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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 England and Jersey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamonds_and_the_establishment_of_De_Beers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamonds_and_the_establishment_of_De_Beers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diamonds and the establishment of De Beers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamonds_and_the_establishment_of_De_Beers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_in_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_in_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics in South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_in_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expanding_the_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanding_the_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Expanding the British Empire </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expanding_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expanding the British Empire subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expanding_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhodes_and_the_Imperial_Factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodes_and_the_Imperial_Factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Rhodes and the Imperial Factor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodes_and_the_Imperial_Factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties,_concessions_and_charters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties,_concessions_and_charters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Treaties, concessions and charters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties,_concessions_and_charters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Rhodesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Cape_to_Cairo_Red_Line"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Cape_to_Cairo_Red_Line""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 "Cape to Cairo Red Line" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Cape_to_Cairo_Red_Line"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal relationships </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal relationships subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princess_Radziwiłł" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princess_Radziwiłł"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Princess Radziwiłł </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princess_Radziwiłł-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Second Boer War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhodes_Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodes_Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Rhodes Scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodes_Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.1 Monographs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.2 Encyclopedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.4 Newspaper articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.5 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.6 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.7 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cecil Rhodes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_John_Rhodes" title="Cecil John Rhodes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cecil John Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="سيسل رودس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيسل رودس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesil_Rods" title="Sesil Rods – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sesil Rods" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесіл Джон Родс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сесіл Джон Родс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесил Роудс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сесил Роудс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82" title="Σέσιλ Ρόουντς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σέσιλ Ρόουντς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="سسیل رودز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سسیل رودز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8B%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="세실 로즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세실 로즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BD" title="Սեսիլ Ջոն Ռոդս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեսիլ Ջոն Ռոդս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Родс, Сесил – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Родс, Сесил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1" title="ססיל רודס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ססיל רודס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೆಸಿಲ್ ರೋಡ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೆಸಿಲ್ ರೋಡ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесил Родс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сесил Родс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecilius_Ioannes_Rhodes" title="Caecilius Ioannes Rhodes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caecilius Ioannes Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesils_Rodss" title="Sesils Rodss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sesils Rodss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесил Родс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сесил Родс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सेसिल ऱ्होड्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेसिल ऱ्होड्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="سيسل رودس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيسل رودس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесил Жон Родс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сесил Жон Родс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စဲစီ ဂျွန် ရုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စဲစီ ဂျွန် ရုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="セシル・ローズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セシル・ローズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Родс, Сесил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родс, Сесил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесил Роудс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сесил Роудс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="செசில் ரோட்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செசில் ரோட்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เซซิล โรดส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซซิล โรดส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Сесіль Джон Родс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сесіль Джон Родс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cecil Rhodes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" title="塞西尔·罗兹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞西尔·罗兹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%B4%A0%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" title="施素羅德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="施素羅德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" title="塞西尔·罗兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">English mining magnate and politician (1853–1902)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Cecil Rhodes, see <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cecil Rhodes (disambiguation)">Cecil Rhodes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Cecil Rhodes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/220px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/330px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/440px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3554" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Rhodes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Cape Colony">Prime Minister of the Cape Colony</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 July 1890 – 12 January 1896</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Loch,_1st_Baron_Loch" title="Henry Loch, 1st Baron Loch">Henry Loch</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_Cameron" title="William Gordon Cameron">William Gordon Cameron</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Rosmead" title="Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead">Hercules Robinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Sprigg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon Sprigg">John Gordon Sprigg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Sprigg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon Sprigg">John Gordon Sprigg</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Cecil John Rhodes</div> (1853-07-05)5 July 1853 <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1902(1902-03-26) (aged 48) <a href="/wiki/Muizenberg" title="Muizenberg">Muizenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Malindidzimu" title="Malindidzimu">Malindidzimu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matobo_National_Park" title="Matobo National Park">Matobo National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinney199572-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rhodes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)">Frank Rhodes</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Businessman • politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cecil Rhodes's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg/128px-Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg/192px-Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg/256px-Cecil_Rhodes_Signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="190" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Cecil John Rhodes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɛsəl ˈroʊdz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SES-əl ROHDZ</a>; 5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times27_March_1902-2">[2]</a> was an English mining magnate and politician in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Cape Colony">Prime Minister of the Cape Colony</a> from 1890 to 1896. He and his <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> founded the southern African territory of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>), which the company named after him in 1895. He also devoted much effort to realising his vision of a <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Railway" title="Cape to Cairo Railway">Cape to Cairo Railway</a> through British territory. Rhodes set up the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a>, which is funded by his estate. The son of a <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a>, Rhodes was born at <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Arts_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Arts Complex">Netteswell House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. A sickly child, he was sent to South Africa by his family when he was 17 years old in the hope that the climate might improve his health. He entered the diamond trade at <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> in 1871, when he was 18, and with funding from <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a>, began to systematically buy out and consolidate diamond mines. Over the next two decades he gained a near-complete monopoly of the world diamond market. His diamond company <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a>, formed in 1888, retains its prominence into the 21st century. Rhodes entered the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Cape Parliament</a> at the age of 27 in 1881,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988128-3">[3]</a> and in 1890, he became prime minister. During his time as prime minister, Rhodes used his political power to expropriate land from black Africans through the <a href="/wiki/Glen_Grey_Act" title="Glen Grey Act">Glen Grey Act</a>, while also tripling the wealth requirement for voting under the <a href="/wiki/Franchise_and_Ballot_Act" title="Franchise and Ballot Act">Franchise and Ballot Act</a>, effectively barring black people from taking part in elections.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> After overseeing the formation of Rhodesia during the early 1890s, he was forced to resign in 1896 after the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a>, an unauthorised attack on <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (or Transvaal). Rhodes's career never recovered; his heart was weak, and after years of ill health he died in 1902. At his request he was buried at <a href="/wiki/Malindidzimu" title="Malindidzimu">Malindidzimu</a> in what is now Zimbabwe; his grave has been a controversial site. In his last will, he provided for the establishment of the international <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the oldest graduate scholarship in the world. Every year it grants 102 full postgraduate scholarships. It has benefited prime ministers of Malta, Australia, and Canada, United States President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and many others. With the strengthening of international movements against racism, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">Rhodes Must Fall</a>, Rhodes' legacy is a matter of debate to this day.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Critics cite his confiscation of land from the black indigenous population of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, and false claims that southern African archeological sites such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a> were built by European civilisations.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Rhodes was born in 1853 in <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a>, Hertfordshire, England, the fifth son of <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">the Reverend</a> Francis William Rhodes (1807–1878) and his wife, Louisa Peacock.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-10">[10]</a> Francis was a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergyman</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_curate" title="Perpetual curate">perpetual curate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood, Essex</a> (1834–1843), and then as vicar of nearby Bishop's Stortford (1849–1876), where he was well known for never having preached a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> longer than ten minutes.<a href="#cite_note-IndependentAug1995-11">[11]</a> Francis was the eldest son of William Rhodes (1774–1855), a brick manufacturer from <a href="/wiki/Hackney,_Middlesex" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney, Middlesex">Hackney, Middlesex</a>. The family owned significant estates in London's <a href="/wiki/Hackney,_London" title="Hackney, London">Hackney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalston" title="Dalston">Dalston</a> which Cecil would later inherit.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The earliest traceable direct ancestor of Cecil Rhodes is James Rhodes (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1660) of Snape Green, <a href="/wiki/Whitmore,_Staffordshire" title="Whitmore, Staffordshire">Whitmore, Staffordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bodl_Pape-13">[13]</a> Cecil's siblings included <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rhodes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)">Frank Rhodes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Special:EditPage/Cecil Rhodes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Jersey">England and Jersey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: England and Jersey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg/220px-Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg/330px-Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg/440px-Cecil_Rhodes_as_a_boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption>Rhodes as a boy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg/220px-Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg/330px-Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg/440px-Rhodes_Arts_Complex_and_Bishop%27s_Stortford_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_592543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rhodes' birthplace, now part of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Arts_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Arts Complex">Bishop's Stortford Museum</a>; the bedroom in which he was born is marked by a plaque.