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<span>Parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-classical_West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post-classical West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fitting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saddle-related_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saddle-related_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Saddle-related injuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saddle-related_injuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Saddle-related injuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Saddle-related_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contact-point_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact-point_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Contact-point injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact-point_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saddle-horn_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saddle-horn_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Saddle-horn injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saddle-horn_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vehicular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saddle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siella_(aparello)" title="Siella (aparello) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Siella (aparello)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%90" title="ܣܪܓܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܪܓܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siella_de_montar" title="Siella de montar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Siella de montar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99h%C9%99r" title="Yəhər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D3%99%D1%80" title="Эйәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эйәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Седло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Седло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibr" title="Dibr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dibr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sella_de_muntar" title="Sella de muntar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sella de muntar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Йĕнер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йĕнер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezdeck%C3%A9_sedlo" title="Jezdecké sedlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jezdecké sedlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfrwy" title="Cyfrwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfrwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadel" title="Sadel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sadel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitsattel" title="Reitsattel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reitsattel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadul" title="Sadul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sadul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Камбраз – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Камбраз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla_de_montar" title="Silla de montar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silla de montar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo" title="Selo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Selo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zela" title="Zela – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selle_(%C3%A9quitation)" title="Selle (équitation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Selle (équitation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(hynsteriden)" title="Seal (hynsteriden) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Seal (hynsteriden)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela" title="Sela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%9E%A5" title="안장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirdi" title="Sirdi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sirdi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Թամբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ज़ीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo" title="Selo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Selo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelana" title="Pelana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnakkur" title="Hnakkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hnakkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A3" title="אוכף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוכף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೀನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უნაგირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნაგირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80" title="Ер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8l_(sou_cheval)" title="Sèl (sou cheval) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sèl (sou cheval)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ээр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ээр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephippium" title="Ephippium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ephippium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balnas" title="Balnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyereg" title="Nyereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelana" title="Pelana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palano" title="Palano – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Palano" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Эмээл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эмээл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadel_(dier)" title="Zadel (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zadel (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8D" title="鞍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鞍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_(dyr)" title="Sal (dyr) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sal (dyr)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_til_dyr" title="Sal til dyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sal til dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egar" title="Egar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Egar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siod%C5%82o" title="Siodło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siodło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela" title="Sela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98a" title="Șa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Седло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Седло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D2%A5%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ыҥыыр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыҥыыр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidle" title="Saidle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saidle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shala_e_kal%C3%ABrimit" title="Shala e kalërimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shala e kalërimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedda_(equitazzioni)" title="Sedda (equitazzioni) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sedda (equitazzioni)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saddle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazdeck%C3%A9_sedlo" title="Jazdecké sedlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazdecké sedlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Седло – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedlo" title="Sedlo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sedlo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satula" title="Satula – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satula" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridsadel" title="Ridsadel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ridsadel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சேணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hova%27%C3%B3%27xest%C3%B4tse" title="Hova'ó'xestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hova'ó'xestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyer" title="Eyer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eyer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Сідло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сідло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAn" title="Yên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkuranan_ha_hayop" title="Lingkuranan ha hayop – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lingkuranan ha hayop" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8D" title="鞍 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鞍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9E%8D" title="馬鞍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬鞍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAn" title="Zên – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zên" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8D" title="鞍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鞍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192249#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supportive structure for a rider or load</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about saddles for animals. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saddle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saddle (disambiguation)">Saddle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saddle" title="Special:EditPage/Saddle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saddle%22">"Saddle"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saddle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saddle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saddle%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saddle%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saddle%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg/220px-Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg/330px-Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg/440px-Saddle_with_shabrack_according_to_tradition_linked_with_Hetman_Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> saddle with <a href="/wiki/Shabrack" title="Shabrack">shabrack</a> according to tradition captured at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Vienna in 1683</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Hieronim_Sieniawski" title="Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski">Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum" title="Czartoryski Museum">Czartoryski Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StubbenTristan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StubbenTristan.jpg/220px-StubbenTristan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StubbenTristan.jpg/330px-StubbenTristan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StubbenTristan.jpg/440px-StubbenTristan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>A dressage-style English saddle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yisaddle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yisaddle.JPG/220px-Yisaddle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yisaddle.JPG/330px-Yisaddle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yisaddle.JPG/440px-Yisaddle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A saddle from the <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi ethnic minority</a> province in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province, China. Saddle has a leather base with <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> overlay.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle,_Post,_TX_IMG_1729.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle%2C_Post%2C_TX_IMG_1729.JPG/220px-Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle%2C_Post%2C_TX_IMG_1729.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle%2C_Post%2C_TX_IMG_1729.JPG/330px-Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle%2C_Post%2C_TX_IMG_1729.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle%2C_Post%2C_TX_IMG_1729.JPG/440px-Alvin_G._Davis_Saddle%2C_Post%2C_TX_IMG_1729.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Western saddle at <a href="/wiki/Garza_County_Historical_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Garza County Historical Museum">Garza County Historical Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Post,_Texas" title="Post, Texas">Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>saddle</b> is a supportive structure for a rider of an animal, fastened to <a href="/wiki/Mammal#Anatomy" title="Mammal">an animal's back</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Girth_(tack)" title="Girth (tack)">girth</a>. The most common type is <a href="/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">equestrian</a>. However, specialized saddles have been created for <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> and other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known precisely when riders first began to use some sort of padding or protection, but a blanket attached by some form of <a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">surcingle</a> or girth was probably the first "saddle", followed later by more elaborate padded designs. The solid <a href="#Parts_of_an_equestrian_saddle">saddle tree</a> was a later invention, and though early <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrup</a> designs predated the invention of the solid tree, the paired stirrup, which attached to the tree, was the last element of the saddle to reach the basic form that is still used today. Today, modern saddles come in a wide variety of styles, each designed for a specific <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrianism</a> discipline, and require careful fit to both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for decades. The saddle was a crucial step in the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animal">domesticated animals</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Era</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "saddle" originates from the Old English word <i>sadol</i> which in turn comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">sathulaz</i></span>, with <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in various other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the Latin <i>sella</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Parts_of_an_equestrian_saddle"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts">Parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglishSaddleParts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EnglishSaddleParts.png/290px-EnglishSaddleParts.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EnglishSaddleParts.png/435px-EnglishSaddleParts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/EnglishSaddleParts.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Parts of an English saddle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG/220px-Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG/330px-Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG/440px-Western_saddle_tree_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The tree of a western saddle</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><span class="anchor" id="Tree"></span>Tree</b>: the base on which the rest of the saddle is built – usually based on wood (or on a similar synthetic material). The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saddler" class="extiw" title="wikt:saddler">saddler</a> eventually covers it with leather or with a leather-like synthetic. The tree's size determines its fit on the horse's back, as well as the size of the seat for the rider. The tree supports and distributes the weight of the rider.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Seat</b>: the part of the saddle where the rider sits. It is usually lower than the pommel and cantle - to provide security.</li> <li><b><span class="anchor" id="Pommel"></span><span class="anchor" id="pommel"></span>Pommel</b> (English)/ <b>swells</b> (Western) or <b>saddlebow</b>: the front, slightly raised area of the saddle.</li> <li><b><span class="anchor" id="Cantle"></span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cantle" class="extiw" title="wikt:Cantle">Cantle</a></b>: the rear of the saddle</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></b>: part of the saddle in which the rider's feet are placed; provides support and leverage to the rider.</li> <li><b><span class="anchor" id="Leathers"></span>Leathers</b> and <b>flaps</b> (English), or <b>fenders</b> (Western): The leather straps connecting the stirrups to the saddle tree and leather flaps giving support to the rider's leg and protecting the rider from sweat.</li> <li><b><span class="anchor" id="D-ring"></span>D-ring</b>: a D-shaped ring on the front of a saddle, to which certain pieces of equipment (such as <a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)" title="Breastplate (tack)"> breastplates</a>) can be attached.