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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_toleration_and_liberty_of_conscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_toleration_and_liberty_of_conscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Religious toleration and liberty of conscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_toleration_and_liberty_of_conscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millenarian_'admissionists'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millenarian_'admissionists'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Millenarian 'admissionists'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millenarian_'admissionists'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1649_to_1654:_First_steps_towards_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1649_to_1654:_First_steps_towards_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1649 to 1654: First steps towards resettlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1649_to_1654:_First_steps_towards_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1655_and_1656:_Informal_resettlement_achieved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1655_and_1656:_Informal_resettlement_achieved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1655 and 1656: Informal resettlement achieved</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1655_and_1656:_Informal_resettlement_achieved-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1655 and 1656: Informal resettlement achieved subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1655_and_1656:_Informal_resettlement_achieved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menasseh_Ben_Israel's_petition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menasseh_Ben_Israel's_petition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Menasseh Ben Israel's petition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menasseh_Ben_Israel's_petition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Robles_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Robles_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Robles case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Robles_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debating_the_return_of_the_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debating_the_return_of_the_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Debating the return of the Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debating_the_return_of_the_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Help_from_and_to_Jews_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Help_from_and_to_Jews_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Help from and to Jews abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Help_from_and_to_Jews_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Policy of tolerance towards Jews in Commonwealth-era England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f7f8ff"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccf">This is a part of the series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">History of the<br />Jews in England</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccf"> Medieval</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="background:#eeeeff"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Early history (1066–1290)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_the_Jews" title="Exchequer of the Jews">Exchequer of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">Early literature</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mishl%C3%A8_Shu%27alim" title="Mishlè Shu'alim"><i>Fox Fables</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Oxford" title="Synod of Oxford">Synod of Oxford (1222)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Conversorum" title="Domus Conversorum"><i>Domus Conversorum</i> (est. 1232)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Jewry" title="Statute of Jewry">Statute of Jewry (1253)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Jewry" title="Statute of the Jewry">Statute of the Jewry (1275)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion (1290)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccf"> Blood libel in England</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="background:#eeeeff"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Norwich" title="William of Norwich">William of Norwich, 1144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_of_Gloucester" title="Harold of Gloucester">Harold of Gloucester 1168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Bury" title="Robert of Bury">Robert of Bury, 1181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Saint_Hugh_of_Lincoln" title="Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln">Hugh of Lincoln, 1255</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh" title="Sir Hugh">"Sir Hugh" ballad</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccf"> Medieval Jewish buildings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="background:#eeeeff"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_Synagogue" title="Guildford Synagogue">Guildford Synagogue</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_House" title="Jew's House">Jew's House, Lincoln</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moyse%27s_Hall" title="Moyse's Hall">Moyse's Hall</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccf"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="background:#eeeeff"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resettlement (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">Marranos in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Naturalisation_Act_1753" title="Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753">Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Boys" title="Whitechapel Boys">Whitechapel Boys</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccf"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="background:#eeeeff"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Jews" title="List of British Jews">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">Jews in Ireland</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scotland</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Wales</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Jewish_studies" title="Anglo-Jewish studies">Anglo-Jewish studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Template:History of the Jews in England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Template talk:History of the Jews in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Jews in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>resettlement of the Jews in England</b> was an informal arrangement during the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> in the mid-1650s, which allowed <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to practice their faith openly. It forms a prominent part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">history of the Jews in England</a>. It happened directly after two events. Firstly a prominent rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_ben_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Menasseh ben Israel">Menasseh ben Israel</a> came to the country from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a> to make the case for Jewish resettlement, and secondly a Spanish <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a> (a supposedly converted Jew, who secretly practised his religion) merchant Antonio Robles requested that he be classified as a Jew rather than Spaniard during <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">the war</a> between England and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>. </p><p>Historians have disagreed about the reasons behind the resettlement, particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s motives, but the move is generally seen as a part of a current of religious and intellectual thought moving towards <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">liberty of