</figcaption></figure> Rhodes attended the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar School">Grammar School</a> from the age of nine, but, as a sickly, <a href="/wiki/Asthmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthmatic">asthmatic</a> adolescent, he was taken out of grammar school in 1869 and, according to <a href="/wiki/Basil_Williams_(historian)" title="Basil Williams (historian)">Basil Williams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1921-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] "continued his studies under his father's eye ..." At age seven, he was recorded in the 1861 census as boarding with his aunt, Sophia Peacock, at a boarding house in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, where the climate was perceived to provide a respite for those with conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> His health was weak and there were fears that he might be <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumptive</a> (have tuberculosis), a disease of which several of the family showed symptoms. His father decided to send him abroad for what were believed the good effects of a sea voyage and a better climate in South Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg/200px-Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg/300px-Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg/400px-Cecil_Rhodes_Young_Picture_High_Quality_Version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Rhodes at the age of sixteen</figcaption></figure> When he arrived in Africa, Rhodes lived on money lent by his aunt Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint200937-16">[16]</a> After a brief stay with the Surveyor-General of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cormac_Sutherland" title="Peter Cormac Sutherland">P.C. Sutherland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a>, Rhodes took an interest in agriculture. He joined his brother Herbert on his cotton farm in the <a href="/wiki/Umkomazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkomazi">Umkomazi</a> valley in Natal. The land was unsuitable for cotton, and the venture failed. In October 1871, 18-year-old Rhodes and his 26-year-old brother Herbert left the colony for the diamond fields of <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> in Northern Cape Province. Financed by <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a>, Rhodes succeeded over the next 17 years in buying up all the smaller diamond mining operations in the Kimberley area. His monopoly of the world's diamond supply was sealed in 1890 through a strategic partnership with the London-based Diamond Syndicate. They agreed to control world supply to maintain high prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1982-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowles2005-18">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Rhodes supervised the working of his brother's claim and <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculated</a> on his behalf. Among his associates in the early days were <a href="/wiki/John_X._Merriman" title="John X. Merriman">John X. Merriman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rudd" title="Charles Rudd">Charles Rudd</a>. Rudd later became his partner in the <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers Mining Company</a> and the Niger Oil Company. During the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Boschendal" title="Boschendal">Cape vineyards</a> had been devastated by a <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> epidemic. The diseased vineyards were dug up and replanted, and farmers were looking for alternatives to wine. In 1892, Rhodes financed The <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fruit_Growing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Fruit Growing Company">Pioneer Fruit Growing Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nooitgedacht,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nooitgedacht, South Africa">Nooitgedacht</a>, a venture created by Harry Pickstone, an Englishman who had experience with fruit-growing in California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoschendal2007-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The shipping magnate <a href="/wiki/Percy_Molteno" title="Percy Molteno">Percy Molteno</a> had just undertaken the first successful refrigerated export to Europe. In 1896, after consulting with Molteno, Rhodes began to pay more attention to export fruit farming and bought farms in Groot Drakenstein, <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington, Western Cape">Wellington</a> and Stellenbosch. A year later, he bought Rhone and <a href="/wiki/Boschendal" title="Boschendal">Boschendal</a> and commissioned <a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Herbert Baker">Sir Herbert Baker</a> to build him a cottage there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoschendal2007-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicton-Seymour1989-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The successful operation soon expanded into <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Fruit_Farms" title="Rhodes Fruit Farms">Rhodes Fruit Farms</a>, and formed a cornerstone of the modern-day Cape fruit industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberholster198791-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG/220px-Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG/330px-Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG/440px-Rhodes%27_portrait_bust.JPG 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>A portrait bust of Rhodes on the first floor of No. 6 <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Street" title="King Edward Street">King Edward Street</a> marks the place of his residence whilst in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1873, Rhodes left his farm field in the care of his business partner, Rudd, and sailed for England to study at university. He was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, but stayed for only one term in 1874. He returned to South Africa and did not return for his second term at Oxford until 1876. He was greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s inaugural lecture at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>, which reinforced his own attachment to the cause of British <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Among his Oxford associates were <a href="/wiki/James_Rochfort_Maguire" title="James Rochfort Maguire">James Rochfort Maguire</a>, later a fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College</a> and a director of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>, and Charles Metcalfe.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Due to his university career, Rhodes admired the Oxford tutorial system. Eventually, he was inspired to develop his scholarship scheme: "Wherever you turn your eye—except in science—an Oxford man is at the top of the tree".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1914259-23">[23]</a> While attending Oriel College, Rhodes became a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_University_Lodge" title="Apollo University Lodge">Apollo University Lodge</a>. Although initially he did not approve of the organisation, he continued to be a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_South_Africa" title="Freemasonry in South Africa">South African Freemason</a> until his death in 1902. The shortcomings of the Freemasons, in his opinion, later caused him to envisage his own secret society with the goal of bringing the entire world under British rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diamonds_and_the_establishment_of_De_Beers">Diamonds and the establishment of De Beers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diamonds and the establishment of De Beers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg/220px-De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg/330px-De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg/440px-De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6430" data-file-height="4097" /></a><figcaption>Preference Share of the De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd., issued 1. March 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg/220px-Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg/330px-Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg/440px-Cecil_Rhodes_by_Violet_manners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Rhodes by <a href="/wiki/Violet_Manners,_Duchess_of_Rutland" title="Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland">Violet Manners</a> </figcaption></figure> During his years at Oxford, Rhodes continued to prosper in <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a>. Before his departure for Oxford, he and C.D. Rudd had moved from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole" title="Big Hole">Kimberley Mine</a> to invest in the more costly claims of what was known as old De Beers (Vooruitzicht). It was named after Johannes Nicolaas de Beer and his brother, Diederik Arnoldus, who occupied the farm.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> After purchasing the land in 1839 from David Danser, a <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Koranna</a> chief in the area, David Stephanus Fourie, forebear of Claudine Fourie-Grosvenor, had allowed the de Beers and various other Afrikaner families to cultivate the land. The region extended from the <a href="/wiki/Modder_River" title="Modder River">Modder River</a> via the Vet River up to the <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1965-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In 1874 and 1875, the diamond fields were in the grip of depression, but Rhodes and Rudd were among those who stayed to consolidate their interests. They believed that diamonds would be numerous in the hard <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">blue ground</a> that had been exposed after the softer, yellow layer near the surface had been worked out. During this time, the technical problem of clearing out the water that was flooding the mines became serious. Rhodes and Rudd obtained the contract for pumping water out of the three main mines. After Rhodes returned from his first term at Oxford, he lived with Robert Dundas Graham, who later became a mining partner with Rudd and Rhodes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg198876–-27">[27]</a> On 13 March 1888, Rhodes and Rudd launched <a href="/wiki/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="De Beers Consolidated Mines">De Beers Consolidated Mines</a> after the amalgamation of a number of individual claims. With £200,000 of capital, the company, of which Rhodes was secretary, owned the largest interest in the mine (£200,000 in 1880 = £22.5m in 2020 = $28.5m USD).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Rhodes was named the chairman of <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> at the company's founding in 1888. De Beers was established with funding from <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">N.M. Rothschild & Sons</a> in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-30">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_in_South_Africa">Politics in South Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics in South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg/170px-Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg/255px-Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg/340px-Cecil_john_rhodes00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Cecil Rhodes (Sketch by <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Menpes" title="Mortimer Menpes">Mortimer Menpes</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Special:EditPage/Cecil Rhodes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1880, Rhodes prepared to enter public life at the Cape. With the earlier incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> into the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> under the <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Molteno" title="John Charles Molteno">Molteno Ministry</a> in 1877, the area had obtained six seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Cape House of Assembly</a>. Rhodes chose the rural and predominately <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/Barkly_West" title="Barkly West">Barkly West</a>, which would remain loyal to Rhodes until his death.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> When Rhodes became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Parliament">Cape Parliament</a>, the chief goal of the assembly was to help decide the future of <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-10">[10]</a> The ministry of Sir <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sprigg" title="Gordon Sprigg">Gordon Sprigg</a> was trying to restore order after the 1880 rebellion known as the <a href="/wiki/Gun_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun War">Gun War</a>. The Sprigg ministry had precipitated the revolt by applying its policy of disarming all native Africans to those of the <a href="/wiki/Basotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Basotho">Basotho</a> nation, who resisted. In 1890, Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. He introduced various Acts of Parliament to push black people from their lands and make way for industrial development. Rhodes's view was that black people needed to be driven off their land to "stimulate them to labour" and to change their habits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009-32">[31]</a> "It must be brought home to them", Rhodes said, "that in future nine-tenths of them will have to spend their lives in manual labour, and the sooner that is brought home to them the better."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009-32">[31]</a> In 1892, Rhodes's <a href="/wiki/Franchise_and_Ballot_Act" title="Franchise and Ballot Act">Franchise and Ballot Act</a> raised the property requirements from a relatively low £25 to a significantly higher £75 which had a disproportionate effect on the previously growing number of enfranchised black people in the Cape under the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a> that had been in force since 1853.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> By limiting the amount of land which black Africans were legally allowed to hold in the <a href="/wiki/Glen_Grey_Act" title="Glen Grey Act">Glen Grey Act</a> of 1894, Rhodes further disenfranchised the black population. To quote <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dowden" title="Richard Dowden">Richard Dowden</a>, most would now "find it almost impossible to get back on the list because of the legal limit on the amount of land they could hold".<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a> In addition, Rhodes was an early architect of the <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">Natives Land Act, 1913</a>, which would limit the areas of the country where black Africans were allowed to settle to less than 10%.<a href="#cite_note-coloniallegacymustfallnothisstatue-35">[34]</a> At the time, Rhodes would argue that "the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagubane1996108-36">[35]</a> Rhodes also introduced educational reform to the area. His policies were instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British imperial</a> policies in South Africa, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hut_tax" title="Hut tax">Hut tax</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg/220px-Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg/330px-Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg/440px-Rhodes_home_QE1_137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur" title="Groote Schuur">Groote Schuur</a> in 1899, Rhode's home in Cape Town at the time.</figcaption></figure>Rhodes did not, however, have direct political power over the independent Boer Republic of the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies, which he considered unsupportive of mine-owners' interests. In 1895, believing he could use his influence to overthrow the Boer government,<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-10">[10]</a> Rhodes supported the <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a>, an unsuccessful attempt to create an uprising in the Transvaal that had the tacit approval of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rhodes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)">Frank Rhodes</a> to jail in Transvaal convicted of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and nearly sentenced to death, and contributed to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. In 1899, Rhodes was sued by a man named Burrows for falsely representing the purpose of the raid and thereby convincing him to participate in the raid. Burrows was severely wounded and had to have his leg amputated. His suit for £3,000 in damages was successful.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expanding_the_British_Empire">Expanding the British Empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expanding the British Empire">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodes_and_the_Imperial_Factor">Rhodes and the Imperial Factor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rhodes and the Imperial Factor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/260px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/390px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/520px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rhodes_Colossus" title="The Rhodes Colossus">The Rhodes Colossus</a>" – a <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Linley_Sambourne" title="Edward Linley Sambourne">Edward Linley Sambourne</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> after Rhodes announced plans for a railway connection and <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> line from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1892.