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<li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destroyed_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destroyed_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Destroyed sites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Destroyed_sites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Destroyed sites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Destroyed_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mosques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries_and_tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries_and_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cemeteries and tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries_and_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_religious_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_religious_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Historical religious sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_religious_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_military_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_military_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Historical military structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_military_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="إزالة مواقع التراث الإسلامي في مكة والمدينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إزالة مواقع التراث الإسلامي في مكة والمدينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udiyy%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan%C4%B1nda_erk%C9%99n_islam_abid%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_da%C4%9F%C4%B1d%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanında erkən islam abidələrinin dağıdılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanında erkən islam abidələrinin dağıdılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E" title="সৌদি আরবে ইসলামের প্রাথমিক যুগের ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থানসমূহের ধ্বংসযজ্ঞ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌদি আরবে ইসলামের প্রাথমিক যুগের ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থানসমূহের ধ্বংসযজ্ঞ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerst%C3%B6rung_des_islamischen_Kulturerbes_in_Saudi-Arabien" title="Zerstörung des islamischen Kulturerbes in Saudi-Arabien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zerstörung des islamischen Kulturerbes in Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrucci%C3%B3n_de_patrimonio_isl%C3%A1mico_en_Arabia_Saudita" title="Destrucción de patrimonio islámico en Arabia Saudita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destrucción de patrimonio islámico en Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تخریب میراث تاریخی صدر اسلامی در عربستان سعودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخریب میراث تاریخی صدر اسلامی در عربستان سعودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_de_sites_li%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27Islam_pr%C3%A9coce" title="Destruction de sites liés à l'Islam précoce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Destruction de sites liés à l'Islam précoce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghancuran_situs_warisan_Islam_awal_di_Arab_Saudi" title="Penghancuran situs warisan Islam awal di Arab Saudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghancuran situs warisan Islam awal di Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distruzione_di_siti_associati_al_primo_islam_in_Arabia_Saudita" title="Distruzione di siti associati al primo islam in Arabia Saudita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distruzione di siti associati al primo islam in Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സൗദി അറേബ്യയിലെ ഇസ്ലാമിക പൈതൃകങ്ങളുടെ നശീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗദി അറേബ്യയിലെ ഇസ്ലാമിക പൈതൃകങ്ങളുടെ നശീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="سعودی عرب وچ ابتدائی اسلام نال وابستہ ورثے دیاں تھانواں دی تباہی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سعودی عرب وچ ابتدائی اسلام نال وابستہ ورثے دیاں تھانواں دی تباہی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niszczenie_dziedzictwa_wczesnoislamskiego_w_Arabii_Saudyjskiej" title="Niszczenie dziedzictwa wczesnoislamskiego w Arabii Saudyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niszczenie dziedzictwa wczesnoislamskiego w Arabii Saudyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Уничтожение исламского культурного наследия Саудовской Аравией – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уничтожение исламского культурного наследия Саудовской Аравией" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="سعودی عرب میں ابتدائی اسلام سے وابستہ ورثے کے مقامات کی تباہی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سعودی عرب میں ابتدائی اسلام سے وابستہ ورثے کے مقامات کی تباہی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5265410#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bagicemetri2.JPG/330px-Bagicemetri2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bagicemetri2.JPG/440px-Bagicemetri2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jannatul_Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannatul Baqi">Jannatul Baqi</a> graveyard in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>The destruction of <a href="/wiki/Historic_site" title="Historic site">heritage sites</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early Islam</a> is an ongoing phenomenon that has occurred mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of western <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">two holiest cities of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demolition has focused on mosques, burial sites, homes and historical locations associated with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, and many of the founding personalities of <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">early Islamic history</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi government">Saudi government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Saudi Arabia, many of the demolitions have officially been part of the continued expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> at Mecca and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a> in Medina and their auxiliary service facilities in order to accommodate the ever-increasing number of Muslims performing the pilgrimage (<i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> was politically unified by 1932 in the third and current Saudi state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>. The military campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">King Abdulaziz ibn Saud</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> army of tribesmen conquered the Hejaz and ousted the ruling <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> clan. The new <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najdi</a> rulers, nomadic Arabs largely found themselves at the reins of a highly sophisticated society. A cohesive political structure based on the Majlis al-Shura (consultative council) system had been in place for centuries. A central administrative body managed an annual budget which allocated expenditure on secondary schools, military and police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the religious fabric of the Najd and the Hejaz were vastly different. Traditional Hejazi cultural customs and rituals were almost entirely religious in nature. Celebrations honouring Muhammad, his <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, reverence of deceased saints, visitation of shrines, tombs and holy sites connected with any of these were among the customs indigenous to Hejazi Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As administrative authority of the Hejaz passed into the hands of Najdi <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> Muslims from the interior, the Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> viewed local religious practices as unfounded superstition superseding codified religious sanction that was considered a total corruption of religion and the spreading of heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What followed was a removal of the physical infrastructure, tombs, mausoleums, mosques and sites associated with the family and companions of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">Demolition of al-Baqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">Wahhabi sack of Karbala</a></div> <p>In 1801 and 1802, the Saudis under <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud">Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud</a> attacked and captured the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, massacred parts of the Shia Muslim population and destroyed the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, the grandson of Muhammad and son of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, Muhammad's son-in-law. In 1803 and 1804, the Saudis captured Mecca and Medina and destroyed historical monuments and various holy Muslim sites and shrines, such as the shrine built over the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>, the daughter of Muhammad, and even intended to destroy the grave of Muhammad himself as idolatrous, causing outrage throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Paladin_Gears_Up_for_War_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Paladin_Gears_Up_for_War-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saudi's_Shi'ites_walk_tightrope_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saudi's_Shi'ites_walk_tightrope-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mecca, the tombs of direct relations of Muhammad located at <a href="/wiki/Jannatul_Mualla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannatul Mualla">Jannatul Mualla</a> cemetery, including that of his first wife <a href="/wiki/Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadijah bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah bint Khuwaylid</a>, were demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial dismantling of the sites began in 1806 when the Wahhabi army of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a> occupied Medina and systematically levelled many of the structures at the vast <a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannat al-Baqi">Jannat al-Baqi</a> cemetery<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adjacent to the Prophet's Mosque (Al-Masjid al-Nabawi) housing the remains of many of the members of Muhammad's family, close companions and central figures of early Islam. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>, practitioners themselves of more tolerant and at times mystical strains of Islam, had erected elaborate mausoleums over the graves of Al-Baqi. These were levelled in their entirety. Mosques across the city were also targeted and an attempt was made to demolish Muhammad's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widespread vocal criticism of this last action by Muslim communities as far away as India, eventually led to abandoning any attempt on this site. Political claims made against Turkish control of the region initiated the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Saudi_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Saudi war">Ottoman–Saudi war</a> (1811–1818) in which the Saudi defeat forced Wahhabi tribesmen to retreat from the Hejaz back into the interior. Turkish forces reasserted control of the region and subsequently began extensive rebuilding of sacred sites between 1848 and 1860, many of them done employing the finest examples of Ottoman design and craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghi_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baghi_tomb.jpg/220px-Baghi_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baghi_tomb.jpg/330px-Baghi_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baghi_tomb.jpg/440px-Baghi_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1399" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Al-Baqi cemetery before the 1926 demolition</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg/220px-Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg/330px-Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg/440px-Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The former mausoleum of Fatimah, Abbas, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali as-Sajjad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far as-Sadiq</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg/220px-Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg/330px-Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg/440px-Medine_cennet-%C3%BCl_baki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Cemetery after the 1926 demolition. The <a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Prophet's Mosque</a> in far background, view towards west.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_(Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_%28Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27%29.jpg/220px-Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_%28Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_%28Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27%29.jpg/330px-Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_%28Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_%28Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27%29.jpg/440px-Panorama_Perkuburan_Baqi%27_%28Maqbaratu_al-Baqi%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4245" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Panorama showing the cemetery, with the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qiblah</a> being behind the photographer, view towards north.