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</button> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_strandflat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geological origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frost_weathering,_glaciers_and_sea_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frost_weathering,_glaciers_and_sea_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Frost weathering, glaciers and sea 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of landform found in high-latitude areas</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Her%C3%B8y,_Helgeland,_Nordland,_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Her%C3%B8y%2C_Helgeland%2C_Nordland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg/290px-Her%C3%B8y%2C_Helgeland%2C_Nordland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Her%C3%B8y%2C_Helgeland%2C_Nordland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg/435px-Her%C3%B8y%2C_Helgeland%2C_Nordland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Her%C3%B8y%2C_Helgeland%2C_Nordland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg/580px-Her%C3%B8y%2C_Helgeland%2C_Nordland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5338" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Strandflat at <a href="/wiki/Her%C3%B8y_Municipality_(Nordland)" title="Herøy Municipality (Nordland)">Herøy Municipality</a>, northern Norway</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Strandflat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">strandflate</i><sup id="cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a landform typical of the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> coast consisting of a flattish <a href="/wiki/Erosion_surface" title="Erosion surface">erosion surface</a> on the coast and near-coast <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a>. In Norway, strandflats provide room for settlements and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Norway">agriculture</a>, constituting important <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">cultural landscapes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shallow and protected waters of strandflats are valued fishing grounds that provide sustenance to traditional fishing settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside Norway proper, strandflats can be found in other high-latitude areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canadian Arctic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Far North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </p><p>The strandflats are usually bounded on the landward side by a sharp break in slope, leading to mountainous terrain or <a href="/wiki/Paleic_surface" title="Paleic surface">high plateaux</a>. On the seaward side, strandflats end at submarine slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corner2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corner2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> surface of strandflats is uneven and tilts gently towards the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Corner2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corner2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a strandflat was introduced in 1894 by Norwegian geologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Reusch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Reusch">Hans Reusch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnaetal1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnaetal1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwegian_strandflat">Norwegian strandflat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Norwegian strandflat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strandflat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Strandflat.png/220px-Strandflat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Strandflat.png/330px-Strandflat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Strandflat.png/440px-Strandflat.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Schematic profile of a strandflat in Norway. To the right lies higher terrain, to the left lies a steep slope leading to the strandflat. The strandflat is both flat and undulating, and contains a skerry zone to the left. The skerries are separated from the submarine flat surfaces of the bankflat by an underwater slope. The large island in the middle hosts a <a href="/wiki/Rauk" title="Rauk">rauk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strandflats are not fully flat and may display some local relief, meaning that it is usually not possible to assign them a precise elevation above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Geomency_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geomency-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian strandflats may go from 70–60 metres (230–200 ft) above sea level to 40–30 metres (131–98 ft) below sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undulations in the strandflat relief may result in an irregular coastline with <a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">skerries</a>, small embayments, and peninsulas.<sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traenstaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Traenstaven.jpg/220px-Traenstaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Traenstaven.jpg/330px-Traenstaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Traenstaven.jpg/440px-Traenstaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The mountain Trænstaven in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A6na_Municipality" title="Træna Municipality">Træna Municipality</a> is a <i>rauk</i> amidst the strandflat of Norway's coast.</figcaption></figure> <p>The width of the strandflat varies from 1–50 kilometres (0.62–31.07 mi) and occasionally reaching up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width.