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girth_(tack)" title="Girth (tack)"><b>Girth</b></a> or <b>cinch</b>: A wide strap that goes under the horse's <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy"> barrel</a>, just behind the front legs of the horse, and holds the saddle on.</li> <li><b>Panels</b>, <b>lining</b>, or <b>padding</b>: cushioning on the underside of the saddle.</li></ul> <p>Some saddles also include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">Surcingle</a></b>: A long strap that goes all the way around the horse's barrel. Depending on purpose, may be used by itself, placed over a pad or blanket only, or placed over a saddle (often in addition to a girth) to help hold it on.</li> <li><b>Monkey grip</b> or less commonly <b>jug handle</b>: a handle that may be attached to the front of European saddles or on the right side of Australian stock saddles. Riders may use it to help maintain their seat or to assist in mounting.</li> <li><b>Horn</b>: knob-like appendage attached to the pommel or swells, most commonly associated with the modern western saddle, but seen on some saddle designs in other cultures.</li> <li><b><span class="anchor" id="knee_rolls"></span>Knee rolls</b>: Seen on some English and Australian saddles, extra padding on the front of the flaps to help stabilize the rider's leg. Sometimes <b>thigh rolls</b> are also added to the back of the flap.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence, though disputed, that humans first began riding the horse not long after <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication</a>, possibly as early as 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest saddle known thus far was discovered inside a woman's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan basin</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, dating to between 727–396 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Wertmann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wertmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saddle is made of cushioned cow hide, and shows signs of usage and repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Wertmann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wertmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb is associated with the Subeixi Culture, which is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> described in later Chinese sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Wertmann_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wertmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subeixi people had contact with Scythians, and share a similar material culture with the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a>, where later saddles were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Wertmann_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wertmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eurasian and Northern Asian nomads on the Mongolian plateau developed an early form of saddle with a rudimentary frame, which included two parallel leather cushions, with girth attached to them, a pommel and cantle with detachable bone/horn/hardened leather facings, leather thongs, a <a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">crupper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)" title="Breastplate (tack)">breastplate</a>, and a felt <a href="/wiki/Shabrack" title="Shabrack">shabrack</a> adorned with animal motifs. These were located in <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a> finds.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These saddles, found in the <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> were dated to 500-400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatie18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatie18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siberia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siberia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iconographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconographic">Iconographic</a> evidence of a predecessor to the modern saddle has been found in the art of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Antiquity" title="History of Armenia">ancient Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyrians">Assyrians</a>, and steppe nomads depicted on the Assyrian stone <a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">relief carvings</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a>. Some of the earliest saddle-like equipment were fringed cloths or pads used by <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cavalry">Assyrian cavalry</a> around 700 BC. These were held on with a girth or <a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">surcingle</a> that included <a href="/wiki/Breastcollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastcollar">breast straps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">cruppers</a>. From the earliest depictions, saddles became <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbols</a>. To show off an individual's wealth and status, embellishments were added to saddles, including elaborate sewing and leather work, precious metals such as gold, carvings of wood and horn, and other ornamentation. The <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> also developed an early saddle that included padding and decorative embellishments.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatie18_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatie18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they had neither a solid tree nor stirrups, these early treeless saddles and pads provided protection and comfort to the rider, with a slight increase in security. The <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> also used a padded treeless early saddle, possibly as early as the seventh century BC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">ancient Greek artworks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> depict a saddle cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatie18_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatie18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks called the saddlecloth or pad, <i>ephippium</i> (ἐφίππιον or ἐφίππειον).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early solid-treed saddles were made of felt that covered a wooden frame. Chinese saddles are depicted among the cavalry horses in the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, completed by 206 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian designs proliferated during <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> around approximately 200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatie18_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatie18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest solid-treed saddles in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> was the "four horn" design, first used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as early as the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither design had stirrups.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatie18_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatie18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archeological finds in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (e.g. Urd Ulaan Uneet site) suggest that the Mongolic Rouran tribes had sophisticated, wooden frame saddles as early as the 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wooden frame saddle found at the Urd Ulaan Uneet site in Mongolia is one of the earliest examples found in Central and East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg/440px-Roman_saddle_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> military saddle (four-horn design)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle,_Nubia,_Qustul,_Cemetery_L,_Noubadian,_X-Group_culture,_c._375_AD,_described_as_the_world%27s_oldest_known_saddle_to_use_a_frame_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC08071.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saddle%2C_Nubia%2C_Qustul%2C_Cemetery_L%2C_Noubadian%2C_X-Group_culture%2C_c._375_AD%2C_described_as_the_world%27s_oldest_known_saddle_to_use_a_frame_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC08071.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saddle%2C_Nubia%2C_Qustul%2C_Cemetery_L%2C_Noubadian%2C_X-Group_culture%2C_c._375_AD%2C_described_as_the_world%27s_oldest_known_saddle_to_use_a_frame_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC08071.