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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Critique+du+christianisme&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon 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dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css general" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour un article plus général, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">Christianisme</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>La <b>critique du christianisme</b> porte sur les doctrines, les pratiques et l’histoire de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion chrétienne">religion chrétienne</a>. Elle inclut des critiques générales contre les religions et d'autres qui lui sont propres, ainsi que des critiques spécifiques adressées aux différentes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_(institution)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église (institution)">Églises chrétiennes</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg/220px-Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg/330px-Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg/440px-Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1610"></a> <figcaption> Image de Jésus </figcaption> </figure> <p>D'un point de vue historique, les reproches émanent parfois des croyants eux-mêmes, qui soulignent le contraste entre une doctrine qui prêche officiellement l'amour du prochain, et des institutions qui ont au fil des siècles soutenu des pratiques telles que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esclavagisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esclavagisme">esclavagisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, créé l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, lancé les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croisade">croisades</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et propagé l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antisémitisme">antisémitisme</a>.</p> <p>Du point de vue théologique, les interprétations chrétiennes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible hébraïque">Bible hébraïque</a> sont inconcevables pour les autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuples_du_Livre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples du Livre">peuples du Livre</a>, qui considèrent que la notion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">Trinité</a> relève du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polythéisme">polythéisme</a>, de même que l'idée d'un Dieu incarné en homme ou encore le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_marial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte marial">culte marial</a> professé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">christianisme orthodoxe</a>.</p> <p>La critique philosophique de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morale_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Morale chrétienne">morale chrétienne</a> porte notamment sur sa culpabilisation de la sexualité et sa glorification de la souffrance et de la soumission.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%B4le_historique_des_%C3%89glises_chr%C3%A9tiennes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Rôle historique des Églises chrétiennes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Institutionnalisation"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Institutionnalisation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Des_conversions_forc%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l'Inquisition"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Des conversions forcées à l'Inquisition</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aspects_th%C3%A9ologiques"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Aspects théologiques</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J%C3%A9sus_et_le_juda%C3%AFsme"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Jésus et le judaïsme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'influence_de_Paul"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">L'influence de Paul</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_Messie_et_la_Trinit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Le Messie et la Trinité</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9tention_%C3%A0_une_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_universelle"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Prétention à une vérité universelle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aspects_moraux_et_philosophiques"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aspects moraux et philosophiques</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_originel"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Péché originel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Critique_des_valeurs"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Critique des valeurs</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Th%C3%A8mes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Thèmes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Rôle_historique_des_Églises_chrétiennes"><span id="R.C3.B4le_historique_des_.C3.89glises_chr.C3.A9tiennes"></span>Rôle historique des Églises chrétiennes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Rôle historique des Églises chrétiennes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Institutionnalisation">Institutionnalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Institutionnalisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>S'appuyant sur l'enseignement de Paul dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_aux_Romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épître aux Romains">épître aux Romains</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, le christianisme professe que « l'autorité vient de Dieu » et refuse donc la remise en cause du pouvoir en place, considéré <i>a priori</i> comme légitime<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il proclame que les hommes sont frères « dans le Christ » mais ne remet pas en cause l'ordre établi et prône l'obéissance des esclaves à leur maître <sup id="cite_ref-legasse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-legasse-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon l'économiste Éric Stemmelen, cela expliquerait pourquoi le christianisme a été adopté comme religion officielle par les empereurs romains, à une époque où les esclaves se faisaient plus rares<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : <span class="citation">« Le christianisme, à l’opposé de toutes les morales antiques, valorise le travail contraint, qu’il ne juge pas dégradant et incompatible avec la condition d’homme libre »</span><sup id="cite_ref-Huma_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Huma-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Des_conversions_forcées_à_l'Inquisition"><span