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id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>ſ</i> and <i>s</i> as distinct letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ſ_and_s_as_distinct_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abandonment_by_printers_and_type_founders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment_by_printers_and_type_founders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Abandonment by printers and type founders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment_by_printers_and_type_founders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eventual_abandonment_in_handwriting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eventual_abandonment_in_handwriting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Eventual abandonment in handwriting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eventual_abandonment_in_handwriting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solidus_or_slash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solidus_or_slash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Solidus or slash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solidus_or_slash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langes_s" title="Langes s – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Langes s" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_hir" title="S hir – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="S hir" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_llarga" title="S llarga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="S llarga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_s" title="Dlouhé s – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dlouhé s" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langt_s" title="Langt s – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Langt s" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langes_s" title="Langes s – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Langes s" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikk_s" title="Pikk s – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pikk s" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_larga" title="S larga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="S larga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_long" title="S long – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="S long" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B4_s" title="긴 s – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="긴 s" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_lunga" title="S lunga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="S lunga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94" title="S ארוכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="S ארוכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littera_s_longa" title="Littera s longa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Littera s longa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lange_s" title="Lange s – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lange s" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E3%81%84s" title="長いs – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長いs" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugie_s" title="Długie s – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Długie s" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_longo" title="S longo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="S longo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_S" title="Длинная S – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Длинная S" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_s" title="Lang s – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lang s" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlh%C3%A9_s" title="Dlhé s – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dlhé s" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitk%C3%A4_s" title="Pitkä s – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pitkä s" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5ngt_s" title="Långt s – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Långt s" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0_s" title="Довга s – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довга s" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%C5%BF" title="字母ſ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="字母ſ" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BFs" title="长s – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长s" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484140#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about <i>ſ</i>, the archaic variant of the letter <i>s</i>. For the letter<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>ʃ</i> as used in Latin script, see <a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Esh (letter)</a>. For the mathematical symbol<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>∫</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">Integral symbol</a>. For the phonetic sound<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>ʃ</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">Voiceless postalveolar fricative</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg/250px-Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg/375px-Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg/500px-Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>An italicized long <i>s</i> used in the word "Congress" (as "<i>Congreſs</i>") in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.</b> For the meaning of how <span class="nowrap"><code>⟨ ⟩</code>, <code>| |</code>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><code>/ /</code>, and <code>[ ]</code></span> <span class="nowrap">are used here,</span> see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">this page</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>long s</b>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<b>ſ</b>⟩</span>, also known as the <b>medial <i>s</i></b> or <b>initial <i>s</i></b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩</span>, found mostly in works from the late 8th to early 19th centuries. It replaced one or both<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the letters <i>s</i> in a double-<i>s</i> sequence (e.g., "ſinfulneſs" for "sinfulness" and "poſſeſs" or "poſseſs" for "possess", but never "poſſeſſ").<sup id="cite_ref-Babelstone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babelstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> <a href="/wiki/Letterform" title="Letterform">letterform</a> is known as the "short", "terminal", or "round" <i>s</i>. In typography, the long <i>s</i> is known as a type of <a href="/wiki/Swash_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Swash letter">swash letter</a>, commonly referred to as a "swash <i>s</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long <i>s</i> is the basis of the first half of the <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> of the German alphabet <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographic ligature">ligature</a> letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>⟩</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Eszett" class="mw-redirect" title="Eszett">eszett</a></i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">scharfes s</i></span>, 'sharp <i>s</i>'). As with other letters, the long <i>s</i> may have a variant appearance depending on typeface: <span style="font-family: sans-serif;">ſ</span>, <span style="font-family: serif;">ſ</span>, <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;">ſ</span>, <span style="font-family: serif; font-style: italic;">ſ</span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list of rules for the long <i>s</i> is not exhaustive, and it applies only to books printed during the 17th to early 19th centuries in English-speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Babelstone_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babelstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar rules exist for other European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Babelstone_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babelstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long <i>s</i> was always used ("ſong", "ſubſtitute") <i>except</i>: </p> <ul><li>Upper-case letters are always the round <i>S</i>; there is no upper-case long <i>s</i>.</li> <li>A round <i>s</i> was always used at the end of a word ending with <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>: "his", "complains", "ſucceſs" <ul><li>However, long <i>s</i> was maintained in abbreviations such as "ſ." for "ſubſtantive" (substantive), and "Geneſ." for "Geneſis" (Genesis).</li></ul></li> <li>Before an apostrophe (indicating an omitted letter), a round <i>s</i> was used: "us'd" and "clos'd".</li> <li>Before or after an <i><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></i>, a round <i>s</i> was used: "offset", "ſatisfaction".</li> <li>In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the round <i>s</i> was used before <i>k</i> and <i>b</i>: "ask", "husband", <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Ailesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftsbury</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the late 18th century: "aſk", "huſband", "Aileſbury", "Saliſbury" "Shaftſbury". <ul><li>These two exceptions applied only if the letters were physically adjacent on the page, and long <i>s</i> was used if the two were separated by a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> and line break, e.g. "off-ſet", "Saliſ-bury".