Language Use in Gnyan thog Village Annual Rituals","created_at":"2013-04-30T23:47:27.492-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3436774/Notes_on_the_Maintenance_of_Diversity_in_Amdo_Language_Use_in_Gnyan_thog_Village_Annual_Rituals?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_3436774","summary":"[From the introduction]. \r\nThe Reb gong Vale is a densely populated high-altitude agricultural oasis that runs north-to-south for approximately twenty kilometers through the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, surrounded by barren pastoral hills that rise to rocky snow-capped peaks. The majority of the vale's residents self-identify as Tibetan, but this population contains considerable diversity along religious, sectarian, and linguistic lines. We explore how the linguistic diversity of the region might have been maintained despite communities sharing a common identity, being engaged in inter-communal ritual networks, sharing common trade and pilgrimage sites, and living in close proximity in the absence of geographical barriers. Given their contiguity and interconnectedness, what enabled certain communities to remain distinct from nearby populations? Under such circumstances, how did relatively small communities maintain distinct languages? What prevented them from being linguistically assimilated into the Tibetan population?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31204593,"asset_id":3436774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2082513,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Roche","domain_name":"latrobe","page_name":"GeraldRoche","display_name":"Gerald Roche","profile_url":"https://latrobe.academia.edu/GeraldRoche?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2082513/680419/155679716/s65_gerald.roche.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":378,"name":"Area Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":1712,"name":"Globalisation and cultural change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_cultural_change?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2905,"name":"Tibetan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12829"},{"id":5106,"name":"Himalayan culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Himalayan_culture?f_ri=12829"},{"id":5603,"name":"Endangered Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endangered_Languages?f_ri=12829"},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":7197,"name":"Islam in China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_China?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12017,"name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xinjiang?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":15955,"name":"Anthropology of China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_China?f_ri=12829"},{"id":16592,"name":"Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibeto-Mongolian_Buddhism?f_ri=12829"},{"id":16766,"name":"Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalayas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Tibet_and_the_Himalayas?f_ri=12829"},{"id":17722,"name":"Anthropology of Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Mongolia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":21479,"name":"Cultural Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Diversity?f_ri=12829"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12829"},{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=12829"},{"id":29966,"name":"Tibetan and Himalayan societies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_and_Himalayan_societies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":33152,"name":"Late Imperial-Modern China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Imperial-Modern_China?f_ri=12829"},{"id":38499,"name":"Amdo, Tibetan Plateau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amdo_Tibetan_Plateau?f_ri=12829"},{"id":52381,"name":"Nationalism \u0026 Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_and_Conflict?f_ri=12829"},{"id":52387,"name":"Chinese minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_minorities?f_ri=12829"},{"id":138654,"name":"Mongol empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol_empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":980468,"name":"Yuan and Ming Dynasty China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_and_Ming_Dynasty_China?f_ri=12829"},{"id":980472,"name":"Chinese Ethnic Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Ethnic_Minorities?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1019481,"name":"Chinese Minority Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Minority_Education?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1019482,"name":"Turkic \u0026 Altaic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_and_Altaic_Studies-1?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1019483,"name":"Central Asian Societies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Societies?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80107415" data-work_id="80107415" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80107415/_The_Islamization_of_the_Mongols_in_The_Mongol_World_ed_by_Timothy_May_and_Michael_Hope_London_Routledge_2022_pp_642_661">"The Islamization of the Mongols", in: The Mongol World, ed. by Timothy May and Michael Hope (London: Routledge, 2022), pp. 642–661.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80107415" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1149665" href="https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/IshayahuLanda">Ishayahu Landa 藍山雅</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1149665" type="text/json">{"id":1149665,"first_name":"Ishayahu","last_name":"Landa 藍山雅","domain_name":"uni-bonn","page_name":"IshayahuLanda","display_name":"Ishayahu Landa 藍山雅","profile_url":"https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/IshayahuLanda?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1149665/405257/15948523/s65_ishayahu.landa_.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80107415 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80107415"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong 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data-work-id="80107415"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80107415; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80107415]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80107415").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80107415").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80107415"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48550" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48550" type="text/json">{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="108574" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversion_to_Islam">Conversion to Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="108574" type="text/json">{"id":108574,"name":"Conversion to Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversion_to_Islam?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120563" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_and_Central_Asian_Studies">Mongolian and Central Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="120563" type="text/json">{"id":120563,"name":"Mongolian and Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_and_Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80107415]'), work: {"id":80107415,"title":"\"The Islamization of the Mongols\", in: The Mongol World, ed. by Timothy May and Michael Hope (London: Routledge, 2022), pp. 642–661.","created_at":"2022-05-28T04:32:57.284-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80107415/_The_Islamization_of_the_Mongols_in_The_Mongol_World_ed_by_Timothy_May_and_Michael_Hope_London_Routledge_2022_pp_642_661?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_80107415","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1149665,"first_name":"Ishayahu","last_name":"Landa 藍山雅","domain_name":"uni-bonn","page_name":"IshayahuLanda","display_name":"Ishayahu Landa 藍山雅","profile_url":"https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/IshayahuLanda?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1149665/405257/15948523/s65_ishayahu.landa_.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":108574,"name":"Conversion to Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversion_to_Islam?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":120563,"name":"Mongolian and Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_and_Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":215230,"name":"Islamization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamization?f_ri=12829"},{"id":2799370,"name":"Mongol Eurasia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol_Eurasia?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15177036" data-work_id="15177036" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15177036/Monica_H_Green_Teaching_the_New_Paradigm_in_Black_Death_Studies_blog_25_Aug_2015_">Monica H. Green, "Teaching the New Paradigm in Black Death Studies" (blog - 25 Aug 2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This post, on the Arc-Medieval, Global Medieval Studies blog, recounts my experiences teaching my undergraduate course, "The Black Death: Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World." Over the course of the past decade and a half, there has... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15177036" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This post, on the Arc-Medieval, Global Medieval Studies blog, recounts my experiences teaching my undergraduate course, "The Black Death: Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World." Over the course of the past decade and a half, there has been a radical change in scientific understandings of the evolution and spread of *Yersinia pestis*, the causative organism of plague. This course is based on the idea that that evolutionary history can also serve as the foundation for an epidemiological and cultural history of plague, a disease that has spread in just 2000 years to all the continents of the world (save Antartica). The course focuses on the most awful plague pandemic, the Black Death, but it examines it within the whole global history of plague up to the present day. The blog includes links both to the complete syllabus and to other resources we used throughout the semester.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15177036" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="45f7c974599fd4fcadb54732d6016a64" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38569328,"asset_id":15177036,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38569328/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5699744" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen">Monica H Green</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5699744" type="text/json">{"id":5699744,"first_name":"Monica","last_name":"Green","domain_name":"independentscholar","page_name":"MonicaHGreen","display_name":"Monica H Green","profile_url":"https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5699744/2784407/145731948/s65_monica_h..green.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15177036 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15177036"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15177036, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15177036", }); 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Green, \"Teaching the New Paradigm in Black Death Studies\" (blog - 25 Aug 2015)","created_at":"2015-08-25T12:49:58.617-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15177036/Monica_H_Green_Teaching_the_New_Paradigm_in_Black_Death_Studies_blog_25_Aug_2015_?