</figcaption></figure> Rhodes used his wealth and that of his business partner <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Beit" title="Alfred Beit">Alfred Beit</a> and other investors to pursue his dream of creating a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in new territories to the north by obtaining <a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">mineral concessions</a> from the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a>. Rhodes' competitive advantage over other mineral prospecting companies was his combination of wealth and astute political instincts, also called the "imperial factor," as he often collaborated with the British Government. He befriended its local representatives, the British <a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioners</a>, and through them organized British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> over the mineral concession areas via separate but related treaties. In this way he obtained both legality and security for mining operations. He could then attract more investors. Imperial expansion and capital investment went hand in hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons1993179–81-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERönnbäckBroberg201930-41">[40]</a> The imperial factor was a double-edged sword: Rhodes did not want the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> in London to interfere in the Empire in Africa. He wanted British settlers and local politicians and governors to run it. This put him on a collision course with many in Britain, as well as with British <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>, who favoured what they saw as the more ethical direct rule from London. Rhodes prevailed because he would pay the cost of administering the territories to the north of South Africa against his future mining profits. The Colonial Office did not have enough funding for this. Rhodes promoted his business interests as in the strategic interest of Britain: preventing the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germans</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> from moving into south-central Africa. Rhodes's companies and agents cemented these advantages by obtaining many mining concessions, as exemplified by the Rudd and Lochner Concessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons1993179–81-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties,_concessions_and_charters">Treaties, concessions and charters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treaties, concessions and charters">edit</a>]</div> Rhodes had already tried and failed to get a mining concession from <a href="/wiki/Lobengula" title="Lobengula">Lobengula</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a>. In 1888 he tried again. He sent <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_Moffat" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith Moffat">John Smith Moffat</a>, son of the missionary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moffat_(missionary)" title="Robert Moffat (missionary)">Robert Moffat</a>, who was trusted by Lobengula, to persuade the latter to sign a treaty of friendship with Britain, and to look favourably on Rhodes's proposals. His associate Charles Rudd, together with Francis Thompson and Rochfort Maguire, assured Lobengula that no more than ten white men would mine in Matabeleland. This limitation was left out of the document, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</a>, which Lobengula signed. Furthermore, it stated that the mining companies could do anything necessary to their operations. When Lobengula discovered later the true effects of the concession, he tried to renounce it, but the British Government ignored him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons1993179–81-40">[39]</a> During the company's early days, Rhodes and his associates set themselves up to make millions (hundreds of millions in current pounds) over the coming years through what has been described as a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suppressio_veri" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:suppressio veri">suppressio veri</a> ... which must be regarded as one of Rhodes's least creditable actions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake197755-42">[41]</a> Contrary to what the British government and the public had been allowed to think, the Rudd Concession was not vested in the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>, but in a short-lived ancillary concern of Rhodes, Rudd and a few others called the Central Search Association, which was quietly formed in London in 1889. This entity renamed itself the United Concessions Company in 1890, and soon after sold the Rudd Concession to the Chartered Company for 1,000,000 shares. When Colonial Office functionaries discovered this chicanery in 1891, they advised <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_1st_Viscount_Knutsford" title="Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford">Viscount Knutsford</a> to consider revoking the concession, but no action was taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake197755-42">[41]</a> Armed with the Rudd Concession, in 1889 Rhodes obtained a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> from the British Government for his British South Africa Company (BSAC) to rule, police, and make new treaties and concessions from the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> to the great lakes of Central Africa. He obtained further concessions and treaties north of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> (the Lochner Concession with King <a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lewanika</a> in 1890, which was similar to the Rudd Concession); and in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a> area (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sharpe" title="Alfred Sharpe">Alfred Sharpe</a>'s 1890 <a href="/wiki/Kazembe" title="Kazembe">Kazembe</a> concession). Rhodes also sent Sharpe to get a concession over mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>, but met his match in ruthlessness: when Sharpe was rebuffed by its ruler <a href="/wiki/Msiri" title="Msiri">Msiri</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a> obtained a concession over Msiri's dead body for his <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERönnbäckBroberg201930-41">[40]</a> Rhodes also wanted <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> incorporated in the BSAC charter. But three <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> kings, including <a href="/wiki/Khama_III" title="Khama III">Khama III</a>, travelled to Britain and won over British public opinion for it to remain governed by the British Colonial Office in London. Rhodes commented: "It is humiliating to be utterly beaten by these niggers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons1993179–81-40">[39]</a> The British Colonial Office also decided to administer <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British Central Africa">British Central Africa</a> owing to[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] the activism of <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> trying to end the <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">East African Arab-Swahili slave trade</a>. Rhodes paid much of the cost so that the British Central Africa Commissioner Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Harry Johnston</a>, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sharpe" title="Alfred Sharpe">Alfred Sharpe</a>, would assist with security for Rhodes in the BSAC's north-eastern territories. Johnston shared Rhodes's expansionist views, but he and his successors were not as pro-settler as Rhodes, and disagreed on dealings with Africans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rhodesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule in Rhodesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_matabele_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rhodes_matabele_1896.jpg/360px-Rhodes_matabele_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rhodes_matabele_1896.jpg/540px-Rhodes_matabele_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Rhodes_matabele_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Rhodes and the Ndebele izinDuna make peace in the <a href="/wiki/Matopos_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Matopos Hills">Matopos Hills</a>, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a>, 1896</figcaption></figure> The BSAC had its own police force, the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</a>, which was used to control <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The company had hoped to start a "new <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Rand</a>" from the ancient gold mines of the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a>. Because gold deposits weren't as plentiful as they had hoped, many of the white settlers who accompanied the BSAC to Mashonaland became farmers rather than miners. White settlers and their locally-employed Native Police engaged in widespread indiscriminate rape of Ndebele women in the early 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a>—the two main, but rival, peoples—took advantage of the absence of most of the BSAP for the Jameson Raid in January 1896; they separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, and the BSAC defeated them in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a>. Rhodes went to Matabeleland after his resignation as Cape Colony Premier, and appointed himself Colonel in his own column of irregular troops moving from <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> to relieve the siege of whites there. He remained Managing Director of the BSAC (with power of attorney to take decisions without reference back to the Board in London) until June 1896, defying Chamberlain's calls to resign, and he gave instructions that no mercy be shown in putting down the rebellion, telling officers that "Your instructions are" he told a major, to "do the most harm you can to the natives around you."<a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Cecil_Rhodes-45">[44]</a> He ordered a police officer to "kill all you can", even those Ndebele who begged for mercy and threw down their arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988555–59-46">[45]</a> Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, Mlimo, by the American scout <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, and after participating in the cavalry charge at one of the last pitched battles of this phase of the war, Rhodes' associate Johan Colenbrander arranged for a meeting with the remaining Ndebele chiefs. Rhodes and a few colleagues walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Matobo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Matobo Hills">Matobo Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanton2015321-47">[46]</a> In a series of meetings between August and October, he persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">Impi</a> to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell2001539–-48">[47]</a> In the aftermath of the war in Matabeleland, but whilst the uprising in Mashonaland was being suppressed, Rhodes returned to London to give evidence to the UK House of Commons Select Committee of Enquiry into the Jameson Raid. As Rhodes had incriminating telegrams demonstrating the complicity and foreknowledge of the Raid by Joseph Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, he and his solicitor were able to blackmail Chamberlain into retaining the BSAC Charter, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company in charge of administering</a> the territory north of the Limpopo even as it became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Rhodes returned to Mashonaland, further overseeing the suppression of the uprising there into 1897. The scandal attached to his name did not prevent him rejoining the board of the BSAC in 1898. He remained an MP in the Cape Parliament and a Privy Councillor. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called "Zambesia" after the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km2 between the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>. In May 1895, its name was officially changed to "Rhodesia", reflecting Rhodes's popularity among settlers who had been using the name informally since 1891. The designation <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> was officially adopted in 1898 for the part south of the Zambezi, which later became Zimbabwe; and the designations <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Rhodesia" title="North-Western Rhodesia">North-Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a> were used from 1895 for the territory which later became <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1956-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1954-51">[50]</a> He built a <a href="/wiki/State_House_(Bulawayo)" class="mw-redirect" title="State House (Bulawayo)">house for himself</a> in 1897 in Bulawayo. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg/370px-South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>"Empire Makers and Breakers" depicted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wright_(artist)" title="Henry Wright (artist)">Henry Wright</a>, showing a scene at the South Africa Committee in 1897. Left to right: Her Majesty's Attorney-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Webster,_1st_Viscount_Alverstone" title="Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone">Richard Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re" title="Henry Labouchère">Henry Labouchère</a> (remembered for the <a href="/wiki/Labouch%C3%A8re_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Labouchère Amendment">Labouchère Amendment</a>, which for the first time criminalised all male homosexual activity), Cecil Rhodes, 'The Squire of Malwood' <a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">William Harcourt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rhodes decreed in his will that he was to be buried in Matopos Hills (now Matobo Hills). After his death in the Cape in 1902, his body was transported by train to <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>. His burial was attended by Ndebele chiefs, now paid agents of the BSAC administration, who asked that the firing party should not discharge their rifles as this would disturb the spirits. Then, for the first time, they gave a white man the Matabele royal salute, Bayete. Rhodes is buried alongside <a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a> and 34 British soldiers killed in the <a href="/wiki/Shangani_Patrol" title="Shangani Patrol">Shangani Patrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomville-Fife190089-52">[51]</a> Despite occasional efforts to return his body to the United Kingdom, his grave remains there still, "part and parcel of the history of Zimbabwe" and attracts thousands of visitors each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing2012-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Cape_to_Cairo_Red_Line"">"Cape to Cairo Red Line"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "Cape to Cairo Red Line"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg/225px-Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg/300px-Flag_of_Cecil_Rhodes%27_Cape_to_Cairo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Rhodes' personal flag symbolising his "Cape to Cairo" dream</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg/170px-Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg/255px-Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg/340px-Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Map showing almost complete British control of the Cape to Cairo route, 1913 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  British control</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Railway" title="Cape to Cairo Railway">Cape to Cairo Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape to Cairo Road">Cape to Cairo Road</a></div> One of Rhodes's dreams was for a "red line" on the map from the Cape to Cairo (on geo-political maps, British dominions were always denoted in red or pink). Rhodes had been instrumental in securing southern African states for the Empire. He and others felt the best way to "unify the possessions, facilitate governance, enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or conduct war, help settlement, and foster trade" would be to build the "Cape to Cairo Railway".<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> This enterprise was not without its problems. <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> had a conflicting strategy in the late 1890s to link its colonies from west to east across the continent<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> and the Portuguese produced the "<a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Pink Map</a>",<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> representing their claims to sovereignty in Africa. Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> proved to be the main obstacles to the British objective until the United Kingdom conquered and seized <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a> from the Germans as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right;clear:right"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CecilRhodes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CecilRhodes.jpg/170px-CecilRhodes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CecilRhodes.jpg/255px-CecilRhodes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CecilRhodes.jpg/340px-CecilRhodes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Cecil Rhodes</figcaption></figure></div> Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> was destined to greatness.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-10">[10]</a> In what he described as "a draft of some of my ideas" written in 1877 while a student at Oxford, Rhodes said of the English, "I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. I contend that every acre added to our territory means the birth of more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes190258-58">[57]</a> Rhodes bemoaned that there was little land left to conquer and said "to think of these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach. I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2022131-59">[58]</a> Furthermore Rhodes saw imperialism as a way to alleviate domestic social problems - "In order to save the 40,000,000 inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> from a bloody civil war, we colonial statesmen must acquire new lands to settle the surplus population, to provide new markets for the goods produced in the factories and mines. The Empire, as I have always said, is a bread and butter question. If you want to avoid civil war, you must become imperialists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1983-60">[59]</a> Rhodes wanted to develop a Commonwealth in which all of the British-dominated countries in the empire would be <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">represented in the British Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988150-61">[60]</a> Rhodes explicitly stipulated in his will that all races should be eligible for the scholarships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggar2016-62">[61]</a> It is said that he wanted to develop an American elite of <a href="/wiki/Philosopher-kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher-kings">philosopher-kings</a> who would have the United States rejoin the British Empire. As Rhodes also respected and admired the Germans and their <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser</a>, he allowed German students to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. He believed that eventually the United Kingdom (including Ireland), the US, and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure perpetual peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009-63">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Rhodes's views on race have been debated; he supported the rights of indigenous Africans to vote,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagubane1996109-64">[63]</a> but critics have labelled him as an "architect of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastle2016-65">[64]</a> and a "<a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a>", particularly since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-coloniallegacymustfallnothisstatue-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilsonrhodesmustfall-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-rhodestogandhi-67">[66]</a> According to Magubane, Rhodes was "unhappy that in many Cape Constituencies, Africans could be decisive if more of them exercised this right to vote under current law [referring to the Cape Qualified Franchise]," with Rhodes arguing that "the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in India, in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagubane1996108-36">[35]</a> Rhodes advocated the governance of indigenous Africans living in the Cape Colony "in a state of barbarism and communal tenure" as "a subject race. I do not go so far as the member for Victoria West, who would not give the black man a vote. ... If the whites maintain their position as the supreme race, the day may come when we shall be thankful that we have the natives with us in their proper position."