id="Des_conversions_forc.C3.A9es_.C3.A0_l.27Inquisition"></span>Des conversions forcées à l'Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Des conversions forcées à l'Inquisition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conversion_forc%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conversion forcée">Conversion forcée</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conversion_au_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conversion au christianisme">Conversion au christianisme</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Critique du christianisme">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Aspects_théologiques"><span id="Aspects_th.C3.A9ologiques"></span>Aspects théologiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Aspects théologiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jésus_et_le_judaïsme"><span id="J.C3.A9sus_et_le_juda.C3.AFsme"></span>Jésus et le judaïsme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Jésus et le judaïsme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles connexes : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qu%C3%AAte_du_J%C3%A9sus_historique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quête du Jésus historique">Quête du Jésus historique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racines_juives_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racines juives du christianisme">Racines juives du christianisme</a>. </div> </div> <p>On dispose de peu de sources sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qu%C3%AAte_du_J%C3%A9sus_historique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quête du Jésus historique">Jésus historique</a>, au point que des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A8se_mythiste_(J%C3%A9sus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thèse mythiste (Jésus)">thèses mythistes</a> sont allées jusqu'à mettre en doute son existence<sup id="cite_ref-Spong_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Spong-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À quelques exceptions près, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sources_sur_la_vie_de_J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sources sur la vie de Jésus de Nazareth">sources sur sa vie</a> émanent des premières communautés chrétiennes et concernent essentiellement ses années de prédication. Les seuls éléments connus avec certitude sont ses liens avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_le_Baptiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean le Baptiste">Jean le Baptiste</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucifixion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, trop gênants pour avoir été inventés par ses disciples<sup id="cite_ref-Spong_8-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Spong-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pour le consensus historien, la prédication de Jésus se situe pour l'essentiel dans la continuité de la tradition du judaïsme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharisien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisien">pharisien</a><sup id="cite_ref-resume_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-resume-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Des chercheurs tels que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Marguerat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Marguerat">Daniel Marguerat</a> avancent que Jésus <span class="citation">« n'avait pas du tout l'idée de fonder une nouvelle religion rivalisant avec la religion d'Israël ; il voulait réformer le dogme juif qui n'obtempéra point »</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Quesnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Quesnel">Michel Quesnel</a>, Jésus n'est pas le fondateur du christianisme : <span class="citation">« Nous ne voyons point pourquoi Jésus est qualifié de fondateur. Sa religion était le Judaïsme tant dans sa conduite que dans son instruction ; il en récusa les formalités mais n'en renia pas les fondements »</span><sup id="cite_ref-ref-1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ref-1-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En ce sens, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Flusser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Flusser">David Flusser</a> voit dans le christianisme une sorte de <span class="citation">« judaïsme de seconde zone »</span> qui se caractérise par un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antijuda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antijudaïsme">antijudaïsme</a> virulent<sup id="cite_ref-Flusser_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flusser-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'échec du christianisme dans ses velléités de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conversion_religieuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conversion religieuse">convertir</a> le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuple_juif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuple juif">peuple juif</a> constitue précisément la base de l'antijudaïsme chrétien<sup id="cite_ref-Flusser_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flusser-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En mai 2000, le philosophe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Schn%C3%A4delbach&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Herbert Schnädelbach (page inexistante)">Herbert Schnädelbach</a> a déclenché un débat sur ce sujet avec un article de presse intitulé « La malédiction du christianisme »<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il y recense sept « maladies infantiles » du christianisme : le concept de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_originel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péché originel">péché originel</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justification_(th%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justification (théologie)">justification</a> par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrifice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_Mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande Mission">Grande Mission</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antijuda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antijudaïsme">antijudaïsme</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eschatologie_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eschatologie chrétienne">eschatologie</a>, l’intrusion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platonisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platonisme">platonisme</a> et la déformation de la réalité historique. Une fois que le christianisme sera guéri de ces sept maladies, conclut Schnädelbach, il n’en restera presque plus rien : le christianisme deviendra alors une forme de judaïsme éclairé, car la partie saine du christianisme appartient au judaïsme.