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Fatema(single_one)_and_other_Imams.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG/220px-Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG/330px-Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG/440px-Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Imam Zain al-Abidin desecrated grave at <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">Al-Baqi'</a> in Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 April 1925 the mausoleums and domes at <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi">Al-Baqi</a> in Medina were once again levelled<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so were indicators of the exact location of the resting places of Muhammad's family members and descendants, as it remains to the present day. Portions of the famed <a href="/wiki/Al-Burda" title="Al-Burda">Qasida al-Burda</a>, the 13th century ode written in praise of Muhammad by Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">al-Busiri</a>, inscribed over Muhammad's tomb, were painted over. Among specific sites targeted at this time were the graves of the Martyrs of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a>, including the grave of the renowned <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_%27Abd_al-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib">Hamza ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib</a>, uncle of Muhammad and one of his most beloved supporters, the Mosque of Fatimah Al Zahraa', daughter of Mohammad, the Mosque of the Two Lighthouses (Manaratayn) as well as the Qubbat Al-Thanaya,<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cupola built as the burial place of Mohammad's incisor tooth, which was broken from a blow received during the Battle of Uhud. In Medina, the Mashrubat Umm Ibrahim, the home of Mohammad's Egyptian wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" title="Maria al-Qibtiyya">Mariah</a> and birthplace of their son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Muhammad" title="Ibrahim ibn Muhammad">Ibrahim</a>, as well as the adjacent burial site of Hamida al-Barbariyya, mother of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a>, were destroyed during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was paved over and is today part of the massive marble <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a> beside the Mosque. The government-appointed permanent scholarly committee of Saudi Arabia has ordered the demolition of such structures in a series of Islamic rulings noting excessive veneration leading to <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (idolatry).<sup id="cite_ref-Fatwas_of_the_Permanent_Committee_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatwas_of_the_Permanent_Committee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The twenty-first century has seen an increase in the demolition of sites in Mecca and Medina by Saudi authorities, alongside expansion of luxury development. </p><p>As the annual <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i> continues to draw larger crowds year after year, the Saudi authorities deemed it necessary to raze large tracts of formerly residential areas around the two important mosques to make way for pilgrimage-related <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. In 2010, it was forecast that developers were going to spend an estimated $13 billion on the largest expansion project in the city's history.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is widespread agreement for the need of facilities that can accommodate greater numbers of pilgrims, the development of upscale hotels and condominium towers, restaurants, shopping centres and spas<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has caused some to criticize the over-<a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> of a site which many consider to be a divinely ordained <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> for Muslims. </p><p>The rapid influx of capital investment in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> leads many to believe that money and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> are the ultimate reason for Saudi authorities. Critics argue that this monetary focus works with Wahhabi state <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> that imposes a massive cultural and social deletion within the Holy Cities,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erasing any elements that encourage practices counter to the Wahhabi creed. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, the House of Mawalid where Muhammad is said to have been born is about to be replaced by a huge royal palace, as a part of a multibillion-pound construction project in Mecca which has resulted in the destruction of hundreds of historic monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saudis are turning <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, the demolished capital of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">First Saudi State</a>, into a major tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destroyed_sites">Destroyed sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Destroyed sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a complete list of destroyed sites: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Mosque of al-Manaratain.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mosque and tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Uraidhi_ibn_Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq">Sayyid Imam al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, destroyed by dynamite on August 13, 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Mosque of Abu Rasheed.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman al-Farsi</a> Mosque, in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Raj'at ash-Shams Mosque, in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mosque and tomb of <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Hamza</a> at Mount Uhud.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemeteries_and_tombs">Cemeteries and tombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cemeteries and tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The tombs at <a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannat al-Baqi">Jannat al-Baqi</a> in Medina, leveled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannatul_Mualla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannatul Mualla">Jannat al-Mu'alla</a>, the ancient cemetery at Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grave of Hamida al-Barbariyya, the mother of Imam <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a>.</li> <li>Tombs of <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib">Hamza</a> and other casualties of the Battle of Uhud were demolished at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eve" title="Tomb of Eve">Tomb of Eve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sealed with concrete in 1975.