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saddle%2C_Nubia%2C_Qustul%2C_Cemetery_L%2C_Noubadian%2C_X-Group_culture%2C_c._375_AD%2C_described_as_the_world%27s_oldest_known_saddle_to_use_a_frame_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC08071.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> saddle with frame, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 375</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the solid saddle tree was significant; it raised the rider above the horse's back, and distributed the rider's weight on either side of the animal's spine instead of pinpointing pressure at the rider's seat bones, reducing the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> (force per unit area) on any one part of the horse's back, thus greatly increasing the comfort of the horse and prolonging its useful life. The invention of the solid saddle tree also allowed development of the true stirrup as it is known today.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a solid tree, the rider's weight in the stirrups creates abnormal pressure points and makes the <a href="/wiki/Back_(horse)" title="Back (horse)">horse's back</a> sore. <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a> studies on "treeless" and flexible tree saddle designs have found that there is considerable friction across the center line of a horse's back.<sup id="cite_ref-AAEP2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAEP2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrup</a> was one of the milestones in saddle development. The first stirrup-like object was invented in India in the 2nd century BC, and consisted of a simple leather strap in which the rider's toe was placed. It offered very little support, however. Mongolic Rouran tribes in Mongolia are thought to have been the inventors of the modern stirrup, but the first dependable representation of a rider with paired stirrups was found <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_science_and_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese science and technology">in China</a> in a <a href="/wiki/J%C3%ACn_Dynasty_(265-420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jìn Dynasty (265-420)">Jin Dynasty</a> tomb of about 302 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stirrup appeared to be in widespread use across China by 477 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later spread to Europe. This invention gave great support for the rider, and was essential in later <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">warfare</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djenne_Terracotta_Equestrian_(13th-15th_cent).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Djenne_Terracotta_Equestrian_%2813th-15th_cent%29.jpg/220px-Djenne_Terracotta_Equestrian_%2813th-15th_cent%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Djenne_Terracotta_Equestrian_%2813th-15th_cent%29.jpg/330px-Djenne_Terracotta_Equestrian_%2813th-15th_cent%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Djenne_Terracotta_Equestrian_%2813th-15th_cent%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mounted figurine from the Inland Niger Delta region (13-15th century), notably without a saddle.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_West_Africa">Post-classical West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-classical West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accounts of the cavalry system of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> describe the use of stirrups and saddles in the cavalry. Stirrups and saddles brought about innovation in new tactics, such as mass charges with thrusting spears and swords.<sup id="cite_ref-law_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Horses in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg/220px-Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg/330px-Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg/440px-Siodla_17_wiek_caly_garnitur3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>A saddle commonly seen in the 16th and 17th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>Saddles were improved upon during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> needed saddles that were stronger and offered more support. The resulting saddle had a higher cantle and pommel (to prevent the rider from being unseated in warfare) and was built on a wooden tree that supported more weight from a rider with armor and weapons. This saddle, a predecessor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a>, was originally padded with wool or horsehair and covered in leather or textiles. It was later modified for <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> tending and <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a> in addition to the continual development for use in war. Other saddles, derived from earlier, treeless designs, sometimes added solid trees to support stirrups, but were kept light for use by messengers and for <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg/200px-1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg/300px-1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg/400px-1st_Viscount_Gage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The English hunting saddle</figcaption></figure> <p>The saddle eventually branched off into different designs that became the modern <a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western</a> saddles. </p><p>One variant of the <a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Robinchon_de_la_Gu%C3%A9rini%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="François Robinchon de la Guérinière">François Robinchon de la Guérinière</a>, a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> riding master and author of "Ecole de Cavalerie" who made major contributions to what today is known as <a href="/wiki/Classical_dressage" title="Classical dressage">classical dressage</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He put great emphasis on the proper development of a "three point" seat that is still used today by many <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a> riders. </p><p>In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> became increasingly popular in England. The high-cantle, high-pommel design of earlier saddles became a hindrance, unsafe and uncomfortable for riders as they jumped. Due to this fact, Guérinière's saddle design which included a low pommel and cantle and allowed for more freedom of movement for both horse and rider, became increasingly popular throughout northern Europe. In the early 20th century, Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederico_Caprilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederico Caprilli">Frederico Caprilli</a> revolutionized the jumping saddle by placing the flap at an angle that allowed a rider to achieve the <a href="/wiki/Forward_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward seat">forward seat</a> necessary for jumping high fences and traveling rapidly across rugged terrain<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a> was developed from the Spanish saddles that were brought by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</a> when they came to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These saddles were adapted to suit the needs of <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">vaqueros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> of Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, including the addition of a horn that allowed a <a href="/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lariat</a> to be tied or dallied for the purpose of holding <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and other livestock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> there are two basic types of saddles used today for <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseback riding</a>, usually called the <a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a> and the "stock" saddle. The best known stock saddle is the American <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">western saddle</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_stock_saddle" title="Australian stock saddle">Australian stock saddle</a>. In Asia and throughout the world, there are numerous saddles of unique designs used by various nationalities and ethnic groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CollegiateEventer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CollegiateEventer.jpg/220px-CollegiateEventer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CollegiateEventer.jpg/330px-CollegiateEventer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CollegiateEventer.jpg/440px-CollegiateEventer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>A