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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structural_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isolated_silicates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolated_silicates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Isolated silicates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolated_silicates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sheets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicates_with_non-tetrahedral_silicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicates_with_non-tetrahedral_silicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Silicates with non-tetrahedral silicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicates_with_non-tetrahedral_silicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeolite_formation_and_geopolymers_polymerisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeolite_formation_and_geopolymers_polymerisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Zeolite formation and geopolymers polymerisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeolite_formation_and_geopolymers_polymerisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikaat" title="Silikaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Silikaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سيليكات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيليكات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Silikat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Silicat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silikat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikaadid" title="Silikaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silikaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicato" title="Silicato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silicato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikato" title="Silikato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silikato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikato" title="Silikato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Silikato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سیلیکات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلیکات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Silicate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC" title="규산염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="규산염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիլիկատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիլիկատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="सिलिकेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिलिकेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Silikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98" title="סיליקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיליקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Силикаттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Силикаттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silik%C4%81ti" title="Silikāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Silikāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szilik%C3%A1t" title="Szilikát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szilikát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Силикат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силикат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikata" title="Silikata – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Silikata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicaat" title="Silicaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Silicaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E9%85%B8%E5%A1%A9" title="ケイ酸塩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケイ酸塩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silikat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Silicat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਸਿਲੀਕੇਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਲੀਕੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="سلیکیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلیکیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzemiany" title="Krzemiany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krzemiany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicato" title="Silicato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Silicato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Silicat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Силикаты (соли) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Силикаты (соли)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silicate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Силикати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Силикати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikaatti_(yhdiste)" title="Silikaatti (yhdiste) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silikaatti (yhdiste)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silikat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சிலிக்கேட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலிக்கேட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Силікати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Силікати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Silicat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="硅酸盐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硅酸盐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="矽酸鹽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="矽酸鹽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="矽酸鹽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="矽酸鹽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7130787#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthosilicate-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Orthosilicate-2D-dimensions.png/250px-Orthosilicate-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Orthosilicate-2D-dimensions.png/500px-Orthosilicate-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <a href="/wiki/Orthosilicate_(ion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthosilicate (ion)">orthosilicate</a> anion <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>silicate</b> is any member of a family of <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic anion">polyatomic anions</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, usually with the general formula <span class="chemf nowrap">[SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">(4−2<i>x</i>)−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−<i>x</i></sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span>, where <span class="nowrap">0 ≤ <i>x</i> < 2</span>. The family includes <a href="/wiki/Orthosilicate" title="Orthosilicate">orthosilicate</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>4−</span><span>4</span></span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><i>x</i> = 0</span>), <a href="/wiki/Metasilicate" title="Metasilicate">metasilicate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><i>x</i> = 1</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Pyrosilicate" title="Pyrosilicate">pyrosilicate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>6−</span><span>7</span></span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><i>x</i> = 0.5</span>, <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> = 2</span>). The name is also used for any <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> of such anions, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_metasilicate" title="Sodium metasilicate">sodium metasilicate</a>; or any <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> containing the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">chemical group</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tetramethyl_orthosilicate" title="Tetramethyl orthosilicate">tetramethyl orthosilicate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-green_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid">hexafluorosilicate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">[SiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup></span>. Most commonly, silicates are encountered as <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>. </p><p>For diverse manufacturing, technological, and artistic needs, silicates are versatile materials, both natural (such as <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>) and artificial (such as <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterglass">waterglass</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_principles">Structural principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structural principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most silicates, silicon atom occupies the center of an idealized <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> whose corners are four oxygen atoms, connected to it by single <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-green_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oxygen atoms, which bears some negative charge, link to other cations (M<sup>n+</sup>). This Si-O-M-O-Si linkage is strong and rigid, which properties are manifested in the rock-like silicates. The silicates can be classified according to the length and crosslinking of the silicate anions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolated_silicates">Isolated silicates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Isolated silicates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isolated <a href="/wiki/Orthosilicate" title="Orthosilicate">orthosilicate</a> anions have the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>. A common mineral in this group is <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">(Mg,Fe)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>). </p><p>Two or more silicon atoms can share oxygen atoms in various ways, to form more complex anions, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrosilicate" title="Pyrosilicate">pyrosilicate</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chains">Chains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png/250px-Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png/330px-Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png/500px-Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a metasilicate chain, emphasizing the tetrahedral silicate subunits.