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_15177036","summary":"This post, on the Arc-Medieval, Global Medieval Studies blog, recounts my experiences teaching my undergraduate course, \"The Black Death: Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World.\" Over the course of the past decade and a half, there has been a radical change in scientific understandings of the evolution and spread of *Yersinia pestis*, the causative organism of plague. This course is based on the idea that that evolutionary history can also serve as the foundation for an epidemiological and cultural history of plague, a disease that has spread in just 2000 years to all the continents of the world (save Antartica). The course focuses on the most awful plague pandemic, the Black Death, but it examines it within the whole global history of plague up to the present day. The blog includes links both to the complete syllabus and to other resources we used throughout the semester.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38569328,"asset_id":15177036,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5699744,"first_name":"Monica","last_name":"Green","domain_name":"independentscholar","page_name":"MonicaHGreen","display_name":"Monica H Green","profile_url":"https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5699744/2784407/145731948/s65_monica_h..green.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=12829"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=12829"},{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=12829"},{"id":8558,"name":"History of Plague","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Plague?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":16302,"name":"History Of Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Disease?f_ri=12829"},{"id":18464,"name":"History of health and disease in Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_health_and_disease_in_Africa?f_ri=12829"},{"id":24128,"name":"Boccaccio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boccaccio?f_ri=12829"},{"id":46788,"name":"Black Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Death?f_ri=12829"},{"id":60428,"name":"Medical History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_History?f_ri=12829"},{"id":219075,"name":"Ebola","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ebola?f_ri=12829"},{"id":306005,"name":"Peste Noire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peste_Noire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":594653,"name":"Pandemics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pandemics?f_ri=12829"},{"id":751579,"name":"Peste Negra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peste_Negra?f_ri=12829"},{"id":956887,"name":"Yersinia Pestis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yersinia_Pestis?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57898135" data-work_id="57898135" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57898135/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82_The_last_Legal_Code_of_the_Yuan_Empire_History_and_Text_">Последний свод законов империи Юань: история и текст (The last Legal Code of the Yuan Empire: History and Text)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">С правовой точки зрения эпоха Юань (1271–1368) представляет особый интерес в истории Восточной Азии, поскольку в этот период китайская традиция была обогащена многочисленными иноземными влияниями. При этом источники юаньского права... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57898135" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">С правовой точки зрения эпоха Юань (1271–1368) представляет особый интерес в истории Восточной Азии, поскольку в этот период китайская традиция была обогащена многочисленными иноземными влияниями. При этом источники юаньского права немногочисленны, степень их комплектности также оставляет желать лучшего. Предлагаемая статья вводит в научный оборот сведения о недавно обнаруженной части законодательного сборника «Чжичжэн тяо-гэ», опубликованного в 1346 г., на закате правления империи Юань. Приводятся упоминания памятника в других источниках, анализируется состав документов по периодам обнародования, производится сравнение со сборниками предыдущих лет, обсуждается возможность их взаимной реконструкции. В последней части статьи дается краткое описание сохранившихся глав. Результаты проведенного анализа позволяют рассматривать «Чжи-чжэн тяо-гэ» как правовой источник не только позднеюаньского периода, но и всей эпохи Юань.<br /><br />From the jural point of view, the Yuan era (1271–1368) can be considered as one of the most interesting in the history of Eastern Asia. This is partly because at that time the Chinese tradition was enriched by a foreign influence. However, very few<br />sources on the Yuan legal system have survived, and even those which did survive are usually far from being complete. The article introduces the recently discovered part of the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code published in 1346 at the very end of the Yuan Empire. The author lists the testimonia, which mention this document. He also offers the analysis of legal documents mentioned there following the time of their issue. The introduced source is compared with legal codes of the previous years and suggests ways of their reconstruction. The final part of the article contains a brief description of the surviving chapters of the monument. The results of the analysis allow us to see in the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code an important source on the legislation not only of the late Yuan but also on the Yuan dynasty as a whole.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57898135" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7714a2e6c5d8cfbd1c40e47d47d94be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72935498,"asset_id":57898135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72935498/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2737130" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeySidorovich">Sergey Sidorovich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2737130" type="text/json">{"id":2737130,"first_name":"Sergey","last_name":"Sidorovich","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeySidorovich","display_name":"Sergey Sidorovich","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeySidorovich?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57898135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57898135"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57898135, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57898135", }); 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При этом источники юаньского права немногочисленны, степень их комплектности также оставляет желать лучшего. Предлагаемая статья вводит в научный оборот сведения о недавно обнаруженной части законодательного сборника «Чжичжэн тяо-гэ», опубликованного в 1346 г., на закате правления империи Юань. Приводятся упоминания памятника в других источниках, анализируется состав документов по периодам обнародования, производится сравнение со сборниками предыдущих лет, обсуждается возможность их взаимной реконструкции. В последней части статьи дается краткое описание сохранившихся глав. Результаты проведенного анализа позволяют рассматривать «Чжи-чжэн тяо-гэ» как правовой источник не только позднеюаньского периода, но и всей эпохи Юань.\n\nFrom the jural point of view, the Yuan era (1271–1368) can be considered as one of the most interesting in the history of Eastern Asia. This is partly because at that time the Chinese tradition was enriched by a foreign influence. However, very few\nsources on the Yuan legal system have survived, and even those which did survive are usually far from being complete. The article introduces the recently discovered part of the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code published in 1346 at the very end of the Yuan Empire. The author lists the testimonia, which mention this document. He also offers the analysis of legal documents mentioned there following the time of their issue. The introduced source is compared with legal codes of the previous years and suggests ways of their reconstruction. The final part of the article contains a brief description of the surviving chapters of the monument. The results of the analysis allow us to see in the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code an important source on the legislation not only of the late Yuan but also on the Yuan dynasty as a whole.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72935498,"asset_id":57898135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2737130,"first_name":"Sergey","last_name":"Sidorovich","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeySidorovich","display_name":"Sergey Sidorovich","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeySidorovich?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3772,"name":"Legal History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12745,"name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":26850,"name":"Chinese history (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_history_History_?f_ri=12829"},{"id":492637,"name":"China, Mongol conquests, Yuan dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_Mongol_conquests_Yuan_dynasty?f_ri=12829"},{"id":980468,"name":"Yuan and Ming Dynasty China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_and_Ming_Dynasty_China?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38638448" data-work_id="38638448" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38638448/_I_Mongoli_e_Terrasanta_latina_Il_contesto_geopolitico_di_Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine_30_31_marzo_2019_Castello_dei_Cavalieri_di_Malta_a_Magione_PG_">"I Mongoli e Terrasanta latina. 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Описание «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в арабо-персидских источниках // Золотоордынская цивилизация. № 10. С. 96 – 104</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Статья посвящена анализу данных арабо-персидских исторических источников относительно «битвы на Тургайской равнине». Автор подробно разбирает не столько само сражение и его последствия, сколько то, как и в каком объеме тот или иной... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35334721" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Статья посвящена анализу данных арабо-персидских исторических источников относительно «битвы на Тургайской равнине». Автор подробно разбирает не столько само сражение и его последствия, сколько то, как и в каком объеме тот или иной арабо-персидский историк описывает данное военное столкновение. Среди ранних ис-точников фигурируют сочинения Ибн ал-Асира, ан-Насави, Джузджани и Джувейни, а из более поздних взяты труды Рашид ад-Дина, Мирхонда и Хондемира. В статье тщательно анализируются сведения о «битве на Тургай-ской равнине» в каждом из указанных памятников, информация сравнивается, выделяются как схожие сюжеты, так и особенности описания в том или ином источнике. В работе будут указаны итоги и последствия «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в трудах указанных арабо-персидских историков, здесь также особое внимание будет уделе-но отличиям и будет сделана попытка сформулировать возможные причины возникновения этих отличий. В ито-ге, автор ставит перед собой задачу получить исчерпывающую картину возможных вариантов описания «битвы на Тургайской равнине», указать на возможное существование «кочующих» сюжетов об этом историческом собы-тии, выделить особенности описание этого сражения в конкретных исторических источниках. Немаловажно отме-тить, что данная статья является одним из первых специальных исследований данной проблематики в отечествен-ном востоковедении. Безусловно, сама по себе «битва на Тургайской равнине» неоднократно разбиралась и анали-зировалась в исследованиях по истории монгольского завоевания Ирана и Центральной Азии, однако до сих пор практически никто из исследователей не пытался разобраться со всеми возможными вариантами описания «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в арабо-персидских источниках. Надеемся, что данное исследование привлечет значи-тельный интерес к данной проблематике и в скором времени мы увидим новые работы как в России, так и за ру-бежом, на большем источниковом массиве, посвященные «битве на Тургайской равнине». Ключевые слова: Джучи-хан, монголы, Хорезм, Ала ад-Дин Мухаммад, арабо-персидские источники, «битва на Тургайской равнине» Для цитирования: Тимохин Д.