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Grave of Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_religious_sites">Historical religious sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical religious sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Mawlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Mawlid">Bayt al-Mawlid</a></i> ("House of the <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Birth</a>"), where Muhammad is believed to have been born in 570. Originally turned into a <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Al_Mukarramah_Library" title="Makkah Al Mukarramah Library">library</a>, it now lies under a rundown building which was built 70 years ago as a compromise after Wahhabi clerics called for it to be demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The house of Khadija, Muhammad's first wife. Muslims believe he received some of the first revelations there. It was also where his children <a href="/wiki/Zainab_bint_Muhammad" title="Zainab bint Muhammad">Zainab bint Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruqayyah bint Muhammad">Ruqayyah bint Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad">Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qasim_ibn_Muhammad" title="Qasim ibn Muhammad">Qasim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad">Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad</a> were born. After it was rediscovered during the Haram extensions in 1989, it was covered over and it was made into a library.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A Hilton hotel stands on the site of the house of Islam's first caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>House of Muhammed in Medina, where he lived after the migration from Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_Al-Arqam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar Al-Arqam (page does not exist)">Dar Al-Arqam</a></i>, the first Islamic school where Muhammad taught.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It now lies under the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Masjid Al-Haram of Mecca</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Qubbat al-Thanaya</i>, the burial site of Muhammed's <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisor</a> that was broken in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mashrubat Umm Ibrahim</i>, built to mark the location of the house where Muhammad's son, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Muhammad" title="Ibrahim ibn Muhammad">Ibrahim</a>, was born to <a href="/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" title="Maria al-Qibtiyya">Mariah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Dome which served as a canopy over the <a href="/wiki/Well_of_Zamzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Well of Zamzam">Well of Zamzam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Ahzan" title="Bayt al-Ahzan">Bayt al-Ahzan</a></i> of Sayyida Fatima, in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>House of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq">Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mahalla</i> complex of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>, in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>House of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> where <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a> were born.<sup id="cite_ref-AL_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>House of <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib">Hamza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_military_structures">Historical military structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical military structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a>, 19th-century Ottoman castle demolished and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Abraj Al Bait</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Shia_mosques_during_the_2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="Destruction of Shia mosques during the 2011 Bahraini uprising">Destruction of Shia mosques during the 2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_destruction_of_Timbuktu_heritage_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites">Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">Al-Baqi Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawatha_Mosque" title="Jawatha Mosque">Jawatha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Saudi_kings" title="List of things named after Saudi kings">List of things named after Saudi kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">Wahhabi sack of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Sorrow" title="Day of Sorrow">Day of Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">List of destroyed heritage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 9 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Because <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhābism</a> prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, such as the homes and graves of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were demolished under Saudi rule. <a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationists</a> have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> have been razed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+%28Islamic+movement%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/medina-saudis-take-a-bulldozer-to-islams-history-8228795.html">"Medina: Saudis take a bulldozer to Islam's history"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 26 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906161013/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/medina-saudis-take-a-bulldozer-to-islams-history-8228795.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Medina%3A+Saudis+take+a+bulldozer+to+Islam%27s+history&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fmedina-saudis-take-a-bulldozer-to-islams-history-8228795.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cultural-genocide-of-Islamic-heritage-in-Saudi-Arabia-riles-Sunni-Sufis/articleshow/17564283.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 11 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+genocide+of+Islamic+heritage%27+in+Saudi+Arabia+riles+Sunni+Sufis&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FCultural-genocide-of-Islamic-heritage-in-Saudi-Arabia-riles-Sunni-Sufis%2Farticleshow%2F17564283.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamani2009" class="citation book cs1">Yamani, Mai (2009). "Devotion". <i>Cradle of Islam</i>. London: I.B. TAURIS. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-824-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-824-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-824-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotion&rft.btitle=Cradle+of+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=I.B.