conscience</a>, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Philosemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosemitic">philosemitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebraic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebraic">Hebraicism</a>, as well as political and trade interests favouring Jewish presence in England. The schools of thought that led to the resettlement of the Jews in England is the most heavily studied subject of Anglo-Jewish history in the period before the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1290, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> had issued an <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">edict expelling all Jews from England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, which started in the 1530s, brought a number of changes that benefited Jews in the long term. Doctrines and rituals of the Roman Catholic church that insulted Jews were eliminated, especially those that emphasised their role in the death of Jesus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholicism</a>, with the Pope as <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">antichrist</a>, came to replace antisemitism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> was marked by both widespread <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial</a> beliefs and a beginning of religious tolerance. Significantly, millenarianism in England often had a strong <a href="/wiki/Hebraist" title="Hebraist">Hebraist</a> character, that emphasised the study of Hebrew and Judaism. This was sometimes extended by certain individuals to claim the English as the <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">descendants of the Ten lost tribes of Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Cromwell himself numbering amongst the supporters of this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">History of the Marranos in England</a></div> <p>After both the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> of 1492, which expelled Jews from Spain in 1492, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">similar measures in Portugal</a> in 1496, some <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> traders (Jewish converts to Christianity, who often practised Judaism in secret, sometimes also known as <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a> or derogatively as <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a>) settled in London and Bristol.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small community was largely linked by trade to Antwerp, and was expelled altogether in 1609. It was with London’s growing importance as a trading city that Jews from the Netherlands began to settle in the country once more from the 1630s. It is from this first that the current Jewish population of the UK has grown.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_toleration_and_liberty_of_conscience">Religious toleration and liberty of conscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious toleration and liberty of conscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1640s and 1650s in England were marked by intense debates about religious tolerance, marked by speeches and tracts by radical puritans and dissenters who called for liberty of conscience. This extreme diversity of opinion about religious toleration was sorted into 12 schools of thought in the seminal study of the period by <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Kitchener_Jordan" title="Wilbur Kitchener Jordan">W.K. Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Coffey uses a simpler three-point schema: anti-tolerationists, conservative tolerationists, and radical tolerationists, pointing out that although the latter were in a minority, they formed an important part of the debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffey2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffey2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless it is important to remember that although figures such as <a href="/wiki/William_Walwyn" title="William Walwyn">William Walwyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Vane_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, and others made powerful apologia for religious toleration, their frame of reference was theological, rather than secular in nature and they were not calling for religious pluralism as is understood today.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early and mid Seventeenth century was also marked by a rise in Hebraism, the study of Jewish scriptures, which were often used to discuss political issues such as the existence of a monarchy or republic, and religious toleration. This debate used Jewish sources to justify its conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent scholar in the field was the MP and jurist <a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a>, whose thought was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erastus" title="Thomas Erastus">Thomas Erastus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotius">Grotius</a>. Selden proposed minimal government intervention on matters of religion, a view he modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_republic" title="Hebrew republic">Hebrew Commonwealth</a>. He in turn influenced similar approaches in <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> (whose plea for freedom of the press, the <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> (1644), directly named him), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a> (the latter of whom proposed settling Jews in Ireland in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall the strongest political group of the 1640s and 50s, the English Puritans, had a negative view of toleration, seeing it as a concession to evil and heresy. It was often associated with tolerating the heresies of <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, the philosophy of free will and free thought, and <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a>, a doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Anti-trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trinitarianism">Anti-trinitarianism</a>. But despite this Puritan hostility to toleration, England did see a certain religious laissez-faire emerge (for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> repealed the <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">recusancy</a> laws in 1650). This was partly due to the impossibility of stopping religious free expression, but it also became a part of the cause of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">new model army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrinal policies of the protectorate were largely conservative. However, this Puritan train of thought could also point towards liberty of conscience. For <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a>, truth lay in the spirit rather than institutions. Like the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Platonists</a>, they searched for internal unity amidst external diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Puritans valued conscience, which could be neither forced nor tested, over ritual and ceremony. So rather than toleration, the key debate among key figures in the Protectorate revolved around <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty of conscience">liberty of conscience</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Blair_Worden" title="Blair Worden">Blair Worden</a>, Cromwell’s religious policy was rooted in a search for union of believers, rather than toleration of differing beliefs, and religious persecution was the largest obstacle to this union. However, liberty of conscience extended only to "God's peculiar" and not heretics (such as <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranters" title="Ranters">Ranters</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a great increase of religious freedom and the ecclesiastical diversity in Cromwellian England. This marked a revolutionary change and led to increasing toleration in the years after the interregnum ended.