</li></ul></li> <li>There were no special exceptions for a double <i>s</i>. The first <i>s</i> was always long, while the second was long in mid-word (e.g. "poſſeſſion"), or short when at the end of a word (e.g. "poſſeſs"). See, for example, the word "Bleſſings" in the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble to the United States Constitution</a>. <ul><li>This usage was not universal, and a long followed by a short <i>s</i> is sometimes seen even mid-word (e.g. "Miſsiſsippi").<sup id="cite_ref-lowemap_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowemap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Round <i>s</i> was used at the end of each word in a hyphenated compound word: "croſs-piece".</li> <li>In the case of a <i>triple s</i>, such words were normally hyphenated with a round <i>s</i>, e.g. "croſs-ſtitch", but a round <i>s</i> was used even if the hyphen was omitted: "croſsſtitch".</li></ul> <p>In handwriting, these rules did not apply—the long <i>s</i> was usually confined to preceding a round <i>s</i>, either in the middle or at the end of a word—for example, "aſsure", "bleſsings".<sup id="cite_ref-Babelstone_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babelstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg/220px-Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg/330px-Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg/440px-Fraktur-Zwangsligaturen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>The ligature <i>ſt,</i> alongside <i>ch</i>, <i>ck,</i> and <i>tʒ,</i> is immune to spaced setting. However, it is usually undone as a ligature, contrary to the others. A different case altogether is <i>ſʒ</i> = <i>ß</i> as it is considered a single letter.</figcaption></figure> <p>The general idea is that round s indicates the end of a semantic part. Thus, long ſ is used everywhere except at the end of a syllable, where further conditions need to be true. </p><p>The following rules were laid down at the <a href="/wiki/German_Orthographic_Conference_of_1901" title="German Orthographic Conference of 1901">German Orthographic Conference of 1901</a>. </p><p>The round s is used: </p> <ul><li>at the end of (non-abbreviated) words:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">da<b>s</b> Hau<b>s</b>, der Kosmo<b>s</b>, de<b>s</b> Bunde<b>s</b>, da<b>s</b> Pil<b>s</b></i></span><br />(however: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">im Hau<b>ſ</b>e, die Häu<b>ſ</b>er, das Pil<b>ſ</b>ener</i></span>)</li></ul> <ul><li>at the end of prefixes, as a connecting s and in compounds at the end of the first part-word, even if the following part-word begins with a long ſ:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Liebe<b>s</b>brief, Arbeit<b>s</b>amt, Donner<b>s</b>tag, Unterſuchung<b>s</b>ergebnis, Hau<b>s</b>tür, Di<b>s</b>poſition, di<b>s</b>harmoniſch, da<b>s</b>ſelbe, Wirt<b>s</b>ſtube, Au<b>s</b>ſicht</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li>in derivations with word formation suffixes that begin with a consonant, such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-lein, -chen, -bar,</i></span> etc. (not before inflectional endings with <i>t</i> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>]):<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wach<b>s</b>tum, Wei<b>s</b>heit, Häu<b>s</b>lein, Mäu<b>s</b>chen, Bi<b>s</b>tum, nachwei<b>s</b>bar, wohlwei<b>s</b>lich, bo<b>s</b>haft</i></span><br />(however: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">er rei<b>ſ</b>te, das ſech<b>ſ</b>te,</i></span> cf. below <i>ſt</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>at the end of a syllable, even if the syllable is not the end of a (part-)word, common in names and proper nouns:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ko<b>s</b>miſch, brü<b>s</b>kieren, Reali<b>s</b>mus, le<b>s</b>biſch, Me<b>s</b>ner; O<b>s</b>wald, Dre<b>s</b>den, Schle<b>s</b>wig, O<b>s</b>nabrück</i></span><br />Many exceptions apply.</li></ul> <p>Long ſ is used whenever round s is not used (for s): </p> <ul><li>at the beginning of a syllable, i.e. anywhere before the vowel in the center of a syllable:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ſ</b>au<b>ſ</b>en, ein<b>ſ</b>pielen, aus<b>ſ</b>pielen, er<b>ſ</b>taunen, <b>ſ</b>kandalös, P<b>ſ</b>yche, Mi<b>ſ</b>anthrop</i></span> (syllables: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mi⋅ſan⋅throp</i></span>)<br />The same applies for the beginning of a syllable of a suffix like <i>-ſel, -ſal, -ſam,</i> etc.: <br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rät<b>ſ</b>el, Lab<b>ſ</b>al, ſelt<b>ſ</b>am</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li>in <i>ſp</i> and <i>ſt</i> (since 1901 also <i>ſz</i>), unless they arise by happenstance (via a connecting s or composition); that includes flexion suffixes starting with <i>t</i>:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">We<b>ſp</b>e, Kno<b>ſp</b>e, fa<b>ſt</b>en, fa<b>ſz</b>inierend, O<b>ſz</b>illograph, A<b>ſt</b>, Ha<b>ſt</b>, Lu<b>ſt</b>, ein<b>ſt</b>, du ſteh<b>ſt</b>, mei<b>ſt</b>ens, be<b>ſt</b>e, knu<b>ſp</b>ern; er rei<b>ſt</b>, du lie<b>ſt</b>, es paſ<b>ſt</b>e</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">modern orthography</a>; traditionally: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">paßte</i></span>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ſech<b>ſt</b>e, G<b>ſt</b>aad</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Multigraph_(orthography)" title="Multigraph (orthography)">multigraphs</a> that represent a single sound such as <i>ſch</i> (to represent <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, but not <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</a></span></span>) and English <i>ſh</i> and doubled consonants <i>ſſ</i> and <i>ſs:</i><br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bu<b>ſch</b>, E<b>ſch</b>e, Wun<b>ſch</b>, wün<b>ſch</b>en, Fla<b>ſh</b>, Wa<b>ſſ</b>er, Bi<b>ſſ</b>en, Zeugni<b>ſſ</b>e, Fa<b>ſs</b></i></span> (modern orthography.; traditionally: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Faß</i></span>), however: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">E<b>s</b>chatologie</i></span><br />Also applies to double s through <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">a<b>ſſ</b>imiliert, A<b>ſſ</b>onanz</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li>before <i>l, n,</i> and <i>r</i> if an <i>e</i> is omitted:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">un<b>ſr</b>e, Pil<b>ſn</b>er, Wech<b>ſl</b>er</i></span><br />however: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zuchthäu<b>s</b>ler, O<b>s</b>lo, O<b>s</b>nabrück</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li>before an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> and other forms of abbreviation:<br />e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich la<b>ſſ’</b> es</i></span> (casual for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich laſſe es</i></span>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ſ.</i></span> (common abbreviation for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ſiehe</i></span>)</li></ul> <ul><li>when the initial ſ of a word is merged with and has priority over the terminal s of a prefix:<br />e.g. in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">tran<b>ſ</b>zendent, tran<b>ſ</b>zendieren,</i></span> etc.; in this case, the initial ſ of <i>ſzend</i> is merged with the terminal s of the <i>trans</i> prefix due to <i>z</i> following the ſ.</li></ul> <p>These rules do not cover all cases and in some corner cases, multiple variants can be found. One such case is whether to apply original semantics (that are largely unknown) or follow spoken syllables; e.g. in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Asbest</i></span> vs. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aſbest</i></span> as it is spoken <i>As⋅best</i>, but comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄσβεστος</span></span> composed of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾰ̓-</span></span> plus <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σβέννῡμῐ</span></span>, meaning <i>a</i> is a prefix, and thus, a long ſ follows. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>, ligature ſt (Unicode: <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+FB05</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ﬅ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S T</span>) as the ligatures ch and ck, is "immune" to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaced_setting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaced setting (page does not exist)">spaced setting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Long_s" title="Special:EditPage/Long s">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Long+s%22">"Long s"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Long+s%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Long+s%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Long+s%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Long+s%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Long+s%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The long <i>s</i> was derived from the old <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medial#English:_phonetics,_middle_of_word" class="extiw" title="wikt:medial">medial</a> <i>s</i>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Roman_Cursive_S_(only).