Hunt Seat style English saddle</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddles</a> are used for <a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a> throughout the world, not just in England or English-speaking countries. They are the saddles used in all of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> equestrian disciplines. The term English saddle encompasses several different styles of saddle, including those used for <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunt_seat" title="Hunt seat">hunt seat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddle_seat" title="Saddle seat">saddle seat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_surfing" title="Horse surfing">horse surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>. </p><p>The major distinguishing feature of an English saddle is its flatter appearance, the lack of a horn, and the self-padding design of the <i>panels</i>: a pair of pads attached to the underside of the seat and filled with wool, foam, or air. However, the length and angle of the flaps, the depth of the seat and height of the cantle all play a role in the use for which a particular saddle is intended. </p><p>The "tree" that underlies the saddle is usually one of the defining features of saddle quality. Traditionally, the tree of an <a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a> is built of laminated layers of high quality wood reinforced with spring steel along its length, with a riveted gullet plate. These trees are semi-adjustable and are considered "spring trees". They have some give, but a minimum amount of flexibility. </p><p>More recently, saddle manufacturers are using various materials to replace wood and create a synthetic molded tree (some with the integrated spring steel and gullet plate, some without). Synthetic materials vary widely in quality. <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane</a> trees are often very well-made, but some cheap saddles are made with <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> trees of limited durability. Synthetic trees are often lighter, more durable, and easier to customize. Some designs are intended to be more flexible and move with the horse. </p><p>Several companies offer flexible trees or adjustable gullets that allow the same saddle to be used on different sizes of horses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock">Stock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Stock_Saddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Stock Saddle">Australian Stock Saddle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WesternSaddle2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WesternSaddle2.jpg/220px-WesternSaddle2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/WesternSaddle2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>A Western-style saddle</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddles</a> are saddles originally designed to be used on horses on working <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> in the United States. Used today in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">western riding</a> activities, they are the "cowboy saddles" familiar to movie viewers, rodeo fans, and those who have gone on tourist trail rides. The Western saddle has minimal padding of its own, and must be used with a <a href="/wiki/Saddle_blanket" title="Saddle blanket">saddle blanket</a> or pad in order to provide a comfortable fit for the horse. It also has sturdier <a href="/wiki/Stirrups" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirrups">stirrups</a> and uses a <a href="/wiki/Girth_(tack)" title="Girth (tack)">cinch</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Girth_(tack)" title="Girth (tack)">girth</a>. Its most distinctive feature is the horn on the front of the saddle, originally used to dally a <a href="/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lariat</a> when roping cattle. </p><p>Other nations such as Australia and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> have stock saddles that usually do not have a horn, but have other features commonly seen in a western saddle, including a deep seat, high cantle, and heavier leather. </p><p>The tree of a western saddle is the most critical component, defining the size and shape of the finished product. The tree determines both the width and length of the saddle as it sits on the back of the horse, as well as the length of the seat for the rider, width of the swells (pommel), height of cantle, and, usually, shape of the horn. Traditional trees were made of wood or wood laminate covered with <a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawhide (textile)">rawhide</a> and this style is still manufactured today, though modern synthetic materials are also used. The rawhide is stretched and molded around the tree, with minimal padding between the tree and the exterior leather, usually a bit of relatively thin padding on the seat, and a sheepskin cover on the underside of the skirts to prevent chafing and rubbing on the horse. </p><p>Though a western saddle is often considerably heavier than an English saddle, the tree is designed to spread out the weight of the rider and any equipment the rider may be carrying so that there are fewer pounds per square inch on the horse's back and, when properly fitted, few if any pressure points. Thus, the design, in spite of its weight, can be used for many hours with relatively little discomfort to a properly conditioned horse and rider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg/220px-McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg/330px-McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg/440px-McCellan_Saddle_Fort_Kearny_2006_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A McClellan <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> saddle, used by the United States Army in the late 1800s</figcaption></figure> <p>British Universal Pattern <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> saddles were used by the mounted forces from Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2012)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Steel Arch Universal Pattern Mark I</i> was issued in 1891. This was found to irritate riders and in 1893 it was discontinued in favour of the <i>Mark II</i>. In 1898, the <i>Mark III</i> appeared, which had the addition of a V-shaped arrangement of strap billets on the sideboards for the attachment of the girth. This girthing system could be moved forward or back to obtain an optimum fit on a wide range of horses. </p><p>From 1902 the <i>Universal Military Saddle</i> was manufactured with a fixed tree, broad panels to spread the load, and initially a front arch in three sizes. The advantage of this saddle was its lightness, ease of repair and comfort for horse and rider. From 1912 the saddle was built on an adjustable tree and consequently only one size was needed. Its advantage over the fixed tree 1902 pattern was its ability to maintain a better fit on the horse's back as the horse gained or lost weight. This saddle was made using traditional methods and featured a seat blocked from sole leather, which maintained its shape well.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2012)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Military saddles were fitted with metal staples and dees to carry a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, spare <a href="/wiki/Horse_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse shoe">horse shoes</a> and other equipment. </p><p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/McClellan_saddle" title="McClellan saddle">McClellan saddle</a> was introduced in the 1850s by <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> for use by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">United States Cavalry</a>, and the core design was used continuously, with some improvements, until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the McClellan saddle continues to be used by ceremonial mounted units in the U.S. Army. The basic design that inspired McClellan saw use by military units in several other nations, including <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> and Mexico, and even to a degree by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>. </p><p>Military saddles are still produced and are now used in exhibitions, parades and other events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian">Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashgarsaddle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kashgarsaddle.JPG/220px-Kashgarsaddle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kashgarsaddle.JPG/330px-Kashgarsaddle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kashgarsaddle.JPG/440px-Kashgarsaddle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Central Asian saddle from <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, China.