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<link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparrorratz"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Iparrorratz rootpage-Iparrorratz skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iparrorratz" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iparrorratz" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iparrorratz" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iparrorratz" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesoamerika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesoamerika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mesoamerika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesoamerika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Txina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Txina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Txina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Txina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garapenak_eta_ondorengo_erabilerak_Txinan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garapenak_eta_ondorengo_erabilerak_Txinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Garapenak eta ondorengo erabilerak Txinan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garapenak_eta_ondorengo_erabilerak_Txinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difusioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difusioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Difusioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difusioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europan_asmatu_ote_zen?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europan_asmatu_ote_zen?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europan asmatu ote zen?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europan_asmatu_ote_zen?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erabilera_meatzaritzan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erabilera_meatzaritzan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erabilera meatzaritzan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erabilera_meatzaritzan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iparrorratz_lehorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iparrorratz_lehorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Iparrorratz lehorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iparrorratz_lehorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaur_egungo_iparrorratzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaur_egungo_iparrorratzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gaur egungo iparrorratzak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaur_egungo_iparrorratzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iparrorratz_baten_kalibraketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iparrorratz_baten_kalibraketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iparrorratz baten kalibraketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iparrorratz_baten_kalibraketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientazio_sistemak_eta_uneko_kokapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientazio_sistemak_eta_uneko_kokapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Orientazio sistemak eta uneko kokapena</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orientazio_sistemak_eta_uneko_kokapena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Orientazio sistemak eta uneko kokapena azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orientazio_sistemak_eta_uneko_kokapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iparrorratzetik_nabigazio-mapara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iparrorratzetik_nabigazio-mapara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Iparrorratzetik nabigazio-mapara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iparrorratzetik_nabigazio-mapara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iparrorratz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 121 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruixula" title="Bruixula – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bruixula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6ranf%C3%A6%C3%BEm" title="Færanfæþm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Færanfæþm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9" title="بوصلة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوصلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAxula" title="Brúxula – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brúxula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="قوطب‌گؤسترن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوطب‌گؤسترن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="कुतुबनुमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कुतुबनुमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কম্পাস – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadoz-vor" title="Nadoz-vor – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nadoz-vor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луужин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Луужин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAixola" title="Brúixola – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brúixola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-bu%C3%A0ng" title="Lò̤-buàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-buàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قیبلەنما – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قیبلەنما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmpawd" title="Cwmpawd – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwmpawd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Πυξίδα – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυξίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass" title="Compass – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Compass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaso" title="Kompaso – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kompaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAjula" title="Brújula – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brújula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب‌نما – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب‌نما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompassi" title="Kompassi – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kompassi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpass" title="Kumpass – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kumpass" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boussole" title="Boussole – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boussole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaas" title="Kompaas – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kompaas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%A1s" title="Compás – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Compás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9B%A4" title="羅盤 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅盤" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konpa_(navigasyon)" title="Konpa (navigasyon) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Konpa (navigasyon)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combaist" title="Combaist – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Combaist" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%A1s_(navegaci%C3%B3n)" title="Compás (navegación) – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compás (navegación)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="હોકાયંત્ર – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હોકાયંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfas" title="Kamfas – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kamfas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="מצפן – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95" title="दिक्सूचक – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिक्सूचक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1nyt%C5%B1" title="Iránytű – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iránytű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Կողմնացույց – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կողմնացույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussola" title="Bussola – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bussola" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busolo" title="Busolo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Busolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ttaviti" title="Áttaviti – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áttaviti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussola" title="Bussola – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bussola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E7%A3%81%E9%87%9D" title="方位磁針 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="方位磁針" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/makfartci" title="makfartci – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="makfartci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandom" title="Pandom – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pandom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კომპასი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომპასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busula" title="Busula – kikongoa" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Busula" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99" title="ត្រីវិស័យ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ត្រីវិស័យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ದಿಕ್ಸೂಚಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಿಕ್ಸೂಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%A8%EB%B0%98" title="나침반 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나침반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyxis_nautica" title="Pyxis nautica – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pyxis nautica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ເຂັມທິດ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຂັມທິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompasas" title="Kompasas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondroavaratra" title="Tondroavaratra – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tondroavaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വടക്കുനോക്കിയന്ത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കുനോക്കിയന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луужин – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луужин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="होकायंत्र – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होकायंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAssola" title="Bússola – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bússola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သံလိုက်အိမ်မြှောင် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံလိုက်အိမ်မြှောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कम्पास – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कम्पास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas" title="Compas – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Compas" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss%C3%B2la" title="Bossòla – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bossòla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koompaasii" title="Koompaasii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Koompaasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="କମ୍ପାସ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କମ୍ପାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%95" title="ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਸੂਚਕ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਸੂਚਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraluman" title="Paraluman – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Paraluman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas" title="Compas – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Compas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas_magnetyczny" title="Kompas magnetyczny – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kompas magnetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAssola" title="Bússola – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bússola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyu_rikuchiq" title="Suyu rikuchiq – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suyu rikuchiq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busol%C4%83" title="Busolă – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Busolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මාලිමාව – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාලිමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass" title="Compass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Compass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busulla" title="Busulla – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Busulla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dira" title="Dira – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="திசைகாட்டி – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திசைகாட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF" title="దిక్సూచి – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దిక్సూచి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8" title="เข็มทิศ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เข็มทิศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguhon_(panturo)" title="Aguhon (panturo) – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aguhon (panturo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusula" title="Pusula – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pusula" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_b%C3%A0n" title="La bàn – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="La bàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%92%88" title="指南针 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="指南针" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1" title="קאמפאס – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמפאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%92%88" title="指南针 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="指南针" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B6%93" title="羅經 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅經" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34735#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#66CDAA;">Iparrorratz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-top: 2px solid #ADD8E6; border-bottom: 2px solid #ADD8E6; background-color:#B0E0E6;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabigazio_tresna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabigazio tresna (sortu gabe)">nabigazio tresna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Plastic-compass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Plastic-compass.jpg/285px-Plastic-compass.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="238" class="mw-file-element" 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class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iparrorratza</b> orientatzeko balio duen tresna da, <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txina</a>n asmatua. <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipar_magnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipar magnetiko">ipar magnetikoa</a> seinalatzen du. Oso funtzionamendu sinplea du, <a href="/wiki/Iman" title="Iman">imandutako</a> orratz baten bidez <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipar_magnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipar magnetiko">ipar magnetikoa</a> seinalatzen duelako. Hala ere, haren seinaleak ez dira beti fidagarriak, perturbazio elektromagnetikoek iparrorratzaren interpretazio okerrak eragin ditzaketelako. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> zientzialari danimarkarrak 1820an aurkitu zuen iparrorratza desbideratu egiten zela korrontedun hari baten ondoan jartzean. </p><p>XX mendearen erdialdetik, nabigazio-sistema aurreratuagoak iparrorratz magnetikoa ordezkatzen hasi dira, besteak beste iparrorratz giroskopikoa dela kausa, laser argi-sorten bidez kalibratzen baita. Hala ere, oraindik oso erabilia da higikortasun handiko jardueretan: gainerako sistemek ez bezala, energia elektrikorik erabiltzen ez duenez, horrelako jardueretarako ezin egokiagoa da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Datuen arabera, Txinan asmatu zen IX. mende inguruan, norabideak itsaso zabalean zehazteko. Hasiera batean, urez betetako ontzi batean imandutako orratz bat flotatzen jartzen zuten. Denbora pasa ahala, sistema hobetuz joan zen, tamaina txikiagotzen eta erabilera errazten, ontzia ardatz birakari batez aldatuz, eta norabideak kalkulatzeko balio duen «haize-arrosa» gehituz. Gaur egun, iparrorratzek funtzionamendu-sistema aldatzen ez dioten baina neurketak errazagoak egiten dituzten hobekuntza txikiak jaso dituzte. Hobekuntza horien artean, ingurune ilunetan datu fidagarriak hartzeko argiztapen sistemak eta neurriak hartzeko urruneko objektuak erreferentzi moduan hartzen ditugunerako sistema optikoak daude. </p><p>Iparrorratzaren sorrera baino lehen, itsaso zabalean norabideak zehazteko gorputz zerutarren posizioaz baliatzen ziren. Batzuetan, nabigazioa zundaren erabileran ere oinarritzen zen. Metodo horien erabilerarekin bi zailtasun nagusi sortzen ziren: ur sakonegietan zundak emandako neurriak ez ziren fidagarriak eta zerua lainotuta zegoenean, ezin zen gorputz zerutarrik ikusi. Iparrorratza arazo horiek arintzeko erabiltzen zen; horregatik, halako eragozpenak pairatzen zituzten kulturek gutxi erabiltzen zuten. Hala izan zen arabiarren kasua, <a href="/wiki/Persiar_golkoa" title="Persiar golkoa">Persiar golkoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Indiako Ozeano</a>tik nabigatzen zirenez gehienetan zeru garbietan aritzen ziren. Beste aldetik, marinelek <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Baltiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsaso Baltiko">Itsaso Baltiko</a>ko ur axaletan nabigatzen zutenez, zundak erabiltzen zituzten. Beste alde batetik, astrolabioak ere zeuden —Grezian asmatu ziren—, nabigazioan laguntzeko. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesoamerika">Mesoamerika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mesoamerika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mesoamerika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Olmeka" title="Olmeka">Olmeka</a> iparrorratz baten antzeko eran funtzionatzen zuen magnetitako artefaktu baten aurkikundeak «Olmecasen K.a. 1000. urtetik baino lehen magnetita iparrorratza aurkitu eta erabili zutela » teoriak sortu ditu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Txina">Txina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Txina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Txina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Needham-en ustez, Txinari asmatu bide zen, baina gailuaren datan desadostasunak daudenez, antzinako literaturaz baliatu dira, aipamenen bila. Hartarako, ordena kronologiko bat jarraitu dute: </p> <ul><li>Literatura txinatarrean dakarren magnetismoari buruzko erreferentziarik zaharrena IV. mendeko 鬼谷子 (<i>Book of the Devil Valley Master’</i>) liburukoa da: «Magnetitak burdina etor dadila eragiten du, erakartzen du»</li> <li>Orratz baten erakarpen magnetikoaren lehen aipamena aurkitzen da 20 eta 100 urteen artean idatzitako liburu txinatar batean: «Magnetitak orratz bat erakartzen du». 1948an, Wang Txen-Tuo-k koilarearen formako iparrorratz bat eraiki zuen eta hegora apuntatzen zuen, testuaren arabera. Hala ere, liburu horretan «magneto bati aipamen espliziturik ez dagoela» eta «hipotesi batzuk onartu behar direla konklusioren batera iritsi ahal izateko» esan zuen.</li> <li>Norabidea markatzeko gailu magnetikoari buruzko lehen erreferentzia 1040-44 urteko <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song Dinastia</a>ren liburu batean dago: deskribapen bat dauka, «hegorantz seinalatzen duen arraina» ur-katilu batean, hegorantz lerrokatzen zena. Testu hartan, objektuaren erabilpena «gauaren iluntasunean» orientazio metodo gisan gomendatzen da. Hala ere, ez dago nabigazioan bere erabilerari buruzko aipamenik, ezta nola egin zen arrainaren magnetizazioa ere.