<sup id="cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geomency_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geomency-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From land to sea the strandflat can be subdivided into the following zones: the supramarine zone, the <a href="/wiki/Skj%C3%A6rg%C3%A5rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Skjærgård">skjærgård</a> (skerry archipelago), and the submarine zone. Residual mountains surrounded by the strandflat are called <a href="/wiki/Rauk" title="Rauk">rauks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Terje2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terje2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the landward side, the strandflat often terminates abruptly with the beginning of a steep slope that separates it from higher or more uneven terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some locations this sharp boundary is lacking and the landward end of strandflat is diffuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtedahl1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtedahl1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the seaward side, the strandflat continues underwater down to depths of 30 to 60 metres (98 to 197 ft), where a steep submarine slope separates it from older low relief <a href="/wiki/Paleic_surface" title="Paleic surface">paleic surfaces</a>. These paleic surfaces are known as bankflat, and make up much of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some locations, the landward end of the strandflat or the region slightly above contains <a href="/wiki/Relict_(geology)" title="Relict (geology)">relict</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea caves">sea caves</a> partly filled with sediments that predate the <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">last glacial period</a>. These caves lie near the <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial marine limit</a> or above it.<sup id="cite_ref-Corner2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corner2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, strandflats in <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> county are larger and flatter than those of <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtedahl1998_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtedahl1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Nordland, many strandflats are found next to active <a href="/wiki/Seismic_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic fault">seismic faults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg/220px-Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg/330px-Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg/440px-Eggum_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Farms at the strandflat of <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofotfjella</a> at Eggum in <a href="/wiki/Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Vestvågøy Municipality">Vestvågøy Municipality</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_origin">Geological origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geological origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being together with <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> the most studied coastal landform in Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2013 there is no consensus as to the origin of strandflats.<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the literature shows that during the course of the 20th century, explanations for the strandflat shifted from involving one or two processes to including many more. Thus most modern explanations are of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polygenetic" class="extiw" title="wikt:polygenetic">polygenetic</a> type.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemsdal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemsdal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand-scale observations on the distribution of strandflats tend to favour an origin in connection to the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciations</a>, while in-detail studies have led scholars to argue that strandflats have been shaped by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">chemical weathering</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. According to this second view, the weathered surface would then have been buried in sediments to be <a href="/wiki/Exhumation_(geology)" title="Exhumation (geology)">freed</a> from this cover during <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Late Neogene</a> for a final reshaping by erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredinetal2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredinetal2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holtedahl" title="Hans Holtedahl">Hans Holtedahl</a> regarded the strandflats as modified paleic surfaces, conjecturing that paleic surfaces dipping gently to the sea would favoured strandflat formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtedahl1998_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtedahl1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his original description, Reusch regarded the strandflat as originating from <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">marine abrasion</a> prior to glaciation,<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but adding that some levelling could have been caused by non-marine erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemsdal_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemsdal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, the formation of the strandflat preceded the <a href="/wiki/Fjords_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjords of Norway">fjords of Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGU2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGU2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wilhelmsson_Ahlmann" title="Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann">Hans Ahlmann</a> assumed the strandflat formed by erosion on land towards a <a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">base level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-20th century, W. Evers argued in a series of publications that the strandflat was a low-erosion surface formed on land as part of a stepped sequence (<a href="/wiki/Piedmonttreppen" title="Piedmonttreppen">piedmonttreppen</a>) that included the <a href="/wiki/Paleic_surface" title="Paleic surface">Paleic surfaces</a>. This idea was refuted by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Holtedahl" title="Olaf Holtedahl">Olaf Holtedahl</a>, who noted that the position of the surfaces were not that of a piedmonttreppen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frost_weathering,_glaciers_and_sea_ice"><span id="Frost_weathering.2C_glaciers_and_sea_ice"></span>Frost weathering, glaciers and sea ice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frost weathering, glaciers and sea ice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arctic explorer <a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Nansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritjof Nansen">Fritjof Nansen</a> agreed with Reusch that marine influences formed the strandflat, but added in 1922 that <a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">frost weathering</a> was also of key importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGU2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGU2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nansen discarded ordinary marine abrasion as an explanation for the formation of the strandflat, as he noted that much of the strandflat lay in areas protected from major waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Terje2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terje2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his analysis, Nansen argued that the strandflat formed after the fjords of Norway had dissected the landscape. This, he argued, facilitated marine erosion by creating more coast and by creating nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment_sink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sediment sink (page does not exist)">sediment sinks</a> for eroded material.