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medial s in old Roman script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Old_Roman_Cursive_S_%28only%29.png/12px-Old_Roman_Cursive_S_%28only%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Old_Roman_Cursive_S_%28only%29.png/18px-Old_Roman_Cursive_S_%28only%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Old_Roman_Cursive_S_%28only%29.png/24px-Old_Roman_Cursive_S_%28only%29.png 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="89" /></a></span>⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> (uppercase) and <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">minuscule</a> (lowercase) letter forms became established, <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">toward the end of the eighth century</a>, it developed a more vertical form.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Ox_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Ox-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, it was occasionally used at the end of a word, a practice that quickly died but that was occasionally revived in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> between about 1465 and 1480. Thus, the general rule that the long <i>s</i> never occurred at the end of a word is not strictly correct, although the exceptions are rare and archaic. The double <i>s</i> in the middle of a word was also written with a long <i>s</i> and a short <i>s</i>, as in: "Miſsiſsippi".<sup id="cite_ref-lowemap_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowemap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In German <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, the rules are more complicated: short <i>s</i> also appears at the end of each component within a compound word, and there are more detailed rules and practices for special cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarity_to_letter_f">Similarity to letter <i>f</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Similarity to letter f"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secret_foe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Secret_foe.png/220px-Secret_foe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Secret_foe.png/330px-Secret_foe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Secret_foe.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="108" /></a><figcaption>Two words ("ſecret foe") extracted from the 1667 printing of the poem "<a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>" (Book IV page 1), showing long <i>s</i> and f</figcaption></figure> <p>The long <i>s</i> is often confused with the minuscule <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a>⟩</span>, sometimes even having an <i>f</i>-like nub at its middle but on the left side only in various <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>. There was no nub in its <a href="/wiki/Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italics">italic</a> type form, which gave the stroke a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a> that curled to the left and which is not possible without <a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">kerning</a> in the other type forms mentioned. For this reason, the short <i>s</i> was also normally used in combination with <i>f</i>: for example, in "ſatisfaction".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The nub acquired its form in the blackletter style of writing. What looks like one stroke was actually a wedge pointing downward. The wedge's widest part was at that height (<a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a>) and capped by a second stroke that formed an <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a> that curled to the right. Those styles of writing, and their derivatives, in type design had a crossbar at the height of the nub for letters <i>f</i> and <i>t</i>, as well as for <i>k</i>. In roman type, except for the crossbar on <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medial#English:_phonetics,_middle_of_word" class="extiw" title="wikt:medial">medial</a> <i>s</i>, all other cross bars disappeared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg/220px-Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg/330px-Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg/440px-Berlin_dworzec_Nordbahnhof_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>Direction sign to <a href="/wiki/Bernauer_Stra%C3%9Fe_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="Bernauer Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)">Bernauer Straße</a>, with long <i>s</i> and with <span class="nowrap">⟨ß⟩</span> written as a <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66cbe4423d376d7d25e051dea95d58585335fb8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.015ex; width:0.924ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"></span>⟩</span> ligature </figcaption></figure> <p>The long <i>s</i> was used in <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a> in various languages. Four examples were <span class="nowrap">⟨si⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ss⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨st⟩</span>, and the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a> letter <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">Eszett</a></i></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ß⟩</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png/220px-Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png/330px-Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png/440px-Long_S-I_Garamond_sort_001.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A ligature of ſi on <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The present-day German letter <i>ß</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Eszett</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">scharfes s</i></span>; also used in <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and historical <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sorbian">Upper Sorbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographies">orthographies</a>) is generally considered to have originated in a (<a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>) ligature of <span class="nowrap">⟨ſz⟩</span> (which is supported by the fact that the second part of the <span class="nowrap">⟨ß⟩</span> <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> usually resembles a Fraktur <i>z</i>: <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66cbe4423d376d7d25e051dea95d58585335fb8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.015ex; width:0.924ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"></span>⟩</span>, hence <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66cbe4423d376d7d25e051dea95d58585335fb8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.015ex; width:0.924ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"></span>⟩</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">; see <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a></i> for details</span>), although in <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a>, the ligature of <span class="nowrap">⟨ſs⟩</span> is used instead. An alternative hypothesis claims that the German letter <i>ß</i> originated in <a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ſ_and_s_as_distinct_letters"><span id=".C5.BF_and_s_as_distinct_letters"></span><i>ſ</i> and <i>s</i> as distinct letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ſ and s as distinct letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some old orthographic systems of Slavonic and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> used <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> as two separate letters with different phonetic values. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a> included <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ſh⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>. In the original version of the alphabet, majuscule <span class="nowrap">⟨S⟩</span> was shared by both letters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg/220px-Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg/330px-Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg/440px-Historical_usage_of_long_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Incidence of the word-forms "laft"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] and "last" in English documents from 1700 to 1900, according to Google's web <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-grams</a> database. Based on <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a> scans of books, which can misidentify the long <i>s</i> as <i>f</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In general, the long <i>s</i> fell out of use in roman and italic typefaces in professional printing well before the middle of the 19th century. It rarely appears in good-quality London printing after 1800, though it lingers provincially until 1824 and is found in handwriting into the second half of the nineteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-Attar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is sometimes seen later on in archaic or traditionalist printing such as printed collections of sermons. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodhouse" title="Robert Woodhouse">Woodhouse</a>'s <i>The Principles of Analytical Calculation</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> in 1803, uses the long <i>s</i> throughout its roman text.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abandonment_by_printers_and_type_founders">Abandonment by printers and type founders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abandonment by printers and type founders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th6thEdition.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/5th6thEdition.jpeg/220px-5th6thEdition.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/5th6thEdition.jpeg/330px-5th6thEdition.