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'influence_de_Paul"><span id="L.27influence_de_Paul"></span>L'influence de Paul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : L'influence de Paul" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> considère que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul de Tarse</a> a interprété, voire réinventé les doctrines de Jésus, au point de pouvoir être considéré comme le véritable fondateur du christianisme<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> entre autres souligne le dualisme de Paul et estime que celui-ci s'est directement inspiré des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnosticisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnosticisme">croyances gnostiques</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultes_%C3%A0_myst%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultes à mystères">cultes à mystères</a> pour construire une nouvelle religion centrée sur le sacrifice expiatoire d'un être à caractère divin<sup id="cite_ref-resume_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-resume-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_Messie_et_la_Trinité"><span id="Le_Messie_et_la_Trinit.C3.A9"></span>Le Messie et la Trinité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le Messie et la Trinité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La doctrine chrétienne qui identifie Jésus au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messie">Messie</a> annoncé dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proph%C3%A9tie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prophétie">prophéties</a> de la Bible hébraïque est réfutée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_de_vue_du_juda%C3%AFsme_sur_J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Point de vue du judaïsme sur Jésus de Nazareth">point de vue du judaïsme</a>, tout comme l'idée que la parole de Jésus puisse se substituer à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torah">Torah</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La notion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">Trinité</a>, qui constitue le fondement théologique du christianisme, s'oppose frontalement au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monothéisme">monothéisme</a> juif<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La divinité de Jésus, au cœur de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christologie">christologie</a>, a d'ailleurs provoqué de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schisme">schismes</a> au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisme ancien">christianisme ancien</a>.</p> <p>Cette critique apparaît également dès les origines de l'islam qui, tout comme le judaïsme, récuse les statues et les images saintes en tant qu'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idol%C3%A2trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idolâtrie">idolâtrie</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">Trinité</a> en tant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polythéisme">polythéisme</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coran">Coran</a> rejette le concept d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation (christianisme)">Incarnation</a> : Jésus, fils de Marie, est l'apôtre de Dieu, mais n'est pas Dieu<sup id="cite_ref-islam34_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam34-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Prétention_à_une_vérité_universelle"><span id="Pr.C3.A9tention_.C3.A0_une_v.C3.A9rit.C3.A9_universelle"></span>Prétention à une vérité universelle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Prétention à une vérité universelle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><i>Le discours véritable</i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celse_(philosophe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celse (philosophe)">Celse</a> (vers 176) compare les chrétiens <span class="citation">« à une troupe de chauves-souris, à des souris sorties de leur trou, à des grenouilles tenant conseil autour d’un marais, à des vers formant assemblée dans un coin de bourbier, se disputant pour savoir qui d’entre eux sont les plus grands pécheurs et disant : « À nous, Dieu révèle et prédit tout d’avance : il néglige le monde entier, le mouvement du ciel, et sans souci de la vaste terre, pour nous seuls il gouverne, avec nous seuls il communique par ses messagers, ne cessant de les envoyer et de chercher par quels moyens nous lui serons unis pour toujours… » »</span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans <i>Additions aux pensées philosophiques, ou objections diverses contre les écrits de différents théologiens</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denis_Diderot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> lui fait écho en écrivant qu'une religion intéressant tous les hommes aurait dû être <span class="citation">« éternelle, universelle et évidente »</span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, or aucune ne l'est ce qui implique que les religions sont fausses. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_de_Certeau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel de Certeau">Michel de Certeau</a> valide cette critique dans <i>Le Christianisme éclaté</i>, Seuil, Paris, 1974 (un dialogue avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Marie_Domenach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Marie Domenach">Jean-Marie Domenach</a> sur France-Inter ensuite transcrit et publié), insistant sur la relativité du christianisme, estimant que le christianisme doit renoncer à <span class="citation">« l’illusoire prétention d’être […] un message en principe vrai pour tous »</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Commune au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a>, à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> et à toutes les philosophies fondées sur une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcendance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transcendance">transcendance</a>, elle remet en question plus généralement l'existence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu">Dieu</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9v%C3%A9lation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révélation">Révélation</a>, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Au-del%C3%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Au-delà">Au-delà</a>, etc.</p> <p>Voir en particulier les articles <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déisme">déisme</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athéisme">athéisme</a>.