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the one hand, the loosely Calvinist Cromwell allowed the punishment of men such as the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)" title="John Biddle (Unitarian)">John Biddle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a>, and accepted the restrictions on religious tolerance found in the <a href="/wiki/Humble_Petition_and_Advice" title="Humble Petition and Advice">Humble Petition and Advice</a> of 1657. But on the other hand, his entourage included men who wanted more liberty of belief than he allowed. These non-sectarian ‘merciful men’ or <a href="/wiki/Politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiques">politiques</a>, who wanted to understand and tolerate beliefs different to their own, included <a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hale_(jurist)" title="Matthew Hale (jurist)">Matthew Hale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Worsley" title="Charles Worsley">Sir Charles Worsley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millenarian_'admissionists'"><span id="Millenarian_.27admissionists.27"></span>Millenarian 'admissionists'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Millenarian 'admissionists'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The toleration of Jews was largely borne by the hope of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_the_Jews_(future_event)" title="Conversion of the Jews (future event)">converting them to Christianity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Busher" title="Leonard Busher">Leonard Busher</a> was one of the first to call for the readmission of the Jews to England and the toleration of their faith in 1616. Lawyer and MP, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Finch_(died_1625)" title="Henry Finch (died 1625)">Henry Finch</a> and the scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mede" title="Joseph Mede">Joseph Mede</a> both wrote of the benefits of the conversion of the Jews in the 1620s. The Scottish minister <a href="/wiki/John_Wemyss_(minister)" title="John Wemyss (minister)">John Wemyss</a> advocated readmitting Jews to Christian lands with a view to converting them in the 1630s. So, by the 1640s, the imminent conversion of the Jews was a widespread belief among Puritans. Indeed during that decade the Christians who were most liberal towards Jews are also those who were most committed to their conversion. A number of these ‘admissionists’ were close to Cromwell, including <a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(Town_Clerk_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sadler (Town Clerk of London)">John Sadler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dury" title="John Dury">John Dury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Peter" title="Hugh Peter">Hugh Peter</a>. Other notable readmissionists include exiled Royalist cleric <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barlow_(bishop)" title="Thomas Barlow (bishop)">Thomas Barlow</a> and the Dissenter <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jessey" title="Henry Jessey">Henry Jessey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchy_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Monarchy Men">Fifth Monarchy Men</a> were another example of Puritan millenarians who saw the readmission of the Jews as hastening the kingdom of Christ. The exiled Royalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholas" title="Edward Nicholas">Sir Edward Nicholas</a> is one of the few admissionists who did not seem interested in conversion. By contrast, the anti-admissionists were often animated by the belief that it would be difficult or impossible to convert the Jews. <a href="/wiki/William_Prynne" title="William Prynne">William Prynne</a>’s anti-Semitic pamphlet <i>A Short Demurrer</i>, which was printed on the eve of the Whitehall Conference, and the pamphlet <i>Anglo-Judaeus or The History of the Jews Whilst Here in England</i> by W.H. both doubt that the Jews would be converted once in England.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many millenarians at the time emphasised the chosen role of England in God’s plan, and this was often accompanied by the identification the Jews as the true Israel of the Bible. Indeed, they saw the Jews as a superior group, sharing some characteristics with the chosen nation of England. This belief was rooted in the literal interpretation of the Biblical primacy of the Jews found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brightman" title="Thomas Brightman">Thomas Brightman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that if the Jews were specially favoured by God, the English must listen to their appeals for help.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These philo-semitic figures, who also believed in the restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land, included <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Burroughs" title="Jeremiah Burroughs">Jeremiah Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkeley</a> (whose father had given Brightman’s funeral sermon), <a href="/wiki/John_Fenwicke" title="John Fenwicke">John Fenwicke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1649_to_1654:_First_steps_towards_resettlement">1649 to 1654: First steps towards resettlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1649 to 1654: First steps towards resettlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original petition for readmission was submitted by Johanna and Ebenezer Cartwright, two English baptists living in Amsterdam, to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Thomas Fairfax</a>’s Council of War in January 1649. As well as asking that Jews be allowed to live in England, their petition also expressed the wish that the Jews "shall come to know the Emanuell" and that they be transported to the "Land promised to their fore-fathers". It can be seen as a distillation of the Judeo-centric trends of Puritan thought that had developed over the previous century since <a href="/wiki/John_Bale" title="John Bale">John Bale</a> (1495–1563). However, the petition was sent the day before the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_King_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of King Charles I">high court was established to try Charles I</a>, so in the ensuing turmoil the Cartwrights never received an answer.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Amsterdam-based Rabbi and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_Ben_Israel" title="Menasseh Ben Israel">Menasseh Ben Israel</a> wrote in his book <i>Hope of Israel</i> of the necessity of the Jews being "spread out to the ends of the earth" (Daniel 12:7) before they could be redeemed. The book was originally published in Dutch and Latin in 1650, and then in English (dedicated to Parliament and the Council of State) in 1652.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1651 Ben Israel met <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a> and his envoys on their mission to secure an Anglo-Dutch coalition. The English were impressed by learning and manner, and advised him to formally apply for Jewish readmission to England.<sup id="cite_ref-sachar1994_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachar1994-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1653, at Oliver St John’s suggestion, Cromwell issued an official directive to authorise, "Menasseh ben Israel, a rabbi of the Jewish nation, well respected for his learning and good affection to the State, to come from Amsterdam to these parts." Fearing local anti-English opinion so soon after war, ben Israel turned down the invitation. But by the middle of the decade, Cromwell was taking advice from <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a> trader <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Caceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Caceres">Simon de Caceres</a>. At de Caceres' suggestion, Cromwell dispatched Marrano physician Abraham de Mercado and his son Raphael to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Barbados" title="History of the Jews in Barbados">Barbados</a> (which a few years previously had already started admitting Jews escaping from the Portuguese reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>), where he explored the possibility of Jews setting in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. There they would be offered full civil rights and even land grants.