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/5th6thEdition.jpeg/440px-5th6thEdition.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Fifth edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 1817, top, compared to the sixth edition of 1823; the only change (aside from the elimination of the <span class="nowrap">⟨ct⟩</span> ligature, as in "attraction") was the removal of the long <i>s</i> from the typeface.</figcaption></figure> <p>The long <i>s</i> disappeared from new typefaces rapidly in the mid-1790s, and most printers who could afford to do so had discarded older typefaces by the early years of the 19th century. Pioneer of type design <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(publisher)" title="John Bell (publisher)">John Bell</a> (1746–1831), who started the <a href="/wiki/British_Letter_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="British Letter Foundry">British Letter Foundry</a> in 1788, is often "credited with the demise of the long <i>s</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul W. Nash concluded that the change mostly happened very fast in 1800, and believes that this was triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Societies_Act_1799" title="Unlawful Societies Act 1799">Seditious Societies Act</a>. To discourage subversive publications, this required printing to name the identity of the printer, and so in Nash's view gave printers an incentive to make their work look more modern.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the 1755 edition, which uses the long <i>s</i> throughout,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1808 edition of the <i>Printer's Grammar</i> describes the transition away from the use of the long <i>s</i> among type founders and printers in its list of available <a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">sorts</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The introduction of the round <i>s</i>, instead of the long, is an improvement in the art of printing equal, if not superior, to any which has taken place in recent years, and for which we are indebted to the ingenious Mr. Bell, who introduced them in his edition of the British Classics [published in the 1780s and 1790s]. They are now generally adopted, and the [type founders] scarcely ever cast a long <i>s</i> to their fonts, unless particularly ordered. Indeed, they omit it altogether in their specimens ... They are placed in our list of sorts, not to recommend them, but because we may not be subject to blame from those of the old school, who are tenacious of deviating from custom, however antiquated, for giving a list which they might term imperfect.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Caleb Stower, <i>The Printer's Grammar</i> (1808).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>An individual instance of an important work using <i>s</i> instead of the long <i>s</i> occurred in 1749, with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ames_(author)" title="Joseph Ames (author)">Joseph Ames</a>'s <i>Typographical Antiquities</i>, about printing in England 1471–1600, but "the general abolition of long <i>s</i> began with John Bell's British Theatre (1791)".<sup id="cite_ref-Attar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, the change was accomplished mainly between the years 1760 and 1766;<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the multivolume <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">España Sagrada</i></span> made the switch with volume 16 (1762). In France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Didot" class="mw-redirect" title="François Didot">François Didot</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> to be used substantially without long <i>s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change happened in Italy at about the same time: <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Bodoni" title="Giambattista Bodoni">Giambattista Bodoni</a> also designed his <a href="/wiki/Bodoni" title="Bodoni">Bodoni</a> typeface without long <i>s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printers in the United States stopped using the long <i>s</i> between 1795 and 1810: for example, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">acts of Congress</a> were published with the long <i>s</i> throughout 1803, switching to the short <i>s</i> in 1804. In the US, a late use of the long <i>s</i> was in <i><a href="/wiki/Low%27s_Encyclopaedia" title="Low's Encyclopaedia">Low's Encyclopaedia</a></i>, which was published between 1805 and 1811. Its reprint in 1816 was one of the last such uses recorded in the US. The most recent recorded use of the long <i>s</i> typeset among English printed Bibles can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Massachusetts" title="Lunenburg, Massachusetts">Lunenburg, Massachusetts</a>, 1826 printing by W. Greenough and Son. The same typeset was used for the 1826 printed later by W. Greenough and Son, and the statutes of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s colony <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> also used the long <i>s</i> as late as 1816. Some examples of the use of the long and short <i>s</i> among specific well-known typefaces and publications in the UK include the following: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Caslon" title="Caslon">Caslon</a> typeface of 1732 has the long <i>s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskell_Bibliography_210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Caslon typeface of 1796 has the short <i>s</i> only.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskell_Bibliography_210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the UK, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London made the switch from the long to the short <i>s</i> with its issue of 10 September 1803.</li> <li>The Catherwood typeface of 1810 has the short <i>s</i> only.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskell_Bibliography_210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long <i>s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1823 6th edition uses the short <i>s</i>.</li> <li>The Caslon typeface of 1841 has the short <i>s</i> only.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskell_Bibliography_210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two typefaces from <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Blake" title="Stephenson Blake">Stephenson Blake</a>, both 1838–1841, have the short <i>s</i> only.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskell_Bibliography_210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> began, the contrast between the non-use of the long <i>s</i> by the United States, and its continued use by the United Kingdom, is illustrated by the Twelfth US Congress's use of the short <i>s</i> of today in the <a href="/wiki/File:1812_War_Declaration.jpg" title="File:1812 War Declaration.jpg">US declaration of war against the United Kingdom</a>, and, in contrast, the continued use of long <i>s</i> within the text of <a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_Province_of_Upper_Canada_by_Isaac_Brock.jpg" title="File:Proclamation Province of Upper Canada by Isaac Brock.jpg">Isaac Brock's counterpart document</a> responding to the declaration of war by the US.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Early editions of Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> that have lost their title page can be dated by their use of the long <i>s</i>; that is, James Currie's edition of the <i>Works of Robert Burns</i> (Liverpool, 1800 and many reprintings) does not use the long <i>s</i>, while editions from the 1780s and early 1790s do.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In printing, instances of the long <i>s</i> continue in rare and sometimes notable cases in the UK until the end of the 19th century, possibly as part of a consciously antiquarian revival of old-fashioned type. For example: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_Press" title="Chiswick Press">Chiswick Press</a> reprinted the <a href="/wiki/Wycliffite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffite">Wyclyffite</a> New Testament in 1848 in the Caslon typeface,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the long <i>s</i>; Chiswick Press, run by Charles Whittingham II (nephew of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Whittingham" title="Charles Whittingham">Charles Whittingham</a>) from c. 1832–1870s, reprinted classics like <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i> in a typeface of Caslon that included the long <i>s</i>.</li> <li>The "antiqued" first edition of <a href="/wiki/Thackeray" class="mw-redirect" title="Thackeray">Thackeray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Henry_Esmond" title="The History of Henry Esmond">The History of Henry Esmond</a></i> (1852), a <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> set in the eighteenth century, prints long <i>s</i>, and not just when doubled as in "mistreſs's".