+TAURIS&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-824-2&rft.aulast=Yamani&rft.aufirst=Mai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamani2009" class="citation book cs1">Yamani, Mai (2009). "Devotion". <i>Cradle of Islam</i>. London: I.B. TAURIS. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-824-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-824-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-824-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotion&rft.btitle=Cradle+of+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=I.B.+TAURIS&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-824-2&rft.aulast=Yamani&rft.aufirst=Mai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentz2004" class="citation book cs1">Rentz, George S. (2004). "Devotion". <i>The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia</i>. London: Arabian Publishing Ltd. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544792-2-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544792-2-X"><bdi>0-9544792-2-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotion&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Islamic+Reform+Movement+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Arabian+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9544792-2-X&rft.aulast=Rentz&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngawi2002" class="citation web cs1">Angawi, Dr.Sami (February 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024204249/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june02/saudi_2-19.html">"A NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Transcript"</a>. PBS NewsHour Online Transcript. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june02/saudi_2-19.html">the original</a> on October 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+NewsHour+with+Jim+Lehrer+Transcript&rft.pub=PBS+NewsHour+Online+Transcript&rft.date=2002-02-19&rft.aulast=Angawi&rft.aufirst=Dr.Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fmiddle_east%2Fjan-june02%2Fsaudi_2-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islamicamagazine.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamicamagazine.com_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed" class="citation cs2">Ahmed, Irfan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063137/http://islamicamagazine.com/?p=424">"The Destruction of Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Islamica_Magazine" title="Islamica Magazine">Islamica Magazine</a></i>, no. 15, p. 71, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicamagazine.com/?p=424">the original</a> on 13 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamica+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+Holy+Sites+in+Mecca+and+Medina&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=71&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicamagazine.com%2F%3Fp%3D424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.think-israel.org/ahmed.shrinedestruction.html">alternative url</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Paladin_Gears_Up_for_War-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Paladin_Gears_Up_for_War_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nibras Kazimi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/article/65662?page_no=3">A Paladin Gears Up for War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304153101/http://www.nysun.com/article/65662?page_no=3">Archived</a> 2008-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Sun" title="The New York Sun">The New York Sun</a>, November 1, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saudi's_Shi'ites_walk_tightrope-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saudi's_Shi'ites_walk_tightrope_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R Bradley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050405031346/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GC17Ak01.html">Saudi's Shi'ites walk tightrope</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>, March 17, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehabi2008" class="citation web cs1">Shehabi, Saeed (2008-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/destruction_of_islamic_architectural_heritage_in_saudi_arabia_a_wake_up_cal">"Destruction of Islamic Architectural Heritage in Saudi Arabia: A Wake-up Call"</a>. <i>The American Muslim (TAM)</i>. Theamericanmuslim.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316140422/http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/destruction_of_islamic_architectural_heritage_in_saudi_arabia_a_wake_up_cal">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Muslim+%28TAM%29&rft.atitle=Destruction+of+Islamic+Architectural+Heritage+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+A+Wake-up+Call&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft.aulast=Shehabi&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheamericanmuslim.org%2Ftam.php%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2Fdestruction_of_islamic_architectural_heritage_in_saudi_arabia_a_wake_up_cal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam"</a>. Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316131703/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Saud+Family+and+Wahhabi+Islam&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_H._Cordesman2003" class="citation book cs1">Anthony H. Cordesman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjpExwQWtOsC&pg=PA206"><i>Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century</i></a>. Praeger (April 21, 2003). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7"><bdi>978-0-275-98091-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118190440/https://books.google.com/books?id=tjpExwQWtOsC&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>. <q>The tension between Saudi Shi'ite and Wahhabi is especially intense because Saudi "Wahhabis" actively reject all veneration of man, even the prophet. At one point, they attempted to destroy Muhammad's tomb in Medina. In contrast, the Saudi Shi'ites are "<a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelvers</a>", a branch of Islam that venerates the Prophet's son-in-law Ali, and believes that the leadership of Islam must pass through Ali's line. They venerate each of the past imams, and make pilgrimages to their tombs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+enters+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Praeger+%28April+21%2C+2003%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98091-7&rft.au=Anthony+H.