<sup id="cite_ref-sachar1994_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachar1994-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some difference of opinion as to Oliver Cromwell’s opinions regarding the readmission of the Jews. It has been pointed out that he held many of the same hopes regarding the readmission and conversion of the Jews as the millenarians. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rycaut" title="Paul Rycaut">Paul Rycaut</a>, later ambassador to the port of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> recalled the Whitehall Conference, "When they all met, he (Cromwell) ordered the Jews to speak for themselves. After that he turned to the clergy, who inveigled much against the Jews as a cruel and cursed people. Cromwell in his answer to the Clergy called them ‘Men of God’ and desired to be informed by the whether it was not their opinion that the Jews were one day to be called into the Church? He then desired to know whether it was not every Christian man’s duty to forward that good end all he could?… was it not then our duty… to encourage them to settle ere where they could be taught the thuth…[sic]"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been pointed out that Cromwell held more practical beliefs. Cromwell believed that Jews could be used as skilled purveyors of foreign intelligence (which would assist his territorial ambitions).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, toleration of Protestant sects made political sense for Cromwell as it prevented disorder and promoted harmony. He justified the readmission of the Jews using this same tolerant approach, as well as believing that it would improve trade (he saw the Jews as an important part of Amsterdam’s financial success).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competition with the Dutch for trade and the increasingly protectionist commercial policy that led to the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts#The_1651_Act" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Act</a> in October 1651 made <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> want to attract the rich Jews of Amsterdam to London so that they might transfer their important trade interests with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> from the Netherlands to England. The mission of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a> to Amsterdam, though failing to establish a coalition between English and Dutch commercial interests as an alternative to the Navigation Act, had negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_Ben_Israel" title="Menasseh Ben Israel">Menasseh Ben Israel</a> and the Amsterdam community. A pass was granted to Menasseh to enter England, but he was unable to use it because of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>, which lasted from 1652 to 1654. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1655_and_1656:_Informal_resettlement_achieved">1655 and 1656: Informal resettlement achieved</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1655 and 1656: Informal resettlement achieved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The years 1655 and 1656 were to prove decisive in the history of the resettlement of the Jews in England. The first of these was the visit of Menasseh ben Israel and the second was the case of the Marrano trader Antonio Rodrigues Robles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menasseh_Ben_Israel's_petition"><span id="Menasseh_Ben_Israel.27s_petition"></span>Menasseh Ben Israel's petition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Menasseh Ben Israel's petition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menasseh ben Israel's son Samuel had arrived in England accompanied by trader David Dormido<sup id="cite_ref-AngloJewishDict_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngloJewishDict-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1653 to investigate the possibility of the resettlement of the Jews. In May 1655, he was sent back to Amsterdam in order to try to convince his father to visit England. The rabbi came to England in September 1655 with three other local rabbis, where they were lodged as guests of Cromwell.<sup id="cite_ref-sachar1994_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachar1994-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he printed his "humble address" to Cromwell.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (When ben Israel began his stay in London it is reckoned that there were about 20 <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a> families living in the city.)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, a <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Conference" title="Whitehall Conference">national conference was summoned at Whitehall</a> in the early part of December, which included some of the most eminent lawyers, clergymen, and merchants in the country. The lawyers declared no opposition to the Jews' residing in England, but both the clergymen and merchants were opposed to readmission, leading Cromwell to stop the discussion to prevent an adverse decision.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, some change to official policy must have occurred, because the diarist <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn%27s_Diary" title="John Evelyn's Diary">diary</a> on 14 December, "Now were the Jews admitted".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben Israel stayed in England until September 1657, during which time he met and engaged with a number of influential people.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he did not achieve a legal ruling on the resettlement of the Jews, his presence gave prominent Englishmen a positive impression of learning and virtue among Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Robles_case">The Robles case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Robles case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the following year (1656), the question came to a practical issue through the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">war against Spain</a>, which resulted in the arrest of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Rodrigues_Robles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Rodrigues Robles (page does not exist)">Antonio Rodrigues Robles</a>, one of the community of Iberian New Christians who traded between London and the Canary Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robles petitioned for the return of his seized property on account of his being ‘of the Hebrew nation’ rather than Spanish. At the same time six leading members of the New Christian community petitioned Cromwell for permission to gather to worship and acquire a burial ground. Although no formal permission was granted, some assurances must have been given because in the summer Menasseh asked for the Torah scroll to be sent over from Amsterdam, and in the autumn Moses Athias moved from Hamburg to act as religious preceptor. By December 1656 they had rented a house for use as a synagogue, and services began in January of 1657.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February of 1657 the new community, represented by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fernandez_Carvajal" title="Antonio Fernandez Carvajal">Antonio Fernandez Carvajal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Caceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Caceres">Simon de Caceres</a>, acquired land near <a href="/wiki/Mile_End" title="Mile End">Mile End</a> for use as a Synagogue. Historian Todd Endelman makes the point that it is unlikely this activity could have happened without Cromwell’s permission that they could live as professing Jews. The informal nature of the resettlement also meant the forces ranged against it had no target and never united to form any significant opposition. Further, at a later date it meant there were no restrictive laws to repeal when Jews wanted fuller citizenship rights. By the end of the decade the number of Jewish families had risen to thirty five.