</li> <li>Testu txinatarretan magnetizatutako orratz bati buruzko lehen erreferentzia eztabaidaezina 1086koa da. Song dinastiaren Shen Kuo-k idatzitako liburu batean, geomanteek orratz bat bere punta magnetitarekin igurtziz nola magnetizatu zuten, eta iparrorratza zeta zuntz batetik esekiz eta orratzaren erdian argizari pixka bat jartzen azaltzen da. Shen Kuo-k seinalatu zuen horrela orratza batzuetan iparrerantz eta beste batzuetan hegorantz seinalatzen zuela.</li> <li> Nabigazioan magnetizatutako orratz bateko erabilerari buruzko aipamena egiten duen lehen idazkia «Pingzhou-ko mahaiaren hizketaldiak» liburua da «Nabigatzaileak geografia ezagutzen du, hark izarrak ikusten ditu gauean, eguzkia egunean; ilun eta lainotuta dagoenean, hark iparrorratza ikusten du». Honek, Shen Kuo-ren egiazko iparreko kontzeptuaren aurkikundearen laguntza baliotsua jasoko zuen: iparburu magnetikoranzko deklinabide magnetikoa.</li></ul> <p> Iparrorratz txinatar zahar asko magia, zientzia eta protozientziarako erabiltzen ziren, adibidez, iparrorratz magnetikoa funtsezko tresna da geomantzian eta <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a>an. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garapenak_eta_ondorengo_erabilerak_Txinan">Garapenak eta ondorengo erabilerak Txinan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Garapenak eta ondorengo erabilerak Txinan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Garapenak eta ondorengo erabilerak Txinan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Itsasoko 48 posizioko nabigazio iparrorratz bateko lehen erabilera aipatuta dago «Kanbodiako aduanak» Zhou Daguan liburuan, Yuan dinastiaren diplomatuak idatzia. Bertan bere bidaia deskribatzen du Wenzhou-tik  Angkor Thom-era 1296. urtean. </p><p>Zheng He-ren nabigazioko mapak, «Mao Kun Mapa» izenez ezagunak, bidaia orratz hartze zehatz kantitate handia dauka. </p><p>Liburutegi batean eskuliburu bat dago, nabigazio-iparrorratzaren erabilerari buruzko  xehetasunak dituena. Shun Feng Xiang Song (‘Konpainiarako Haize egokiak —edo bidezkoak—’) izenekoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difusioa">Difusioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Difusioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Difusioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iparrorratzaren agerpenaren ondoren gertatutakoaren inguruan hainbat teoria daude. Hona batzuk: </p> <ul><li>Iparrorratzaren bidaia Txinatik Ekialde Ertaineraino egin zen, <a href="/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea">Zetaren Bide</a>aren bidez, eta gero Europara igaro zen.</li> <li>Zuzen-zuzenean, Txinatik Europara eraman zen eta, ondoren, Europatik Ekialde Ertainera.</li> <li>Europan sortu eta gero, Ekialde Ertainera eraman zela.           </li></ul> <p>Azken bi teoriek europarren lanak iparrorratzaren asmakuntzan arabiarretan baino lehenago oinarritzen dituzte. Magnetizatutako orratz baten eta gailuaren marinelen erabileraren Europako lehen aipamena Alexander Neckam paristarraren <i>De Naturis Rerum</i>-en (Gauza naturalak) agertzen da. </p><p>Mundu arabiarrean, gailuari buruzko erreferentzia goiztiarrenak <i>Tesaurus de los mercaderes</i> liburuan aurkitzen da. Liburuaren egileak 40 urte lehen, itsasontzi batean bidaia bat egin omen zuen iparrorratz bat erabiliz. Zenbait erudituk objektuaren agerpen data aurrekoa bide dela pentsatzen dute. </p><p>Europan, ofizialki iparrorratza ezaguna da <a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Pizkunde</a>az geroztik. Hasiera batean, sorginkeriaz edo magiaz funtzionatzen zuela pentsatzen zuten. <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="Erdi Aroa">Erdi Aro</a>aren amaieratik XIX. mendearen erdialdera, Iparburuan Rupes Nigra izeneko burdinazko mendi erraldoia zegoela pentsatzen zen eta, horrexegatik, imandutako orratzek iparbururantz apuntatzen zutela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europan_asmatu_ote_zen?"><span id="Europan_asmatu_ote_zen.3F"></span>Europan asmatu ote zen?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Europan asmatu ote zen?»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Europan asmatu ote zen?"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainbat argudio eman daitezke Europan asmatu izanari buruz. </p><p>Aldeko argudioak: </p> <ul><li>Nabigaziorako iparrorratz europarrak iparrera seinalatzen du, iparrorratz txinatarrak aldiz hegora seinalatzen du.</li> <li>Europar iparrorratzak oinarrizko 16 zatiketa ditu, txinatarrak aldiz 24.</li> <li>Europar iparrorratzak eboluzio azkarra jasan du magnetizatutako orratzetik (1190) iparrorratz lehorrera (1300). Orratzen inguruko aldaketagatik imajina daiteke orratz-artefaktua eta katiluaren aurreko asmakizuna independenteki egin zela.</li></ul> <p>Aurkako  argudioak: </p> <ul><li>Europako lehen iparrorratza ur-katilu batean flotatzen zegoen orratz batean oinarritzen zen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erabilera_meatzaritzan">Erabilera meatzaritzan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erabilera meatzaritzan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Erabilera meatzaritzan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iparrorratza <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">Massa</a>-ko meatze-hirian, lurraren azpian orientazio erremintatzat erabili zen lehen aldiz, magnetizatutako orratz flotatzaileak tuneletan gidaritzat. XV mendearen bigarren erdialdean, <a href="/wiki/Tirol" title="Tirol">Tirol</a>go meatzariek beren lanetarako oinarrizko ekipamenduaren parte zen. Handik gutxira, Rülein von Calw meatzari alemaniarrak (1463-1525) lur azpiko lanetan iparrorratzaren erabilerak zeuzkan hitzarmena idatzi zuen. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iparrorratz_lehorra">Iparrorratz lehorra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iparrorratz lehorra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Iparrorratz lehorra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iparrorratz lehorra Europan asmatu zen 1300 urte inguruan eta tresna hiru elementuz osatuta dago: magnetizatutako orratz bat, beirazko-estalkia duen kutxa bat eta mapa nautiko bat haize-arrosa  duena. Karta orratzean atxikitzen zen, ardatz baten gainean aske bira zitekeena. Iparrorratza itsasontziko gilarekin bat jartzen zenez eta kartak itsasontzia norabidez aldatzen zen guztietan biratzen zuenez, aparatuak itsasontziaren norabidea ematen zuen. Peter Peregrinus eruditu frantsesak kutxetako orratz sistema 1269an deskribatu arren, Flavio Gioja italiarra izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>-ko itsas pilotua, nabigazio-iparrorratza hobetu eta abiarazi zuena, orratza mapa nautikoaren gainean zintzilikatuz.  