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagubane1996109-64">[63]</a> He once stated "I prefer land to niggers" and referred to the 'Anglo-Saxon race' as "the best, most human, most honourable race the world possesses".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> He thought that those lands which were occupied by the "most despicable specimens of human beings" should be inhabited by Anglo-Saxons.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div style="float:right;clear:right"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortimer_Menpes,_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mortimer_Menpes%2C_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg/200px-Mortimer_Menpes%2C_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mortimer_Menpes%2C_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg/300px-Mortimer_Menpes%2C_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mortimer_Menpes%2C_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg/400px-Mortimer_Menpes%2C_Cecil_Rhodes_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Rhodes by <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Menpes" title="Mortimer Menpes">Mortimer Menpes</a>, 1901</figcaption></figure></div> However others have disputed these views. For example, historian Raymond C. Mensing notes that Rhodes has the reputation as the most flamboyant exemplar of the British imperial spirit, and always believed that British institutions were the best. Mensing argues that Rhodes quietly developed a more nuanced concept of imperial federation in Africa, and that his mature views were more balanced and realistic. According to Mensing, "Rhodes was not a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">biological or maximal racist</a>. Despite his support for what became the basis for the apartheid system, he is best seen as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">cultural or minimal racist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In a 2016 opinion piece for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Biggar" title="Nigel Biggar">Nigel Biggar</a> argued that although Rhodes was a committed <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a>, the charges of racism against him are unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In a 2021 article, Biggar further argued that:<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">If Rhodes was a racist, he would not have enjoyed cordial relations with individual Africans, he would not have regarded them as capable of civilisation, and he would not have supported their right to vote at all. Nor would he have stipulated in his final will of July 1899 that the scholarships that would famously bear his name should be awarded without regard for “race”. And yet he did all these things.</blockquote> On domestic politics within Britain, Rhodes was a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinney199572-1">[1]</a> Rhodes' only major impact was his large-scale support of the Irish nationalist party, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> (1846–1891).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken200322–24-73">[72]</a> Rhodes worked well with the Afrikaners in the Cape Colony; he supported teaching Dutch as well as English in public schools. While Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, he helped to remove most of their legal disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009-63">[62]</a> He was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Hofmeyr_(Onze_Jan)" title="Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (Onze Jan)">Jan Hofmeyr</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a>, and it was largely because of Afrikaner support that he became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988131–33-74">[73]</a> Rhodes advocated greater self-government for the Cape Colony, in line with his preference for the empire to be controlled by local settlers and politicians rather than by London. Scholar and Zimbabwean author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Godwin" title="Peter Godwin">Peter Godwin</a>, whilst critical of Rhodes, writes that he needs to be viewed via the prisms and cultural and social perspective of his epoch, positing that Rhodes "was no 19th-century Hitler. He wasn't so much a freak as a man of his time...Rhodes and the white pioneers in southern Africa did behave despicably by today's standards, but no worse than the white settlers in North America, South America, and Australia; and in some senses better, considering that the genocide of natives in Africa was less complete. For all the former African colonies are now ruled by indigenous peoples, unlike the Americas and the Antipodes, most of whose aboriginal natives were all but exterminated." Godwin goes on to say "Rhodes and his cronies fit in perfectly with their surroundings and conformed to the morality (or lack of it) of the day. As is so often the case, history simply followed the gravitational pull of superior firepower." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_relationships">Personal relationships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal relationships">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Rhodes never married, pleading, "I have too much work on my hands" and saying that he would not be a dutiful husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlomer1984-75">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] According to his personal banker, Lewis Mitchell, Rhodes "took, on occasions, a singularly human interest in the welfare of young men, and read their characters with discernment... Once, when twitted [teased] with his preference for young men, he retorted, 'Of course, of course, they must soon take up our work; we must teach them what to do and what to avoid.'" According to his secretary, Philip Jourdan, he "seemed to have a liking for young men" and was "particularly partial to people with blue eyes."<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaylam200522-77">[76]</a> Graham Bower, the deputy to <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Rosmead" title="Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead">Sir Hercules Robinson</a>, described the relationship between Rhodes and his private secretary Neville Pickering as "an absolutely lover-like friendship."<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Rhodes' biographers have been divided on the question of his sexuality. John Gilbert Lockhart and <a href="/wiki/Montague_Woodhouse,_5th_Baron_Terrington" title="Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington">C.M. Woodhouse</a> denied that Rhodes was homosexual, while <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cloete" title="Stuart Cloete">Stuart Cloete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antony_Thomas" title="Antony Thomas">Antony Thomas</a> took the view that he was <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Rotberg" title="Robert I. Rotberg">Robert I. Rotberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Roberts_(historian)" title="Brian Roberts (historian)">Brian Roberts</a> have asserted that he was homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaylam200522-77">[76]</a> According to Rotberg, that Rhodes was homosexual is "indisputable on the basis of the available evidence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988408–-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="The BBC">The BBC</a>'s biographical drama series <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(TV_series)" title="Rhodes (TV series)">Rhodes</a> (1996), written by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Thomas" title="Antony Thomas">Antony Thomas</a>, treated him as gay. Robin Brown has claimed in The Secret Society: Cecil John Rhodes’s Plan for a New World Order that Rhodes was <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> who was in love with Neville Pickering, and that he established "… a homosexual hegemony—which was already operative in the Secret Society—[and] went on to influence, if not control, British politics at the beginning of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Paul Maylam of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a> criticised Brown's book in a review for <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a> as "based heavily on surmise and assertion" and lacking "referenced source material to substantiate its claims", as well as being riddled with basic factual errors.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princess_Radziwiłł">Princess Radziwiłł</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Princess Radziwiłł">edit</a>]</div> In the last years of his life, Rhodes was <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalked</a> by Polish princess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Radziwill" title="Catherine Radziwill">Catherine Radziwiłł</a>, born <a href="/wiki/Rzewuski_family" title="Rzewuski family">Rzewuska</a>, who had married into the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">noble</a> Polish family <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł</a>. The princess falsely claimed that she was engaged to Rhodes, and that they were having an affair. She asked him to marry her, but Rhodes refused. In reaction, she accused him of loan <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>. He had to go to trial and testify against her accusation. She wrote a <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> of Rhodes called Cecil Rhodes: Man and Empire Maker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadziwill1918-82">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Her accusations were eventually proven to be false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhartWoodhouse1963487-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Boer_War">Second Boer War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Second Boer War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley" title="Siege of Kimberley">Siege of Kimberley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg/240px-Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg/360px-Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg/480px-Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>French caricature of Rhodes, showing him trapped in <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, here peering from a tower clutching papers, with a champagne bottle behind his collar.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> Rhodes went to <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley" title="Siege of Kimberley">siege</a>, in a calculated move to raise the political stakes on the government to dedicate resources to the defence of the city. The military felt he was more of a liability than an asset and found him intolerable. The officer commanding the garrison of Kimberley, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kekewich" title="Robert Kekewich">Robert Kekewich</a>, experienced serious personal difficulties with Rhodes because of the latter's inability to co-operate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992321–23-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelan1913-85">[84]</a> Despite these differences, Rhodes' company was instrumental in the defence of the city, providing water and refrigeration facilities, constructing fortifications, and manufacturing an <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armoured train</a>, shells and a one-off gun named <a href="/wiki/Long_Cecil" title="Long Cecil">Long Cecil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1976-86">[85]</a> Rhodes used his position and influence to lobby the British government to relieve the siege of Kimberley, claiming in the press that the situation in the city was desperate. The military wanted to assemble a large force to take the Boer cities of <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, but they were compelled to change their plans and send three separate smaller forces to relieve the sieges of Kimberley, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" title="Siege of Mafeking">Mafeking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" title="Siege of Ladysmith">Ladysmith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2007131–-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png/260px-Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png/390px-Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png/520px-Cecil_Rhodes_Funeral.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of Rhodes in <a href="/wiki/Adderley_Street" title="Adderley Street">Adderley Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, on 3 April 1902</figcaption></figure> Although Rhodes remained a leading figure in the politics of southern Africa, especially during the Second Boer War, he was dogged by ill health throughout his relatively short life. He was sent to Natal aged 16 because it was believed the climate might help problems with his heart. On returning to England in 1872, his health again deteriorated with heart and lung problems, to the extent that his doctor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Morell_Mackenzie" title="Morell Mackenzie">Morell Mackenzie</a>, believed he would survive only six months. He returned to Kimberley where his health improved. From age 40 his heart condition returned with increasing severity until his death from heart failure in 1902, aged 48, at his seaside cottage in <a href="/wiki/Muizenberg" title="Muizenberg">Muizenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times27_March_1902-2">[2]</a> The government arranged an epic journey by train from the Cape to Rhodesia, with the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_train" title="Funeral train">funeral train</a> stopping at every station to allow mourners to pay their respects. It was reported that at Kimberley, "practically the entire population marched in procession past the funeral car".<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> He was finally laid to rest at his request at <a href="/wiki/Malindidzimu" title="Malindidzimu">Malindidzimu</a>, a hilltop located approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, in what was then <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016848-89">[88]</a> The site was of supreme importance to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe">Shona traditional religion</a> as the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Mwari" title="Mwari">Mwari</a>, with this action interpreted as a gesture of colonial triumph and conquest over indigenous Africans.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Today, his gravesite is part of <a href="/wiki/Matobo_National_Park" title="Matobo National Park">Matobo National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png/250px-5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png/375px-5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png/500px-5_Crown_Elizabeth_II_Cecil_Rhodes_-_1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 1 crown <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>; Bust of Cecil John Rhodes, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, colonial magnate, and namesake of Southern Rhodesia, in a circle in the center and three shields for each colony developed by Rhodes, representing (from left to right) Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland below, all flanked by two wreaths wrapped in banners</figcaption></figure> Rhodes has been the target of much recent criticism, with some historians attacking him as a ruthless imperialist and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaylam20056-91">[90]</a> The continued presence of his grave in the Matopos (now Matobo) hills has not been without controversy in contemporary Zimbabwe. In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Cain_Mathema" title="Cain Mathema">Cain Mathema</a>, the governor of Bulawayo, branded the grave outside the country's second city an "insult to the African ancestors" and said he believed its presence had brought bad luck and poor weather to the region.