М. Описание «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в арабо-персидских источ-никах // Золотоордынская цивилизация. 2017. № 10. С. 96–104. В данной статье речь пойдет о столкновении между войсками хорезмшаха Ала ад-Дина Мухаммада и монгольским корпусом Джучи-хана, получившим в историографии название «битвы на Тургайской равни-не». Данное сражение было первым опытом противостояние Хорезма монгольским завоевателям еще до на-чала непосредственно монголо-хорезмийской войны. Именно эта битва, по всей видимости, дала монголам богатую информацию о военной мощи их будущего противника, а также стала, вероятно, одним из факто-ров, подтолкнувших Чингиз-хана к войне. Однако в этом исследовании внимание научной общественности будет приковано не столько к самой битве, ее исходу и последствиям, сколько к особенностям описания данного сражения в арабо-персидских источниках, как ранних, так и поздних. Прежде всего хотелось бы указать на тот факт, что до сих пор в отечественном и зарубежном востоковедении специальных исследова-ний, ставящих своей целью сравнить описание «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в трудах различных арабо-персидских авторов, просто нет. Однако при этом арабо-персидские историки начиная с Ибн ал-Асира [9] и ан-Насави [2; 27; 29] и вплоть до более поздних сочинений, в частности, трудов Мирхонда [25; 26] и Хонде-мира [23], не только упоминают об этом военном столкновении, но и подробно его описывают. В своем исследовании хотелось бы сосредоточиться на нескольких ключевых моментах: прежде все-го выяснить, одинаково ли арабо-персидские историки описывают предысторию конфликта и непосредст-венно причины «битвы на Тургайской равнине». Далее мы отметим особенности описания самого сраже-ния и подчеркнем, на что конкретно было обращено внимание того или иного арабо-персидского автора при описании данного события. Немаловажно не только выяснить объем сведений о ходе сражения в том или ином источнике, но и указать отдельные различия в описании и постараться выделить возможные причины этого. Наконец, нами будут указаны итоги и последствия этого военного столкновения в трудах различных арабо-персидских историков, здесь также особое внимание будет уделено отличиям и будет сделана попытка сформулировать возможные причины возникновения этих отличий. В итоге, нам хоте-1 Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РГНФ № 15-01-00020.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35334721" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a2d12f448eba6156577bf20611adedcc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55195869,"asset_id":35334721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55195869/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31168771" href="https://ivran.academia.edu/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD">Дмитрий Тимохин</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31168771" type="text/json">{"id":31168771,"first_name":"Дмитрий","last_name":"Тимохин","domain_name":"ivran","page_name":"ДмитрийТимохин","display_name":"Дмитрий Тимохин","profile_url":"https://ivran.academia.edu/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31168771/9699118/10802725/s65__._.jpg_oh_0acd465da3461f4ffe7097f2631f801e_oe_55e6bb5d___gda___1441453250_8576285244c8b98a1e73d1fcb60e0f96"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35334721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35334721"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35334721, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35334721", }); 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Описание «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в арабо-персидских источниках // Золотоордынская цивилизация. № 10. С. 96 – 104","created_at":"2017-12-04T08:39:16.689-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35334721/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94_%D0%9C_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_10_%D0%A1_96_104?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_35334721","summary":"Статья посвящена анализу данных арабо-персидских исторических источников относительно «битвы на Тургайской равнине». Автор подробно разбирает не столько само сражение и его последствия, сколько то, как и в каком объеме тот или иной арабо-персидский историк описывает данное военное столкновение. Среди ранних ис-точников фигурируют сочинения Ибн ал-Асира, ан-Насави, Джузджани и Джувейни, а из более поздних взяты труды Рашид ад-Дина, Мирхонда и Хондемира. В статье тщательно анализируются сведения о «битве на Тургай-ской равнине» в каждом из указанных памятников, информация сравнивается, выделяются как схожие сюжеты, так и особенности описания в том или ином источнике. В работе будут указаны итоги и последствия «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в трудах указанных арабо-персидских историков, здесь также особое внимание будет уделе-но отличиям и будет сделана попытка сформулировать возможные причины возникновения этих отличий. В ито-ге, автор ставит перед собой задачу получить исчерпывающую картину возможных вариантов описания «битвы на Тургайской равнине», указать на возможное существование «кочующих» сюжетов об этом историческом собы-тии, выделить особенности описание этого сражения в конкретных исторических источниках. Немаловажно отме-тить, что данная статья является одним из первых специальных исследований данной проблематики в отечествен-ном востоковедении. Безусловно, сама по себе «битва на Тургайской равнине» неоднократно разбиралась и анали-зировалась в исследованиях по истории монгольского завоевания Ирана и Центральной Азии, однако до сих пор практически никто из исследователей не пытался разобраться со всеми возможными вариантами описания «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в арабо-персидских источниках. Надеемся, что данное исследование привлечет значи-тельный интерес к данной проблематике и в скором времени мы увидим новые работы как в России, так и за ру-бежом, на большем источниковом массиве, посвященные «битве на Тургайской равнине». Ключевые слова: Джучи-хан, монголы, Хорезм, Ала ад-Дин Мухаммад, арабо-персидские источники, «битва на Тургайской равнине» Для цитирования: Тимохин Д.М. Описание «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в арабо-персидских источ-никах // Золотоордынская цивилизация. 2017. № 10. С. 96–104. В данной статье речь пойдет о столкновении между войсками хорезмшаха Ала ад-Дина Мухаммада и монгольским корпусом Джучи-хана, получившим в историографии название «битвы на Тургайской равни-не». Данное сражение было первым опытом противостояние Хорезма монгольским завоевателям еще до на-чала непосредственно монголо-хорезмийской войны. Именно эта битва, по всей видимости, дала монголам богатую информацию о военной мощи их будущего противника, а также стала, вероятно, одним из факто-ров, подтолкнувших Чингиз-хана к войне. Однако в этом исследовании внимание научной общественности будет приковано не столько к самой битве, ее исходу и последствиям, сколько к особенностям описания данного сражения в арабо-персидских источниках, как ранних, так и поздних. Прежде всего хотелось бы указать на тот факт, что до сих пор в отечественном и зарубежном востоковедении специальных исследова-ний, ставящих своей целью сравнить описание «битвы на Тургайской равнине» в трудах различных арабо-персидских авторов, просто нет. Однако при этом арабо-персидские историки начиная с Ибн ал-Асира [9] и ан-Насави [2; 27; 29] и вплоть до более поздних сочинений, в частности, трудов Мирхонда [25; 26] и Хонде-мира [23], не только упоминают об этом военном столкновении, но и подробно его описывают. В своем исследовании хотелось бы сосредоточиться на нескольких ключевых моментах: прежде все-го выяснить, одинаково ли арабо-персидские историки описывают предысторию конфликта и непосредст-венно причины «битвы на Тургайской равнине». Далее мы отметим особенности описания самого сраже-ния и подчеркнем, на что конкретно было обращено внимание того или иного арабо-персидского автора при описании данного события. Немаловажно не только выяснить объем сведений о ходе сражения в том или ином источнике, но и указать отдельные различия в описании и постараться выделить возможные причины этого. Наконец, нами будут указаны итоги и последствия этого военного столкновения в трудах различных арабо-персидских историков, здесь также особое внимание будет уделено отличиям и будет сделана попытка сформулировать возможные причины возникновения этих отличий. В итоге, нам хоте-1 Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РГНФ № 15-01-00020.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55195869,"asset_id":35334721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31168771,"first_name":"Дмитрий","last_name":"Тимохин","domain_name":"ivran","page_name":"ДмитрийТимохин","display_name":"Дмитрий Тимохин","profile_url":"https://ivran.academia.edu/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31168771/9699118/10802725/s65__._.jpg_oh_0acd465da3461f4ffe7097f2631f801e_oe_55e6bb5d___gda___1441453250_8576285244c8b98a1e73d1fcb60e0f96"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":974918,"name":"Khorezm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Khorezm?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2472548,"name":"Arabian and persian sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabian_and_persian_sources?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31020031" data-work_id="31020031" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31020031/The_Mongol_Empire_A_Historical_Encyclopedia_edited_by_Timothy_May">The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Timothy May</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31020031" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="56a0a6eb8c20a56532b5ff12f63ccb2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51452945,"asset_id":31020031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51452945/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="101342" href="https://ccu-tw.academia.edu/WeichiehTsai">Wei-chieh Tsai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="101342" type="text/json">{"id":101342,"first_name":"Wei-chieh","last_name":"Tsai","domain_name":"ccu-tw","page_name":"WeichiehTsai","display_name":"Wei-chieh Tsai","profile_url":"https://ccu-tw.academia.edu/WeichiehTsai?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101342/27914/98067521/s65_wei-chieh.tsai.