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id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> 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href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="<small>വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം</small>" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نموذج رذرفورد للذرة – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج رذرفورد للذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_at%C3%B3micu_de_Rutherford" title="Modelu atómicu de Rutherford – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu atómicu de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruterford_atom_modeli" title="Ruterford atom modeli – അസർബൈജാനി" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruterford atom modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="അസർബൈജാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарная мадэль атама – ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планетарная мадэль атама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Модел на Ръдърфорд – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модел на Ръдърфорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রাদারফোর্ড পরমাণু মডেল – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাদারফোর্ড পরমাণু মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_at%C3%B2mic_de_Rutherford" title="Model atòmic de Rutherford – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model atòmic de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu" title="Rutherfordův model atomu – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rutherfordův model atomu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordsches_Atommodell" title="Rutherfordsches Atommodell – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rutherfordsches Atommodell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ατομικό πρότυπο του Ράδερφορντ – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικό πρότυπο του Ράδερφορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rutherford model" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_at%C3%B3mico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atómico de Rutherford – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo atómico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherforden_eredu_atomikoa" title="Rutherforden eredu atomikoa – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutherforden eredu atomikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مدل اتمی رادرفورد – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل اتمی رادرفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordin_atomimalli" title="Rutherfordin atomimalli – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutherfordin atomimalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_atomique_de_Rutherford" title="Modèle atomique de Rutherford – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle atomique de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="המודל הפלנטרי – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המודל הפלנטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="रदरफोर्ड का परमाणु मॉडल – ഹിന്ദി" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रदरफोर्ड का परमाणु मॉडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ഹിന്ദി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma – ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutherfordov model atoma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford-f%C3%A9le_atommodell" title="Rutherford-féle atommodell – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rutherford-féle atommodell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ատոմի մոլորակային մոդել – അർമേനിയൻ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմի մոլորակային մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="അർമേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Rutherford" title="Model Rutherford – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_atomico_di_Rutherford" title="Modello atomico di Rutherford – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello atomico di Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="ラザフォードの原子模型 – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラザフォードの原子模型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="러더퍼드 원자 모형 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러더퍼드 원자 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Радерфордов модел на атомот – മാസിഡോണിയൻ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радерфордов модел на атомот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="മാസിഡോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoommodel_van_Rutherford" title="Atoommodel van Rutherford – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoommodel van Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfords_atommodell" title="Rutherfords atommodell – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutherfords atommodell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_atomu_Rutherforda" title="Model atomu Rutherforda – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model atomu Rutherforda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84" title="ردرفورڈ ماڈل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ردرفورڈ ماڈل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_at%C3%B4mico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atômico de Rutherford – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo atômico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelul_atomic_Rutherford" title="Modelul atomic Rutherford – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modelul atomic Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарная модель атома – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планетарная модель атома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarni_model_atoma" title="Planetarni model atoma – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planetarni model atoma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rutherford model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi_sipas_Radh%C3%ABrfordit" title="Atomi sipas Radhërfordit – അൽബേനിയൻ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atomi sipas Radhërfordit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="അൽബേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ரூதர்போர்டு அணுமாதிரி – തമിഴ്" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரூதர்போர்டு அணுமாதிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="തമിഴ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="แบบจำลองรัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด – തായ്" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองรัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="തായ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_atom_modeli" title="Rutherford atom modeli – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutherford atom modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/330px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/440px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Basic diagram of the atomic nuclear model: electrons in green and nucleus in red</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/300px--3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>3D animation of an atom incorporating the Rutherford model</figcaption></figure> <p><b>റൂഥർഫോർഡ് മാതൃക</b> എന്നത് ഏർണസ്റ്റ് റൂഥർഫോർഡ് മുന്നോട്ടുവെച്ച ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഒരു മോഡലാണ്. പ്രശസ്തമായ 1909ലെ Geiger–Marsden പരീക്ഷണത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ 1911 ലെ റൂഥർഫോർഡിന്റെ അപഗ്രഥനം ജെ. ജെ. തോംസണിന്റെ പ്ലം പുഡ്ഡിങ് മാതൃക തെറ്റാണെന്ന് പ്രസ്താവിച്ചു. പരീക്ഷണത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിലുള്ള റൂഥർഫോർഡിന്റെ പുതിയ മാതൃകയിൽ <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ മറ്റ് ഭാഗങ്ങളെ അപേക്ഷിച്ച് ഉയർന്ന ചാർജ്ജ് കേന്ദ്രത്തിൽ വളരെ കുറഞ്ഞസ്ഥലത്ത് കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. ഈ കേന്ദ്രം ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ അറ്റോമികമാസ്സിൽ ഭൂരിഭാഗവും ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്നു. പിന്നീട് ഈ ഭാഗം "ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്സ്" എന്ന് പിൽക്കാലത്ത് അറിയപ്പെട്ടു. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="മാതൃകയുടെ_പരീക്ഷണ_അടിസ്ഥാനം"><span id=".E0.B4.AE.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.83.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.9F.E0.B5.86_.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.B0.E0.B5.80.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B7.E0.B4.A3_.E0.B4.85.E0.B4.9F.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.B8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A5.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.82"></span>മാതൃകയുടെ പരീക്ഷണ അടിസ്ഥാനം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95&action=edit&section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: മാതൃകയുടെ പരീക്ഷണ അടിസ്ഥാനം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>തോസണിന്റെ മാതൃകയെ റൂഥർഫോർഡ് ആറ്റത്തിന് ഒരു ചെറിയ, ഭാരം കൂടിയ ഒരു ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്സുണ്ടെന്ന് തെളിയിച്ച അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ പ്രശസ്തമായ gold foil experiment ലൂടെ 1911ൽ തകിടം മറിച്ചു. റേഡിയോആക്റ്റീവ് മൂലകത്തിൽ നിന്നും പുറപ്പെടുന്ന ആൽഫാ കണികകൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഘടനയുടെ കാണാത്ത ലോകങ്ങളെ നിരീക്ഷിക്കാൻ റൂഥർഫോർഡ് ഒരു പരീക്ഷണം ആസൂത്രണം ചെയ്തു. </p><p>അപ്രതിക്ഷിതമായ പരീക്ഷണഫലങ്ങൾക്കുള്ള വിശദീകരണമെന്ന നിലയിൽ റൂഥർഫോർഡ് ഉപാറ്റോമികഘടനയ്ക്കുള്ള അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ സ്വന്തം ഭൗതിക മാതൃക അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു. ഇതിൽ ആറ്റം ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത് ഓർബിറ്റിലുള്ള ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ മേഘം (സങ്കൽപ്പം) വലയം ചെയ്യപ്പെട്ട കേന്ദ്രത്തിലെ ചാർജ്ജുകൊണ്ടാണ് (ഇത് ആധുനിക അറ്റോമിക ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്സാണ്, റൂഥർഫോർഡ് ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്സ് എന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ പ്രബന്ധത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിച്ചിട്ടില്ല). 1911 മെയ് ലെ ഗവേഷണ പ്രബന്ധത്തിൽ ആറ്റത്തിലെ വളരെ ഉയർന്ന പോസിറ്റീവോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ നെഗറ്റീവോ ഉള്ള കേന്ദ്രത്തിലെ ചെറിയ മേഖലയെക്കുറിച്ചാണ് പറഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്നത്. </p> <blockquote><p>പോസിറ്റീവ് കേന്ദ്ര ചാർജ്ജ് N e ഉം N ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ compensating ചാർജ്ജും ഉള്ള ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിലൂടെയുള്ള ഉയർന്ന വേഗതയിലുള്ള α കണികയുടെ പ്രവാഹം കണക്കിലെടുക്കുക.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പ്രധാന_ആശയങ്ങൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.A8_.E0.B4.86.E0.B4.B6.E0.B4.AF.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.BE"></span>പ്രധാന ആശയങ്ങൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95&action=edit&section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പ്രധാന ആശയങ്ങൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ മേഘം ആൽഫ കണികകളുടെ ചിതറലിനെ സ്വാധീനിക്കുന്നില്ല.</li> <li>ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജ്ജ് കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് ഇപ്പോൾ ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്സ് എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്ന ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ കേന്ദ്രത്തിലെ ആപേക്ഷികമായും ചെറിയ വ്യാപ്തത്തിലാണ്.</li> <li>സ്വർണ്ണം പോലെയുള്ളവയിൽ ഭാരമുള്ള ആറ്റങ്ങളുടെ മാസിൽ ഭൂരിഭാഗവും കേന്ദ്രത്തിലെ ചാർജ്ജ് മേഖലയിൽ കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.</li> <li>ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്സിന്റെ വ്യാസത്തേക്കാൾ 100,000 ഇരട്ടികൂടുതലാണ് (10<sup>5</sup>) ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ വ്യാസം. ഇതിനെ ഒരു ഫുട്ബോൾ മൈതാനത്തിന്റെ മധ്യത്തിൽ ഒരു ആപ്പിൾ വച്ചതുമായി ഇതിനെ താരതമ്യപ്പെടുത്താം.<sup id="cite_ref-Giordano2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giordano2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ആധുനിക_ശാസ്ത്രത്തിനു_നൽകിയ_സംഭാവനകൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.86.E0.B4.A7.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95_.E0.B4.B6.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.81_.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.BD.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.AF_.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AD.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.BE"></span>ആധുനിക ശാസ്ത്രത്തിനു നൽകിയ സംഭാവനകൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95&action=edit&section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ആധുനിക ശാസ്ത്രത്തിനു നൽകിയ സംഭാവനകൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പ്രതീകവൽക്കരണം"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.80.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.BD.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.82"></span>പ്രതീകവൽക്കരണം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95&action=edit&section=4" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പ്രതീകവൽക്കരണം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95&action=edit&section=5" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123595">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAkhlesh_Lakhtakia_(Ed.)Salpeter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Akhlesh Lakhtakia (Ed.); Salpeter, Edwin E. (1996). "Models and Modelers of Hydrogen". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>65</b> (9). World Scientific: 933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AmJPh..65..933L">1997AmJPh..65..933L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.18691">10.1119/1.18691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/981-02-2302-1" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/981-02-2302-1"><bdi>981-02-2302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Models+and+Modelers+of+Hydrogen&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=933&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.18691&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997AmJPh..65..933L&rft.isbn=981-02-2302-1&rft.au=Akhlesh+Lakhtakia+%28Ed.%29&rft.au=Salpeter%2C+Edwin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawebdefisica.com/arts/structureatom.pdf"><i>The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom</i></a>, Philosophical Magazine. Series 6, vol. <b>21</b>. May 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giordano2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Giordano2012_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Giordano2012" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Giordano (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WcAKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1051"><i>College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 1051–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/1-285-22534-1" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/1-285-22534-1"><bdi>1-285-22534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Physics%3A+Reasoning+and+Relationships&rft.pages=1051-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=1-285-22534-1&rft.au=Nicholas+Giordano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcAKAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3859918">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:EditPage/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Atomic_models" title="പ്രത്യേകം:EditPage/ഫലകം:Atomic models"><abbr title="ഫലകം തിരുത്തുക">തി</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atomic_models" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Atomic models</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">Single atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton#Main_points_of_Dalton's_atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dalton">Dalton model</a> (Billiard ball model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum pudding model">Thomson model</a> (Plum pudding model)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubical_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubical atom (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Lewis model</a> (Cubical atom model)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantaro_Nagaoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantaro Nagaoka (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Nagaoka model</a> (Saturnian model)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutherford model (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Rutherford model</a> (Planetary model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> (Rutherford–Bohr model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_model#Refinements" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr model">Bohr–Sommerfeld model</a> (Refined Bohr model)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-fall_atomic_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free-fall atomic model (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Gryziński model</a> (Free-fall model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic orbital">Schrodinger model</a> (Electron cloud model)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atoms in <a href="/wiki/Solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid">solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drude_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drude model (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Drude model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_electron_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free electron model (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Free electron model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nearly_free_electron_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nearly free electron model (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Nearly free electron model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_band_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic band structure (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Band structure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Density_functional_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Density functional theory (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Density functional theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atoms in <a href="/wiki/Liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid">liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid helium">Liquid helium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atoms in <a href="/wiki/Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas">gases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas">Noble gas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nascent_hydrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nascent hydrogen (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Nascent hydrogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Bloch (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Felix Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Drude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Drude (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Paul Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Langmuir (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_N._Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert N. Lewis (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Gilbert N. Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantaro_Nagaoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantaro Nagaoka (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Hantaro Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. 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