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In February 2012, Mugabe loyalists and <a href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</a> activists visited the grave site demanding permission from the local chief to exhume Rhodes's remains and return them to Britain. Many considered this a nationalist political stunt in the run up to an election, and Local Chief Masuku and Godfrey Mahachi, one of the country's foremost archaeologists, strongly expressed their opposition to the grave being removed due to its historical significance to Zimbabwe. Then-president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> also opposed the move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing2012-53">[52]</a> In 2004, Rhodes was voted 56th in the <a href="/wiki/SABC_3" title="SABC 3">SABC 3</a> television series <a href="/wiki/Great_South_Africans_(television_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great South Africans (television series)">Great South Africans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2004-93">[92]</a> A preparatory school in the Midlands town of Gweru in Zimbabwe is named after him. In the early 2000s during the height of the land reform and racial tensions, ZANU-PF politicians called for a change in all the country's school names with colonial ties, however, efforts were mostly fruitless as most people felt that it was unnecessary and names of places they live in reflect the diverse identity and cultural heritage of the country but called for the government to embrace the history of the country and allow room for new names for new places in the ever-growing towns and cities. In his second will, written in 1877 before he had accumulated his wealth, Rhodes wanted to create a <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> that would bring the whole world under British rule. His biographer calls it an "extensive fantasy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988102-94">[93]</a> Rhodes envisioned a secret society to extend British rule worldwide, including China, Japan, all of Africa and South America, and indeed the United States as well: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To and for the establishment, promotion and development of a Secret Society, the true aim and object whereof shall be for the extension of British rule throughout the world, the perfecting of a system of emigration from the United Kingdom, and of colonisation by British subjects of all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by energy, labour and enterprise, and especially the occupation by British settlers of the entire Continent of Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, the Valley of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, the Islands of Cyprus and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Candia</a>, the whole of South America, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Islands of the Pacific</a> not heretofore possessed by Great Britain, the whole of the Malay Archipelago, the seaboard of China and Japan, the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire, the inauguration of a system of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament which may tend to weld together the disjointed members of the Empire and, finally, the foundation of so great a Power as to render wars impossible, and promote the best interests of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cecil Rhodes</cite></div></blockquote> Rhodes's final will—when he actually did have money—was much more realistic and focused on scholarships. He also left a large area of land on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a> to the South African nation. Part of this estate became the upper campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, another part became the <a href="/wiki/Kirstenbosch_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden">Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden</a>, while much was spared from development and is now an important conservation area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988663–69-96">[95]</a> South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a> is named after him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodes_Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rhodes Scholarship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg/220px-Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg/330px-Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg/440px-Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_House" title="Rhodes House">Rhodes House</a>, Oxford, in 2004.</figcaption></figure> In his last will, he provided for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a>. Over the course of the previous half-century, governments, universities and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships for this purpose. The Rhodes awards fit the established pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch2011723–39-97">[96]</a> The scholarship enabled male students from <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">territories under British rule or formerly under British rule</a> and from Germany to study at Rhodes's alma mater, the University of Oxford. Rhodes' aims were to promote leadership marked by public spirit and good character, and to "render war impossible" by promoting friendship between the great powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes190223–45-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg/220px-Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg/330px-Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg/440px-Rhodes_Memorial_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Memorial" title="Rhodes Memorial">Rhodes Memorial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Peak_(Cape_Town)" title="Devil's Peak (Cape Town)">Devil's Peak (Cape Town)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg/220px-Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg/330px-Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg/440px-Cecil_John_Rhodes_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Rhodes in <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Memorial" title="Rhodes Memorial">Rhodes Memorial</a> stands on Rhodes's favourite spot on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Peak_(Cape_Town)" title="Devil's Peak (Cape Town)">Devil's Peak</a>, Cape Town, with a view looking north and east towards the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road,_Zambia" title="Great North Road, Zambia">Cape to Cairo</a> route. From 1910 to 1984 Rhodes's house in Cape Town, <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur" title="Groote Schuur">Groote Schuur</a>, was the official Cape residence of the prime ministers of South Africa and continued as a presidential residence. His birthplace was established in 1938 as the Rhodes Memorial Museum, now known as <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Arts_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Arts Complex">Bishops Stortford Museum</a>. The cottage in Muizenberg where he died is a provincial heritage site in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> Province of South Africa. The cottage today is operated as a museum by the Muizenberg Historical Conservation Society, and is open to the public. A broad display of Rhodes material can be seen, including the original De Beers board room table around which diamonds worth billions of dollars were traded.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rhodes University College, now <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>, was established in his name by his trustees and founded by Act of Parliament on 31 May 1904. The residents of <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley, Northern Cape</a> elected to build a memorial in Rhodes's honour in their city, which was unveiled in 1907. The 72-ton bronze statue depicts Rhodes on his horse, looking north with map in hand, and dressed as he was when he met the Ndebele after their <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaylam200556-100">[99]</a> The founder of the original country of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Cecil John Rhodes first visited <a href="/wiki/Nyanga,_Zimbabwe" title="Nyanga, Zimbabwe">Nyanga</a> in the Eastern Highlands of the country in 1897. Captivated by the unspoilt and breathtaking beauty of the area, he immediately purchased a parcel of farms totalling 40,000 ha and then proceeded to import cattle from Mozambique and develop extensive plantations of apple and fruit trees. When he died in 1902, Rhodes bequeathed most of the estate to the nation, and this now forms the <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_National_Park" title="Nyanga National Park">Nyanga National Park</a>. Rhodes's original farmhouse has been meticulously preserved and is now the Rhodes Nyanga Hotel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_no_nose.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rhodes_no_nose.JPG/220px-Rhodes_no_nose.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rhodes_no_nose.JPG/330px-Rhodes_no_nose.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rhodes_no_nose.JPG/440px-Rhodes_no_nose.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Noseless bust at the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Memorial" title="Rhodes Memorial">Rhodes Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">Rhodes Must Fall</a></div> Memorials to Rhodes have been opposed since at least the 1950s, when some <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaner</a> students demanded the removal of a Rhodes statue at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> A 2015 movement, known as "Rhodes Must Fall" (or #RhodesMustFall on social media), began with student protests at the University of Cape Town that were successful in getting university authorities to remove the Rhodes statue from the campus.<a href="#cite_note-Rhodesmoved-102">[101]</a> The protest also had the broader goal of highlighting what the activists considered the lack of systemic post-apartheid racial transformation in South African institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Rhodesfall-103">[102]</a> Following a series of protests and <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a> at the University of Cape Town, various movements both in South Africa and other countries have been launched in opposition to Cecil Rhodes memorials. These include a campaign to change the name of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a><a href="#cite_note-RUnamechange-104">[103]</a> and to remove a statue of Rhodes from <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The campaign was covered in a documentary by <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, which was called The Battle for Britain's Heroes.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The documentary was commissioned after <a href="/wiki/Afua_Hirsch" title="Afua Hirsch">Afua Hirsch</a> wrote an article on the topic. Moreover, an article by <a href="/wiki/Amit_Chaudhuri" title="Amit Chaudhuri">Amit Chaudhuri</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, suggested the criticism was "unsurprising and overdue".<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Other academics including Kehinde Andrews, prominent British academic and author specialising in Black studies, have vocally spoken in favour of #RhodesMustFall.<a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Cecil_Rhodes-45">[44]</a> However, Oriel College opted to keep the Rhodes statue, despite the protests.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Oriel College claimed in 2016 they would lose about £100 million worth of gifts if they removed the statue.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Nevertheless, in June 2020, the college voted in favour of setting up an independent commission of inquiry, amid widespread support for removing the statue.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> A statue of Rhodes was erected in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> in 1904 in the city centre. In 1981 after the country's independence the statue was removed to the centenary park at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Zimbabwe" title="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe">Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, discussing his legacy, wrote of Rhodes that he "once defined his policy as 'equal rights for every white man south of the Zambezi' and later, under liberal pressure, amended 'white' to 'civilized'. But he probably regarded the possibility of native Africans becoming 'civilized' as so remote that the two expressions, in his mind, came to the same thing."<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> As part of his legacy, on his death Rhodes left a significant amount of money to be used to finance talented young scholars ("race" was not a criterion) at Oxford. Currently, in Oxford a number of those South African and Zimbabwean recipients of funds from his legacy are campaigning for his statue to be removed from display in Oxford. When asked if there was any double standard or hypocrisy in being funded by the Rhodes Scholarship fund and benefiting from the opportunity, whilst at the same time campaigning against the legacy of Rhodes, one of the South African campaigners, <a href="/wiki/Ntokozo_Qwabe" title="Ntokozo Qwabe">Ntokozo Qwabe</a>, replied that "this scholarship does not buy our silence...There is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy... There is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes’ character, nor to sanitise the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated".<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In June 2020, amid the wider context of <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom">Black Lives Matter protests</a>, the governing body of Oxford's Oriel College voted to remove the statue of Rhodes located on the college's façade facing <a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford" title="High Street, Oxford">Oxford's High Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The actual removal was not to take place until at least early spring 2021, when a commission set up by the college delivered its report on the future of the statue.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In May 2021, the commission reported that, while the majority of members supported the statue's removal, the costs to do so were prohibitively high, and the college would therefore not be taking action.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s sarcastic summation of Rhodes ("I admire him, I frankly confess it; and when his time comes I shall buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake"), from Chapter LXIX of <a href="/wiki/Following_the_Equator" title="Following the Equator">Following the Equator</a>, still often appears in collections of famous insults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwain1898-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[b]</a></li> <li>He is depicted, along with other Cape notables, in the 1899 artwork <a href="/wiki/Holiday_Time_in_Cape_Town_in_the_Twentieth_Century,_in_Honour_of_the_Expected_Arrival_of_a_Governor-General_of_UNITED_South_Africa" title="Holiday Time in Cape Town in the Twentieth Century, in Honour of the Expected Arrival of a Governor-General of UNITED South Africa">Holiday Time in Cape Town</a> by James Ford.</li> <li>The will of Cecil Rhodes is the central theme in the science fiction book <a href="/wiki/Great_Work_of_Time" title="Great Work of Time">Great Work of Time</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Crowley_(author)" title="John Crowley (author)">John Crowley</a>, an alternative history in which the Secret Society stipulated in the will was indeed established. Its members eventually achieve the secret of time travel and use it to restrain World War I and prevent World War II, and to perpetuate the world ascendancy of the British Empire up to the end of the twentieth century. The book contains a vivid description of Cecil Rhodes himself, seen through the eyes of a traveller from the future British Empire.</li> <li>In the British film <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_of_Africa" title="Rhodes of Africa">Rhodes of Africa</a> (1936, directed by Austrian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Viertel" title="Berthold Viertel">Berthold Viertel</a>), Rhodes was portrayed by Canadian actor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Huston" title="Walter Huston">Walter Huston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></li> <li>Rhodes is the unofficial mascot of <a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Oxford" title="Uncomfortable Oxford">Uncomfortable Oxford</a>, an Oxford-based tour guide and history organisation which focuses on British imperial history. Much of their promotional material, tours and speeches all focus on Rhodes's statue outside of <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, and they were central to organising the 2020 Oxford <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">Black Lives Matter protests</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></li> <li>Rhodes was played by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marian_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Marian (actor)">Ferdinand Marian</a> in the Nazi film <a href="/wiki/Ohm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Ohm Krüger">Ohm Krüger</a> (1941), where he—like all other British characters in the film—was presented as an outright villain.</li> <li>In 1901, Rhodes bought <a href="/wiki/Dalham_Hall" title="Dalham Hall">Dalham Hall</a>, Suffolk. In 1902, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rhodes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)">Frank Rhodes</a> erected the village hall in the village of <a href="/wiki/Dalham" title="Dalham">Dalham</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, to commemorate the life of his brother, who had died before taking possession of the estate.</li> <li>Rhodes was a peripheral but influential character in the historical novel <a href="/wiki/The_Covenant_(novel)" title="The Covenant (novel)">The Covenant</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Michener" class="mw-redirect" title="James Michener">James Michener</a>.</li> <li>His memorial at Devil's Peak also served as a temple in <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sinbad" title="The Adventures of Sinbad">The Adventures of Sinbad</a> episode "The Return of the Ronin".</li> <li>The 1976 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Masekela" title="Hugh Masekela">Hugh Masekela</a> album <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Man" title="Colonial Man">Colonial Man</a> has a song titled "Cecil Rhodes".</li> <li>Cecil Rhodes was the subject of a South African television mini-series, <a href="/wiki/Barney_Barnato_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney Barnato (TV Series)">Barney Barnato</a>, made in 1989 and first aired on <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> in early 1990.</li> <li>In 1996, BBC-TV made an eight-part television drama about Rhodes called <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(TV_series)" title="Rhodes (TV series)">Rhodes: The Life and Legend of Cecil Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> It was produced by David Drury and written by Antony Thomas. It tells the story of Rhodes' life through a series of flashbacks of conversations between him and Princess Catherine Radziwiłł and also between her and people who knew him. It also shows the story of how she stalked and eventually ruined him. In the serial, Cecil Rhodes is played by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw" title="Martin Shaw">Martin Shaw</a>, the younger Cecil Rhodes is played by his son Joe Shaw, and Princess Radziwiłł is played by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Barber" title="Frances Barber">Frances Barber</a>. In the serial Rhodes is portrayed as ruthless and greedy. The serial also suggests that he was homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1998-122">[120]</a> Countering the implication of Rhodes' homosexuality, historian and journalist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a> wrote that Rhodes had been falsely smeared by the programme, commenting: "In nine tendentious hours, Rhodes is to be presented as a corrupt and greedy money-grabber, a racist and paedophile, whose disgusting passion was to get his hands on young boys ... the BBC has spent £10m of our money putting together a farrago of exaggerations and smears about this great man." <a href="/wiki/Peter_Godwin" title="Peter Godwin">Peter Godwin</a> said of the film that "it feels like a work overwhelmingly informed by malice, consistently seizing on the very worst interpretation of the man without really attempting to get under his skin. Rhodes was no 19th-century Hitler. He wasn't so much a freak as a man of his time."