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31020031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31020031"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31020031, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31020031", }); 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In this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9885520" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mainstream historical accounts of the development of capitalism describe a process which is fundamentally European - a system that was born in the mills and factories of England or under the guillotines of the French Revolution. In this groundbreaking book, a very different story is told. <br /> <br />How the West Came to Rule offers a unique interdisciplinary and international historical account of the origins of capitalism. It argues that contrary to the dominant wisdom, capitalism’s origins should not be understood as a development confined to the geographically and culturally sealed borders of Europe, but the outcome of a wider array of global processes in which non-European societies played a decisive role. Through an examination of the uneven histories of Mongolian expansion, New World discoveries, Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry, the development of the Asian colonies and bourgeois revolutions, Alexander Anievas and Kerem Nisancioglu provide an account of how these diverse events and processes came together to produce capitalism. <br /> <br />Table of Contents <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />The Problem of Eurocentrism <br /> <br />Confronting the Problematic of Sociohistorical Difference <br /> <br />What is Capitalism? <br /> <br />What Is Geopolitics?  <br /> <br />Chapter 1 The Transition Debate: Theories and Critique <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />The ‘Commercialization Model’ Revisited: World- Systems Analysis and the Transition to Capitalism <br /> The Making of the Modern World- System: The Wallerstein Thesis <br /> The Problem of Eurocentrism <br /> The Problem of Historical Specificity <br /> <br />The Spatio-Temporal Limits of Political Marxism <br /> The Brenner Thesis: Explanation and Critique <br /> The Geopolitical in the Making of Capitalism <br /> The Political Marxist Conception of Capitalism <br /> <br />The Problematic of Sociohistorical Difference: Postcolonial Studies Engaging Capital <br /> The Eurocentrism of Historicism <br /> The Violence of Abstraction <br /> The Lacuna of Postcolonial Theory <br /> <br /> Conclusion <br /> <br />Chapter 2 Rethinking the Origins of Capitalism: The Theory of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />The Theory of Uneven and Combined Development: Exposition and Critiques <br /> Unevenness <br /> Combination <br /> Seeing Through a Prism Darkly? Uneven and Combined Development beyond the Eurocentric Gaze <br /> <br />Trotsky beyond Trotsky? Uneven and Combined Development before Capitalism <br /> More Questions than Answers: Method, Abstraction, and Historicity in Marx’s Thought <br /> Modes of Production Versus Uneven and Combined Development? A False Antithesis <br /> <br />Conclusion: Towards an ‘Internationalist Historiography’ of Capitalism <br /> <br />Chapter 3 The Long Thirteenth Century: Structural Crisis, Conjunctural Catastrophe <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />Pax Mongolica as a Vector of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> The Nomadic Mode of Production and Uneven and Combined Development <br /> The World-Historical Significance of the Mongol Empire <br />Trade, Commerce, and Socio-Economic Development under the Pax Mongolica <br /> <br />Apocalypse Then: The Black Death and the Crisis of Feudalism <br /> Class Struggle and the Changing Balance of Class Forces in Europe <br /> Peasant Differentiation in the Age of the Black Death <br /> Development of the Productive Forces <br /> <br />Conclusion <br /> <br />Chapter 4 The Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry over the Long 16th Sixteenth  Century <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />Unevenness: A Clash of Social Reproduction <br /> Ottoman–European Relations <br /> The Tributary and Feudal Modes of Production: Unevenness Combined <br /> Ottoman ‘Penalties of Progressiveness’ – European ‘Privileges of Backwardness’ <br /> <br />Combination: Pax Ottomana and European Trade <br /> The Ottoman ‘Whip of External Necessity’ <br /> The Breakdown of Christendom <br /> The Ottoman Blockade and the Emergence of the Atlantic <br /> The Ottoman Buffer and English Primitive Accumulation <br /> <br />Conclusion: The Ottoman Empire as a Vector of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> <br />Chapter 5 The Atlantic Sources of European Capitalism, Territorial Sovereignty and the Modern Self <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />Imagining Europe in the Atlantic Mirror: Rethinking the Territorialised Sovereign, Self and Other <br />Tearing Down the Ideological Walls of Christendom: From Sacred to Secular Universalism in the Construction of the European Self and non-European Other <br /> Legitimising Colonialism: The Historical Sociological Foundations of Eurocentrism <br /> Culture Wars in the Americas <br /> The Colonial Origins of the Modern Territorialised States Systems <br /> <br />1492 in the History of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> The Smithian Moment: American Treasures and So-Called Primitive Accumulation <br /> Sublating the Smithian Moment: From Smith to Marx via ‘the International’ <br /> Primitive Accumulation Proper: From ‘Simple’ to ‘Expanded’ Reproduction <br /> <br />The Uneven and Combined Development of Plantation Slavery <br /> The Sociological Unevenness of the Atlantic <br /> Sociological Combination in the Plantation System <br /> <br />New World Slavery and the Rise of Industrial Capitalism <br /> Contributions to the Sphere of Circulation <br /> Contributions to the Sphere of Production <br /> <br />Conclusion: Colonies, Merchants and the Transition to Capitalism <br /> <br />Chapter 6 The ‘Classical’ Bourgeois Revolutions in the History of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />The Concept of Bourgeois Revolution <br /> Reconceptualising Bourgeois Revolutions: A Consequentialist Approach <br /> Reconstructing Consequentialism through Uneven and Combined Development <br /> <br />The Origins of Capitalism and the Bourgeois Revolution in the Low Countries <br /> The Rise of Dutch Capitalism: An International Perspective <br /> The Making of the Dutch Revolt <br /> <br />The English Revolution in the History of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> Rediscovering the British Revolution <br /> Social Forces in the Making of the British Revolution <br /> <br />1789 in the History of Uneven and Combined Development <br /> Peculiarities of the French Revolution? <br /> Capitalism and the Absolutist State in France <br /> The Origins of the Capitalist Revolution in France <br /> Capitalist Consequences of the French Revolution <br /> <br />Conclusion <br /> <br />Chapter 7 Combined Encounters: Dutch Colonisation in South-East Asia and the Contradictions of ‘Free Labour’ <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />The Specificity and Limits of Dutch Capitalism <br /> Dutch Institutional Innovations <br /> The Limits of Dutch ‘Domestic’ Capitalism <br /> <br />Unevenness and Combination in the Pre-Colonial Indian Ocean Littoral <br /> The Intersocietal System of the Indian Ocean <br /> South Asia beyond the Eurocentric Gaze <br /> <br />The Dutch Encounter: A Policy of Combination <br /> The Specificities and ‘Success’ of Dutch Strategies of Integration and Domination in <br />South-East Asia <br /> The Moluccas <br /> The Banda Islands <br /> Indian Textiles <br /> <br />Conclusion <br /> <br />Chapter 8 Origins of the Great Divergence over the Longue Durée: Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’ <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’: Advances and Impasses in the Revisionist Challenge <br /> Points of Agreement: European ‘Backwardness’ and the Role of the Colonies <br />Late and Lucky: Contingences, the Eurasian Homogeneity Thesis, and the Great Divergence <br /> <br />Structure and Conjuncture in the ‘Rise of the West’ <br /> The Geopolitical Competition Model and Its Limits <br /> Feudalism, Merchants, and the European States System in the Transition to Capitalism <br /> Unevenness Combined: North-South Interactions in the ‘Rise of the West’ <br /> <br />The Conjunctural Moment of ‘Overtaking’: Britain’s Colonisation of India <br /> The Significance of India’s Colonisation to the ‘Rise of the West’ <br /> The Mughal Empire and the Tributary Mode of Production <br /> The Imperial Revenue System and Agricultural Decline in the Mughal Empire <br /> European Trade and Colonial Conquest: Towards 1757 <br /> <br />Conclusion <br /> <br />Conclusion <br /> <br /> Notes <br /> Index</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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In this groundbreaking book, a very different story is told.\r\n\r\nHow the West Came to Rule offers a unique interdisciplinary and international historical account of the origins of capitalism. It argues that contrary to the dominant wisdom, capitalism’s origins should not be understood as a development confined to the geographically and culturally sealed borders of Europe, but the outcome of a wider array of global processes in which non-European societies played a decisive role. Through an examination of the uneven histories of Mongolian expansion, New World discoveries, Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry, the development of the Asian colonies and bourgeois revolutions, Alexander Anievas and Kerem Nisancioglu provide an account of how these diverse events and processes came together to produce capitalism.\r\n\r\nTable of Contents\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\n\t\r\nThe Problem of Eurocentrism\r\n\r\nConfronting the Problematic of Sociohistorical Difference\r\n\r\nWhat is Capitalism? \r\n\r\nWhat Is Geopolitics? \r\n\r\nChapter 1\tThe Transition Debate: Theories and Critique\r\n\t\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nThe ‘Commercialization Model’ Revisited: World- Systems Analysis and the Transition to Capitalism\r\n\t\tThe Making of the Modern World- System: The Wallerstein Thesis\r\n\t\tThe Problem of Eurocentrism\r\n\t\tThe Problem of Historical Specificity\r\n\r\nThe Spatio-Temporal Limits of Political Marxism\r\n\t\tThe Brenner Thesis: Explanation and Critique\r\n\t\tThe Geopolitical in the Making of Capitalism\r\n\t\tThe Political Marxist Conception of Capitalism\r\n\r\nThe Problematic of Sociohistorical Difference: Postcolonial Studies Engaging Capital\r\n\t\tThe Eurocentrism of Historicism\r\n\t\tThe Violence of Abstraction\r\n\t\tThe Lacuna of Postcolonial Theory\r\n\r\n\tConclusion\r\n\r\nChapter 2\tRethinking the Origins of Capitalism: The Theory of Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\t\r\nIntroduction \r\n\r\nThe Theory of Uneven and Combined Development: Exposition and Critiques\r\n\t\tUnevenness\r\n\t\tCombination \r\n\t\tSeeing Through a Prism Darkly? Uneven and Combined Development beyond the Eurocentric Gaze\r\n\r\nTrotsky beyond Trotsky? Uneven and Combined Development before Capitalism\r\n\t\tMore Questions than Answers: Method, Abstraction, and Historicity in Marx’s Thought\r\n\t\tModes of Production Versus Uneven and Combined Development? A False Antithesis\r\n\r\nConclusion: Towards an ‘Internationalist Historiography’ of Capitalism\t\r\n\r\nChapter 3\tThe Long Thirteenth Century: Structural Crisis, Conjunctural Catastrophe\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nPax Mongolica as a Vector of Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\t\tThe Nomadic Mode of Production and Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\t\tThe World-Historical Significance of the Mongol Empire\r\nTrade, Commerce, and Socio-Economic Development under the Pax Mongolica \r\n\r\nApocalypse Then: The Black Death and the Crisis of Feudalism\r\n\t\tClass Struggle and the Changing Balance of Class Forces in Europe\r\n\t\tPeasant Differentiation in the Age of the Black Death\r\n\t\tDevelopment of the Productive Forces\r\n\t\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nChapter 4\tThe Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry over the Long 16th Sixteenth Century\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nUnevenness: A Clash of Social Reproduction\r\n\t\tOttoman–European Relations\r\n\t\tThe Tributary and Feudal Modes of Production: Unevenness Combined\r\n\t\tOttoman ‘Penalties of Progressiveness’ – European ‘Privileges of Backwardness’\r\n\t\r\nCombination: Pax Ottomana and European Trade \r\n\t\tThe Ottoman ‘Whip of External Necessity’\r\n\t\tThe Breakdown of Christendom\r\n\t\tThe Ottoman Blockade and the Emergence of the Atlantic\r\n\t\tThe Ottoman Buffer and English Primitive Accumulation\r\n\t\r\nConclusion: The Ottoman Empire as a Vector of Uneven and Combined Development \r\n\r\nChapter 5\tThe Atlantic Sources of European Capitalism, Territorial Sovereignty and the Modern Self\r\n\t\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nImagining Europe in the Atlantic Mirror: Rethinking the Territorialised Sovereign, Self and Other\r\nTearing Down the Ideological Walls of Christendom: From Sacred to Secular Universalism in the Construction of the European Self and non-European Other\r\n\t\tLegitimising Colonialism: The Historical Sociological Foundations of Eurocentrism\r\n\t\tCulture Wars in the Americas\r\n\t\tThe Colonial Origins of the Modern Territorialised States Systems\r\n\t\r\n1492 in the History of Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\t\tThe Smithian Moment: American Treasures and So-Called Primitive Accumulation\r\n\t\tSublating the Smithian Moment: From Smith to Marx via ‘the International’\r\n\t\tPrimitive Accumulation Proper: From ‘Simple’ to ‘Expanded’ Reproduction\r\n\t\r\nThe Uneven and Combined Development of Plantation Slavery\r\n\t\tThe Sociological Unevenness of the Atlantic\r\n\t\tSociological Combination in the Plantation System\r\n\r\nNew World Slavery and the Rise of Industrial Capitalism\r\n\t\tContributions to the Sphere of Circulation\r\n\t\tContributions to the Sphere of Production\r\n\r\nConclusion: Colonies, Merchants and the Transition to Capitalism\r\n\r\nChapter 6\tThe ‘Classical’ Bourgeois Revolutions in the History of Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nThe Concept of Bourgeois Revolution\r\n\t\tReconceptualising Bourgeois Revolutions: A Consequentialist Approach\r\n\t\tReconstructing Consequentialism through Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\r\nThe Origins of Capitalism and the Bourgeois Revolution in the Low Countries\r\n\t\tThe Rise of Dutch Capitalism: An International Perspective\r\n\t\tThe Making of the Dutch Revolt\r\n\r\nThe English Revolution in the History of Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\t\tRediscovering the British Revolution\r\n\t\tSocial Forces in the Making of the British Revolution\r\n\t\r\n1789 in the History of Uneven and Combined Development\r\n\t\tPeculiarities of the French Revolution? \r\n\t\tCapitalism and the Absolutist State in France\r\n\t\tThe Origins of the Capitalist Revolution in France\r\n\t\tCapitalist Consequences of the French Revolution\r\n\t\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nChapter 7\tCombined Encounters: Dutch Colonisation in South-East Asia and the Contradictions of ‘Free Labour’\r\n\t\r\nIntroduction\r\n\t\r\nThe Specificity and Limits of Dutch Capitalism\r\n\t\tDutch Institutional Innovations\r\n\t\tThe Limits of Dutch ‘Domestic’ Capitalism\r\n\t\r\nUnevenness and Combination in the Pre-Colonial Indian Ocean Littoral\r\n\t\tThe Intersocietal System of the Indian Ocean\r\n\t\tSouth Asia beyond the Eurocentric Gaze\r\n\t\r\nThe Dutch Encounter: A Policy of Combination\r\n\t\tThe Specificities and ‘Success’ of Dutch Strategies of Integration and Domination in \r\nSouth-East Asia\r\n\t\tThe Moluccas\r\n\t\tThe Banda Islands\r\n\t\tIndian Textiles\r\n\t\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nChapter 8\tOrigins of the Great Divergence over the Longue Durée: Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’\r\n\t\r\nIntroduction\r\n\t\r\nRethinking the ‘Rise of the West’: Advances and Impasses in the Revisionist Challenge\r\n\t\tPoints of Agreement: European ‘Backwardness’ and the Role of the Colonies\r\nLate and Lucky: Contingences, the Eurasian Homogeneity Thesis, and the Great Divergence\r\n\r\nStructure and Conjuncture in the ‘Rise of the West’\r\n\t\tThe Geopolitical Competition Model and Its Limits\r\n\t\tFeudalism, Merchants, and the European States System in the Transition to Capitalism\r\n\t\tUnevenness Combined: North-South Interactions in the ‘Rise of the West’\r\n\t\r\nThe Conjunctural Moment of ‘Overtaking’: Britain’s Colonisation of India\r\n\t\tThe Significance of India’s Colonisation to the ‘Rise of the West’\r\n\t\tThe Mughal Empire and the Tributary Mode of Production\r\n\t\tThe Imperial Revenue System and Agricultural Decline in the Mughal Empire\r\n\t\tEuropean Trade and Colonial Conquest: Towards 1757\r\n\t\r\nConclusion\r\n\t\r\nConclusion \r\n\r\n\tNotes\r\n\tIndex\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50273671,"asset_id":9885520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":189324,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Anievas","domain_name":"uconn","page_name":"AlexanderAnievas","display_name":"Alexander 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Онгон нутгийн өв соёл. Улаанбаатар, 2011</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29237369" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d9b79f48dd44c0a1578b80306bbe96f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49688451,"asset_id":29237369,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49688451/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8087174" href="https://num.academia.edu/UlambayarErdenebat">Ulambayar Erdenebat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8087174" type="text/json">{"id":8087174,"first_name":"Ulambayar","last_name":"Erdenebat","domain_name":"num","page_name":"UlambayarErdenebat","display_name":"Ulambayar Erdenebat","profile_url":"https://num.academia.edu/UlambayarErdenebat?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8087174/3431929/136049839/s65_ulambayar.erdenebat.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29237369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29237369"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29237369, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29237369", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29237369]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29237369").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29237369").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29237369"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology">Prehistoric Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="399" type="text/json">{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6032" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies">Central Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6032" type="text/json">{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6034" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies">Mongolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6034" type="text/json">{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads">Eurasian Nomads</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6730" type="text/json">{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29237369]'), work: {"id":29237369,"title":"У.Эрдэнэбат, Ц.Төрбат. Онгон нутгийн өв соёл. Улаанбаатар, 2011","created_at":"2016-10-18T06:28:47.467-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29237369/%D0%A3_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A6_%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_2011?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_29237369","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49688451,"asset_id":29237369,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8087174,"first_name":"Ulambayar","last_name":"Erdenebat","domain_name":"num","page_name":"UlambayarErdenebat","display_name":"Ulambayar Erdenebat","profile_url":"https://num.academia.edu/UlambayarErdenebat?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8087174/3431929/136049839/s65_ulambayar.erdenebat.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6833,"name":"History of Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Mongolia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":8516,"name":"Funerary Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funerary_Archaeology?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12538,"name":"Funeral Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funeral_Practices?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12745,"name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yuan_Dynasty?f_ri=12829"},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=12829"},{"id":29606,"name":"Archaeology of Central Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Central_Asia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":57161,"name":"Funerary Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funerary_Practices?f_ri=12829"},{"id":67498,"name":"Mongolia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolia?f_ri=12829"},{"id":90477,"name":"Mongol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol?f_ri=12829"},{"id":120563,"name":"Mongolian and Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_and_Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=12829"},{"id":225220,"name":"Mongolian Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Archaeology?f_ri=12829"},{"id":260158,"name":"Scythian and other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scythian_and_other_Eurasian_Nomadic_Horse_Warrior_Cultures?f_ri=12829"},{"id":370181,"name":"Nomadic Pastoralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Pastoralism?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17511706" data-work_id="17511706" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17511706/Islamic_Chinoiserie_the_Art_of_Mongol_Iran_Edinburgh_Edinburgh_University_Press_2009_">Islamic Chinoiserie: the Art of Mongol Iran (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century marked a new phase in the development of Islamic art. Trans-Eurasian exchanges of goods, people and ideas were encouraged on a large scale under the auspices of the Pax Mongolica. With the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17511706" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century marked a new phase in the development of Islamic art. Trans-Eurasian exchanges of goods, people and ideas were encouraged on a large scale under the auspices of the Pax Mongolica. With the fascination of portable objects brought from China and Central Asia, a distinctive, hitherto unknown style - Islamic chinoiserie - was born in the art of Iran. Highly illustrated, Islamic Chinoiserie offers a fascinating glimpse into the artistic interaction between Iran and China under the Mongols. By using rich visual materials from various media of decorative and pictorial arts - textiles, ceramics, metalwork and manuscript painting - the book illustrates the process of adoption and adaptation of Chinese themes in the art of Mongol-ruled Iran in a visually compelling way. The observation of this unique artistic phenomenon serves to promote the understanding of the artistic diversity of Islamic art in the Middle Ages. <br />Saidi-Sirjani Book Award, Honorable Mention, 2010, Association for Iranian Studies (formerly, International Society for Iranian Studies).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17511706" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="068232296f3e142589acfa366de7bb58" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55646042,"asset_id":17511706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55646042/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36922856" href="https://univie.academia.edu/ykadoi">Yuka Kadoi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36922856" type="text/json">{"id":36922856,"first_name":"Yuka","last_name":"Kadoi","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"ykadoi","display_name":"Yuka Kadoi","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/ykadoi?