</p> <p>Les musulmans reprochent à l'Église d'avoir jeté l'anathème sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coran">Coran</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahomet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahomet">prophète de l'islam</a>, et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oumma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oumma">oumma</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/680?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="680">680</a> dans les résolutions du Concile œcuménique tenu à Constantinople sachant que chaque concile est inspiré par le Saint Esprit<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Aspects_moraux_et_philosophiques">Aspects moraux et philosophiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Aspects moraux et philosophiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Péché_originel"><span id="P.C3.A9ch.C3.A9_originel"></span>Péché originel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Péché originel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olivier_Rey_(philosophe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olivier Rey (philosophe)">Olivier Rey</a> la cueillette du fruit défendu à l’arbre de la connaissance du bien et du mal exprime <span class="citation">« la convoitise de cette connaissance totale – qui abolit l’autre -, non pas l’arbre à connaître le bien et le mal, mais à connaître bien ou mal un sujet : bien si l’on s’abstient d’en manger, mal si l’on en mange. La faute d’Adam et Ève n’a pas été de vouloir être comme des dieux, mais de ne pas avoir compris qu’ils l’étaient ! Et de s’être exilés eux-mêmes de cette condition, pour s’être fait une fausse identité de la divinité, comme maîtrise sans limite »</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Critique_des_valeurs">Critique des valeurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Critique des valeurs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Trois penseurs sont généralement évoqués comme les « maîtres du soupçon » pour leur remise en cause des valeurs chrétiennes de la société occidentale : Marx, Freud et Nietzsche.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> dénonce l'aliénation sociale du monde, où les hommes sont opprimés et soumis à des inégalités insupportables<sup id="cite_ref-Decloux_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Decloux-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pour lui la religion est une structure créée par la société, alliée objective de la classe dominante, qui permet de justifier les inégalités sociales en glorifiant les bienfaits de la souffrance. Ce que dénonce avant tout Marx, c'est l’effet anesthésiant, aliénant et mystifiant des religions sur la mentalité collective. De là son expression célèbre : <span class="citation">« La religion est l'opium du peuple »</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, le christianisme est la religion des faibles<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui cherchent à empêcher les forts de vivre leur liberté<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La journaliste Pascale Lagniot résume ainsi les critiques morales : <span class="citation">« Le christianisme n’est pas une religion populaire, c’est une religion qui a été ordonnée au peuple et, avec elle, son exaltation de la souffrance, sa glorification de la résignation, son goût morbide pour le sang, sa haine du corps, sa morale sexuelle répressive, etc. D’une foi rebelle à tout pouvoir née dans une petite secte juive, le christianisme, se confondant avec l’empire, va devenir la plus grande machine de coercition jamais apparue sur terre »</span><sup id="cite_ref-Huma_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Huma-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_Segond_1910/%25C3%2589p%25C3%25AEtre_aux_Romains%23Romains_13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible Segond 1910/Épître aux Romains">Rm 13</a> : « Que toute personne soit soumise aux autorités supérieures ; car il n’y a point d’autorité qui ne vienne de Dieu, et les autorités qui existent ont été instituées de Dieu. C’est pourquoi celui qui s’oppose à l’autorité résiste à l’ordre que Dieu a établi, et ceux qui résistent attireront une condamnation sur eux-mêmes. »</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Quenum2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alphonse_Quenum2008">Alphonse Quenum, <cite class="italique">Les Églises chrétiennes et la traite atlantique du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Karthala éditions, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/assr_0335-5985_1994_num_86_1_1443_t1_0303_0000_3">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DPpTrwZn36OAC%26pg%3DPA73">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">72-73</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%89glises+chr%C3%A9tiennes+et+la+traite+atlantique+du+XVe+au+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%A9ditions&rft.aulast=Quenum&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=72-73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peña-Ruiz1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Peña-Ruiz1998"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Pe%C3%B1a-Ruiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Peña-Ruiz">Henri Peña-Ruiz</a>, <cite class="italique">La Laïcité</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Dominos », <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">36-37</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=36-37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peña-Ruiz1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Peña-Ruiz1998"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Pe%C3%B1a-Ruiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Peña-Ruiz">Henri Peña-Ruiz</a>, <cite class="italique">La Laïcité</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Dominos », <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 54<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-legasse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-legasse_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Légasse1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simon_Légasse1980">Simon Légasse, « <cite style="font-style:normal">L’épître à Philémon ou Paul et l’esclavage</cite> », <i>Cahiers Évangile</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 33,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1980-09" data-sort-value="1980-09">septembre 1980</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.portstnicolas.org/phare/etudes-specialisees/article/l-epitre-a-philemon-ou-paul-et-l-esclavage">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99%C3%A9p%C3%AEtre+%C3%A0+Phil%C3%A9mon+ou+Paul+et+l%E2%80%99esclavage&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+%C3%89vangile&rft.issue=33&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9gasse&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portstnicolas.org%2Fphare%2Fetudes-specialisees%2Farticle%2Fl-epitre-a-philemon-ou-paul-et-l-esclavage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Riglet2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc_Riglet2010">Marc Riglet, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Économie et religion, une histoire d'amour ?