+Cordesman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjpExwQWtOsC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fatwas_of_the_Permanent_Committee-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fatwas_of_the_Permanent_Committee_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213042446/http://aliftaweb.org/English/Pages/FatwasPermanentCommittee.aspx?cultStr=en&View=Tree&NodeID=8510&PageNo=1&BookID=7">"Fatwas of the Permanent Committee"</a>. Official KSA Rulings. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aliftaweb.org/English/Pages/FatwasPermanentCommittee.aspx?cultStr=en&View=Tree&NodeID=8510&PageNo=1&BookID=7">the original</a> on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fatwas+of+the+Permanent+Committee&rft.pub=Official+KSA+Rulings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faliftaweb.org%2FEnglish%2FPages%2FFatwasPermanentCommittee.aspx%3FcultStr%3Den%26View%3DTree%26NodeID%3D8510%26PageNo%3D1%26BookID%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou-Ragheb2005" class="citation web cs1">Abou-Ragheb, Laith (July 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicpluralism.org/467/dr-sami-angawi-on-wahhabi-desecration-of-makkah">"Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.Sami+Angawi+on+Wahhabi+Desecration+of+Makkah&rft.pub=Center+for+Islamic+Pluralism&rft.date=2005-07-12&rft.aulast=Abou-Ragheb&rft.aufirst=Laith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicpluralism.org%2F467%2Fdr-sami-angawi-on-wahhabi-desecration-of-makkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairmont.com/makkah">"Makkah Hotels: Makkah Hotel at Fairmont"</a>. Fairmont.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205210918/http://www.fairmont.com/makkah/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121045456/http://www.torontosun.com/travel/international/2010/11/12/16107661-reuters.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mecca+goes+Upmarket&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.aulast=Laessing&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2Ftravel%2Finternational%2F2010%2F11%2F12%2F16107661-reuters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-under-threat-outrage-at-plan-to-destroy-the-birthplace-of-the-prophet-mohamed-and-replace-it-with-a-new-palace-and-luxury-malls-9857098.html">"Mecca under threat: Outrage at plan to destroy the 'birthplace' of the Prophet Mohamed and replace it with a new palace and luxury malls"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113045400/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-under-threat-outrage-at-plan-to-destroy-the-birthplace-of-the-prophet-mohamed-and-replace-it-with-a-new-palace-and-luxury-malls-9857098.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mecca+under+threat%3A+Outrage+at+plan+to+destroy+the+%27birthplace%27+of+the+Prophet+Mohamed+and+replace+it+with+a+new+palace+and+luxury+malls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fmecca-under-threat-outrage-at-plan-to-destroy-the-birthplace-of-the-prophet-mohamed-and-replace-it-with-a-new-palace-and-luxury-malls-9857098.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2015" class="citation web cs1">Hubbard, Ben (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/world/middleeast/saudis-turn-birthplace-of-ideology-into-tourist-spot.html">"Saudis Turn Birthplace of Wahhabism Ideology Into Tourist Spot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saudis+Turn+Birthplace+of+Wahhabism+Ideology+Into+Tourist+Spot&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudis-turn-birthplace-of-ideology-into-tourist-spot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstimo_Jr,_Rodolfo2017" class="citation news cs1">Estimo Jr, Rodolfo (5 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/1034231/saudi-arabia">"Diriyah on course to become world-class tourist spot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Diriyah+on+course+to+become+world-class+tourist+spot&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.au=Estimo+Jr%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1034231%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/baqi.htm">History of the Cemetery of Jannat al-Baqi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017110219/http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/baqi.htm">Archived</a> 2013-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History of the Shrines, Al-Islam.org (Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project). Accessed online 16 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salah Nasrawi,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-16-adfg-mecca16-story.html">"Mecca's ancient heritage is under attack – Developments for pilgrims and the strict beliefs of Saudi clerics are encroaching on or eliminating Islam's holy sites in the kingdom"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, September 16, 2007. Accessed online 16 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carla_Power" title="Carla Power">Power, Carla</a> (November 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3584585/saudi-arabia-bulldozes-over-its-heritage/">"Saudi Arabia Bulldozes Over Its Heritage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141114120634/http://time.com/3584585/saudi-arabia-bulldozes-over-its-heritage/">Archived</a> 2014-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2015/11/19/why-is-saudi-arabia-destroying-the-cultural-heritage-of-mecca-and-medina">"Why is Saudi Arabia destroying the cultural heritage of Mecca and Medina?"</a>. The Art Newspaper. 19 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123111902/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2015/11/19/why-is-saudi-arabia-destroying-the-cultural-heritage-of-mecca-and-medina">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+Saudi+Arabia+destroying+the+cultural+heritage+of+Mecca+and+Medina%3F&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2015%2F11%2F19%2Fwhy-is-saudi-arabia-destroying-the-cultural-heritage-of-mecca-and-medina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/217526">"Historic Makkah fortress demolished"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. 2002-01-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123251/https://www.arabnews.com/node/217526">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Historic+Makkah+fortress+demolished&rft.date=2002-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F217526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+early+Islamic+heritage+sites+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/mcmecca-the-strange-alliance-of-clerics-and-businessmen-in-saudi-arabia/274146/">McMecca: The Strange Alliance of Clerics and Businessmen in Saudi Arabia</a>, Zvika Krieger, March 19, 2013, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/opinion/the-destruction-of-mecca.html?