</li> <li>Rhodes features prominently in <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Smith" title="Wilbur Smith">Wilbur Smith</a>'s Ballantyne series of novels, fictional stories based amongst real events in Rhodes' lifetime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> founder <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> (b. 1911) believed himself to be the literal reincarnation of Cecil Rhodes.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li>Season 4, Episode 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Bad_Gays_(podcast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Gays (podcast)">Bad Gays Podcast</a> covers Rhodes' life.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Cecil_Rhodes,_Bulawayo" title="Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Bulawayo">Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Bulawayo</a>, Zimbabwe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Cecil_Rhodes,_Company%27s_Garden" title="Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Company's Garden">Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Company's Garden</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia (region)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> With the provision of funding for the creation of De Beers in 1887, Rothschild also turned to investment in the mining of precious stones, in Africa and India. Today it markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds, and at one time marketed 90%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009162-29">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> His account of how "Cecil Rhodes" made his first fortune by discovering, in Australia, in the belly of a shark, a newspaper that gave him advance knowledge of a great rise in wool prices, is completely fictional—Twain dates the event at 1870, when Rhodes was in South Africa. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinney199572-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinney199572_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinney199572_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinney1995">Pinney 1995</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times27_March_1902-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times27_March_1902_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times27_March_1902_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Times27_March_1902">The Times & 27 March 1902</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1988128-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1988128_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRotberg1988">Rotberg 1988</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDowden1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dowden" title="Richard Dowden">Dowden, Richard</a> (17 April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/apartheid-made-in-britain-richard-dowden-explains-how-churchill-rhodes-and-smuts-caused-black-south-1370856.html">"Apartheid: made in Britain: Richard Dowden explains how Churchill, Rhodes and Smuts caused black South Africans to lose their rights"</a>. The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Apartheid%3A+made+in+Britain%3A+Richard+Dowden+explains+how+Churchill%2C+Rhodes+and+Smuts+caused+black+South+Africans+to+lose+their+rights&rft.date=1994-04-17&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fapartheid-made-in-britain-richard-dowden-explains-how-churchill-rhodes-and-smuts-caused-black-south-1370856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myfundi.co.za/e/History_of_South_Africa_Timeline_%281485-1975%29">History of South Africa Timeline (1485–1975)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913230535/http://myfundi.co.za/e/History_of_South_Africa_Timeline_%281485-1975%29">Archived</a> 13 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaylam2016" class="citation web cs1">Maylam, Paul (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-cecil-john-rhodes-said-in-his-will-about-who-should-get-scholarships-53172">"What Cecil John Rhodes said in his will about who should get scholarships"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+Cecil+John+Rhodes+said+in+his+will+about+who+should+get+scholarships&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Maylam&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-cecil-john-rhodes-said-in-his-will-about-who-should-get-scholarships-53172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jan/14/rhodes-must-fall-oxford-colonialism-zimbabwe-simukai-chigudu">"'Colonialism had never really ended': my life in the shadow of Cecil Rhodes"</a>. the Guardian. 14 January 2021. 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NBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Rhodes+will+fall%3A+Oxford+University+to+remove+statue+amid+anti-racism+calls&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Shakib&rft.aufirst=Delara&rft.au=Linda+Givetash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frhodes-will-fall-oxford-university-remove-statue-amid-anti-racism-n1231387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRace2021" class="citation web cs1">Race, Michael (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-55549876">"Decision over future of Oxford's Cecil Rhodes statue delayed"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Decision+over+future+of+Oxford%27s+Cecil+Rhodes+statue+delayed&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.aulast=Race&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-55549876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRace2021" class="citation news cs1">Race, Michael (20 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-57175057">"Removal of Oxford's Cecil Rhodes statue on hold over costs"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Removal+of+Oxford%27s+Cecil+Rhodes+statue+on+hold+over+costs&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft.aulast=Race&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-57175057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwain1898-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwain1898_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwain1898">Twain 1898</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028176/">Rhodes of Africa (1936)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2020" class="citation news cs1">Gregory, Andy (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cecil-rhodes-protest-live-oxford-university-today-black-lives-matter-demonstration-a9557466.html">"Cecil Rhodes protest – live: Oxford students demand removal of colonialist's statue, as Labour councils to review public monuments"</a>. Independent. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Cecil+Rhodes+protest+%E2%80%93+live%3A+Oxford+students+demand+removal+of+colonialist%27s+statue%2C+as+Labour+councils+to+review+public+monuments&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fcecil-rhodes-protest-live-oxford-university-today-black-lives-matter-demonstration-a9557466.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsbrough2020" class="citation news cs1">Goldsbrough, Susannah (19 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/architecture/uncomfortable-oxford-meet-student-group-asking-city-confront/">"Uncomfortable Oxford: meet the student group asking the city to confront its colonial past"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/architecture/uncomfortable-oxford-meet-student-group-asking-city-confront/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Uncomfortable+Oxford%3A+meet+the+student+group+asking+the+city+to+confront+its+colonial+past&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Goldsbrough&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fart%2Farchitecture%2Funcomfortable-oxford-meet-student-group-asking-city-confront%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115335/">"Rhodes" on IMDB</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1998-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin1998_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwin1998">Godwin 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Miller" title="Russell Miller">Russell Miller</a>, Bare-faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/miller/bfm15.htm">Ch. 15</a> 257–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://badgayspod.com/episode-archive/s4-cecil-rhodes">"S4E1: Cecil Rhodes"</a>. Bad Gays Podcast. 20 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608161636/https://badgayspod.com/episode-archive/s4-cecil-rhodes">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bad+Gays+Podcast&rft.atitle=S4E1%3A+Cecil+Rhodes&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbadgayspod.com%2Fepisode-archive%2Fs4-cecil-rhodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monographs">Monographs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Monographs">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich_and_Wotherspoon2001" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingaylesb00robe">Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15982-1"><bdi>978-0-415-15982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Gay+and+Lesbian+History%3A+From+Antiquity+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15982-1&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wotherspoon%2C+Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoingaylesb00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1914" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Eleanor, ed. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/primatealexander00alexiala#page/258/mode/2up">"Chapter XIV: South Africa 1893"</a>. Primate Alexander, Archbishop of Armagh. A memoir. London: Edward Arnold. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIV%3A+South+Africa+1893&rft.btitle=Primate+Alexander%2C+Archbishop+of+Armagh.+A+memoir&rft.place=London&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fprimatealexander00alexiala%23page%2F258%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2022" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Duncan (2022). Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and the Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreamworlds+of+Race%3A+Empire+and+the+Utopian+Destiny+of+Anglo-America&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelow_and_Peterson2002" class="citation book cs1">Bigelow, Bill; Peterson, Bob (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfv2NePkYngC">Rethinking Globalization: Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World</a>. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942961-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942961-28-7"><bdi>978-0-942961-28-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Globalization%3A+Teaching+for+Justice+in+an+Unjust+World&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Rethinking+Schools&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-942961-28-7&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgfv2NePkYngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Blake, Robert</a> (1977). A History of Rhodesia. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413283504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413283504"><bdi>978-0413283504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rhodesia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0413283504&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoschendal2007" class="citation book cs1">Anon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSw_AQAAIAAJ">Boschendal: founded 1685</a>. Boschendal Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-38001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-38001-0"><bdi>978-0-620-38001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boschendal%3A+founded+1685&rft.pub=Boschendal+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-620-38001-0&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSw_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritten2006" class="citation book cs1">Britten, Sarah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZTLigR2t5UC&pg=PA167">The Art of the South African Insult</a>. 30° South Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920143-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920143-05-3"><bdi>978-1-920143-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+South+African+Insult&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920143-05-3&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZTLigR2t5UC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Colvin" title="Ian Colvin">Colvin, Ian</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTT4QgAACAAJ">The Life of Jameson</a>. London: E. Arnold and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-116-69524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-116-69524-3"><bdi>978-1-116-69524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Jameson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+Arnold+and+Co.&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-1-116-69524-3&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTT4QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrey_and_Simons1986" class="citation book cs1">Currey, John Blades; Simons, Phillida Brooke (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFIwAAAAYAAJ">1850 to 1900: fifty years in the Cape Colony</a>. Brenthurst Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909079-31-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909079-31-4"><bdi>978-0-909079-31-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1850+to+1900%3A+fifty+years+in+the+Cape+Colony&rft.pub=Brenthurst+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-909079-31-4&rft.aulast=Currey&rft.aufirst=John+Blades&rft.au=Simons%2C+Phillida+Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFIwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2003" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Apollon Borisovich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TlzAAAAMAAJ">Cecil Rhodes and his Time</a>. Christopher English (trans.). Protea Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919825-24-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919825-24-3"><bdi>978-1-919825-24-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes+and+his+Time&rft.pub=Protea+Book+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-919825-24-3&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Apollon+Borisovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TlzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1982" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Edward Jay (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxRkAAAAIAAJ">The rise and fall of diamonds: the shattering of a brilliant illusion</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671412890" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671412890"><bdi>978-0671412890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+diamonds%3A+the+shattering+of+a+brilliant+illusion&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0671412890&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxRkAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseofrothschi000ferg">The house of Rothschild: the world's banker, 1849–1999</a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88794-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88794-1"><bdi>978-0-670-88794-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+house+of+Rothschild%3A+the+world%27s+banker%2C+1849%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-670-88794-1&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseofrothschi000ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2009" class="citation book cs1">Flint, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2seF1l3VxAC">Cecil Rhodes</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-08670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-08670-7"><bdi>978-0-316-08670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-316-08670-7&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2seF1l3VxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988">, a scholarly biography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galbraith,_John_S." class="mw-redirect" title="Galbraith, John S.">Galbraith, John S.</a> Crown and Charter: the Early Years of the British South Africa Company (1974).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fydell_Edmund_Garrett" title="Fydell Edmund Garrett">Garrett, F. Edmund</a> (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/Rhodes_and_Milner">"Rhodes and Milner" </a>. The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. pp. 478–520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhodes+and+Milner&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E478-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=F.+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohari1993" class="citation book cs1">Johari, J. C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B78lsRxhd-0C">Voices Of Indian Freedom Movement</a>. Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7158-225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7158-225-9"><bdi>978-81-7158-225-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+Of+Indian+Freedom+Movement&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7158-225-9&rft.aulast=Johari&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB78lsRxhd-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Judd, Denis, and Keith Surridge. The Boer War: A History (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2005" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Lilian Charlotte Anne; Knowles, Charles Matthew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoaY8HBBcKQC">The Economic Development of the British Overseas Empire</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415350488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415350488"><bdi>978-0415350488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Development+of+the+British+Overseas+Empire&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415350488&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Lilian+Charlotte+Anne&rft.au=Knowles%2C+Charles+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoaY8HBBcKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Sueur1913" class="citation book cs1">Le Sueur, Gordon (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175744">Cecil Rhodes. The Man and His Work</a>. London: London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes.+The+Man+and+His+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Le+Sueur&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.175744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhartWoodhouse1963" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, John Gilbert; Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9SOAAAAIAAJ">Cecil Rhodes: The Colossus of Southern Africa</a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes%3A+The+Colossus+of+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=John+Gilbert&rft.au=Woodhouse%2C+Christopher+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9SOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1917" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, J.G. (1917). Rhodes – A Life. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodes+%E2%80%93+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagubane1996" class="citation book cs1">Magubane, Bernard M. (1996). The Making of a Racist State: British Imperialism and the Union of South Africa, 1875–1910. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865432413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865432413"><bdi>978-0865432413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Racist+State%3A+British+Imperialism+and+the+Union+of+South+Africa%2C+1875%E2%80%931910&rft.place=Trenton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0865432413&rft.aulast=Magubane&rft.aufirst=Bernard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Meredith (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pEengEACAAJ">Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa</a>. CreateSpace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-1877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-1877-8"><bdi>978-1-4587-1877-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds%2C+Gold%2C+and+War%3A+The+British%2C+the+Boers%2C+and+the+Making+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4587-1877-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pEengEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Massie" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RVKdVFK0VcC">Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War</a>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781856680" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781856680"><bdi>978-1781856680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreadnought%3A+Britain%2C+Germany+and+the+Coming+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1781856680&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RVKdVFK0VcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2003" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, Donal P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYB0RiqcidIC&pg=PA22">Forgotten Protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War</a>. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903688182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903688182"><bdi>978-1903688182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Protest%3A+Ireland+and+the+Anglo-Boer+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1903688182&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Donal+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYB0RiqcidIC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillin1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Millin" title="Sarah Millin">Millin, Sarah Gertrude</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodes00mill">Rhodes</a>. Harper & brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodes&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Millin&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Gertrude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcecilrhodes00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberholster1987" class="citation book cs1">Oberholster, A. G.; Van Breda, Pieter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3INAQAAIAAJ">Paarl Valley, 1687–1987</a>. Human Sciences Research Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7969-0539-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7969-0539-8"><bdi>0-7969-0539-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paarl+Valley%2C+1687%E2%80%931987&rft.pub=Human+Sciences+Research+Council&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7969-0539-8&rft.aulast=Oberholster&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Van+Breda%2C+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3INAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1992" class="citation book cs1">Pakenham, Thomas (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjEPngEACAAJ">Boer War</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0380720019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0380720019"><bdi>978-0380720019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boer+War&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0380720019&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjEPngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1993" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Neil (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars">A New History of Southern Africa</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-5319-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-5319-2"><bdi>978-0-8419-5319-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-5319-2&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryofsout0000pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan1913" class="citation book cs1">Phelan, T. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13777">The Siege of Kimberley</a>. Dublin: M.H. Gill and Son. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-554-24773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-554-24773-1"><bdi>978-0-554-24773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Kimberley&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=M.H.+Gill+and+Son&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-0-554-24773-1&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicton-Seymour1989" class="citation book cs1">Picton-Seymour, Désirée (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg1QAAAAMAAJ">Historical Buildings in South Africa</a>. Struikhof Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947458-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947458-01-0"><bdi>978-0-947458-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Buildings+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Struikhof+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-947458-01-0&rft.aulast=Picton-Seymour&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPg1QAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinney1995" class="citation book cs1">Pinney, Thomas (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uC6wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: Volume 3: 1900–10</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349137398" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349137398"><bdi>978-1349137398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Rudyard+Kipling%3A+Volume+3%3A+1900%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1349137398&rft.aulast=Pinney&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuC6wCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlomer1984" class="citation book cs1">Plomer, William (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwingEACAAJ">Cecil Rhodes</a>. D. Philip. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08646018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08646018-9"><bdi>978-0-08646018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes&rft.pub=D.+Philip&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-08646018-9&rft.aulast=Plomer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYwingEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadziwill1918" class="citation book cs1">Radziwill, Princess Catherine (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16600">Cecil Rhodes: Man and Empire Maker</a>. London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne: Cassell & Company, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-554-35300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-554-35300-5"><bdi>978-0-554-35300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes%3A+Man+and+Empire+Maker&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+Toronto+and+Melbourne&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-0-554-35300-5&rft.aulast=Radziwill&rft.aufirst=Princess+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F16600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1902" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Cecil (1902). Stead, William Thomas (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Last_Will_and_Testament_of_Cecil_Rhodes">The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, with Elucidatory Notes, to which are Added Some Chapters Describing the Political and Religious Ideas of the Testator </a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Will+and+Testament+of+Cecil+John+Rhodes%2C+with+Elucidatory+Notes%2C+to+which+are+Added+Some+Chapters+Describing+the+Political+and+Religious+Ideas+of+the+Testator&rft.place=London&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1969" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Brian (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodesprinc00robe">Cecil Rhodes and the Princess</a>. Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes+and+the+Princess&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcecilrhodesprinc00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1976" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Brian (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ON71wM6U0ZMC">Kimberley: Turbulent City</a>. D. Philip. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949968-62-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949968-62-3"><bdi>978-0-949968-62-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kimberley%3A+Turbulent+City&rft.pub=D.+Philip&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-949968-62-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DON71wM6U0ZMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRönnbäckBroberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Rönnbäck, Klas; Broberg, Oskar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAGiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Capital and Colonialism: The Return on British Investments in Africa 1869–1969</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19711-7"><bdi>978-3-030-19711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Return+on+British+Investments+in+Africa+1869%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-19711-7&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6nnb%C3%A4ck&rft.aufirst=Klas&rft.au=Broberg%2C+Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAGiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1965" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Eric (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgoJAQAAIAAJ">South African Surnames</a>. H. Timmins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+African+Surnames&rft.pub=H.+Timmins&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgoJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotberg1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Rotberg" title="Robert I. Rotberg">Rotberg, Robert I.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgEaW-Gvie4C&pg=PA76">The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987920-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987920-5"><bdi>978-0-19-987920-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founder%3A+Cecil+Rhodes+and+the+Pursuit+of+Power&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987920-5&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgEaW-Gvie4C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988">; 856pp; the standard scholarly biography says McFarlane, (2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson_and_Jones2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, William; Jones, Martin Desmond (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europe178319140000simp">Europe, 1783–1914</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europe178319140000simp/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22660-8"><bdi>978-0-415-22660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+1783%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22660-8&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Jones%2C+Martin+Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feurope178319140000simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Antony (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzdzQgAACAAJ">Rhodes: Race for Africa</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16982-4"><bdi>978-0-312-16982-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodes%3A+Race+for+Africa&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16982-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzdzQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, J. Lee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDMcYymUie8C&pg=PA131">Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1854–1925</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4121-7"><bdi>978-0-8386-4121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Patriot%3A+A+Life+of+Alfred%2C+Viscount+Milner+of+St.+James%27s+and+Cape+Town%2C+1854%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4121-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDMcYymUie8C%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwain1898" class="citation book cs1">Twain, Mark (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2895">A Journey around the World</a>. Hartford, CT: The American Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+around+the+World&rft.place=Hartford%2C+CT&rft.pub=The+American+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F2895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1921" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Basil (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodes00will">Cecil Rhodes</a>. Holt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcecilrhodes00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Scott (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA848">Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2599-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-2599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons%2C+3d+ed.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2599-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOHgDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Encyclopedia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomville-Fife1900" class="citation book cs1">Domville-Fife, C.W. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/88/mode/2up">The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world</a>. Bristol: Rankin. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+the+British+Empire+the+first+encyclopedic+record+of+the+greatest+empire+in+the+history+of+the+world&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Rankin&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Domville-Fife&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopediaofbr01domvuoft%23page%2F88%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Farwell, Byron (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-XpP_pdANcC&pg=PA539">The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04770-7"><bdi>978-0-393-04770-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Nineteenth-century+Land+Warfare%3A+An+Illustrated+World+View&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04770-7&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-XpP_pdANcC%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanton2015" class="citation book cs1">Panton, Kenneth J. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. London: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878013"><bdi>978-0810878013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0810878013&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Journal articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1990" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Richard (November 1990). "The Colossus". The Journal of African History. 31 (3). Cambridge University Press: 499–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002185370003125X">10.1017/S002185370003125X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197414114">197414114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Colossus&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=1990-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002185370003125X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197414114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1956" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, J.A. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm">"A Country in Search of a Name"</a>. The Northern Rhodesia Journal. III (1): 75–78. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Rhodesia+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Country+in+Search+of+a+Name&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrzam.org.uk%2FNRJ%2FV3N1%2FV3N1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1954" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, J.A. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N4/V2N4.htm">"First Records-? 6. The Name Rhodesia"</a>. The Northern Rhodesia Journal. II (4): 101–02. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Rhodesia+Journal&rft.atitle=First+Records-%3F+6.