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Recasting_Caslon_Old_Face_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recasting_Caslon_Old_Face-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Coleridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elizabeth Coleridge">Mary Elizabeth Coleridge</a>'s first volume of poetry, <i>Fancy's Following</i>, published in 1896, was printed with the long <i>s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Collections of sermons were published using the long <i>s</i> until the end of the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>-family typefaces (such as <a href="/wiki/Tannenberg_(typeface)" title="Tannenberg (typeface)">Tannenberg</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> for station signage, as illustrated <a href="#Ligatures">above</a>) continued in widespread official use until the <a href="/wiki/Schwabacher#Normal_type_decree" title="Schwabacher">"Normal Type" decree</a> of 1941 required that they be phased out. (Private use had <a href="/wiki/Antiqua%E2%80%93Fraktur_dispute" title="Antiqua–Fraktur dispute">already largely ceased</a>.) The long <i>s</i> survives in <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> typefaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eventual_abandonment_in_handwriting">Eventual abandonment in handwriting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eventual abandonment in handwriting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png/220px-Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png/330px-Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png/440px-Schw%C3%A4bische_Bastarda_1496_Schriftprobe_Priesters_Tochter.png 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>German handwriting (<a href="/wiki/Bastarda" title="Bastarda">Bastarda</a>), 1496, showing long and round <i>s</i> (as well as an <a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">r rotunda</a>) in "priesters"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_handwritten_%C5%BF_in_a_letter_from_Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Example_of_handwritten_%C5%BF_in_a_letter_from_Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg/290px-Example_of_handwritten_%C5%BF_in_a_letter_from_Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Example_of_handwritten_%C5%BF_in_a_letter_from_Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>"Miss Austen's"—an example of a handwritten long <i>s</i> in a letter from <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> to G. H. Lewes, 12 January 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>After its decline and disappearance in printing in the early years of the 19th century, the long <i>s</i> persisted into the second half of the century in manuscript. In handwriting used for correspondence and diaries, its use for a single <i>s</i> seems to have disappeared first: most manuscript examples from the 19th century use it for the first <i>s</i> in a double <i>s</i>. For example, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> used the long <i>s</i>, as the first in a double <i>s</i>, in some of her letters, e.g., "Miſs Austen" in a letter to the critic <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">G. H. Lewes</a>, 12 January 1848; in other letters, however, she uses the short <i>s</i>, for example in an 1849 letter to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bront%C3%AB" title="Patrick Brontë">Patrick Brontë</a>, her father.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her husband <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bell_Nicholls" title="Arthur Bell Nicholls">Arthur Bell Nicholls</a> used the long <i>s</i> in writing to <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Nussey" title="Ellen Nussey">Ellen Nussey</a> of Brontë's death.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a> regularly used the long <i>s</i> in his diaries in the second half of the 19th century; for example, his 1884 diary has an instance in which the first <i>s</i> in a double <i>s</i> is long: "Addreſsed".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a> routinely used the long <i>s</i> for the first in a double <i>s</i> in his manuscript correspondence; for example, he used the long <i>s</i> in the words "mſs" (manuscripts) and "needleſs" in a 1 June 1886 letter to Daniel S. Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For these as well as others, the handwritten long <i>s</i> may have suggested type and a certain formality as well as the traditional. Margaret Mathewson "published" her <i>Sketch of 8 Months a Patient in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, A.D. 1877</i> of her experiences as a patient of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Infirmary_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh">Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh</a> by writing copies out in manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In place of the first <i>s</i> in a double <i>s</i>, Mathewson recreated the long <i>s</i> in these copies, a practice widely used for both personal and business correspondence by her family, who lived on the remote island of <a href="/wiki/Yell,_Shetland" title="Yell, Shetland">Yell, Shetland</a>. The practice of using the long <i>s</i> in handwriting on Yell, as elsewhere, may have been a carryover from 18th-century printing conventions, but it was not unfamiliar as a convention in handwriting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg/250px-CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg/375px-CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg/500px-CycleDesign_Kopie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>Cycle Deſign (Cycle Design) in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>The long <i>s</i> survives in elongated form, with an italic-styled curled descender, as the <a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral symbol</a> <i>∫</i> used in <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> based the character on the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">summa</i></span> ('sum'), which he wrote <i>ſumma</i>. This use first appeared publicly in his paper <i>De Geometria</i>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum" title="Acta Eruditorum">Acta Eruditorum</a></i> of June 1686,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he had been using it in private manuscripts at least since 29 October 1675.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integral of a function <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i>(<var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var>)</span> with respect to a real variable <span class="texhtml"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var></span> over the interval <span class="texhtml">[<var style="padding-right: 1px;">a</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">b</var>]</span> is typeset as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/249ee3fdbced31dfc328ff357f67bb134ca66b8d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.786ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx.}"></span></div> <p>In linguistics, a similar character (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span>, called <a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)"><i>esh</i></a>) is used in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, in which it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a>, the first sound in the English word <i>ship</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Nordic and German-speaking countries, relics of the long <i>s</i> continue to be seen in signs and logos that use various forms of <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">fraktur</a> typefaces. Examples include the logos of the Norwegian newspapers <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenpoſten</a></i></span> and <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Adresseavisen" title="Adresseavisen">Adresſeaviſen</a></i></span>; the packaging logo for Finnish <span title="Finnish-language text"><span lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Sisu_(candy)" title="Sisu (candy)">Siſu</a></span></span> pastilles; and the German <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4germeister" title="Jägermeister">Jägermeiſter</a></span></span> logo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The long <i>s</i> exists in some current <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> digital fonts that are historic revivals, like <a href="/wiki/Caslon" title="Caslon">Caslon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garamond" title="Garamond">Garamond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bodoni" title="Bodoni">Bodoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Latin alphabets devised in the 1920s for some <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian languages">Caucasian languages</a> used the <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span> for some specific sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These orthographies were in actual use until 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these developed a capital form which resembles the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">IPA letter</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ʕ⟩</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Udi_language#Alphabet" title="Udi language">Udi language § Alphabet</a></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen orthography">Turkmen orthography</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span> represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span>; however, it was replaced by 1999 by the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a>⟩</span>. The capital form was <span class="nowrap">⟨£⟩</span>, which was replaced by <span class="nowrap">⟨Ž⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Unicode">In Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+017F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ſ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S</span></li> <li>A long <i>s</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar diacritic</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ẜ">ẜ</a>⟩</span> is encoded as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1E9C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ẜ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solidus_or_slash">Solidus or slash <span class="anchor" id="Shilling_mark"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Solidus or slash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">£sd</a></div> <p>An echo of the long <i>s</i> survives today in the form of the mark <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/</code>, popularly known as a "<a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a>" but formally named a <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (punctuation)">solidus</a>. The mark is an evolution of the long <i>s</i> which was used as the abbreviation for '<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a>' in Britain's pre-decimal currency, originally written as in 7ſ 6d, later as "7/6", meaning "seven shillings and six pence".