_r=0">The Destruction of Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Ziauddin Sardar</a>, September 30, 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template talk:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damage,_destruction_and_looting_of_art_and_cultural_heritage298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Damage, <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human-<br />caused</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan" title="Destruction of art in Afghanistan">Destruction of art</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Memorial_Museum#2024_vandalism" title="Bangabandhu Memorial Museum">Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artworks_damaged,_destroyed_or_stolen_during_the_2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" title="Artworks damaged, destroyed or stolen during the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack">Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_in_Canada_removed_in_2020%E2%80%932022" title="Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022">Monuments removed in 2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Destruction of the Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Iconoclasm during the French Revolution">Iconoclasm during the French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Bombing of Dresden</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_statues_in_Tehran,_2010" title="Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010">Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Mosul_Museum_artifacts" title="Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts">Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Irish_country_houses_(1919%E2%80%931923)" title="Destruction of Irish country houses (1919–1923)">Destruction of country houses, 1919–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Destruction of the Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kosovo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Albanian heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Serbian heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Middle East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_damaged_by_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_during_the_21st_century" title="List of monuments damaged by conflict in the Middle East during the 21st century">Damage to heritage sites in 21st-century conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">Destruction of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Poland_in_World_War_II" title="Looting of Poland in World War II">Looting in World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Saudi Arabia <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_landmarks_in_Spain" title="List of destroyed landmarks in Spain">Destroyed landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sudan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_20th-century_Britain" title="Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain">20th-century destruction of country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of demolished buildings and structures in London">Demolished buildings and structures in London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="List of demolished churches in the City of London">Churches in the City of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_destroyed_in_the_Great_Fire_of_London_and_not_rebuilt" title="List of churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt">Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_formerly_in_London" title="List of public art formerly in London">Public art formerly in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage_of_the_United_States" title="List of destroyed heritage of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">Artworks lost or damaged in the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_museums" title="Category:Attacks on museums">Attacks on museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">Destroyed libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">Grave robbery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_snatching" title="Body snatching">Body snatching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_destroyed_by_war" title="Category:Museums destroyed by war">Museums destroyed by war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_looted_by_Napoleonic_armies" title="List of art looted by Napoleonic armies">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings" title="List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings">Tallest voluntarily demolished buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_during_World_War_II" title="Art theft and looting during World War II">Art theft and looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_claims_for_restitution_for_Nazi-looted_art" title="List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art">Restitution claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_looting_of_artworks_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh">Works by Vincent van Gogh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_damaged_during_World_War_II" title="List of libraries damaged during World War II">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_damage_resulting_from_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" title="Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">Library damage in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting" title="Archaeological looting">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_destruction" title="Art destruction">Art destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft" title="Art theft">Art theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_artworks" title="Lost artworks">Lost artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">Looted art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_art" title="Vandalism of art">Vandalism of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_negationism608" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history" title="Template talk:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_negationism608" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_falsification" title="Knowledge falsification">Knowledge falsification</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textbook_controversies" title="Category:Textbook controversies">school textbook controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <br />denial of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a><br />and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean <i>Wehrmacht</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italians, the good people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderaktion</i> 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing<br />of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba_de_ayer" title="Cuba de ayer">Cuba de ayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan103" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the 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href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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