+The+Name+Rhodesia&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E02&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrzam.org.uk%2FNRJ%2FV2N4%2FV2N4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2004" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Donal (2004). "'The granite of the ancient North': race, nation and empire at Cecil Rhodes's mountain mausoleum and Rhodes House, Oxford". In Wrigley, Richard; Craske, Matthew (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pD_z8thJyukC">Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0808-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0808-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-0808-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+granite+of+the+ancient+North%27%3A+race%2C+nation+and+empire+at+Cecil+Rhodes%27s+mountain+mausoleum+and+Rhodes+House%2C+Oxford&rft.btitle=Pantheons%3A+Transformations+of+a+Monumental+Idea&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0808-0&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpD_z8thJyukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMensing1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mensing, Raymond C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/910ae6b8be20b930a7c437125448b9c7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819447">"Cecil Rhodes's Ideas of Race and Empire"</a>. International Social Science Review. 61 (3): 99 – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Cecil+Rhodes%27s+Ideas+of+Race+and+Empire&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Mensing&rft.aufirst=Raymond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F910ae6b8be20b930a7c437125448b9c7%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1819447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1983" class="citation journal cs1">Parry, Richard (1983). ""In a Sense Citizens, but Not Altogether Citizens...": Rhodes, Race, and the Ideology of Segregation at the Cape in the Late Nineteenth Century". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 17 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=%22In+a+Sense+Citizens%2C+but+Not+Altogether+Citizens...%22%3A+Rhodes%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Ideology+of+Segregation+at+the+Cape+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietsch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pietsch, Tamson (2011). "Many Rhodes: travelling scholarships and imperial citizenship in the British academic world, 1880–1940". History of Education. 40 (6): 723–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0046760X.2011.594096">10.1080/0046760X.2011.594096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-760X">0046-760X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144672521">144672521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education&rft.atitle=Many+Rhodes%3A+travelling+scholarships+and+imperial+citizenship+in+the+British+academic+world%2C+1880%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E723-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144672521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0046-760X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0046760X.2011.594096&rft.aulast=Pietsch&rft.aufirst=Tamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Plumb, J. H. "Cecil Rhodes" History Today (June 1953) 3#6 pp 431–38.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotberg2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Rotberg" title="Robert I. Rotberg">Rotberg, Robert I.</a> (2014). "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 42 (3): 551–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2014.934000">10.1080/03086534.2014.934000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159787554">159787554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Did+Cecil+Rhodes+Really+Try+to+Control+the+World%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159787554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2014.934000&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspaper_articles">Newspaper articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Newspaper articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2004" class="citation news cs1">Blair, David (19 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1474531/Racists-on-list-of-Great-South-Africans.html">"Racists on List of 'Great South Africans'"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1474531/Racists-on-list-of-Great-South-Africans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Racists+on+List+of+%27Great+South+Africans%27&rft.date=2004-10-19&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fsouthafrica%2F1474531%2FRacists-on-list-of-Great-South-Africans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2009" class="citation news cs1">Briggs, Simon (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/5418021/England-on-guard-as-world-takes-aim-in-Twenty20-stakes.html">"England on Guard as World Takes Aim in Twenty20 Stakes"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/5418021/England-on-guard-as-world-takes-aim-in-Twenty20-stakes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=England+on+Guard+as+World+Takes+Aim+in+Twenty20+Stakes&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2Ftwenty20%2F5418021%2FEngland-on-guard-as-world-takes-aim-in-Twenty20-stakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle2016" class="citation news cs1">Castle, Stephen (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/europe/oxford-university-oriel-college-cecil-rhodes-statue.html">"Oxford University Will Keep Statue of Cecil Rhodes"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oxford+University+Will+Keep+Statue+of+Cecil+Rhodes&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Foxford-university-oriel-college-cecil-rhodes-statue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times27_March_1902" class="citation news cs1">"Death of Mr. Rhodes". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 27 March 1902. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+Mr.+Rhodes&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1902-03-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2012" class="citation news cs1">Laing, Aislinn (22 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/9098490/Robert-Mugabe-blocks-Cecil-John-Rhodes-exhumation.html">"Robert Mugabe blocks Cecil John Rhodes Exhumation"</a>. The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Robert+Mugabe+blocks+Cecil+John+Rhodes+Exhumation&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Aislinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fzimbabwe%2F9098490%2FRobert-Mugabe-blocks-Cecil-John-Rhodes-exhumation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Independent5_May_2001" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/the-lottery-of-life-683751.html">"The Lottery of Life"</a>. The Independent. 5 May 2001. Retrieved 26 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Lottery+of+Life&rft.date=2001-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fleading-articles%2Fthe-lottery-of-life-683751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/victoria/empire/rhodes.html">PBS: Empires; Queen Victoria; The Changing Empire; Characters : Cecil Rhodes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Godwin, Peter (11 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/3305/">"Rhodes to Hell"</a>. Slate. Retrieved 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Rhodes+to+Hell&rft.date=1998-01-11&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F3305%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggar2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Biggar, Nigel (23 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803192911/https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/march-2016/features-march-2016-nigel-biggar-rhodes-race-history-rhodes-must-fall/">"Rhodes, Race, and the Abuse of History"</a>. Standpoint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/march-2016/features-march-2016-nigel-biggar-rhodes-race-history-rhodes-must-fall/">the original</a> on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standpoint&rft.atitle=Rhodes%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Abuse+of+History&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.aulast=Biggar&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fissues%2Fmarch-2016%2Ffeatures-march-2016-nigel-biggar-rhodes-race-history-rhodes-must-fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerschoyle1900" class="citation book cs1">Verschoyle, F. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodeshisp00vindgoog">Cecil Rhodes: His Political Life and Speeches, 1881–1900</a>. Chapman and Hall Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes%3A+His+Political+Life+and+Speeches%2C+1881%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall+Limited&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Verschoyle&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcecilrhodeshisp00vindgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith, John S. (2008). "Cecil Rhodes and his 'cosmic dreams': A reassessment". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 1 (2): 173–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086537308582371">10.1080/03086537308582371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Cecil+Rhodes+and+his+%27cosmic+dreams%27%3A+A+reassessment&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086537308582371&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane2007" class="citation journal cs1">McFarlane, Richard A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_in_africa/v034/34.1mcfarlane.html">"Historiography of Selected Works on Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902)"</a>. History in Africa. 34: 437–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2007.0013">10.1353/hia.2007.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163034852">163034852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Historiography+of+Selected+Works+on+Cecil+John+Rhodes+%281853%E2%80%931902%29&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2007.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163034852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fhistory_in_africa%2Fv034%2F34.1mcfarlane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaylam2005" class="citation book cs1">Maylam, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbD_mokWhL8C&pg=PT56">The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa</a>. New Africa Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86486-684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86486-684-4"><bdi>978-0-86486-684-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Rhodes%3A+Remembering+an+Imperialist+in+Africa&rft.pub=New+Africa+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86486-684-4&rft.aulast=Maylam&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbD_mokWhL8C%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhimister2007" class="citation journal cs1">Phimister, I.R. (2007). "Rhodes, Rhodesia and the Rand". Journal of Southern African Studies. 1 (1): 74–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057077408707924">10.1080/03057077408707924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7070">0305-7070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Rhodes%2C+Rhodesia+and+the+Rand&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057077408707924&rft.issn=0305-7070&rft.aulast=Phimister&rft.aufirst=I.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hartesveldt2000" class="citation book cs1">Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzY28y1teF4C&pg=PP6">The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30627-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30627-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War%3A+Historiography+and+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30627-3&rft.aulast=Van+Hartesveldt&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzY28y1teF4C%26pg%3DPP6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Tunzelmann2016" class="citation web cs1">von Tunzelmann, Alex (17 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/alex-von-tunzelmann/rhodes-must-fall-question-when-not-if">"Rhodes Must Fall? A Question of When Not If"</a>. historytoday.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historytoday.com&rft.atitle=Rhodes+Must+Fall%3F+A+Question+of+When+Not+If&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=von+Tunzelmann&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Falex-von-tunzelmann%2Frhodes-must-fall-question-when-not-if&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler200" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Philip (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuOeAAAAMAAJ">Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship s</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11835-3"><bdi>978-0-300-11835-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+Cecil+Rhodes%2C+the+Rhodes+Trust+and+Rhodes+Scholarship+s&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11835-3&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuOeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACecil+Rhodes" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/14281/reviews/16186/garner-ziegler-legacy-cecil-rhodes-rhodes-trust-and-rhodes-scholarships">online review</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Cecil Rhodes at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cecil_John_Rhodes" class="extiw" title="c:Cecil John Rhodes">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" class="extiw" title="q:Cecil Rhodes">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Cecil_John_Rhodes" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Cecil John Rhodes">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulawayo1872.com/history/rhodescj.htm">Cecil John Rhodes history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/014525">Newspaper clippings about Cecil Rhodes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03758">Portraits of Cecil John Rhodes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19825#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Sprigg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon Sprigg">Sir John Gordon Sprigg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Cape Colony">Prime Minister of the Cape Colony</a> 1890–1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Sprigg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon Sprigg">Sir John Gordon Sprigg</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cape_premiers" title="Template:Cape premiers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="515" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Molteno" title="John Charles Molteno">John Charles Molteno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sprigg" title="Gordon Sprigg">John Gordon Sprigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Scanlen" title="Thomas Charles Scanlen">Thomas Charles Scanlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Upington" title="Thomas Upington">Thomas Upington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sprigg" title="Gordon Sprigg">John Gordon Sprigg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cecil John Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sprigg" title="Gordon Sprigg">John Gordon Sprigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schreiner" title="William Schreiner">William Philip Schreiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sprigg" title="Gordon Sprigg">John Gordon Sprigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_X._Merriman" title="John X. Merriman">John Xavier Merriman</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_(1876%E2%80%931910).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="419" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Transvaal" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Transvaal">State President of the South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="608" /></a> <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_the_Orange_Free_State" title="State President of the Orange Free State">State President of the Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cape_Colony_1876-1994.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="515" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Cape Colony">Prime Minister of the Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg/25px-Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg/38px-Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg/50px-Arms_of_Natal_1907-1997.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal#Prime_Ministers_of_the_Colony_of_Natal_.281893-1910.29" title="Colony of Natal">Prime Minister of Natal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2667" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19825#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117527017">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50044847">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14977272t">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12027284z">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14977272t">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12027284z">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00552174">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36586890">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071085696">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90396474">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=241992">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574048705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/320318">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007275304405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500235214">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1307097">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/117527017.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117527017">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028437497">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t43vbm">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&oldid=1264269066">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&oldid=1264269066</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cecil_Rhodes" title="Category:Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1853_births" 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