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na2SiO3idealized.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Na2SiO3idealized.png/250px-Na2SiO3idealized.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Na2SiO3idealized.png/330px-Na2SiO3idealized.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Na2SiO3idealized.png/500px-Na2SiO3idealized.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Alternative depiction of a metasilicate chain emphasizing the Si-O bonds.</figcaption></figure> <p>With two shared oxides bound to each silicon, cyclic or polymeric structures can result. The cyclic <a href="/wiki/Metasilicate" title="Metasilicate">metasilicate</a> ring <span class="chemf nowrap">Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sub></span></span></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Hexamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamer">hexamer</a> of SiO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymeric</a> silicate anions of can exist also as long chains. </p><p>In single-chain silicates, which are a type of <a href="/wiki/Inosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosilicate">inosilicate</a>, tetrahedra link to form a chain by sharing two oxygen atoms each. A common mineral in this group is <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Double chain tetrahedra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png/250px-Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png/330px-Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png/500px-Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Double chain tetrahedra.</figcaption></figure> <p>Double-chain silicates, the other category of inosilicates, occur when tetrahedra form a double chain (not always but mostly) by sharing two or three oxygen atoms each. Common minerals for this group are <a href="/wiki/Amphiboles" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiboles">amphiboles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheets">Sheets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sheets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheet Silicates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png/250px-Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png/330px-Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png/500px-Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Sheet silicates.</figcaption></figure> <p>In this group, known as <a href="/wiki/Phyllosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllosilicates">phyllosilicates</a>, tetrahedra all share three oxygen atoms each and in turn link to form two-dimensional sheets. This structure does lead to minerals in this group having one strong cleavage plane. <a href="/wiki/Micas" class="mw-redirect" title="Micas">Micas</a> fall into this group. Both <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> have very weak layers that can be peeled off in sheets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framework">Framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a framework silicate, known as a <a href="/wiki/Tectosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectosilicate">tectosilicate</a>, each tetrahedron shares all 4 oxygen atoms with its neighbours, forming a 3D structure. <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a> are in this group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silicates_with_non-tetrahedral_silicon">Silicates with non-tetrahedral silicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Silicates with non-tetrahedral silicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the tetrahedron is a common coordination geometry for silicon(IV) compounds, silicon may also occur with higher coordination numbers. For example, in the anion <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluorosilicate">hexafluorosilicate</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">SiF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span>, the silicon atom is surrounded by six <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> atoms in an <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedral</a> arrangement. This structure is also seen in the hexahydroxysilicate anion <span class="chemf nowrap">Si(OH)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> that occurs in <a href="/wiki/Thaumasite" title="Thaumasite">thaumasite</a>, a mineral found rarely in nature but sometimes observed among other <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate_hydrate" title="Calcium silicate hydrate">calcium silicate hydrates</a> artificially formed in <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> structures submitted to a severe <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate attack">sulfate attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">argillaceous</a> grounds containing <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidized</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crammond1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crammond1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crammond2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crammond2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crammond2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crammond2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longworth2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longworth2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sims2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sims2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At very high pressure, such as exists in the majority of the Earth's rock, even SiO<sub>2</sub> adopts the six-coordinated octahedral geometry in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Stishovite" title="Stishovite">stishovite</a>, a dense polymorph of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle" title="Lower mantle">lower mantle</a> of the Earth and also formed by shock during <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> impacts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicates with <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> cations and small or chain-like anions, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthosilicate" title="Sodium orthosilicate">sodium ortho-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_metasilicate" title="Sodium metasilicate">metasilicate</a>, are fairly soluble in water. They form several solid <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a> when crystallized from solution. Soluble <a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">sodium silicates</a> and mixtures thereof, known as <a href="/wiki/Waterglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterglass">waterglass</a> are important industrial and household chemicals. Silicates of non-alkali cations, or with sheet and tridimensional polymeric anions, generally have negligible solubility in water at normal conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series related to</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Biomineralization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccolithus_pelagicus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coccolithus_pelagicus.png/250px-Coccolithus_pelagicus.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineralized_tissues" title="Mineralized tissues">Mineralized tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remineralisation" title="Remineralisation">Remineralisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocrystallization" title="Biocrystallization">Biocrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biointerface" title="Biointerface">Biointerface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">Exoskeletons</a> (shells)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Arthropod <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_exoskeleton" title="Arthropod exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod#Shells_and_their_mechanisms" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopod shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod#Shell" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopod shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirrate_shell" title="Cirrate shell">cirrate shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttlebone" title="Cuttlebone">cuttlebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod)" title="Gladius (cephalopod)">gladius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_(biology)" title="Lorica (biology)">Lorica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate#Silicon_biomineralization" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellate lorica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist_shell" title="Protist shell">Protist shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccosphere">coccosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">coccolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">diatom frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera_test" title="Foraminifera test">foraminifera test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testate_amoebae" title="Testate amoebae">testate amoebae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Seashell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereom" title="Stereom">echinoderm