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36922856/10554249/135978325/s65_yuka.kadoi.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17511706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17511706"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17511706, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17511706", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17511706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17511706; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17511706"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17511706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17511706"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17511706; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17511706]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17511706").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17511706").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17511706"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88927" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_art_history">Islamic art history</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="88927" type="text/json">{"id":88927,"name":"Islamic art history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_art_history?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17511706]'), work: {"id":17511706,"title":"Islamic Chinoiserie: the Art of Mongol Iran (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009)","created_at":"2015-10-30T05:25:55.406-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17511706/Islamic_Chinoiserie_the_Art_of_Mongol_Iran_Edinburgh_Edinburgh_University_Press_2009_?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_17511706","summary":"The Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century marked a new phase in the development of Islamic art. Trans-Eurasian exchanges of goods, people and ideas were encouraged on a large scale under the auspices of the Pax Mongolica. With the fascination of portable objects brought from China and Central Asia, a distinctive, hitherto unknown style - Islamic chinoiserie - was born in the art of Iran. Highly illustrated, Islamic Chinoiserie offers a fascinating glimpse into the artistic interaction between Iran and China under the Mongols. By using rich visual materials from various media of decorative and pictorial arts - textiles, ceramics, metalwork and manuscript painting - the book illustrates the process of adoption and adaptation of Chinese themes in the art of Mongol-ruled Iran in a visually compelling way. The observation of this unique artistic phenomenon serves to promote the understanding of the artistic diversity of Islamic art in the Middle Ages.\r\nSaidi-Sirjani Book Award, Honorable Mention, 2010, Association for Iranian Studies (formerly, International Society for Iranian Studies). ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55646042,"asset_id":17511706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36922856,"first_name":"Yuka","last_name":"Kadoi","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"ykadoi","display_name":"Yuka Kadoi","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/ykadoi?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36922856/10554249/135978325/s65_yuka.kadoi.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":88927,"name":"Islamic art history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_art_history?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73527319" data-work_id="73527319" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73527319/Genghis_Khan_An_Emperor_between_Colonialist_Stereotypes_and_Nationalist_Sentiments">Genghis Khan: An Emperor between Colonialist Stereotypes and Nationalist Sentiments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This piece is a short work (450-word) about the shifting perceptions of Genghis Khan in different societies for Manchester Historian. You can read it with references online via the link below:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73527319" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This piece is a short work (450-word) about the shifting perceptions of Genghis Khan in different societies for Manchester Historian. You can read it with references online via the link below: <br /> <br /><a href="https://manchesterhistorian.com/2021/genghis-khan-an-emperor-between-colonialist-stereotypes-and-nationalist-sentiments-by-batuhan-aksu/" rel="nofollow">https://manchesterhistorian.com/2021/genghis-khan-an-emperor-between-colonialist-stereotypes-and-nationalist-sentiments-by-batuhan-aksu/</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73527319" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c870503af44d02f06d84bb86a946e848" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82015626,"asset_id":73527319,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82015626/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46316127" href="https://boun.academia.edu/aksubatuhan">Batuhan Aksu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46316127" type="text/json">{"id":46316127,"first_name":"Batuhan","last_name":"Aksu","domain_name":"boun","page_name":"aksubatuhan","display_name":"Batuhan Aksu","profile_url":"https://boun.academia.edu/aksubatuhan?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46316127/12604139/150239796/s65_batuhan.aksu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73527319 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73527319"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73527319, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73527319", }); 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You can read it with references online via the link below:\r\n\r\nhttps://manchesterhistorian.com/2021/genghis-khan-an-emperor-between-colonialist-stereotypes-and-nationalist-sentiments-by-batuhan-aksu/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82015626,"asset_id":73527319,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46316127,"first_name":"Batuhan","last_name":"Aksu","domain_name":"boun","page_name":"aksubatuhan","display_name":"Batuhan Aksu","profile_url":"https://boun.academia.edu/aksubatuhan?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46316127/12604139/150239796/s65_batuhan.aksu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12644,"name":"Commemoration and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commemoration_and_Memory?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":53926,"name":"Remembrance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remembrance?f_ri=12829"},{"id":497446,"name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genghis_Khan?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2470944" data-work_id="2470944" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2470944/%E8%92%99%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B4%E8%A8%B3%E4%BD%93%E3%81%AE%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E3%82%92%E3%82%81%E3%81%90%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6_%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E7%AB%AF%E7%B7%92_The_Formation_of_a_Style_of_Chinese_Meta_phrased_from_Mongolian_">蒙文直訳体の成立をめぐって―モンゴル政権における公文書翻訳システムの端緒― (The Formation of a Style of Chinese Meta-phrased from Mongolian)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2470944" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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dai Tartari. Le avventure del primo europeo nell'impero del Gran Khan", EDB, Bologna 2014.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8492235" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a0498891a7fefcf99dbdeeace9087561" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34873164,"asset_id":8492235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34873164/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16715607" href="https://antonianum.academia.edu/WieslawBlock">Wieslaw Block</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16715607" type="text/json">{"id":16715607,"first_name":"Wieslaw","last_name":"Block","domain_name":"antonianum","page_name":"WieslawBlock","display_name":"Wieslaw Block","profile_url":"https://antonianum.academia.edu/WieslawBlock?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16715607/4580727/5297506/s65_wieslaw.block.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8492235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8492235"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8492235, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8492235", }); 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Le avventure del primo europeo nell'impero del Gran Khan\", EDB, Bologna 2014.","created_at":"2014-09-25T05:38:05.020-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8492235/_Un_frate_dai_Tartari_Le_avventure_del_primo_europeo_nellimpero_del_Gran_Khan_EDB_Bologna_2014?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_8492235","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34873164,"asset_id":8492235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16715607,"first_name":"Wieslaw","last_name":"Block","domain_name":"antonianum","page_name":"WieslawBlock","display_name":"Wieslaw Block","profile_url":"https://antonianum.academia.edu/WieslawBlock?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16715607/4580727/5297506/s65_wieslaw.block.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":10855,"name":"Franciscan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franciscan_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":275466,"name":"Francesco d'Assisi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francesco_dAssisi?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44279769" data-work_id="44279769" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44279769/Who_is_Rex_Corum_in_the_Letter_of_1333_by_Pope_John_XXII">Who is Rex Corum in the Letter of 1333 by Pope John XXII</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1333, Pope John XXII wrote a letter to the Great Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, appointing a new archbishop of Beijing. In addition to the letter to the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, the Pope wrote several more letters. The recipients of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44279769" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1333, Pope John XXII wrote a letter to the Great Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, appointing a new archbishop of Beijing. In addition to the letter to the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, the Pope wrote several more letters. The recipients of those letters were Öz Beg Khan of the Kipchak Khanate, King Leo of Armenia, Archbishop Jacopo, all Mongolian monarchs and their people, and Rex Corum. Unlike all the other recipients, controversies still remain over the identity of this last person. There were people who considered Rex Corum to be the King of Goryeo. But the term referring to Goryeo during the Mongol Empire period was not Corea but Caoli. In addition, the Goryeo King was not a key Khan of the Mongols. In consideration of the historical context and the journey of the new archbishop, the most likely candidate for Rex Corum is the Chagatai Khan.