<sup id="cite_ref-NGU2011_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGU2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Holtedahl" title="Olaf Holtedahl">Olaf Holtedahl</a> favoured a glacial origin for the strandflat, an idea that was picked up by his son <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holtedahl" title="Hans Holtedahl">Hans Holtedahl</a>. Hans Holtedahl and E. Larsen went on to argue in 1985 for an origin in connection to the Quaternary glaciations with material loosened by <a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">frost weathering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea-ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-ice">sea-ice</a> transporting loose material and <a href="/wiki/Planation_surface" title="Planation surface">making the relief flat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnaetal1999_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnaetal1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tormod Klemsdal added in 1982 that <a href="/wiki/Cirque_glacier" title="Cirque glacier">cirque glaciers</a> could have made minor contributions in "widening, levelling and splitting the strandflat".<sup id="cite_ref-Klemsdal_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemsdal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_weathering_and_antiquity">Deep weathering and antiquity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deep weathering and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to the glacial and <a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">periglacial</a> hypotheses, <a href="/wiki/Julius_B%C3%BCdel" title="Julius Büdel">Julius Büdel</a> and Jean-Pierre Peulvast regard <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of rock into <a href="/wiki/Saprolite" title="Saprolite">saprolite</a> as important in shaping the strandflat. Büdel held that weathering took place in a distant past with tropical and sub-tropical climates, while Peulvast considered that present-day conditions and a lack of glaciation were enough to produce the weathering. As such, Peulvast considered the saprolite found in the strandflat, and the weathering that produced it, to predate the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Last glacial period</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karnaetal1999_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karnaetal1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Büdel, the strandflat was a <a href="/wiki/Etchplain" title="Etchplain">surface shaped by weathering</a> dotted with <a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">inselbergs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Odleiv and co-workers put forward a mixed origin for the strandflat of <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a>. They argue that this strandflat in northern Norway could represent the remnants of a weathered <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> age<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was buried in sediment for long time before made flat again by erosion in <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study concerning <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>, a clay formed by weathering, is interpreted to indicate that the strandflat at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8mlo_(island)" title="Bømlo (island)">Bømlo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a> was weathered <i>c</i>. 210 million years ago during <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Late Triassic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredinetal2017_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredinetal2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haakon Fossen and co-workers disagree with this view citing <a href="/wiki/Thermochronology" title="Thermochronology">thermochronology</a> studies to claim that the strandflat in Western Norway was still covered by sedimentary rock in the Triassic and did only got free of its sedimentary cover in the Jurassic. Same authors note that movement of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">geological faults</a> in the Late Mesozoic imply the strandflats of Western Norway took their final shape after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> or else they would occur at various heights above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Fossenetal2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fossenetal2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar opinion is expressed by Hans Holtedahl who wrote that "[t]he strandflat must have formed later the main (<a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>) <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains#Origin" title="Scandinavian Mountains">uplift of the Scandinavian landmass</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Holtedahl1998_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtedahl1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this Holtedahl added that in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> between Nordland and Western Norway the strandflat could be a surface formed before the Jurassic, then buried in sediments and at some point freed from this cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtedahl1998_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtedahl1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the understanding of Tormod Klemsdal strandflats may be old surfaces shaped by deep weathering that escaped the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains#Origin" title="Scandinavian Mountains">uplift</a> that affected the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> further east.<sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strandflat at Bømlo is considered by Ola Fredin and co-workers to be equivalent to the sediment-capped top of <a href="/wiki/Utsira_High" title="Utsira High">Utsira High</a> offshore west of <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredinetal2017_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredinetal2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is also disputed by Haakon Fossen and co-workers who state that the <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> surface under the northern <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Diachronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Diachronous">not at a single time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fossenetal2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fossenetal2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Norway">Outside Norway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outside Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strandflats have been identified in high-latitude areas such as the coast of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Canada">Arctic Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a><sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taymyr Peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Russia and the western coasts of <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geomency_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geomency-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These strandflats are usually smaller than those in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredinetal2017_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredinetal2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, strandflats can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fredinetal2017_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredinetal2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geomency_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geomency-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition there have been mentions of strandflats in <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Island" title="Robert Island">Robert Island</a> in the South Shetland Islands, raised strandflats show that the island has been subject to a relative change in sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raised <a href="/wiki/Shore_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore platform">shore platforms</a> corresponding to strandflats have also been identified in Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>. Possibly these formed in <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> times and were later modified by the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the strandflat at Bømlo"><img alt="Aerial view of the strandflat at Bømlo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG/298px-Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG/447px-Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG/595px-Siggjo_viewed_towards_east.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of the strandflat at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8mlo_(island)" title="Bømlo (island)">Bømlo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Goddo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the strandflat at Goddo island near Bømlo"><img alt="Aerial view of the strandflat at Goddo island near Bømlo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_Goddo.JPG/300px-Southern_Goddo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_Goddo.JPG/451px-Southern_Goddo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_Goddo.JPG/600px-Southern_Goddo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of the strandflat at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddo_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goddo (island) (page does not exist)">Goddo island</a> near Bømlo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skerry zone of a strandflat in Lochmaddy, Hebrides"><img alt="Skerry zone of a strandflat in Lochmaddy, Hebrides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg/300px-Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg/451px-Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg/600px-Leaving_Lochmaddy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skerry zone of a strandflat in <a href="/wiki/Lochmaddy" title="Lochmaddy">Lochmaddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 720px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 718px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helgeland_coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the strandflat at Helgeland from the mountain Dønnesfjellet in Dønna. A number of rauks can be seen, from left: Træna, Lovunda, Selvær, Nesøya, Hestmona, Rødøyløva, and Lurøyfjellet, all landmarks on the Norwegian coast."><img alt="View of the strandflat at Helgeland from the mountain Dønnesfjellet in Dønna. A number of rauks can be seen, from left: Træna, Lovunda, Selvær, Nesøya, Hestmona, Rødøyløva, and Lurøyfjellet, all landmarks on the Norwegian coast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Helgeland_coast.jpg/1077px-Helgeland_coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="718" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Helgeland_coast.jpg/1618px-Helgeland_coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Helgeland_coast.jpg/2154px-Helgeland_coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the strandflat at Helgeland from the mountain Dønnesfjellet in Dønna. A number of <i>rauks</i> can be seen, from left: <a href="/wiki/Sanna,_Nordland" title="Sanna, Nordland">Træna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovund" title="Lovund">Lovunda</a>, Selvær, <a href="/wiki/Nes%C3%B8ya,_Nordland" title="Nesøya, Nordland">Nesøya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hestmona" class="mw-redirect" title="Hestmona">Hestmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8d%C3%B8ya" title="Rødøya">Rødøyløva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%B8ya,_Nordland" title="Lurøya, Nordland">Lurøyfjellet</a>, all landmarks on the Norwegian coast.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American geographers <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Davis" title="William Morris Davis">William Morris Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilson_Johnson" title="Douglas Wilson Johnson">Douglas Wilson Johnson</a> supported the view that marine erosion created the strandflat.