stereom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">mollusc shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton#Shell" title="Chiton">chiton shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">gastropod shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">small shelly fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaly-foot_gastropod#Shell" title="Scaly-foot gastropod">scaly-foot snail shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_growth_in_estuaries" title="Shell growth in estuaries">estuary shells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_spicule" title="Sponge spicule">Sponge spicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">Test</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">Endoskeletons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton#Vertebrates" title="Skeleton">Vertebrate skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral" title="Bone mineral">Bone mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">Ossification</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Teeth, scales, tusks etc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet#Biomineralization" title="Limpet">Limpet teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otolithic_membrane" title="Otolithic membrane">otolithic membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_microfossils" title="Scale microfossils">Scale microfossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">Tusk</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">Calcification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_carbonate" title="Amorphous calcium carbonate">amorphous calcium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">marine biogenic calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannofossils" title="Calcareous nannofossils">calcareous nannofossils</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">Aragonite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">oolitic aragonite sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite sea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation" title="Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation">microbial calcite precipitation</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">calcite sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Calcite_Belt" title="Great Calcite Belt">Great Calcite Belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">Silicification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_silica" title="Biogenic silica">biogenic silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">siliceous ooze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Other forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_bed" title="Bone bed">Bone bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alginite" title="Alginite">alginite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphorite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_evolution" title="Mineral evolution">Mineral evolution</a></li> <li>In soil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(soil_science)" title="Mineralization (soil science)">mineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immobilization_(soil_science)" title="Immobilization (soil science)">immobilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast minerals">Ballast minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetofossil" title="Magnetofossil">Magnetofossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosome" title="Magnetosome">Magnetosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria" title="Magnetotactic bacteria">Magnetotactic bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">Microfossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)"><i>engrailed</i> gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druse_(botany)" title="Druse (botany)">Druse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupriavidus_metallidurans" title="Cupriavidus metallidurans">Cupriavidus metallidurans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomineralising_polychaete" title="Biomineralising polychaete">Biomineralising polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral nutrients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil#Fossilization_processes" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permineralization" title="Permineralization">permineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrifaction" title="Petrifaction">petrifaction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale-type_preservation#Preservational_regime" title="Burgess Shale-type preservation">Burgess Shale preservation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biomineralization" title="Category:Biomineralization">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomineralization_sidebar" title="Template:Biomineralization sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomineralization_sidebar" title="Template talk:Biomineralization sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomineralization_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomineralization sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Silicates are generally inert chemically. Hence they are common minerals. Their resiliency also recommends their use as building materials. </p><p>When treated with calcium oxides and water, silicate minerals form <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>. </p><p>Equilibria involving hydrolysis of silicate minerals are difficult to study. The chief challenge is the very low solubility of SiO<sub>4</sub><sup>4-</sup> and its various protonated forms. Such equilibria are relevant to the processes occurring on geological time scales.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBAlex_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBAlex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plants excrete ligands that dissolve silicates, a step in <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralization</a>. </p><p>Catechols can depolymerize SiO₂—a component of silicates with ionic structures like orthosilicate (SiO₄⁴⁻), metasilicate (SiO₂³⁻), and pyrosilicate (Si₂O₆⁷⁻)—by forming bis- and tris(catecholate)silicate dianions through coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complexes can be further coated on various substrates for applications such as drug delivery systems, antibacterial and antifouling applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection">Detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicate anions in solution react with <a href="/wiki/Molybdate" title="Molybdate">molybdate</a> anions yielding yellow <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicomolybdate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicomolybdate (page does not exist)">silicomolybdate</a> complexes. In a typical preparation, <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomeric</a> orthosilicate was found to react completely in 75 seconds; <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimeric</a> pyrosilicate in 10 minutes; and higher <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">oligomers</a> in considerably longer time. In particular, the reaction is not observed with suspensions of <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silica" title="Colloidal silica">colloidal silica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GBAlex_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBAlex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeolite_formation_and_geopolymers_polymerisation">Zeolite formation and geopolymers polymerisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zeolite formation and geopolymers polymerisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of soluble silicates is relevant to understanding <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralization</a> and the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Aluminosilicate" title="Aluminosilicate">aluminosilicates</a>, such as the industrially important <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> called <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Aluminate" title="Aluminate">aluminate</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>, soluble silicate anions also play a major role in the polymerization mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Geopolymer" title="Geopolymer">geopolymers</a>. Geopolymers are <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> aluminosilicates whose production requires less energy than that of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>. So, <a href="/wiki/Geopolymer_cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolymer cement">geopolymer cements</a> could contribute to limiting the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> emissions in the Earth <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> caused by this <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali-silica_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali-silica reaction">Alkali-silica reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">Carbonate-silicate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-green-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crammond1995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crammond1995_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrammondHalliwell1995" class="citation book cs1">Crammond, N. J.; Halliwell, M. A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concrete.org/publications/internationalconcreteabstractsportal.aspx?m=details&id=963"><i>The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in concretes containing a source of carbonate ions—A microstructural overview</i></a>. 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>41 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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