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44279769" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30ff959ad56e38ed7616d4edfc05a6ff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64658776,"asset_id":44279769,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64658776/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48278462" href="https://ewha.academia.edu/JNAM">Jong Kuk NAM</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48278462" type="text/json">{"id":48278462,"first_name":"Jong Kuk","last_name":"NAM","domain_name":"ewha","page_name":"JNAM","display_name":"Jong Kuk NAM","profile_url":"https://ewha.academia.edu/JNAM?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48278462/12721040/68506728/s65_jong_kuk.nam.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44279769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44279769"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44279769, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44279769", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44279769]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44279769").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44279769").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44279769"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7908" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_">Papacy (Medieval Church History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7908" type="text/json">{"id":7908,"name":"Papacy (Medieval Church History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252511" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Premodern_Korean_History">Premodern Korean History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="252511" type="text/json">{"id":252511,"name":"Premodern Korean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Premodern_Korean_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44279769]'), work: {"id":44279769,"title":"Who is Rex Corum in the Letter of 1333 by Pope John XXII","created_at":"2020-10-12T05:55:20.104-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44279769/Who_is_Rex_Corum_in_the_Letter_of_1333_by_Pope_John_XXII?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_44279769","summary":"In 1333, Pope John XXII wrote a letter to the Great Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, appointing a new archbishop of Beijing. In addition to the letter to the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, the Pope wrote several more letters. The recipients of those letters were Öz Beg Khan of the Kipchak Khanate, King Leo of Armenia, Archbishop Jacopo, all Mongolian monarchs and their people, and Rex Corum. Unlike all the other recipients, controversies still remain over the identity of this last person. There were people who considered Rex Corum to be the King of Goryeo. But the term referring to Goryeo during the Mongol Empire period was not Corea but Caoli. In addition, the Goryeo King was not a key Khan of the Mongols. In consideration of the historical context and the journey of the new archbishop, the most likely candidate for Rex Corum is the Chagatai Khan. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64658776,"asset_id":44279769,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48278462,"first_name":"Jong Kuk","last_name":"NAM","domain_name":"ewha","page_name":"JNAM","display_name":"Jong Kuk NAM","profile_url":"https://ewha.academia.edu/JNAM?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48278462/12721040/68506728/s65_jong_kuk.nam.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7908,"name":"Papacy (Medieval Church History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":252511,"name":"Premodern Korean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Premodern_Korean_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37991351" data-work_id="37991351" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37991351/The_Four_Black_Deaths_2019_">The Four Black Deaths (2019)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is the abstract of a paper that was presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Medieval Academy of America, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 7-9, 2019, as part of the session: Plague as a Pan-Eurasian... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37991351" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is the abstract of a paper that was presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Medieval Academy of America, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 7-9, 2019, as part of the session: Plague as a Pan-Eurasian Phenomenon: Same Disease, Differing Mortalities. <br /> <br />Keywords: Black Death; Yersinia pestis; Mongol Empire; historical epidemiology; paleogenetics; phylogenetics. <br /> <br />A much-revised version of the paper was published as: Monica H. Green, “The Four Black Deaths,” American Historical Review 125, no. 5 (December 2020), 1600-1631, DOI: 10.1093/ahr/rhaa511, plus Supplemental Material, “Marmots and Their Plague Strains.” Both can be found here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.17613/7020-8j08" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.17613/7020-8j08</a>. Feel free to contact me directly: <a href="mailto:monica.h.green@gmail.com" rel="nofollow">monica.h.green@gmail.com</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37991351" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="52c4f9280d263f18601d2a3efde7822f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58010096,"asset_id":37991351,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58010096/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5699744" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen">Monica H Green</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5699744" type="text/json">{"id":5699744,"first_name":"Monica","last_name":"Green","domain_name":"independentscholar","page_name":"MonicaHGreen","display_name":"Monica H Green","profile_url":"https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5699744/2784407/145731948/s65_monica_h..green.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37991351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37991351"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37991351, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37991351", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37991351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37991351").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37991351").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37991351"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1446" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1446" type="text/json">{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2273" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Medicine">History of Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2273" type="text/json">{"id":2273,"name":"History of Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Medicine?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2853" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies">Medieval Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2853" type="text/json">{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37991351]'), work: {"id":37991351,"title":"The Four Black Deaths (2019)","created_at":"2018-12-16T21:58:19.857-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37991351/The_Four_Black_Deaths_2019_?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_37991351","summary":"This is the abstract of a paper that was presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Medieval Academy of America, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 7-9, 2019, as part of the session: Plague as a Pan-Eurasian Phenomenon: Same Disease, Differing Mortalities. \r\n\r\nKeywords: Black Death; Yersinia pestis; Mongol Empire; historical epidemiology; paleogenetics; phylogenetics.\r\n\r\nA much-revised version of the paper was published as: Monica H. Green, “The Four Black Deaths,” American Historical Review 125, no. 5 (December 2020), 1600-1631, DOI: 10.1093/ahr/rhaa511, plus Supplemental Material, “Marmots and Their Plague Strains.” Both can be found here: https://doi.org/10.17613/7020-8j08. Feel free to contact me directly: monica.h.green@gmail.com.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58010096,"asset_id":37991351,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5699744,"first_name":"Monica","last_name":"Green","domain_name":"independentscholar","page_name":"MonicaHGreen","display_name":"Monica H Green","profile_url":"https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5699744/2784407/145731948/s65_monica_h..green.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2273,"name":"History of Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Medicine?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=12829"},{"id":36539,"name":"Palaeogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeogenetics?f_ri=12829"},{"id":46788,"name":"Black Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Death?f_ri=12829"},{"id":594653,"name":"Pandemics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pandemics?f_ri=12829"},{"id":956887,"name":"Yersinia Pestis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yersinia_Pestis?f_ri=12829"},{"id":3264961,"name":"Yersinia pestis polytomy (Big Bang)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yersinia_pestis_polytomy_Big_Bang_?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26815207" data-work_id="26815207" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26815207/By_the_Power_of_Eternal_Heaven_The_Meaning_of_Tenggeri_to_the_Government_of_the_Pre_Buddhist_Mongols">By the Power of Eternal Heaven: The Meaning of Tenggeri to the Government of the Pre-Buddhist Mongols</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the days of the Mongol Empire edicts were prefaced with the phrase möngke tngri-yin küčün-dür "by the power of eternal heaven." One can imagine how this phrase struck fear and awe into those who encountered it. It reflected... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26815207" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the days of the Mongol Empire edicts were prefaced with the phrase möngke tngri-yin küčün-dür "by the power of eternal heaven." One can imagine how this phrase struck fear and awe into those who encountered it. It reflected symbolically the potency of the Mongolian khans and reminded all of the power and ruthlessness of their armies. As a symbol of earthly power what could be more evocative than the omnipresent sky? What could be more ominous and foreboding?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26815207" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa3ae7493a9be64c40adf01171907d39" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47087775,"asset_id":26815207,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47087775/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41919036" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/BrianBaumann">Brian Baumann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41919036" type="text/json">{"id":41919036,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Baumann","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"BrianBaumann","display_name":"Brian Baumann","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/BrianBaumann?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26815207 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26815207"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26815207, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26815207", }); 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It reflected symbolically the potency of the Mongolian khans and reminded all of the power and ruthlessness of their armies. As a symbol of earthly power what could be more evocative than the omnipresent sky? What could be more ominous and foreboding?