</cite> », <i>L'Express</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-16" data-sort-value="2010-11-16">16 novembre 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/la-religion-des-seigneurs-histoire-de-l-essor-du-christianisme-entre-le-ier-et-le-vie-siecle_935675.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C3%89conomie+et+religion%2C+une+histoire+d%27amour+%3F&rft.jtitle=L%27Express&rft.aulast=Riglet&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Fculture%2Flivre%2Fla-religion-des-seigneurs-histoire-de-l-essor-du-christianisme-entre-le-ier-et-le-vie-siecle_935675.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Huma-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Huma_7-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Huma_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.humanite.fr/12_11_2010-comment-le-christianisme-est-devenu-une-vaste-machine-de-coercition-457587"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Comment le christianisme est devenu une vaste machine de coercition</cite></a> », <i>L'Humanité</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-13" data-sort-value="2010-11-13">13 novembre 2010</time></span> Extrait du livre <i>La Religion des seigneurs</i>, d’Éric Stemmelen <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84186-543-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84186-543-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84186-543-7</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Spong-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Spong_8-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Spong_8-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Spong2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Spong2006"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Spong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Spong">John Spong</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://protestantsdanslaville.org/john-s-spong/js40.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Historicité de Jésus</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Protestants dans la ville</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-11-21" data-sort-value="2006-11-21">21 novembre 2006</time></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-resume-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-resume_9-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-resume_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maccoby1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hyam_Maccoby1987">Hyam Maccoby (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> de l'anglais), <cite class="italique">Paul et l'invention du christianisme</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lieu_Commun&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lieu Commun (page inexistante)">Lieu Commun</a>, <time>1987</time>, 312 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-86705-073-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-86705-073-1"><span class="nowrap">2-86705-073-1</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 28 à 32<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+et+l%27invention+du+christianisme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lieu+Commun&rft.aulast=Maccoby&rft.aufirst=Hyam&rft.date=1987&rft.pages=28+%C3%A0+32&rft.tpages=312&rft.isbn=2-86705-073-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mohamed Talbi, <i>Afin que mon cœur se rassure</i>, éd. Nirvana, 2010, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 352</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ref-1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ref-1_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mohamed Talbi, Afin que mon cœur se rassure, éd. Nirvana, 2010, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 351</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Flusser-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Flusser_12-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Flusser_12-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dkin7Y5xcAuIC%26pg%3DPA41">Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus</a></i>, by Miriam S. Taylor, p. 41.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Schn%C3%A4delbach&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Herbert Schnädelbach (page inexistante)">Herbert Schnädelbach</a>, <i>Der Fluch des Christentums</i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Die_Zeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i>, 11 mai 2000.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> Cf <i>Comment devient-on dieu ?</i> Article de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_de_Dieguez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Dieguez">Manuel de Dieguez</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libération (journal)">Libération</a></i>, 20 avril 1987</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Neusner1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacob_Neusner1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Neusner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Rabbi Talks with Jésus</cite>, Doubleday, <time>1993</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/147421?fr%3Dy%26refresh_ce">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DeI7lR3rleYYC%26pg%3DPA111%26dq%3DA%2BRabbi%2BTalks%2Bwith%2BJ%25C3%25A9sus">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 113<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rabbi+Talks+with+J%C3%A9sus&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">« The Christian idea of a trinity contradicts the most basic tenet of Judaism – that G-d is One. Jews have declared their belief in a single unified G-d twice daily ever since the giving of the Torah at Sinai – almost two thousand years before Christianity. The trinity suggests a three part deity: The Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost (Matthew 28:19). In Jewish law, worship of a three-part god is considered idolatry; one of the three cardinal sins for which a person should rather give up his life than transgress. The idea of the trinity is absolutely incompatible with Judaism. »</span> Extrait de l'article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ohr.edu/ask/ask00j.htm">Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus</a> du site « Ask the Rabbi » Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam34-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam34_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="UrvoyTroupeau_(dir)2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dominique_UrvoyGérard_Troupeau_(dir)2009"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominique_Urvoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominique Urvoy">Dominique Urvoy</a> et Gérard Troupeau (dir), <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « Premières controverses théologiques », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">34-35</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=Premi%C3%A8res+controverses+th%C3%A9ologiques&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Urvoy&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Troupeau+%28dir%29&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=34-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cité par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Sesbo%C3%BC%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Sesboüé">Bernard Sesboüé</a>, <i>Christ Seigneur et Fils de Dieu</i>, Lethielleux, Paris, 2010, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">83-84</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cité dans <i>Pourquoi nous ne sommes pas chrétiens. 