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1657 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Dormido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon Dormido (page does not exist)">Solomon Dormido</a>, a nephew of Menasseh Ben Israel, was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> as a duly licensed broker of the City of London, without taking the usual oath involving a statement of faith in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (when he was finally sworn in in 1668, the oath was changed for him).<sup id="cite_ref-AngloJewishDict_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngloJewishDict-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carvajal had previously been granted letters of <a href="/wiki/Denization" title="Denization">denization</a> for himself and his son, which guaranteed certain rights of citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debating_the_return_of_the_Jews">Debating the return of the Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Debating the return of the Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the years 1655–56 the question of the return of Jews to England was fought in a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphlet war">pamphlet war</a>. Conservative opponents including <a href="/wiki/William_Prynne" title="William Prynne">William Prynne</a> opposed the return while the Quaker <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a> was in favour. Christian supporters believed the conversion of Jews was a sign of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a> and the readmission to England was a step towards that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method of debate had the advantage of not raising <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> feelings too strongly; and it likewise enabled <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, on his <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a> in 1660, to avoid taking any action on the petition of the merchants of London asking him to revoke Cromwell's concession. He had been assisted during his exile by several Jews of royalist sympathies, such as Andrea Mendes da Costa (<a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">Chamberlain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, wife of Charles II), Antonio Mendes (the physician brother of Andrea, who had cured Catherine of <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> while in Portugal) and Augustine Coronel-Chacon. In 1664 a further attempt was made by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Berkshire" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire">Earl of Berkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricaut">Paul Ricaut</a> to bring about the expulsion of the Jews, but the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a> assured the latter of the continuance of former favour. Similar appeals to prejudice were made in 1673, when Jews, for meeting in Duke's Place for a religious service, were indicted on a charge of rioting, and in 1685, when thirty-seven were arrested on the Royal Exchange; but the proceedings in both cases were put a stop to by direction of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>. The status of the Jews was still very indeterminate, with the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General">Attorney-General</a> declaring that they resided in England only under an implied licence. As a matter of fact, the majority of them were still legally aliens and liable to all the <a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">disabilities</a> that condition carried with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Help_from_and_to_Jews_abroad">Help from and to Jews abroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Help from and to Jews abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> is reported to have been assisted in his ascent to the English throne by a loan of 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Guilders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilders">guilders</a> from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lopes_Suasso" title="Francisco Lopes Suasso">Francisco Lopes Suasso</a> (1614–1685) (of the well-known <a href="/wiki/Lopes_Suasso" title="Lopes Suasso">Lopes Suasso</a> family), later made first Baron <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%27Avernas_le_Gras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D'Avernas le Gras (page does not exist)">d'Avernas le Gras</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a>. William did not interfere when in 1689 some of the chief Jewish merchants of London were forced to pay the duty levied on the goods of aliens, but he refused a petition from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to expel the Jews. William's reign brought about a closer connection between the predominantly Sephardic communities of London and Amsterdam; this aided in the transfer of the European finance centre from the Dutch capital to the English capital. Over this time a small <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> community had arrived and established their own <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in 1692, but they were of little mercantile consequence, and did not figure in the relations between the established Jewish community and the government. One of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> was <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Ayllon" title="Solomon Ayllon">Solomon Ayllon</a>. </p><p>Early in the eighteenth century the Jewish community of London comprised representatives of the chief Jewish financiers in northern Europe; these included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendez_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendez da Costa (page does not exist)">Mendez da Costa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abudiente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abudiente (page does not exist)">Abudiente</a> (later known as Gideon and Eardley), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salvador" title="Joseph Salvador">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopez">Lopez</a>, Fonseca, and <a href="/wiki/Seixas" title="Seixas">Seixas</a> families. The utility of these prominent Jewish merchants and financiers was widely recognised. <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a> in particular made great use of the services of Sir <a href="/wiki/Solomon_de_Medina" title="Solomon de Medina">Solomon de Medina</a>, and indeed was publicly charged with taking an annual <a href="/wiki/Subvention" class="mw-redirect" title="Subvention">subvention</a> from him. The early merchants of the resettlement are estimated to have brought with them a capital of £1,500,000 into the country; this amount is estimated to have increased to £5,000,000 by the middle of the 18th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As early as 1723 an act of Parliament allowed Jews holding land to omit the words "on the true faith of a Christian", when registering their title.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only once more would this allowance be made<sup id="cite_ref-Henriq-PREJ_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henriq-PREJ-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a>, but more significantly the act allowed Jews who had or would have resided in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> for seven years to become naturalised British subjects. </p><p>Shortly afterwards a similar bill was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>, where it passed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Commons</a> in 1745 and 1746, but failed to pass the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Lords</a> in 1747; it was ultimately dropped.