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saddles in Asia date to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Asian saddles can be divided into two groups: those from nomadic Eurasia, which have a prominent horn and leather covering, and those from East Asia, which have a high pommel and cantle. Central Asian saddles are noted for their wide seats and high horns. The saddle has a base of wood with a thin leather covering that frequently has a <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> finish. Central Asian saddles have no pad and must be ridden with a saddle blanket. The horn comes in particular good use during the rough horseback sport of <a href="/wiki/Buskashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Buskashi">buskashi</a>, played throughout Central Asia, which involves two teams of riders wrestling over a <a href="/wiki/Decapitated" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitated">decapitated</a> goat's carcass. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg/220px-Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg/330px-Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg/440px-Raja_of_Tranvancore%27s_elephants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Howdahs on the elephants of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_maharajas_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of maharajas of Travancore">Maharaja of Travancore</a> 1841.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Near East, a saddle large enough to carry more than one person is called a <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">howdah</a> which is fitted on elephants. Some of the largest examples of a saddle, elaborate howdah were used in warfare outfitted with weaponry, and alternatively for monarchs, maharajahs, and sultans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_(c._1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_%28c._1890%29.jpg/220px-Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_%28c._1890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_%28c._1890%29.jpg/330px-Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_%28c._1890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_%28c._1890%29.jpg/440px-Elephant_with_golden_howdah_in_Baroda_%28c._1890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Elephant with golden howdah in Baroda (c. 1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>Howdahs continue to play a role in modern Indian ceremonies. In recent years, the elephant chosen to carry the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Howdah" title="Golden Howdah">Golden Howdah</a> has been contentious and newsworthy. In 2020, the elephant Arjuna was deemed too old to carry the Golden Howdah after a Supreme Court and Union Government guideline stated that elephants over the age of 60 could no longer serve in this role. A younger, 54 year old elephant, Abhimanyu, was chosen to carry out the duty instead. In preparation for carrying the Golden Howdah, Abhimanyu's strength and endurance was tested by carrying a large wooden howdah.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saddles from East Asia differ from Central Asian saddles by their high pommel and cantle and lack of a horn. East Asian saddles can be divided into several types that are associated with certain nationalities and ethnic groups. Saddles used by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> are noted by their use of inlay work for ornamentation. <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> saddles typically employ iron covers inlaid with precious metals on the pommel and cantle and universally come with padding. Mongolian saddles are similar to the Tibetan style except that they are typically smaller and the seat has a high ridge. Saddles from ethnic minority groups in China's southwest, such as in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> provinces, have colorful lacquer work over a leather covering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese">Japanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kura_(saddle)" title="Kura (saddle)">Kura (saddle)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kura_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kura_5.JPG/220px-Kura_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kura_5.JPG/330px-Kura_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kura_5.JPG/440px-Kura_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Japanese saddle</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese saddles are classified as Chinese-style (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">karagura</i></span>) or Japanese-style (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yamatogura</i></span>). In the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> the Chinese style was adopted. Gradually the Japanese changed the saddle to suit their needs, and in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, the saddle typically associated with the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class was developed. These saddles, known as <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Japanese_saddle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Japanese saddle)"><i>kura</i></a>, were lacquered as protection from the weather. Early samurai warfare was conducted primarily on horseback and the <i>kura</i> provided a rugged, stable, comfortable platform for shooting arrows, but it was not well suited for speed or distance. In the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> horses were no longer needed for warfare and Japanese saddles became quite elaborate and were decorated with mother of pearl inlays, gold leaf, and designs in colored lacquer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg/220px-Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg/330px-Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg/440px-Sidesaddle_back_Devon_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A sidesaddle</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidesaddle" title="Sidesaddle">Sidesaddle</a>, designed originally as a woman's saddle that allowed a rider in a skirt to stay on and control a horse. Sidesaddle riding is still seen today in <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>, parades and other exhibitions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_riding_stunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding stunts">Trick</a> (or stunt) riding saddles are similar to western saddles and have a tall metal horn, low front and back, reinforced hand holds and extended double rigging for a wide back girth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">Endurance riding</a> saddle, a saddle designed to be comfortable to the horse with broad panels but lightweight design, as well as comfortable for the rider over long hours of riding over challenging terrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Police horse">Police saddle</a>, similar to an English saddle in general design, but with a tree that provides greater security to the rider and distributes a rider's weight over a greater area so that the horse is comfortable with a rider on its back for long hours.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClellan_saddle" title="McClellan saddle">McClellan saddle</a>, a specific American <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> model that entered service just before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. It was designed with an English-type tree, but with a higher pommel and cantle. Also, the area upon which the rider sits was divided into two sections with a gap between the two panels.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_saddle" title="Pack saddle">Pack saddle</a>, similar to a cavalry saddle in the simplicity of its construction, but intended solely for the support of heavy bags or other objects being carried by the horse.</li> <li>Double seat saddles have two pairs of stirrups and two deep padded seats for use when double-banking or riding double with a child behind an adult rider. The western variety has one horn on the front of the saddle.</li> <li>Treeless saddles are available in both Western and English designs and are not built upon a solid saddle tree. They are intended to be flexible and comfortable on a variety of horses, but do not always provide the weight support that a solid tree does. The use of an appropriate saddle pad is essential for treeless saddles.