40 écrivains et philosophes, 40 réponses</i>, Max Milo, Paris, 2009, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 174.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Michel de Certeau et Jean-Marie Domenach, <i>Le Christianisme éclaté, p. 69-71.</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mohamed Talbi, <i>Afin que mon cœur se rassure</i>, éd. Nirvana, 2010, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 306</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Olivier Rey, <i>Une Folle Solitude</i>, Seuil, Paris, 2006, p. 63</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Decloux-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Decloux_23-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Decloux1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simon_Decloux1978"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Simon_Decloux&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Simon Decloux (page inexistante)">Simon Decloux</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Vie religieuse et « Maîtres du soupçon »</cite> », <i>Vies Consacrées</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr> 1978-4,‎ <time>1978</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vies-consacrees.be/IMG/pdf/vies-consacrees-decloux.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vie+religieuse+et+%C2%AB+Ma%C3%AEtres+du+soup%C3%A7on+%C2%BB&rft.jtitle=Vies+Consacr%C3%A9es&rft.issue=1978-4&rft.aulast=Decloux&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vies-consacrees.be%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fvies-consacrees-decloux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+du+christianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Karl Marx, <i>Critique de la philosophie du droit de Hegel</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">« Que chacun soit une "âme immortelle" et de rang égal avec chacun, […] que de petits cagots, des toqués aux trois quarts aient le droit de se figurer que pour eux les lois de la nature sont <i>enfreintes</i> sans cesse, - une telle gradation de tous les égoïsmes jusqu'à l'infini […] ne peut pas être marquée d'assez de mépris. Et pourtant le christianisme doit sa <i>victoire</i> à cette pitoyable flatterie de la vanité personnelle, -par là il a attiré à lui tout ce qui est manqué, bassement révolté, tous ceux qui n'ont pas eu leur part, le rebut et l'écume de l'humanité. »</span>, in <i>L'Antéchrist</i>, éditions Mercure de France, 1952, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">241-242</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">« Le poison de la doctrine des "droits <i>égaux</i> pour tous", ce poison, le christianisme l'a semé par principe ; le christianisme a détruit notre bonheur sur la terre… Accorder l'immortalité à Pierre et à Paul fut jusqu'à présent l'attentat le plus énorme, le plus méchant contre l'humanité <i>noble</i>. »</span>, ibid.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach">Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Christianisme_d%C3%A9voil%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Christianisme dévoilé">Le Christianisme dévoilé</a></i>, 1766.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Le_Roy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Le Roy">Eugène Le Roy</a> (1836-1907), <i>Études critiques sur le christianisme</i>, Éditions La Lauze, 2007, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2352490154?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2352490154"><span class="nowrap">2352490154</span></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Meslier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a> (1664-1729), <i>Mémoire contre la religion</i>, Paris, éditions Coda, 600 p., 2007 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2849670278?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2849670278"><span class="nowrap">2849670278</span></a>)</small></li> <li>Éric Stemmelen, <i>La Religion des seigneurs</i>, éditions Michalon, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84186-543-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84186-543-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84186-543-7</span></a>)</small>.</li> <li>Shourie, A. (1994). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: ASA Publications.</li> <li>Goel, S. R. (1996). History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/8185990352?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/8185990352"><span class="nowrap">8185990352</span></a>)</small></li> <li>Madhya Pradesh. (1998). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. New Delhi: Voice of India.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Thèmes"><span id="Th.C3.A8mes"></span>Thèmes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Thèmes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnosticisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnosticisme">Agnosticisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athéisme">Athéisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolorisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolorisme">Dolorisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infaillibilit%C3%A9_pontificale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infaillibilité pontificale">Infaillibilité pontificale</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libre-pens%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libre-pensée">Libre-pensée</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_de_la_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie de la religion">Philosophie de la religion</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertrand_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_et_Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science et Religion">Science et Religion</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A8se_mythiste_(J%C3%A9sus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thèse mythiste (Jésus)">Thèse mythiste</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Histoire">Histoire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Critique_du_christianisme&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celse_(philosophe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celse (philosophe)">Celse</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julien_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julien (empereur romain)">Julien (empereur romain)</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du christianisme"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/17px-Latin_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/17px-Latin_Cross.