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105px; height: 105px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial s in old Roman script"><img alt="Medial s in old Roman script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png/40px-Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png/61px-Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png/81px-Old_Roman_Cursive_S.png 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial <i>s</i> in old Roman script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105px; height: 105px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_long_S_example.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Italic capitals: long s (right) and round s"><img alt="Italic capitals: long s (right) and round s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Capital_long_S_example.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italic capitals: long <i>s</i> (right) and round <i>s</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105px; height: 105px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ſ ſ t ligature in Junicode font"><img alt="ſ ſ t ligature in Junicode font" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg/75px-Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg/113px-Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg/150px-Latin_small_letter_long-s_long-s_t_ligature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="147" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>ſ<span class="nowrap"> </span>ſ<span class="nowrap"> </span>t</i> ligature in Junicode font</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_long_S_(Reform_form).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long s with capital and lowercase as used in Reform, journal of the Allgemeiner Verein für vereinfachte Rechtschreibung, in the 1890s"><img alt="Long s with capital and lowercase as used in Reform, journal of the Allgemeiner Verein für vereinfachte Rechtschreibung, in the 1890s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Latin_letter_long_S_%28Reform_form%29.svg/180px-Latin_letter_long_S_%28Reform_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Latin_letter_long_S_%28Reform_form%29.svg/270px-Latin_letter_long_S_%28Reform_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Latin_letter_long_S_%28Reform_form%29.svg/360px-Latin_letter_long_S_%28Reform_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Long <i>s</i> with capital and lowercase as used in <i>Reform</i>, journal of the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Allgemeiner Verein für vereinfachte Rechtschreibung</span></span>, in the 1890s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_paradise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page of John Milton's Paradise Lost, featuring an ſt ligature and a nub on the long s"><img alt="Title page of John Milton's Paradise Lost, featuring an ſt ligature and a nub on the long s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Milton_paradise.jpg/123px-Milton_paradise.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Milton_paradise.jpg/184px-Milton_paradise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Milton_paradise.jpg/245px-Milton_paradise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, featuring an <i>ſt</i> <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> and a nub on the long s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GASTHAUS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Unusual capital form of long s in Ehmcke-Antiqua typeface"><img alt="Unusual capital form of long s in Ehmcke-Antiqua typeface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GASTHAUS.png/180px-GASTHAUS.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GASTHAUS.png/270px-GASTHAUS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GASTHAUS.png/360px-GASTHAUS.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unusual capital form of long <i>s</i> in Ehmcke-Antiqua typeface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_(errichtet_1953).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayside cross near Hohenfurch, Germany, erected 1953, showing the long s in a roman typeface"><img alt="Wayside cross near Hohenfurch, Germany, erected 1953, showing the long s in a roman typeface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_%28errichtet_1953%29.jpg/129px-Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_%28errichtet_1953%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_%28errichtet_1953%29.jpg/194px-Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_%28errichtet_1953%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_%28errichtet_1953%29.jpg/258px-Flurkreuz_bei_Hohenfurch_%28errichtet_1953%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayside_cross" title="Wayside cross">Wayside cross</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hohenfurch" title="Hohenfurch">Hohenfurch</a>, Germany, erected 1953, showing the long <i>s</i> in a roman typeface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_(Detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a memorial in Munich, Germany, showing the text Wasser-Aufsehers-Gattin ('water attendant's wife') containing a long s adjacent to an f"><img alt="Detail of a memorial in Munich, Germany, showing the text Wasser-Aufsehers-Gattin ('water attendant's wife') containing a long s adjacent to an f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_%28Detail%29.jpg/180px-M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_%28Detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_%28Detail%29.jpg/270px-M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_%28Detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_%28Detail%29.jpg/360px-M%C3%BCnchen_Marienklause_Kapelle_Gedenktafel_%28Detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a memorial in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany, showing the text <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wasser-Aufsehers-Gattin</i></span> ('water attendant's wife') containing a long <i>s</i> adjacent to an <i>f</i></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß"><i>ß</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eszett</i></span>)</a> – Letter of the Latin alphabet; used in German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_S" title="Insular S">Insular <i>S</i></a> – Insular form of the letter S (Ꞅ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Esh (letter)</a> – Character and IPA symbol (Ʃ, ʃ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">Integral Symbol (<i>∫</i>)</a> – Mathematical symbol used to denote integrals and antiderivatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda"><i>R</i> rotunda</a> – Variant of the Latin letter R (ꝛ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_I" title="Long I">Long <i>I</i></a> – Letter variant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a> – Eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet (Σ) similarly has two lowercase forms, <i>ς</i> in word-final position and <i>σ</i> otherwise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_S" title="Cool S">Cool S</a> - stylized children's doodle of the letter S</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on whether they appear in the end or middle of a word, respectively. Some texts starting from the late 18th century had it exclusively replace the first <i>s</i>, however. A more detailed explanation follows below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For fuller information, Attar cites: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNash2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Paul W. (2001). "The Abandoning of the Long 's' in Britain in 1800". <i>Journal of the Printing Historical Society</i> (3): 3–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Printing+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Abandoning+of+the+Long+%27s%27+in+Britain+in+1800&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The still-unpublished manuscript of this <i>Sketch</i> is held by the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Museum_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Museum and Archives">Shetland Museum and Archives</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Babelstone-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babelstone_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelstone_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelstone_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelstone_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" title="Andrew West (linguist)">West, Andrew</a> (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2006/06/rules-for-long-s.html">"The Rules for Long S"</a>. <i>Babelstone</i> (blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801025335/https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2006/06/rules-for-long-s.