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47087775,"asset_id":26815207,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41919036,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Baumann","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"BrianBaumann","display_name":"Brian Baumann","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/BrianBaumann?f_ri=12829","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4146028" data-work_id="4146028" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4146028/A_TAT%C3%81RJ%C3%81R%C3%81S_A_MONGOL_H%C3%93D%C3%8DT%C3%81S_%C3%89S_MAGYARORSZ%C3%81G_THE_TATAR_INVASION_THE_MONGOL_CONQUEST_AND_HUNGARY_IN_1241_1242_">A TATÁRJÁRÁS. A MONGOL HÓDÍTÁS ÉS MAGYARORSZÁG. [THE "TATAR" INVASION. THE MONGOL CONQUEST AND HUNGARY IN 1241–1242]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4146028" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="888b878d16717654087c4f8ba25e9af1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32236201,"asset_id":4146028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32236201/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5000878" href="https://btm.academia.edu/J%C3%A1nosBSzab%C3%B3">János B. 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Szabó","profile_url":"https://btm.academia.edu/J%C3%A1nosBSzab%C3%B3?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5000878/2231485/2611625/s65_j_nos.b._szab_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4146028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4146028"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4146028, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4146028", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4146028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4146028; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4146028"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4146028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4146028"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4146028; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4146028]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4146028").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4146028").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4146028"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary">History of Hungary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11180" type="text/json">{"id":11180,"name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12829" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire">History of the Mongol Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12829" type="text/json">{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Hungary">Medieval Hungary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28239" type="text/json">{"id":28239,"name":"Medieval Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Hungary?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4146028]'), work: {"id":4146028,"title":"A TATÁRJÁRÁS. 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Szabó","profile_url":"https://btm.academia.edu/J%C3%A1nosBSzab%C3%B3?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5000878/2231485/2611625/s65_j_nos.b._szab_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":11180,"name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":28239,"name":"Medieval Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Hungary?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":67861,"name":"Medieval Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Military_History?f_ri=12829"},{"id":87751,"name":"Arpadian Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arpadian_Age?f_ri=12829"},{"id":138654,"name":"Mongol empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol_empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":402322,"name":"Árpád-Kor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arpad-Kor?f_ri=12829"},{"id":417176,"name":"History of Mongol Empire and Juchi Ulus (Golden Horde)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Mongol_Empire_and_Juchi_Ulus_Golden_Horde_?f_ri=12829"},{"id":515478,"name":"Mongol world empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol_world_empire?f_ri=12829"},{"id":632686,"name":"History of Árpád-Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arpad-Age?f_ri=12829"},{"id":1035489,"name":"Mongol Empire and Its Successors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongol_Empire_and_Its_Successors?f_ri=12829"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24469671" data-work_id="24469671" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24469671/%D0%A3_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%83%D1%86_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_1997">У.Эрдэнэбат. "Монголын Нууц Товчоо"-ны Алан Гоа эхийн домгийн учир. Улаанбаатар, 1997.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24469671" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="67da7b2c3d9e8855ef6980c0447f9e9f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44800410,"asset_id":24469671,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44800410/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8087174" href="https://num.academia.edu/UlambayarErdenebat">Ulambayar Erdenebat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8087174" type="text/json">{"id":8087174,"first_name":"Ulambayar","last_name":"Erdenebat","domain_name":"num","page_name":"UlambayarErdenebat","display_name":"Ulambayar Erdenebat","profile_url":"https://num.academia.edu/UlambayarErdenebat?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8087174/3431929/136049839/s65_ulambayar.erdenebat.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24469671 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24469671"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24469671, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24469671", }); 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Toyoshi Kenkyu 52-3, 1993, 399-434. (in Japanese)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this paper is to analyze affinal relationships of the family of Činggis Qan, applying the concept of “exchange of women” in structural anthropology and to show how the affinal relationships changed for several generations.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8029355" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this paper is to analyze affinal relationships of the family of Činggis Qan, applying the concept of “exchange of women” in structural anthropology and to show how the affinal relationships changed for several generations. <br />In the generation of sons of Činggis Qan, Joči married Alči Noyan’s daughter and Čaγatai married Alči Noyan's cousin's daughter. Alči Noyan was a leader of Qonggirad tribe. The important point to note is that in this generation a sister-exchange marriage was made between Joči and Alči Noyan's son Čiγu. It means the establishment of a mutual marriage alliance between the two families. In the next generation, however, Ögödei's son Küčü married Alči Noyan's granddaughter Qataqaš and Tolui's son Qubilai married Alči Noyan's daughter Čabui. This means that in place of Joči's and Čaγatai's families, Ögödei's and Tolui's families formed a marriage alliance with the lineage of Alči Noyan. On the other hand, a lineage of Quduqa Beki who was a leader of Oyrad tribe expanded their affinal relationship with the family of Činggis Qan. Quduqa Beki's daughter and granddaughters were married to Činggis Qan's grandsons who were Batu, Qara Hülegü, Möngke, Hülegü and Ariq Böke. These marriages were based on a pattern of reciprocal exchange of women. <br />Under this situation Möngke Qa’an ascended the throne.　He executed Qataqaš, Alči Noyan's granddaughter, because she was a mother of his rival Širemün. During the reign of Möngke Qan the lineage of Alči Noyan reduced their power as affinal relatives of royal family and practically they maintained their affinal relationship only with Qubilai's family.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8029355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="14dcf9edfcd79050f688a282c1a022c3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34491894,"asset_id":8029355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34491894/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDMzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15406507" href="https://shudo-u.academia.edu/NobuhiroUno">Nobuhiro Uno</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15406507" type="text/json">{"id":15406507,"first_name":"Nobuhiro","last_name":"Uno","domain_name":"shudo-u","page_name":"NobuhiroUno","display_name":"Nobuhiro Uno","profile_url":"https://shudo-u.academia.edu/NobuhiroUno?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15406507/4158446/56758794/s65_nobuhiro.uno.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8029355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8029355"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8029355, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8029355", }); 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Toyoshi Kenkyu 52-3, 1993, 399-434. (in Japanese)","created_at":"2014-08-20T01:29:30.876-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8029355/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%82%B9%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%A9%9A%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E9%81%B7_Changes_of_Affinal_Relationships_of_the_Family_of_Chingis_Khan_Toyoshi_Kenkyu_52_3_1993_399_434_in_Japanese_?f_ri=12829","dom_id":"work_8029355","summary":"The purpose of this paper is to analyze affinal relationships of the family of Činggis Qan, applying the concept of “exchange of women” in structural anthropology and to show how the affinal relationships changed for several generations.\r\nIn the generation of sons of Činggis Qan, Joči married Alči Noyan’s daughter and Čaγatai married Alči Noyan's cousin's daughter. Alči Noyan was a leader of Qonggirad tribe. The important point to note is that in this generation a sister-exchange marriage was made between Joči and Alči Noyan's son Čiγu. It means the establishment of a mutual marriage alliance between the two families. In the next generation, however, Ögödei's son Küčü married Alči Noyan's granddaughter Qataqaš and Tolui's son Qubilai married Alči Noyan's daughter Čabui. This means that in place of Joči's and Čaγatai's families, Ögödei's and Tolui's families formed a marriage alliance with the lineage of Alči Noyan. On the other hand, a lineage of Quduqa Beki who was a leader of Oyrad tribe expanded their affinal relationship with the family of Činggis Qan. Quduqa Beki's daughter and granddaughters were married to Činggis Qan's grandsons who were Batu, Qara Hülegü, Möngke, Hülegü and Ariq Böke. These marriages were based on a pattern of reciprocal exchange of women.\r\nUnder this situation Möngke Qa’an ascended the throne.　He executed Qataqaš, Alči Noyan's granddaughter, because she was a mother of his rival Širemün. During the reign of Möngke Qan the lineage of Alči Noyan reduced their power as affinal relatives of royal family and practically they maintained their affinal relationship only with Qubilai's family.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34491894,"asset_id":8029355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15406507,"first_name":"Nobuhiro","last_name":"Uno","domain_name":"shudo-u","page_name":"NobuhiroUno","display_name":"Nobuhiro Uno","profile_url":"https://shudo-u.academia.edu/NobuhiroUno?f_ri=12829","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15406507/4158446/56758794/s65_nobuhiro.uno.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":35262,"name":"Marriage (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marriage_History_?f_ri=12829","nofollow":false},{"id":497446,"name":"Genghis 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