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="17" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/25px-Latin_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/33px-Latin_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Christianisme">Portail du christianisme</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Th%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la théologie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/21px-God_In_Religions_1.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="494"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/21px-God_In_Religions_1.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="21" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/31px-God_In_Religions_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/41px-God_In_Religions_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Th%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Théologie">Portail de la théologie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" 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hreflang="da" data-title="Kristendomskritik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD_%25CE%25A7%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C" title="Κριτική στον Χριστιανισμό – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κριτική στον Χριστιανισμό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Criticism of Christianity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%25C3%25ADtica_al_cristianismo" title="Crítica al cristianismo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crítica al cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="نقد مسیحیت – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقد مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinuskon_kritiikki" title="Kristinuskon kritiikki – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinuskon kritiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%2588%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%2588%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AA%25A4%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2580_%25E0%25AA%259F%25E0%25AB%2580%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AA%25BE" title="ઈસાઈયતની ટીકા – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈસાઈયતની ટીકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A4_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="ईसाईयत की टीका – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसाईयत की टीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_kereszt%25C3%25A9nys%25C3%25A9g_kritik%25C3%25A1ja" title="A kereszténység kritikája – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A kereszténység kritikája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D6%2584%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Քրիստոնեության քննադատություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեության քննադատություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_terhadap_Kekristenan" title="Kritik terhadap Kekristenan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kritik terhadap Kekristenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critiche_al_cristianesimo" title="Critiche al cristianesimo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Critiche al cristianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EB%258F%2585%25EA%25B5%2590%25EC%2597%2590_%25EB%258C%2580%25ED%2595%259C_%25EB%25B9%2584%25ED%258C%2590" title="기독교에 대한 비판 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교에 대한 비판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A4_%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%25BE" title="ക്രിസ്തുമത വിമർശനങ്ങൾ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്തുമത വിമർശനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritikan_terhadap_agama_Kristian" title="Kritikan terhadap agama Kristian – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kritikan terhadap agama Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%25C3%25ADtica_ao_cristianismo" title="Crítica ao cristianismo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crítica ao cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_cre%25C8%2599tinismului" title="Critica creștinismului – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Critica creștinismului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Критика христианства – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Критика христианства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_hri%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587anstva" title="Kritika hrišćanstva – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kritika hrišćanstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Criticism of Christianity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_av_kristendomen" title="Kritik av kristendomen – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kritik av kristendomen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D" title="கிறித்தவம் குறித்த விமர்சனங்கள் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறித்தவம் குறித்த விமர்சனங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2588%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%2582_%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%2588_%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2587%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25A4" title="క్రైస్తవమతం పై వ్యతిరేకత – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రైస్తవమతం పై వ్యతిరేకత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyanl%25C4%25B1k_ele%25C5%259Ftirisi" title="Hristiyanlık eleştirisi – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyanlık eleştirisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Критика християнства – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Критика християнства" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E6%2595%2599%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2589%25B9%25E8%25AF%2584" title="对基督教的批评 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="对基督教的批评" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 8 octobre 2024 à 23:45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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