Iparrorratz modelo hori <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>-ren "<a href="/wiki/Jainkotiar_komedia" title="Jainkotiar komedia">Jainkotiar Komedia</a>" liburuan (1380) deskribatzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaur_egungo_iparrorratzak">Gaur egungo iparrorratzak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaur egungo iparrorratzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Gaur egungo iparrorratzak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oraingo nabigazio iparrorratzek orratz edo disko magnetizatuak erabiltzen dituzte, likido batez beterik dagoen kapsula baten barnean, normalean olioa, kerosenoa edo alkohola izaten dena. Fluido honek orratza geldiarazten du ipar magnetikoaren inguruan oszilatzen utzi beharrean. Likidoz betetako lehen iparrorratz eramangarria Tuomas Vohlonen-ek asmatu zuen 1936. urtean, banakako erabilerako. Gainera, zenbait iparrorratzek angelu-garraiagailu bat daramate, norabide zehatzen neurriak mapa batetik bertatik hartzeko balio dutenak. Gaur eguneko iparrorratzen beste ezaugarri batzuk, mapetan distantziak neurtzeko eskalak, argi gutxi dagoen egoetan erabiltzeko marka argiztatuak eta urruneko objektuak zehaztasunez  neurtzeko mekanismo optikoak, hala nola, ispiluak, prismak… </p><p>Gaur egun erabiltzen diren iparrorratz berezien artean bada Quibla iparrorratza, musulmanek erabilia <a href="/wiki/Meka" title="Meka">Meka</a> non dagoen jakin eta hara begira euren otoitzak egiteko, eta  Jerusalenen iparrorratza, juduengatik erabilia Jerusalenen norabidea zein den jakin eta hara begira euren otoitzak egiteko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iparrorratz_baten_kalibraketa">Iparrorratz baten kalibraketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iparrorratz baten kalibraketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Iparrorratz baten kalibraketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lurraren eremu magnetikoaren inklinazioa eta intentsitatea latitude batetik bestera aldatuz doanez, iparrorratzak euren fabrikazioan zehar kalibratuak izaten dira. Doikuntza horrek lurraren eremu magnetikoaren aldaketaren eraginez iparrorratzen neurketa okerrak aurreikusi eta zuzentzen ditu. Fabrikatzaile gehienek euren iparrorratzak lurreko bost zonetako batentzat kalibratzen dituzte. Zona hauek lehenengo zonatik, ipar-hemisferio gehiena hartzen duena, bosgarren zonaraino, Australia eta hegoaldeko ozeanoak hartzen dituena, doaz. Suunto, esplorazio ekipamendu fabrikatzailea,  bi zonetarako kalibratuta zeuden iparrorratzak merkaturatu zituen, non hemisferio oso baten erabil daitezkeen, baita beste hemisferioan erabili akats zorrotz handirik egin gabe. </p><p>Herrialde adierazgarrienak zonako: </p> <ul><li>1. zona: <a href="/wiki/Ipar_hemisferio" title="Ipar hemisferio">Ipar hemisferioa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Europa" title="Ipar Europa">Ipar Europa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia)</a></li> <li>2. zona: <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Amerika" title="Erdialdeko Amerika">Erdialdeko Amerika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolonbia" title="Kolonbia">Kolonbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Afrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipar Afrika">ipar Afrika</a></li> <li>3. zona: <a href="/wiki/Txile" title="Txile">Txile,</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Afrika" title="Erdialdeko Afrika">Erdialdeko Afrika</a></li> <li>4. zona: <a href="/wiki/Paraguai" title="Paraguai">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguai" title="Uruguai">Uruguai</a>, Hego Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Ginea_Berria" title="Ginea Berria">Guinea Berria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hegoafrika" title="Hegoafrika">Hegoafrika</a></li> <li>5. zona: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zeelanda_Berria" title="Zeelanda Berria">Zeelanda Berria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orientazio_sistemak_eta_uneko_kokapena">Orientazio sistemak eta uneko kokapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Orientazio sistemak eta uneko kokapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Orientazio sistemak eta uneko kokapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaur egun teknologiaren, konputazioaren eta satelite artifizialen aurrerapenarekin, iparrorratza alde batera utzi da eta <a href="/wiki/GPS" title="GPS">GPS</a>ak (<i>Global Positioning System</i> edo Kokapen Sistema Globala) ordezkatu du. Sistema horrek satelite bidezko triangulazio bidez koordenatu zehatzak ematen ditu. Posizionatze ekipoak sakelako telefono edo kalkulagailu zientifiko baten tamainakoak izaten dira eta unean bertan, Lurreko edozein puntutan egonda, koordenatuak eman diezazkigukete. Horretaz gain, beste modelo konplexuago batzuek zonaldeko mapa eta ibilbideak, inguruko erliebearen datuak, gasolindegiak, postu sanitarioak, hotel eta jatetxeen datuak ere erakusten dituzte. </p><p>Gaur egun, ibilgailu orok, airekoek, uretakoek nahiz lurrekoek, zibilek zein militarrek, horrelako gailuak eskura ditzakete. Hala ere, itsasontzi eta hegazkinek iparrorratz hobetuak eramaten dituzte sistema konplexuetan akatsik egongo balitz, bidaia aurrera eraman ahal izateko. Esploraziozaleek zein mendi-ibiltaritzara zaletuek ere iparrorratzak erabiltzen segitzen dute, apurtzeko zailagoak direlako; gainera, ez dute pilarik behar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iparrorratzetik_nabigazio-mapara">Iparrorratzetik nabigazio-mapara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iparrorratzetik nabigazio-mapara»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Iparrorratzetik nabigazio-mapara"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lursail batean iparrorratzarekin neurtzean norabidea lortzen da, ipar magnetikoa erreferentziatzat izanda, aldiz, nabigazio mapan <a href="/wiki/Azimut" title="Azimut">azimut</a>-a erabiltzen da, ipar geografikoa edo benetako iparra erreferentziatzat izanda. Norabide bat azimut bihurtzeko deklinazio-magnetikoa zein den jakin behar da, horrela deklinazioa ekialderantz bada, azimuta norabidea eta deklinazioaren arteko batuketa izango da (Az = Rm + Dm); aldiz, deklinazio magnetikoa mendebalderantz bada, orduan azimuta norabidearen eta deklinazio-magnetikoaren arteko kenketa da (Az = Rm - Dm). Ekuazioak errazteko eta bakarra erabiltzeko, lehenengo formula erabiltzen da, non <a href="/wiki/Azimut" title="Azimut">azimut</a>a norabidearen eta deklinazio magnetikoaren arteko batura den, baina zeinuen hitzarmena kontuan izanda, non Ekialdea positiboa den eta Mendebaldea negatiboa, adibidez; norabidea 60º-koa den eta deklinazio magnetikoa 5º Mendebalde (-5º) den azimuta topatu nahi izan ezkero, hurrengo formula erabiliko da:  Az = Rm + Dm = 60º + (-5º) = 55º. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparrorratz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34735" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q34735">Q34735</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compasses">Compasses</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q34735%22">Q34735</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031975-1">4031975-1</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph496669">ph496669</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300196707">300196707</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/compass-navigational-instrument">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34735" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q34735">Q34735</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compasses">Compasses</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q34735%22">Q34735</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ontzi_terminologiaren_aurkibidea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Sail_types&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Sail types (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Sail_types&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Sail types (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Sail_types&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ontzi_terminologiaren_aurkibidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ontzi terminologiaren aurkibidea</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparailu_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparailu (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Aparailuak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korain" title="Korain">Aborin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aingura" title="Aingura">Aingura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albako_duke_(portuak)" title="Albako duke (portuak)">Albako duke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alboko_argi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alboko argi (sortu gabe)">Alboko argi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarradura" title="Amarradura">Amarradura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu" title="Amu">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argindar-hartune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argindar-hartune (sortu gabe)">Argindar-hartune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arranpla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arranpla (sortu gabe)">Arranpla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraun" title="Arraun">Arraun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliza" title="Baliza">Baliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baskula" title="Baskula">Baskula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_(nautika)" title="Bela (nautika)">Bela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermudar_bela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermudar bela (sortu gabe)">Bermudar bela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berun_hari" title="Berun hari">Berun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brankako_lotura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brankako lotura (sortu gabe)">Brankako lotura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buia_(nautika)" title="Buia (nautika)">Buia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorretxo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorretxo (sortu gabe)">Dorretxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driza" title="Driza">Driza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esparbel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esparbel (sortu gabe)">Esparbel/Txinga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esprader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esprader (sortu gabe)">Esprader</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasogailu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasogailu (sortu gabe)">Jasogailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabi" title="Garabi">Garabi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kable_(ontzietakoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kable (ontzietakoa) (sortu gabe)">Kable</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalapatxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalapatxa (sortu gabe)">Kalapatxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanabera_(arrantza)" title="Kanabera (arrantza)">Kanabera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate" title="Kate">Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan_(arrantza)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazan (arrantza) (sortu gabe)">kazan/xaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizki" title="Kizki">Kizki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulubiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulubiza (sortu gabe)">Kulubiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasta" title="Lasta">Lasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai" title="Kai">Moila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moilaertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moilaertz (sortu gabe)">Moilaertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiloi" title="Mutiloi">Mutiloi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pita_(arrantza)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pita (arrantza) (sortu gabe)">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sare_(arrantza)" title="Sare (arrantza)">Sare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itsas_semaforo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itsas semaforo (sortu gabe)">Semaforo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka" title="Soka">Soka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolet (sortu gabe)">Tolet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txikot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txikot (sortu gabe)">Txikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">Txirrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretza" title="Tretza">Tretza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur_gaineko_dike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur gaineko dike (sortu gabe)">Ur gaineko dike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Itsasontzi" title="Itsasontzi">Ontzi atalak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababor_eta_istribor" title="Ababor eta istribor">Ababor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amula" title="Amula">Ababorreko amula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albo_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albo (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Albo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altuera_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altuera (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Altuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubi_(ontzia)" title="Zubi (ontzia)">Aginte zubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amula" title="Amula">Amula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_(nautika)" title="Bela (nautika)">Bela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belazurrun" title="Belazurrun">Belazurrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltegi" title="Biltegi">Biltegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizkar_(nautika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkar (nautika)">Bizkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branka" title="Branka">Branka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bular_(itsasontzietan)" title="Bular (itsasontzietan)">Bular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errun_(nautika)" title="Errun (nautika)">Errun/Zabalera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esprin_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esprin (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Esprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estaia" title="Estaia">Estaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanpa_(nautika)" title="Estanpa (nautika)">Estanpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropu" title="Estropu">Estropu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainegitura_(nautika)" title="Gainegitura (nautika)">Gainegitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_(nautika)" title="Gila (nautika)">Gila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haizealdea_eta_haizebea" title="Haizealdea eta haizebea">Haizealde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haizealdea_eta_haizebea" title="Haizealdea eta haizebea">Haizebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegal_(itsasontziarena)" title="Hegal (itsasontziarena)">Hegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helize_(mekanika)" title="Helize (mekanika)">Helize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hondo_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hondo (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Hondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi-begi" title="Idi-begi">Idi-begi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilabe (sortu gabe)">Ilabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ababor_eta_istribor" title="Ababor eta istribor">Istribor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amula" title="Amula">Istriborreko amula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel" title="Karel">Karel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelez_kanpoko_motor" title="Karelez kanpoko motor">Karelez kanpoko motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindurtza" title="Kindurtza">Kindurtza/Saia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasta" title="Korasta">Korasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasta_lema" title="Korasta lema">Korasta lema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krosko" title="Krosko">Krosko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krosko_bikoitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krosko bikoitz (sortu gabe)">Krosko bikoitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema" title="Lema">Lema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzera_(nautika)" title="Luzera (nautika)">Luzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masta" title="Masta">Masta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaburuko_argi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mastaburuko argi (sortu gabe)">Mastaburuko argi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masta" title="Masta">Masteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurketa_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurketa (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Neurketa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontziratzeko_pasabide" title="Ontziratzeko pasabide">Ontziratzeko pasabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontza" title="Pontza">Pontza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porturatzeko_buia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porturatzeko buia (sortu gabe)">Porturatzeko buia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntal" title="Puntal">Puntal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saihets_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saihets (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Saihets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soto" title="Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosta" title="Tosta">Tosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txopa" title="Txopa">Txopa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txopako_argi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txopako argi (sortu gabe)">Txopako argi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txopako_lotura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txopako lotura (sortu gabe)">Txopako lotura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urgaineko_alde" title="Urgaineko alde">Urgaineko alde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpeko_alde" title="Urpeko alde">Urpeko alde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaldain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaldain (sortu gabe)">Zaldain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingo" title="Zingo">Zingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maniobrak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainguratze" title="Ainguratze">Ainguratze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrantza" title="Arrantza">Arrantza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alturako_arrantza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alturako arrantza">Alturako arrantza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarratu" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarratu">Amarratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">Arrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarda" title="Sarda">Arrain-sarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraste" title="Arraste">Arraste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arraun_egin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arraun egin (sortu gabe)">Arraun egin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraunlari" title="Arraunlari">Arraunlari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atrakatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atrakatu (sortu gabe)">Atrakatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurtzaka" title="Aurtzaka">Aurtzaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brankari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brankari (sortu gabe)">Aurreko/Brankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badia" title="Badia">Badia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsasbazterreko_arrantza" title="Itsasbazterreko arrantza">Baxurako arrantza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beideratu_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beideratu (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Bideratu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biratu_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biratu (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Bidatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga" title="Boga">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokale" title="Bokale">Bokale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bultzada_(nautika)" title="Bultzada (nautika)">Bultzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deriba" title="Deriba">Deriba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desatrakatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desatrakatu (sortu gabe)">Desatrakatu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desegite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desegite (sortu gabe)">Desegite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desplazamendu_(nautika)" title="Desplazamendu (nautika)">Desplazamendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbata" title="Enbata">Enbata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erriatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erriatu (sortu gabe)">Erriatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskifaia" title="Eskifaia">Eskifaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskora" title="Eskora">Eskora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traineru_estropada" title="Traineru estropada">Estropada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezkutuko_bidaiari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezkutuko bidaiari (sortu gabe)">Ezkutuko bidaiari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurutzaldi-abiadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurutzaldi-abiadura (sortu gabe)">Gurutzaldi-abiadura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hankeko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hankeko (sortu gabe)">Hankeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondartze" title="Hondartze">Hondartze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hondoratu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hondoratu (sortu gabe)">Hondoratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsasbazterreko_arrantza" title="Itsasbazterreko arrantza">Itsasbazterreko arrantza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabotaje" title="Kabotaje">Kabotaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai" title="Kai">Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubide" title="Ubide">Kanal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingurasareko_arrantza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingurasareko arrantza (sortu gabe)">Ingurasareko arrantza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iparrorratz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsasargi" title="Itsasargi">Itsasargi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itsas_garraio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itsas garraio (sortu gabe)">Itsas garraio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsas_salbamendu" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsas salbamendu">Itsas salbamendu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itsasbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itsasbide (sortu gabe)">Itsasbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsaslabar" title="Itsaslabar">Itsaslabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_(arrantza)" title="Kala (arrantza)">Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofradia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofradia">Kofradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korapilo_(abiadura_unitatea)" title="Korapilo (abiadura unitatea)">Korapilo (abiadura unitatea)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krosko-zulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krosko-zulo (sortu gabe)">Krosko-zulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsas_milia" title="Itsas milia">Itsas milia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasta-abiadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasta-abiadura (sortu gabe)">Lasta-abiadura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehorreratu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehorreratu (sortu gabe)">Lehorreratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurmutur" title="Lurmutur">Lurmutur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lurreko_garraio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lurreko garraio (sortu gabe)">Lurreko garraio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merkatzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merkatzia (sortu gabe)">Merkatzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabigazio_hondakin" title="Nabigazio hondakin">Nabigazio hondakin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahitaezko_porturatze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahitaezko porturatze (sortu gabe)">Nahitaezko porturatze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naufragio" title="Naufragio">Naufragio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norabide_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norabide (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Norabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oin_(unitatea)" title="Oin (unitatea)">Oin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okertu_(nautika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okertu (nautika) (sortu gabe)">Okertu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontzi-hondar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontzi-hondar (sortu gabe)">Ontzi-hondar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontzialdaketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontzialdaketa (sortu gabe)">Ontzialdaketa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontziola" title="Ontziola">Ontziola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontziratu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontziratu (sortu gabe)">Ontziratu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontzitegi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontzitegi (sortu gabe)">Ontzitegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalan" 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