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemsdal_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemsdal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later in 2000 <a href="/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Karna Lidmar-Bergström">Karna Lidmar-Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Ollier" title="Cliff Ollier">Cliff Ollier</a> and Jan R. Sulebak did describe the Paleic surface as composed of a sequence of steps but did so only for the upper parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirques</a> in the southern half of Norway can be found both near sea level and at elevations up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Halletal2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halletal2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remnants of a peneplain formed in <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> times do also exist in <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">southwestern Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karna1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karna1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SNLstrandflate-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNLstrandflate_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBryhni2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bryhni, Inge (2018-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/strandflate">"strandflate"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Knut_Helle" title="Knut Helle">Helle, Knut</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Store norske leksikon">Store norske leksikon</a></i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=strandflate&rft.btitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Bryhni&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fstrandflate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klemsdalencyclo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klemsdalencyclo_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemsdal2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klemsdal, Tormod (2005). "Strandflat". In Schwartz, Maurice L. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Coastal Science</i>. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 914–915. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3880-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-3880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strandflat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Coastal+Science&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+Sciences+Series&rft.pages=914-915&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3880-8&rft.aulast=Klemsdal&rft.aufirst=Tormod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corner2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corner2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corner2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corner2004_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner2004" class="citation book cs1">Corner, Geoffrey (2004). "Scandes Mountains". In <a href="/wiki/Matti_Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Matti Seppälä">Seppälä, Matti</a> (ed.). <i>The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 240–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924590-1"><bdi>978-0-19-924590-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandes+Mountains&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Geography+of+Fennoscandia&rft.pages=240-254&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924590-1&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnaetal1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karnaetal1999_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnaetal1999_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnaetal1999_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidmar-BergströmOlssonRoaldset1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Karna Lidmar-Bergström">Lidmar-Bergström, K.</a>; Olsson, S.; Roaldset, E. (1999). "Relief features and palaeoweathering remnants in formerly glaciated Scandinavian basement areas". In Thiry, Médard; Simon-Coinçon, Régine (eds.). <i>Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Related Continental Deposits</i>. Special publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists. Vol. 27. Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 275–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-05311-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-05311-9"><bdi>0-632-05311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relief+features+and+palaeoweathering+remnants+in+formerly+glaciated+Scandinavian+basement+areas&rft.btitle=Palaeoweathering%2C+Palaeosurfaces+and+Related+Continental+Deposits&rft.series=Special+publication+of+the+International+Association+of+Sedimentologists&rft.pages=275-301&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-632-05311-9&rft.aulast=Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Olsson%2C+S.&rft.au=Roaldset%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odleivetal2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlesenKierulfBrönnerDalsegg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Olesen, Odleiv; Kierulf, Halfdan Pascal; Brönner, Marco; Dalsegg, Einar; Fredin, Ola; Solbakk, Terje (2013). "Deep weathering, neotectonics and strandflat formation in Nordland, northern Norway". <i><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Journal_of_Geology" title="Norwegian Journal of Geology">Norwegian Journal of Geology</a></i>. <b>93</b>: 189–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Deep+weathering%2C+neotectonics+and+strandflat+formation+in+Nordland%2C+northern+Norway&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=189-213&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Olesen&rft.aufirst=Odleiv&rft.au=Kierulf%2C+Halfdan+Pascal&rft.au=Br%C3%B6nner%2C+Marco&rft.au=Dalsegg%2C+Einar&rft.au=Fredin%2C+Ola&rft.au=Solbakk%2C+Terje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geomency-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geomency_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geomency_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geomency_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geomency_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dawson, Alasdair D. (2004). "Strandflat". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Geomorphology</i>. Routledge. pp. 345–347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strandflat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Geomorphology&rft.pages=345-347&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Alasdair+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terje2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Terje2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terje2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotrøen2000" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Motrøen, Terje (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/134104/rapp04_2000.pdf?sequence=1">Strandflatens dannelse – kystlandskapet som spiser seg inn i landblokken</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Hedmark_University_College" title="Hedmark University College">Høgskolen i Hedmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7671-104-9" title="Special:BookSources/82-7671-104-9"><bdi>82-7671-104-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geoforskning.no&rft.atitle=Mange+jordskjelv+p%C3%A5+strandflaten&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sets%C3%A5&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoforskning.no%2Fnyheter%2Fgrunnforskning%2F2005-mange-jordskjelv-pa-strandflaten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemsdal2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klemsdal, Tormod (2010). "Norway". In Bird, Eric C.F. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the World‘s Coastal Landforms</i>. Springer Reference. 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British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports. Vol. 70. pp. 1–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Geomorhpology+of+the+Strombness+Bay+%E2%80%94+Cumberland+Bay+area%2C+South+Georgia&rft.series=British+Antarctic+Survey+Scientific+Reports&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Clapperton%2C+M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F509217%2F1%2FGeomorphology%2520of%2520the%2520Stromness%2520Bay-Cumberland%2520Bay%2520area%252C%2520South%2520Georgia%2520-%2520BAS%2520Scientific%2520Report%252070.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerranoLópez-Martínez1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serrano, Enrique; López-Martínez, Jerónimo (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205400/http://www.antarticarepositorio.umag.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/718/Serrano,%20L%C3%B3pez-Mart%C3%ADnez_SerieCient%C3%ADfica_1997_n%C2%B047_pp.19-29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Geomorfología de la península Coppermine, isla Robert, islas Shetland del Sur, Antártica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Serie Científica</i> (in Spanish). <b>47</b>: 19–29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarticarepositorio.umag.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/718/Serrano,%20L%C3%B3pez-Mart%C3%ADnez_SerieCient%C3%ADfica_1997_n%C2%B047_pp.19-29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serie+Cient%C3%ADfica&rft.atitle=Geomorfolog%C3%ADa+de+la+pen%C3%ADnsula+Coppermine%2C+isla+Robert%2C+islas+Shetland+del+Sur%2C+Ant%C3%A1rtica&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=19-29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Serrano&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Jer%C3%B3nimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarticarepositorio.umag.cl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F718%2FSerrano%2C%2520L%25C3%25B3pez-Mart%25C3%25ADnez_SerieCient%25C3%25ADfica_1997_n%25C2%25B047_pp.19-29.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrandflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonDawsonCooperGemmell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Alastrair G.; Dawson, Sue; Cooper, J. 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Dybwad, Christiania, 1–232.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reusch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Reusch">Reusch, Hans</a> (1894). <i>Strandflaten, et nyt træk i Norges geografi</i>. Norges geologiske undersokelse, 14, 1–14.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology_of_Fennoscandia" title="Template:Geology of Fennoscandia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Geology_of_Fennoscandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Geology of Fennoscandia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology_of_Fennoscandia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology of Fennoscandia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology_of_Fennoscandia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Geology of Fennoscandia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleosurface" title="Paleosurface">Paleosurfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borsu_surface" title="Borsu surface">Borsu surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardangervidda" title="Hardangervidda">Hardangervidda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddus_plains" title="Muddus plains">Muddus plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleic_surface" title="Paleic surface">Paleic surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnian_Plain" title="Ostrobothnian Plain">Ostrobothnian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sm%C3%A5land_peneplain" title="South Småland peneplain">South Småland peneplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_highlands#Geology" title="South Swedish highlands">300 m peneplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_highlands#Geology" title="South Swedish highlands">200 m peneplain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strandflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Cambrian_peneplain" title="Sub-Cambrian peneplain">Sub-Cambrian peneplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mesozoic_hilly_peneplains" title="Sub-Mesozoic hilly peneplains">Sub-Mesozoic hilly relief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sedimentary cover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: ;"><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Swedish_ice-edge_zone" title="Central Swedish ice-edge zone">Billingen terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulju_moraine" title="Pulju moraine">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title="Rogen moraine">Rogen moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpausselk%C3%A4" title="Salpausselkä">Salpausselkä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevetti_moraine" title="Sevetti moraine">Sevetti moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Swedish_ice-edge_zone" title="Central Swedish ice-edge zone">Skövde terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollgarden" title="Trollgarden">Trollgarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title="Veiki moraine">Veiki moraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: ;">Sedimentary rock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alum_Shale_Formation" title="Alum Shale Formation">Alum Shale Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedmark_Group" title="Hedmark