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Meanwhile, during the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> rising of 1745 the Jews had shown particular loyalty to the government. Their chief financier, <a href="/wiki/Samson_Gideon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson Gideon">Samson Gideon</a>, had strengthened the stock market, and several of the younger members had volunteered in the corps raised to defend London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The meeting between Menasseh Ben Israel and Oliver Cromwell was painted by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Alexander_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Alexander Hart">Solomon Alexander Hart</a> in 1873 and bought by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Goldsmid" title="Francis Goldsmid">Sir Francis Goldsmid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical figure of Menasseh Ben Israel and the admission of Sephardic Jews from the Netherlands into England are featured in the novel <i>The Weight of Ink</i> by Rachel Kadish (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">History of the Jews in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931200)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1200)">History of the Jews in England (1066–1200)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">History of the Marranos in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Naturalization_Act_1753" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Naturalization Act 1753">Jewish Naturalization Act 1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_standing_of_the_Jews_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Influences on the standing of the Jews in England">Influences on the standing of the Jews in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_Jews_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of the Jews in England">Emancipation of the Jews in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">Early English Jewish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">History of the Jews in Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gow, Andrew Colin and Fradkin, Jeremy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QiTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296">Protestantism and Non-Christian Religions</a> in ed. Rublack, Ulinka (2017). The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations. OUP <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199646920" title="Special:BookSources/9780199646920">9780199646920</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTara_Holmes2011" class="citation web cs1">Tara Holmes (24 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/350.shtml">"Readmission of Jews to Britain in 1656"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Readmission+of+Jews+to+Britain+in+1656&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft.au=Tara+Holmes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fhistory%2F350.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResettlement+of+the+Jews+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindemann, Albert S.; Levy, Richard S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SaEUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Antisemitism: A History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199235032" title="Special:BookSources/9780199235032">9780199235032</a>. p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endelman, Todd M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy6FwmnvVGEC&pg=PA47"><i>The Jews of Georgian England, 1714–1830: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472086092" title="Special:BookSources/9780472086092">9780472086092</a>. p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scult, Mel (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Millennial Expectations and Jewish Liberties: A Study of the Efforts to Convert the Jews in Britain, Up to the Mid Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell and Yates, Donald N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zq9iAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History</i></a>. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786476848" title="Special:BookSources/9780786476848">9780786476848</a> pp. 163–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapide, Pinchas E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_mUvs91FxEC&pg=PA73"><i>Hebrew in the Church: The Foundations of Jewish-Christian Dialogue</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802849175" title="Special:BookSources/9780802849175">9780802849175</a>. p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, John P (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6TaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>The Life and Economics of David Ricardo</i></a> Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461561293" title="Special:BookSources/9781461561293">9781461561293</a> pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/african-freedom-in-tudor-england-dr-hector-nuness-request"><i>African freedom in Tudor England: Dr Hector Nunes’ petition</i></a> ourmigrationstory.org.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, Todd M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNyvgPAuvhAC&pg=PA17"><i>The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000</i></a>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520935662" title="Special:BookSources/9780520935662">9780520935662</a> pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan, Wilbur Kitchener (1938 and 1940). <i>The Development of Religious Toleration in England. Vols. III and IV</i>. in Coffey (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffey2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffey2006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coffey, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30764101/_The_toleration_controversy_during_the_English_Revolution_in_C._Durston_and_J._Maltby_eds_Religion_in_Revolutionary_England_Manchester_University_Press_2006_">The Toleration Controversy during the English Revolution</a>. in C. Durston and J. Maltby, eds, Religion in Revolutionary England. Manchester University Press, 2006. pp. 42–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsham, Alexandra (2006).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwNlIIGnckYC&pg=PA233">Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 232–233. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719052392" title="Special:BookSources/9780719052392">9780719052392</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zagorin, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVHyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 195–196. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400850716" title="Special:BookSources/9781400850716">9781400850716</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Kim Ian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TraYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT654">‘A King Like Other Nations’: Political Theory and The Hebrew Republic in the Early Modern Age</a> in Kileen, Kevin, Smith, Helen, Willie, Rachel Judith (2015). The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530–1700. OUP Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191510595" title="Special:BookSources/9780191510595">9780191510595</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb, Gertrude</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwPnCjeHMj4C&pg=PT114"><i>The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, From Cromwell to Churchill</i></a>. Encounter Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594035715" title="Special:BookSources/9781594035715">9781594035715</a>. pp. 144–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_M._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric M. Nelson">Nelson, Eric</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/docs/media/201105.nelson.religiousoriginsofreligioustolerance.pdf"><i>The Religious Origins of Religious Tolerance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worden, Blair (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evIKK1WdYdcC&pg=PA68"><i>God's Instruments: Political Conduct in the England of Oliver Cromwell</i></a>. OUP. p. 68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199570492" title="Special:BookSources/9780199570492">9780199570492</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worden (2012). pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worden (2012). pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worden (2012). pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worden, Blair (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evIKK1WdYdcC&pg=PA85"><i>God's Instruments: Political Conduct in the England of Oliver Cromwell</i></a>. OUP. pp. 85–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199570492" title="Special:BookSources/9780199570492">9780199570492</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scult, Mel (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">Millennial Expectations and Jewish Liberties: A Study of the Efforts to Convert the Jews in Britain, Up to the Mid Nineteenth Century</a>. Brill Archive. pp. 18–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman and Yates (2014). p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crome, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcokBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>The Restoration of the Jews: Early Modern Hermeneutics, Eschatology, and National Identity in the Works of Thomas Brightman</i></a>. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319047614" title="Special:BookSources/9783319047614">9783319047614</a>. p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crome (2014). pp. 179, 184–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Robert O. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjJpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>More Desired than Our Owne Salvation: The Roots of Christian Zionism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199993253" title="Special:BookSources/9780199993253">9780199993253</a>. pps. 95–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scult, Mel (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">Millennial Expectations and Jewish Liberties: A Study of the Efforts to Convert the Jews in Britain, Up to the Mid Nineteenth Century</a>. Brill Archive. p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachar1994-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachar1994_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachar1994_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachar1994_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachar, Howard M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RowAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313"><i>Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered</i></a> pp. 313–314. Knopf Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804150538" title="Special:BookSources/9780804150538">9780804150538</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiefel, Barry L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMu7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128"><i>Jewish Sanctuary in the Atlantic World: A Social and Architectural History</i></a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611173215" title="Special:BookSources/9781611173215">9781611173215</a>. p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scult, Mel (1978). p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Antonia. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iiWzpYwfCcC&pg=PT484">Cromwell, Our Chief of Men.</a> Hachette. 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780220697" title="Special:BookSources/9781780220697">9781780220697</a> This view first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Wolf" title="Lucien Wolf">Lucien Wolf</a>’s essay <i>Cromwell's Jewish Intelligencers: A Paper Read at Jews' College Literary Society, May 10th, 1891</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1Vj6dH1PxAC&pg=PA67">Oliver Cromwell.</a> pp. 67–68. Heinemann. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435327569" title="Special:BookSources/9780435327569">9780435327569</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AngloJewishDict-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AngloJewishDict_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AngloJewishDict_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">eds. <a href="/wiki/Rubinstein,_William_D." class="mw-redirect" title="Rubinstein, William D.">Rubinstein, William D.</a>; Jolles, Michael and <a href="/wiki/Rubinstein,_Hilary_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Rubinstein, Hilary L.">Rubinstein, Hilary L.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJc8afOZV0QC&pg=PA227">The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History – Dormido, David Abrabanel</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, Todd M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNyvgPAuvhAC&pg=PA26"><i>The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000</i></a>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520935662" title="Special:BookSources/9780520935662">9780520935662</a> p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigal, Philip (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KM1JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175"><i>The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Volume 3: From Medievalism to Proto-Modernity in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915138579" title="Special:BookSources/9780915138579">9780915138579</a> p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abrahams, Israel (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Menasseh ben Israel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Menasseh_ben_Israel">"Menasseh ben Israel" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Menasseh+ben+Israel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResettlement+of+the+Jews+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, David B (18 December 2016)/ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/this-day-in-jewish-history/1.759284"><i>On This Day in Jewish History</i></a> haaretz.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofjohnevely01eveliala"><i>The diary of John Evelyn</i></a> ed. Bray, William. p. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, David S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4v5wRSYnT0kC&pg=PA117"><i>Menasseh Ben Israel’s Christian Connection: Henry Jessey and the Jews</i></a> pp. 117–119 in eds. Qaplan, Yosef; Popkin, Richard Henry; Mechoulan, Henry <i>Menasseh Ben Israel and His World</i>, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004091146" title="Special:BookSources/9789004091146">9789004091146</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KM1JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182">Sigal (1986)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Samuel, Edgar. "Robles, Antonio Rodrigues". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F71429">10.1093/ref:odnb/71429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robles%2C+Antonio+Rodrigues&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F71429&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResettlement+of+the+Jews+in+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/London/city_creechurch/index.htm">Jewish Community and Records – Creechurch Lane Synagogue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/">http://www.jewishgen.org/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, Todd M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNyvgPAuvhAC&pg=PA26">The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000</a>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520935662" title="Special:BookSources/9780520935662">9780520935662</a> pp. 26–27, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/17century/topic_4/debate.htm">"The Debate over the Resettlement of Jews in England, 1655–56"</a>. <i>The Norton Anthology of English Literature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+English+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Debate+over+the+Resettlement+of+Jews+in+England%2C+1655%E2%80%9356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwnorton.com%2Fcollege%2Fenglish%2Fnael%2F17century%2Ftopic_4%2Fdebate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResettlement+of+the+Jews+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>, <i>A History Of The Jews In England</i> (1941), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iamthewitness.com/books/Cecil.Roth/A.History.of.the.Jews.in.England/P.09.The.Jews.under.Anne.and.the.First.Hanoverians.1702-60.htm">accessible here</a> "An Act of 1722, which added to Roman Catholic disabilities by enforcing the Oath of Abjuration on all landowners, was followed the next year by a further measure (to Geo. 1. c. 4) exempting Jews from the necessity of including in it the words 'on the true faith of a Christian';"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henriq-PREJ-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henriq-PREJ_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriques1907" class="citation journal cs1">Henriques, H. S. Q. (January 1907). "The Political Rights of English Jews". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review" title="The Jewish Quarterly Review">The Jewish Quarterly Review</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2). University of Pennsylvania Press: 298–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1451130">10.2307/1451130</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1451130">1451130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Political+Rights+of+English+Jews&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=298-341&rft.date=1907-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1451130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1451130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Henriques&rft.aufirst=H.+S.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResettlement+of+the+Jews+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEUPAQAAIAAJ">Report & Transactions 1881 – Art in Devonshire</a>. The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art. Vol 13. pp. 234–235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/study-for-manasseh-ben-israel-before-oliver-cromwell">Study for 'Manasseh ben Israel before Oliver Cromwell', by 1873</a>. RA Collection: Art. Royal Academy of Art.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/summoning-17th-century-scholars-researching-the-weight-of-ink/">"Summoning 17th-Century Scholars: Researching the Weight of Ink"</a>. 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summoning+17th-Century+Scholars%3A+Researching+the+Weight+of+Ink&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fsummoning-17th-century-scholars-researching-the-weight-of-ink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResettlement+of+the+Jews+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to these small communities of ‘<a href="/wiki/Port_Jew" title="Port Jew">port Jews</a>’, Henry VIII consulted rabbis on the biblical legitimacy of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and during the reign of Edward VI the Regius professor of Hebrew at Cambridge was the converso Hebraist <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Tremellius" title="Immanuel Tremellius">Immanuel Tremellius</a>. Elizabeth had a Jewish physician, <a href="/wiki/Roderigo_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderigo Lopez">Roderigo Lopes</a>, and her spymaster <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>’s network of intelligencers included the Portuguese Marrano traders, Hector Nuñes and Dunstan Añez, as well as Lopes. Further, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a> travelled to the New World with Jewish mining expert <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gans" title="Joachim Gans">Joachim Gans</a> in 1584. It is estimated that there were roughly 80 to 90 Portuguese converses in Elizabethan London.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These categories were: orthodox Presbyterians, moderate Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, Latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists, rationalists and sceptics, Erastians, the rank and file, Anglican extremists, moderate Anglicans, and Roman Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ben Israel’s petition was titled ’To His Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, the Humble Addresses of Menasseh ben Israel, a Divine, and Doctor of Physick, in behalf of the Jewish Nation’. The document argued that the Jews contribute to the wealth of the nations in which they dwell and are loyal to their host’s rulers. Further the negative accounts of the Jews are untrue. He concluded by asking for the Jews to be allowed to settle in the commonwealth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judges <a href="/wiki/John_Glynne_(judge)" title="John Glynne (judge)">John Glynne</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Steele_(Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland)" title="William Steele (Lord Chancellor of Ireland)">William Steele</a> declared that "there was no law which forbade the Jews’ return to England" because their original expulsion had been by royal decree, rather than parliamentary vote.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Evelyn’s diary entry for 14 December 1655.<br /> I visited <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Mr. Hobbes</a>, the famous philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury" title="Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a>, with who I had been long acquainted in France.<br /> Now were the Jews admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menasseh_ben_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Menasseh ben Israel">Menasseh ben Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menassehbenisrae00manauoft/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Menasseh ben Israel’s Mission to Oliver Cromwell: being a reprint of the pamphlets published by Menasseh ben Israel to promote the re-admission of the Jews to England, 1649–1656</i></a>, edited with an introduction and notes by <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Wolf" title="Lucien Wolf">Lucien Wolf</a>. London, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Historical_Society_of_England" title="Jewish Historical Society of England">Jewish Historical Society of England</a>, 1901. At <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england"><i>England</i></a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York, Funk & Wagnalls, [1903]. Vol.5, pp. 161-174. At jewishencyclopedia.com</li> <li>Hessayon, Ariel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/5793/1/Hessayon%2C%20A.%20%27Jews%20and%20crypto-Jews%27%2C%20Cromohs%2C%2016%20%282011%29%2C%201-26.pdf"><i>Jews and crypto-Jews in sixteenth and seventeenth century England</i></a>. Cyber Review of Modern Historiography, 16 (2011), pp. 1-26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Katz" title="David S. Katz">Katz David S.</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosemitismrea0000katz"><i>Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-19-821885-0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Katz" title="David S. Katz">Katz David S.</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsinhistoryofe0000katz/mode/2up"><i>The Jews in the History of England, 1485–1850</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-822912-0</li> <li>Levine, Menachem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/rabbi-menashe-ben-israel-the-chacham-who-opened-england-to-jews/2021/02/04/"><i>Rabbi Menashe Ben Israel: The Chacham Who Opened England To Jews</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i>, 22 Shevat 5781 – February 4, 2021</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&oldid=1259241707">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England&oldid=1259241707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_English_history" title="Category:Jewish English history">Jewish English history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sephardi_Jews_topics" title="Category:Sephardi Jews topics">Sephardi Jews topics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_emancipation" title="Category:Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Interregnum_(England)" title="Category:Interregnum (England)">Interregnum (England)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration_bans" title="Category:Immigration bans">Immigration bans</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_October_2018" title="Category:EngvarB from October 2018">EngvarB from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2018">Use dmy dates from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 03:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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