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Babelstone&rft.atitle=The+Rules+for+Long+S&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelstone.co.uk%2FBlog%2F2006%2F06%2Frules-for-long-s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2016" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Sidney (2016). <i>The Dictionary of the Book: A Glossary for Book Collectors, Booksellers, Librarians, and Others</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 252, 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442263390" title="Special:BookSources/9781442263390"><bdi>9781442263390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+the+Book%3A+A+Glossary+for+Book+Collectors%2C+Booksellers%2C+Librarians%2C+and+Others&rft.pages=252%2C+295&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442263390&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2006" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Karen (2006). <i>Designing Type</i>. Laurence King Publishing. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856694452" title="Special:BookSources/9781856694452"><bdi>9781856694452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Type&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781856694452&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Ashley_Cooper_Earl_of_Shaftesbury1705" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury (1705). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQcy2h5cqrkC&pg=PA1"><i>The Earl of Shaftsbury's Case Upon the Habeas Corpus Act</i></a>. printed, for G. Sawbridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earl+of+Shaftsbury%27s+Case+Upon+the+Habeas+Corpus+Act&rft.pub=printed%2C+for+G.+Sawbridge&rft.date=1705&rft.au=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper+Earl+of+Shaftesbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQcy2h5cqrkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowemap-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowemap_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowemap_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:LowsUSAmap_1.jpeg" title="File:LowsUSAmap 1.jpeg">Lowe's 1800 map of the USA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yule, John-David. <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>. Crescent Books (1978) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517486108" title="Special:BookSources/9780517486108">9780517486108</a> p. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Ox-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Ox_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation cs2">Davies, Lyn (2006), <i>A is for Ox</i>, London: Folio Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+is+for+Ox&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Folio+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollwage1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bollwage, Max (1999). "Ist das Eszett ein lateinischer Gastarbeiter?". <i>Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</i> [<i>Gutenberg Yearbook</i>] (in German). Gutenberg-Gesellschaft. pp. 35–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7755-1999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7755-1999-1"><bdi>978-3-7755-1999-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ist+das+Eszett+ein+lateinischer+Gastarbeiter%3F&rft.btitle=Gutenberg-Jahrbuch&rft.pages=35-41&rft.pub=Gutenberg-Gesellschaft&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-7755-1999-1&rft.aulast=Bollwage&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span> Cited and discussed in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStötzner2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stötzner, Uta (2006). "Die Geschichte des versalen Eszetts". <i>Signa</i> (in German). <b>9</b>. Grimma: 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933629-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933629-17-3"><bdi>978-3-933629-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signa&rft.atitle=Die+Geschichte+des+versalen+Eszetts&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-933629-17-3&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6tzner&rft.aufirst=Uta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapidakisMazurekWerla2015" class="citation book cs1">Kapidakis, Sarantos; Mazurek, Cezary; Werla, Marcin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEyGCgAAQBAJ"><i>Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries</i></a>. Springer. pp. 257–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319245928" title="Special:BookSources/9783319245928"><bdi>9783319245928</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720220157/https://books.google.com/books?id=kEyGCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+and+Advanced+Technology+for+Digital+Libraries&rft.pages=257-260&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783319245928&rft.aulast=Kapidakis&rft.aufirst=Sarantos&rft.au=Mazurek%2C+Cezary&rft.au=Werla%2C+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEyGCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attar_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attar_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttar2010" class="citation book cs1">Attar, Karen (2010). "S and Long S". In Michael Felix Suarez; H. R. Woudhuysen (eds.). <i>Oxford Companion to the Book</i>. Vol. II. p. 1116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198606536" title="Special:BookSources/9780198606536"><bdi>9780198606536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S+and+Long+S&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+the+Book&rft.pages=1116&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780198606536&rft.aulast=Attar&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse1803" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse, Robert (1 January 1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rEbnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The principles of analytical calculation</i></a>. Printed at the University press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+principles+of+analytical+calculation&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+University+press&rft.date=1803-01-01&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrEbnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2010" class="citation book cs1">Bell, John (2010). Michael Felix Suarez; H. R. Woudhuysen (eds.). <i>Oxford Companion to the Book</i>. Vol. I. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198606536" title="Special:BookSources/9780198606536"><bdi>9780198606536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+the+Book&rft.pages=516&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780198606536&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Paul W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:30563/">"The abandoning of the long <i>s</i> in Britain in 1800"</a>. <i>Journal of the Printing Historical Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528015435/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:30563/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Printing+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+abandoning+of+the+long+s+in+Britain+in+1800&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A30563%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span> Noted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cphc.org.uk/quadrat-archive">"The Use of the Long 's' in Britain: a Note"</a>. <i>Quadrat</i> (15): 23–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528015511/https://www.cphc.org.uk/quadrat-archive">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quadrat&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+the+Long+%27s%27+in+Britain%3A+a+Note&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cphc.org.uk%2Fquadrat-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1755" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printersgrammar00smitgoog/page/n10/mode/1up"><i>The printer's grammar: containing a concise history of the origin of printing;</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+printer%27s+grammar%3A+containing+a+concise+history+of+the+origin+of+printing%3B&rft.place=London&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprintersgrammar00smitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStower1808" class="citation book cs1">Stower, Caleb (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfZOygEACAAJ"><i>The Printer's Grammar; Or Introduction to the Art of Printing: Containing a Concise History of the Art, with the Improvements in the Practice of Printing, for the Last Fifty Years</i></a>. p. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfZOygEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Printer%27s+Grammar%3B+Or+Introduction+to+the+Art+of+Printing%3A+Containing+a+Concise+History+of+the+Art%2C+with+the+Improvements+in+the+Practice+of+Printing%2C+for+the+Last+Fifty+Years&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Stower&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfZOygEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaskell_Bibliography_210-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskell_Bibliography_210_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gaskell" title="Philip Gaskell">Philip Gaskell</a>, <i>New Introduction to Bibliography</i>, Clarendon, 1972, p. 210, Figs 74, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (5th ed.). 1817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=1817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1970" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John Edwin (1970). <i>A Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050–1500</i>. 