Group">Hedmark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotnian" title="Jotnian">Jotnian sedimentary rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusch%27s_Moraine" title="Reusch's Moraine">Reusch's Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ttern#Geology" title="Vättern">Visingsö Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: ;">Faults and <a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">shear zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burtr%C3%A4sk_Fault" title="Burträsk Fault">Burträsk Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Suture" title="Iapetus Suture">Iapetus Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lainio_Fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lainio Fault (page does not exist)">Lainio Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordfjord-Sogn_Detachment" title="Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment">Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rvie_Fault" title="Pärvie Fault">Pärvie Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogine_Zone" title="Protogine Zone">Protogine Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6jnoret_Fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Röjnoret Fault (page does not exist)">Röjnoret Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Suture_Zone" title="Trans-European Suture Zone">Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecofennian_orogeny" title="Svecofennian orogeny">South Finland Shear Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: ;">Large impact craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dellen" title="Dellen">Dellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnos_crater" title="Gardnos crater">Gardnos crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granby_crater" title="Granby crater">Granby crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummeln_structure" title="Hummeln structure">Hummeln structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lappaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Lake Lappajärvi">Lappajärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockne_crater" title="Lockne crater">Lockne crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumparn" title="Lumparn">Lumparn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_(lake)" title="Mien (lake)">Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritland_crater" title="Ritland crater">Ritland crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siljan_Ring" title="Siljan Ring">Siljan Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksj%C3%A4rvi" title="Sääksjärvi">Sääksjärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6derfj%C3%A4rden" title="Söderfjärden">Söderfjärden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvasvesi" title="Suvasvesi">Suvasvesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A4ren" title="Tvären">Tvären</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: ;">Morphostrucures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Swedish_lowland" title="Central Swedish lowland">Central Swedish lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia#Geology" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Inari" title="Lake Inari">Lake Inari graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga#Geological_history" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofoten#Geology" title="Lofoten">Lofoten horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotnian#Muhos" title="Jotnian">Muhos Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norrland_terrain" title="Norrland terrain">Norrland terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omberg" title="Omberg">Omberg horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Graben" title="Oslo Graben">Oslo Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains#Geology" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanian_horsts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanian horsts (page does not exist)">Scanian horsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_highlands" title="South Swedish highlands">South Swedish Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ttern#Geology" title="Vättern">Vättern graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea_Rift_System" title="White Sea Rift System">White Sea Rift System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lesser <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aln%C3%B6_Complex" title="Alnö Complex">Alnö Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sk%C3%A5ne_Volcanic_Province" title="Central Skåne Volcanic Province">Central Skåne Volcanic Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_Complex" title="Fen Complex">Fen Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattsund-Koster_dyke_swarm" title="Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm">Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Alkaline_Province" title="Kola Alkaline Province">Kola Alkaline Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_K%C3%A4rr" title="Norra Kärr">Norra Kärr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna_alkaline_complex" title="Särna alkaline complex">Särna Alkaline Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satakunta_dyke_swarms" title="Satakunta dyke swarms">Satakunta dyke swarms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and orogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belomorian_Province" title="Belomorian Province">Belomorian Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blekinge-Bornholm_Province" title="Blekinge-Bornholm Province">Blekinge-Bornholm Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Province" title="Kola Province">Kola Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Caledonides" title="Scandinavian Caledonides">Scandinavian Caledonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecofennian_orogeny" title="Svecofennian orogeny">Svecofennian Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveconorwegian_orogeny" title="Sveconorwegian orogeny">Sveconorwegian Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transscandinavian_Igneous_Belt" title="Transscandinavian Igneous Belt">Transscandinavian Igneous Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timanide_Orogen" title="Timanide Orogen">Timanide Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Gneiss_Region" title="Western Gneiss Region">Western Gneiss Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&oldid=1254052666">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strandflat&oldid=1254052666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_and_oceanic_landforms" title="Category:Coastal 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