CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '912d6db13826896a',cH: 'oTLnWfH2OBk8Y_kUrTzI4XkaXvDJMgGFo1ottZhUNXE-1739707763-1.2.1.1-CutcygbFuPZsPPMcckJ2YhJ8g6vhw9hFmr4RTsqdNRi0y_zxW.x99aub8kxO4SCz',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=multilevel%20cooperation&__cf_chl_tk=mPYGpxl0Z1D3ydlcPwjE_KCeLJG.ElsaX2zKz5k4qTc-1739707763-1.0.1.1-60MIm0KComE15rgB2gLJg5UEYadnet5raXN6PETKLaQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739707763',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=multilevel%20cooperation&__cf_chl_f_tk=mPYGpxl0Z1D3ydlcPwjE_KCeLJG.ElsaX2zKz5k4qTc-1739707763-1.0.1.1-60MIm0KComE15rgB2gLJg5UEYadnet5raXN6PETKLaQ",md: "joF0eA2iiTLUwFK1VCYPzEH6OlZHgJJOLmYumkzhqCc-1739707763-1.2.1.1-v0_LyvebrIA1vZrjHEYH0nTcMNEO3IGH7ZPiTa8hG.dukYZLZThQL6o7YYc_Um_bQgKPqjoUvp2njluCHcCW8m9O.NFHLOo82giaVSBMJxUzEyg7IkE1sUSH39uEICpUUgbPLx..v5yslwY8n3J1Z0lXloWZLuPteLw0oTZTRuhxNl2n8opcJcVf04pKnix.2CreqHvIRj_s2XdH973DMjpVHtvxwFz.dZ2O9XavOR.VXLA9a..ZzxMR5G9YpMFKtwEelNs_G.aUqY9oU_CETk.eOjQ4RIL0DjIBg1cT7_JVLaQndRDUcXO7eSTpOTcsfs36rHX9mzH_8_aOlPEG05Odk.J1tvMskKwus6IqSsg_GkkZr4JzI6pSowYxOL2hyE9vTLNzYSu1uaxNaKsRC2qm6wFYQg1h5UXXQ1BRDrFwvt29k4w989QqX4pp05Nr6dsEV.HTfa_qiUk48vZIByNVvT.9ILIry2nNe4_0J2VQ6C70ouHfwHJG4hRnj2syypeYRu42vxYdLjh1Go5x_48XrH93eaplS.aA4kJEhABSDJEvYa3E3rB.wpm2Z1ZMobVc79kImOgSkxj3wP57zOfHkxJL.sAFc7zxQLXw8er2CUi.9heC73kjZRaAutpUILOOIXx8CTtqjH5lfy3AeRBWXL8fy9FCklaY8WXl0AZ8sjsunv5zBcV26cxjTFCR7LvOuOGn1wz7SOOVKRT3JyGW1.Xca31K4oRf7qXPSep1dtXuA6ln7euDnNw4nh1CXa2lVQIMZke8C5YHc.CmSVgPDxNFTr3MtfRtqU5b1SMMLDKKUdf2vLYyZ9fvXNmfDK25tI.XP7HSPTq92zF5Dn.06nBApliInMc44IaVUwnf0uQ0UxAs1W7OnY.k_BYgCrwBDqZrDOQ4rAWEsR4vylXfGC_9pazuOlzAAXFY5cx6Uzp_UyXt3iD.HAZLNSeWS1lOwIM4DoufYR4bhiKeWpSCjw7hiO2XC8I2cHTZ15iZxjpoV.JlUEuOpF9vkJ4gTiesC9y2sA.XVo1ayB70mDsC4mNjJbZ6xFBlrNZ3R8KnqwGK6QMeFjqGemjhdUv.N0gGxWYhD70uhli3Ijvd5V557JjyMAeOAf7wpnxBIQ6o2e2APegeQFP4wjdHNiFy_o5M.2JvrzghrkyQilfIVl2RNXCjayJHKNVa8GzLGcGYJeOpZGEpQqj0O1J98FS_91jnWtUcdaWMpkMPBdADLrd_wS6agXvE43eVIsg1m8la9UxQxqbaeRw2mmPkFxdoGA2vLhkaR88nREJP7NwCkdYOmP.f3af0thGgsGY.RAlrRlfvsgak6zdwSv.zM0lYcjo8rU62Yx12TEnYOBIjTG9hM2BtRGI0DdFA4s2sne8800Zvz.R5COjmYbmtq9EesuXnnj16k6ECOyUSuPsX2eoKvIxsRg6tH0QYwTIuDunL2BcUNB517h4nV31pdJl5wk6KU8nFGSAiH7AoNlIUJrzxkB7bN3lgGXnI1S6i1KAH5OTdzHRw67uDyVqxa.P7kWL2vt2QQzFLekZWV3xBXd99H78qDtIcqlJDMI0pyPWCvMBOm.Y4xqH3LLn2ms5L4BilGKjN9NAK_ULh1M9D0CMaYFCwk8vQeEhukLcQBIF9BH0BRxzhncgZwMet7XRtJlvEPalTGmSsRUrLgy2UlhCsGER4CYxxofZffzbJ5X4L_eCv4740oDxb..uyXLYDQPFPLGsR0OIC1gavNueJ8Dp7cYKqUpDr4KOwfMY5ibIcPKFPJ_QhkWXOCN57MrEbG2_OpjFbx9OD8XwXtlB2ZMaGLYDZcDTENvPOrngIPDYOJqHnsCeqJKzqWIvpTfOLlIYm4UZOgK6fIw0WUBuFuY4CdOxh7uY1NM7ReuTQRnN6_ajcHFvvzQlqf1PbVjXvuvhHTs.sbPKLKRO.MbeqHQf14mh41jkWk7gPyfxctVsF37fzfGGviHRJXIajzcpi",mdrd: "RPaoGPyCKaixeXUupnDKJ0gCqey2BPlQ0kFcKU1uadI-1739707763-1.2.1.1-vqtOKo6i9CpuwmPW5AJ2PMa3eE_2DeFElsIxDxbh3RHb8x1zWu04DGqVBHjxUD2b17S1LHc6hjAKFMWY6BNvtqGRjF8n0rdWfhMLTUcmJyKnZ1mWP7PHkmFFo7XIoF8DH10mjG_a2ujQe10Dq2eepcderWz2E7KVMjxBjY7qLWw7sSzYGohi8k62Jt5GBN87MBP62x3ZgX87MHLp_L5QLK4UyXQmPqS9EzoCRw85O1iWegMB3ZchChg5JtQSKMysNpSNNgqmCN7c5LRrLLJD6qRjzanc7mwpAGnus_fPIQ5gUPp5M.76rhztwpCfjsMuUqo0799Vw.jfnEMUTlDI8W0mK8bwBacqfVWu7iePrX8NLAMrwwtQWvtDzl.zw6ZgUia9dTsGmC8uqxf96O.KeAI2pYaHln5ZMafrOodA2w5jjqVXNMUuCwXjBRB6LO1VSK8Et.K6w6sH3p68OY3vuzbyhRmXd1B.t.9CGXr9yekcGxPRd43pxhBRA7ZpQnPb3Hdoe8P1Z87Fr0tRKFkj0_Z7_j9XVQTDqOZ2k4Zf31RhK.oj_ROoKEcVbOh3.Lk2cVuJ5yOnb8veDs1oSb1DcT3b5vhnuTTipk.YQgeRJrbz9iQg1R6dGMESBAKLpMzayBKcwznNobjHb31K2b_AKqQVBmMMBsDOXr3kNCrlC.oz.PnIyW7xWj3OBPcB088XMtT.ett7inluB_1Jy6fNME6jnEGfDnLDk3LQqYYhJwvhajtbl_pyGB_KOUoExal7IsvWmYYgnLuFR5IDanjAS6JOzgWlomqcqqtylu_vv5umwYnfkFY9fy6XSlIdtN67OOfOKBizWwyY2M1yi3a0LUx4TmKsAzl3CHcEZ5LcpLXK7ZGF1lgmlSUTJdQE4W6PAw8eyC8S_47WDhzHISllt_jBoz8NqrlnXQUzjrNIU8Tl1fqRQ9CZ8sno6fVltM6q_X9nTbn2hI9WRoEIiKQqlddK0HIM0hGysMuW6kJaRiuMIqmhV7zH2GD8GDKuy.Ay_Hd2r9YlFhyY1nvSX0V4WG4fVORveQkc0xvhnGwuqBD3lKrcDJpreh_oYdjRZ..IKhLSumQ141v4_G6VlzHzczW_EP4Q5_ZY.uGfUZ8hWsa_A44_p9pWVQg8FBrmJ1o8YEGqsn1ycGUr70_GYBqrutlfyxU5UVuSO.PxWEjR4x3zd6eZ.Sjzkf6jOcYgJxJkvqIBBzm1lXEBT6pE9uZuyvljfPuKa1.41839mvbDjpwYVMRs0Ch9knQEiOw9fP_yU9LX8iPJiT7YT0miX9trWpfgDpesTtmT6XTBjiwG0K9ST2G9_6Ub96zjVm1DESE0TT7Dq6HhikKwGnf7MXkTHTcld0nLwuCypI4Jjv7a9ctk5_O3ZgFqCk8nk4_LnbRD8Pbx_Z9P_hV3kro7YwLMA4Fb7B_BbwgGelLRTC2_Hoh33sWDeN6GU3bCbmZoBWoZXHQ2w4N0lxw6oc0Ts1WX8vsarQhn1u48Fx2J55fdB3slQhv9_C0krev0HG_gobcOxRzV4S.aSgoa7tXOMLMomp2pIEnFvWrzvPuYKJky8f21.WYgB2oAVw9Xb_NZ9Dm2.i_dczdiol3P18Ydt8CuuHA8VAAyhAkQ2D.jD4G8S8XVlwquk9qolSp6pQF0SF4PoVnkcRjlU_z7AbeqvBzR43L0OHNQrSV_DboRXSJ_0U5_uJlmLE0HbfQeRDy5xxWyMQWsRLIffIYeboYtFC_d_1eViiHqn_WGDFCzUAjZq4d1sCgyepVwrJL.tkFfZWlfGwlp8nvKwW6xMfY9B9t4erE2vL7kaqVjlgXXohWXpjuFcK83ZZvOHSGI1b24Q8Xe9S1AzC9tQjE8igBLez1atOOLbJIRPQN0XRgehRwas3MICtXCSlUlGaDRHJzsxGvQEiY.OL9hZ2KDu0v2T2lNw_kg0yylj17R8vU5EPoRsr2PkeaBE9f_0xzLA1j4wqBmbaf5bDXWsgc.vY4tVU1JHQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=912d6db13826896a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=multilevel%20cooperation&__cf_chl_rt_tk=mPYGpxl0Z1D3ydlcPwjE_KCeLJG.ElsaX2zKz5k4qTc-1739707763-1.0.1.1-60MIm0KComE15rgB2gLJg5UEYadnet5raXN6PETKLaQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>