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University of Virginia Press. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Material+Interests+of+the+Victorian+Novel&rft.series=Victorian+Literature+and+Culture+series&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Daniel+Hack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span> Figure 1 prints a facsimile of a sample page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Sutherland2013" class="citation journal cs1">J. A. Sutherland (2013). "Henry Esmond: The Virtues of Carelessness". <i>Thackeray at Work</i> (reprint). Bloomsbury Academic Collections: English Literary Criticism: 18th–19th Centuries. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>: 56–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472554260.ch-003">10.5040/9781472554260.ch-003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thackeray+at+Work&rft.atitle=Henry+Esmond%3A+The+Virtues+of+Carelessness&rft.pages=56-73&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781472554260.ch-003&rft.au=J.+A.+Sutherland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recasting_Caslon_Old_Face-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recasting_Caslon_Old_Face_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/recasting-caslon-old-face.html">"Recasting Caslon Old Face"</a>. <i>Type Foundry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629150919/http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/recasting-caslon-old-face.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Foundry&rft.atitle=Recasting+Caslon+Old+Face&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.co.uk%2F2009%2F01%2Frecasting-caslon-old-face.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeridge1896" class="citation book cs1">Coleridge, Mary (1896). <i>Fancy's Following</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu//oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou01884">the original</a> on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Lear+Diaries%2C+1858%E2%80%931888&rft.place=Houghton+Library%2C+Harvard&rft.pub=MS+Eng+797.3+%2827%29&rft.au=Edward+Lear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2F%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2FdeepLink%3F_collection%3Doasis%26uniqueId%3Dhou01884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Wilkie. "To Daniel S. Ford". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Daniel+S.+Ford&rft.btitle=The+Wilkie+Collins+Pages%3A+Wilkie%27s+Letters&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Wilkie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paullewis.co.uk%2Fwilkie%2FLetters%2F18860601Ford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwetz" class="citation journal cs1">Swetz, Frank J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematical-treasure-leibnizs-papers-on-calculus-integral-calculus">"Mathematical Treasure: Leibniz's Papers on Calculus – Integral Calculus"</a>. <i>Convergence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227072212/http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematical-treasure-leibnizs-papers-on-calculus-integral-calculus">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Analyseos+tetragonisticae+pars+secunda&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4mtliche+Schriften+und+Briefe%2C+Reihe+VII%3A+Mathematische+Schriften&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=288-295&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Leibniz&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwlb.de%2FLeibniz%2FLeibnizarchiv%2FVeroeffentlichungen%2FVII5A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrizver2014" class="citation book cs1">Strizver, Ilene (2014). <i>Type Rules!: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography</i> (4th ed.). 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F. Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08887-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08887-9"><bdi>978-3-515-08887-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowjetische+Schriftpolitik+zwischen+1917+und+1941+%E2%80%93+eine+handlungstheoretische+Analyse&rft.pub=F.+Steiner&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08887-9&rft.aulast=Frings&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErcilasun1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ercilasun, Ahmet B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/493087457.pdf">"The Acceptance of the Latin Alphabet in the Turkish World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studia Orientalia Electronica</i>. <b>87</b>: 63–70. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2323-5209">2323-5209</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118173656/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/493087457.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia+Electronica&rft.atitle=The+Acceptance+of+the+Latin+Alphabet+in+the+Turkish+World&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=63-70&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=2323-5209&rft.aulast=Ercilasun&rft.aufirst=Ahmet+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F493087457.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_tk.htm">"Roman Alphabet of Turkmen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Estonian_Language" title="Institute of the Estonian Language">Institute of the Estonian Language</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824142210/http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_tk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+the+Estonian+Language&rft.atitle=Roman+Alphabet+of+Turkmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From2_tk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1917" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fowler, Francis George (1917). "solidus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00fowlrich/page/829/mode/1up"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English</i></a>. p. 829 – via archive.org. <q><b>sǒ·lidus</b>, n. (pl. -di). (Hist.) gold coin introduced by Roman Emperor Constantine; (only in abbr. <i>s.</i>) shilling(s), as 7s. 6d., £1 1s.; the shilling line (for <i>ſ</i> or long <i>s</i>) as in 7/6. [LL use of L <span style="font-size:85%;">SOLID</span>us]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=solidus&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Current+English&rft.pages=829&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Francis+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseoxforddic00fowlrich%2Fpage%2F829%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span> (The name <i>shilling</i> <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">is derived</a> from a Roman coin, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i></span>.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/long_s" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:long s">long s</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ſ">ſ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Long_s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Long s">Long s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1">Moore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imgur.com/gallery/0sVAa">"A Simple Explanation of the Correct Usage of Long and Short S"</a>. Alice – via Imgur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Simple+Explanation+of+the+Correct+Usage+of+Long+and+Short+S&rft.pub=Alice&rft.au=Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimgur.com%2Fgallery%2F0sVAa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley2008" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/long-s.html">"Long s"</a>. <i>Type Foundry</i> – via Blogspot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Foundry&rft.atitle=Long+s&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F01%2Flong-s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904223603/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_110.html">"Why did 18th-century writers use F inftead of S?"</a>. "Classics" department. <i>The Straight Dope</i>. 6 November 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_110.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=Why+did+18th-century+writers+use+F+inftead+of+S%3F&rft.date=1981-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fclassics%2Fa1_110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" title="Andrew West (linguist)">West, Andrew</a> (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2006/07/long-and-short-of-letter-s.html">"The Long and the Short of the Letter S"</a>. <i>Babelstone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Babelstone&rft.atitle=The+Long+and+the+Short+of+the+Letter+S&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelstone.co.uk%2FBlog%2F2006%2F07%2Flong-and-short-of-letter-s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unknown.nu/misc/declaration">"The American Declaration of Independence with long s"</a>. <i>Unknown.nu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unknown.nu&rft.atitle=The+American+Declaration+of+Independence+with+long+s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unknown.nu%2Fmisc%2Fdeclaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+s" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> 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<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_s&oldid=1258082536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_s&oldid=1258082536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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