</li> <li>A flexible saddle uses a traditional tree, but the panels are not permanently attached to the finished saddle. These saddles use flexible panels (the part that sits along the horse's back) that are moveable and adjustable to provide a custom fit for the horse and allow for changes of placement as the horse's body develops.</li> <li>Although there is not one specific kind, therapy saddles that aid in the riding experience of those who are taking part in <a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Equine Assisted Therapy</a> are made to fit differing individuals according to their needs. Typically, these saddles are made of soft materials and allow the rider to sit closer to the back of the animal, which in turn transfers the horse's heat to the rider to allow for muscle relaxation and stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback" class="mw-redirect" title="Bareback">Bareback pad</a>, usually a simple pad in the shape of an English-style saddle pad, made of cordura nylon or leather, padded with fleece, wool or synthetic foam, equipped with a girth. It is used as an alternative to bareback riding to provide padding for both horse and rider and to help keep the rider's clothing a bit cleaner. Depending on materials, bareback pads offer a bit more grip to the rider's seat and legs. However, though some bareback pads come with handles and even stirrups, without being attached to a saddle tree, these appendages are unsafe and pads with them should be avoided. In some cases, the addition of stirrups without a supporting tree place pressure on the horse's spinous processes, potentially causing damage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fitting">Fitting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fitting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG/220px-Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG/330px-Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG/440px-Auflagefl%C3%A4chen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the undersides of a western saddle (back) and an English saddle (front)</figcaption></figure> <p>A saddle, regardless of type, must fit both horse and rider.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddle fitting is an art and in ideal circumstances is performed by a professional saddle maker or saddle fitter. Custom-made saddles designed for an individual horse and rider will fit the best, but are also the most expensive. However, many manufactured saddles provide a decent fit if properly selected, and some minor adjustments can be made. </p><p>The definition of a fitting saddle is still controversial; however, there is a vital rule for fitting that no damage should occur to the horse's skin and no injury should be presented to any muscular or neural tissues beneath the saddle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Width of the saddle is the primary means by which a saddle is measured and fitted to a horse, though length of the tree and proper balance must also be considered. The gullet of a saddle must clear the <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a> of the horse, but yet must not be so narrow as to pinch the horse's back. The tree must be positioned so that the tree points (English) or bars (Western) do not interfere with the movement of the horse's shoulder. The seat of the saddle must be positioned so that the rider, when riding correctly, is placed over the <a href="/wiki/Horse%27s_center_of_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse's center of balance">horse's center of balance</a>. The bars of the saddle must not be so long that they place pressure beyond the last rib of the horse. A too-short tree alone does not usually create a problem, as shorter trees are most often on saddles made for children, though a short tree with an unbalanced adult rider may create abnormal pressure points. </p><p>While a horse's back can be measured for size and shape, the saddle must be tried on the individual animal to assure proper fit. <a href="/wiki/Saddle_blanket" title="Saddle blanket">Saddle blankets</a> or pads can provide assistance to correct minor fit problems, as well as provide comfort and protection to the horse's back, but no amount of padding can compensate for a poor-fitting saddle. For example, saddles that are either too wide or too narrow for the horse will cause change in pressure points and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Epaxial_and_hypaxial_muscles" title="Epaxial and hypaxial muscles">epaxial muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common problems associated with saddle fitting are: bridging, ill-fitting headplates and incorrect stuffing of the panels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saddle-related_injuries">Saddle-related injuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Saddle-related injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact-point_injuries">Contact-point injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contact-point injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the rider, the saddle may need to be adjusted or replaced entirely to ensure proper fitment. Riding a saddle that doesn't properly secure and balance the rider can cause pain in the hips and back, as well as <a href="/wiki/Saddle_sore" title="Saddle sore">saddle sores</a> under the bones that make contact with the saddle during riding.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saddle-horn_injury">Saddle-horn injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Saddle-horn injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On horseback, a rider's pelvis may receive a saddle-horn injury due to falling onto the saddle after being bounced into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strikes against the saddle's horn compress the pelvic ring, which can lead to further complications such as <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a> or injury to the <a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-”Uhrin_2022”_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”Uhrin_2022”-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicular">Vehicular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vehicular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_saddle" title="Bicycle saddle">Bicycle saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_seat" title="Motorcycle seat">Motorcycle and moped saddle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOxl71w-jHEC&dq=camel+saddle&pg=PA220"><i>The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, volume 1</i>, Authors Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, Publisher Cengage Learning, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102050144/http://books.google.com/books?id=dOxl71w-jHEC&pg=PA220&dq=camel+saddle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5t7CT_GPFIn48wTEooT_DA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2014-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1439084742" title="Special:BookSources/1439084742">1439084742</a>, 9781439084748 P.220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=saddle">Online Etymology Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110002809/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=saddle">Archived</a> 2013-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcP38jqZZnwC&dq=saddle+history&pg=PA355"><i>An Illustrated History of Arms and Armour</i>, Authors Auguste Demmin, Publisher Echo Library, 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502160858/http://books.google.com/books?id=GcP38jqZZnwC&pg=PA355&dq=saddle+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZY-_T5-qL4-w8AT8_bGLCw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBA">Archived</a> 2014-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1848300492" title="Special:BookSources/1848300492">1848300492</a>, 9781848300491 P.355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Deb (1998). "The Chargers of Antiquity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaN-YaOMhX4C"><i>Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship</i></a>. Solvang, California: Amigo Publications, Inc. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965853309" title="Special:BookSources/9780965853309"><bdi>9780965853309</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>The essential function of a saddle is to distribute the pressure of the rider's weight away from the horse's backbone and onto its ribs - for pressure against the horse's backbone fatigues him and quickly causes sores which over time may even stimulate excess bone growth that will eventually fuse individual vertebrae together, rendering the animal useless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chargers+of+Antiquity&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+The+Roots+of+New+World+Horsemanship&rft.place=Solvang%2C+California&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Amigo+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780965853309&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Deb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIaN-YaOMhX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://users.hartwick.edu/anthonyd/harnessing%20horsepower.html">"Anthony, David and Brown, Dorcas. "Horses and Humans in Antiquity" Hartwick College. Accessed May 29, 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.hartwick.edu/anthonyd/harnessing%20horsepower.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthony%2C+David+and+Brown%2C+Dorcas.+%22Horses+and+Humans+in+Antiquity%22+Hartwick+College.+Accessed+May+29%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.hartwick.edu%2Fanthonyd%2Fharnessing%2520horsepower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertmann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wertmann_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wertmann_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wertmann_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wertmann_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertmann2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wertmann, Patrick (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451">"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"</a>. <i>Archaeological Research in Asia</i>. <b>35</b>: 100451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451">10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=The+earliest+directly+dated+saddle+for+horse-riding+from+a+mid-1st+millennium+BCE+female+burial+in+Northwest+China&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=100451&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451&rft.aulast=Wertmann&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ara.2023.100451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/shm/shmpazyryk.html">"State Hermitage Museum: Southern Siberia/Pazyryk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213044551/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/shm/shmpazyryk.html">Archived</a> 2011-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatie18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beatie18_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beatie18_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beatie18_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beatie18_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beatie18_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&dq=saddle&pg=PA18">Beatie, Russel H. <i>Saddles</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123113900/http://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&pg=PA18&dq=saddle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RpC_T6mdHYWk9ASsluWPCw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBjgK">Archived</a> 2014-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080611584X" title="Special:BookSources/080611584X">080611584X</a>, 9780806115849 P.18-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siberia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siberia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&dq=en&pg=PA129"><i>Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen</i>, Author Sergeĭ Ivanovich Rudenko, Publisher, University of California Press, 1970</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035030/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&pg=PA129&dq=en&sa=X&ei=genCT5GuI5Gy8ATV8f2yCw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2013-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520013956" title="Special:BookSources/0520013956">0520013956</a>, 9780520013957 P.129-167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&q=history+of+the+saddle">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto. <i>The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture</i>, University of California Press, 1973 p. 208-210</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210023239/http://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&dq=history+of+the+saddle&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 2013-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dephippium-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ephippium</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinshaw Patent, Dorothy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/pdf/2011/222923.pdf"><i>The Incredible Story of China's Buried Warriors</i></a>. Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gawronski R. S. "Some Remarks on the Origins and Construction of the Roman Military Saddle." <i>Archeologia (Archaeology)</i> 2004, vol: 55, pages: 31-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayarsaikhan J. et al. 2023. "The origins of saddles and riding technology in East Asia: discoveries from the Mongolian Altai. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayarsaikhan J. et al. 2023. "The origins of saddles and riding technology in East Asia: discoveries from the Mongolian Altai. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, Deb. <i>Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.</i> Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition 1998, p. 100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6">0-9658533-0-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAEP2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAEP2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=5393">West, Christy. "AAEP 2004: Evaluating Saddle Fit." <i>TheHorse.com,</i> February 04 2005, Article # 5393</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729160413/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=5393">Archived</a> 2012-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Web site accessed February 2, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050515/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955868">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The stirrup - history of Chinese science."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. UNESCO Courier. October 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955868">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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From the History of a Saddle"</a>. <i>Volgograd State University</i>: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Volgograd+State+University&rft.atitle=Horse+Ammunition.+From+the+History+of+a+Saddle&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.aulast=Lukyashko&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurdue.primo.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fdiscovery%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3Dcdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_8cdc86ecd8c24c41b1c04d44bcd3ca96%26context%3DPC%26vid%3D01PURDUE_PUWL%3APURDUE%26lang%3Den%26search_scope%3DMyInst_and_CI%26adaptor%3DPrimo%2520Central%26tab%3DEverything%26query%3Dany%2Ccontains%2CCimmerians%2520use%2520saddle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2440367390">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Abhimanyu elephant' carry Golden howdah in Dasara festivities this year"</a>. <i>ProQuest One Academic</i>. 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Sep 6, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2440367390">2440367390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProQuest+One+Academic&rft.atitle=%27Abhimanyu+elephant%27+carry+Golden+howdah+in+Dasara+festivities+this+year&rft.date=2020-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2440367390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriday2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friday" title="Karl Friday">Friday, Karl</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eyMYelZlKekC&dq=kura-bane&pg=PA97"><i>Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415329620" title="Special:BookSources/0415329620"><bdi>0415329620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210033520/http://books.google.com/books?id=eyMYelZlKekC&pg=PA97&dq=kura-bane&hl=en&ei=q0oqTseQK8_1gAeg3LX7Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(15 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24905610/">"Saddle fit and management: An investigation of the association with equine thoracolumbar asymmetries, horse and rider health"</a>. <i>Equine Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">415–</span>421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevj.12304">10.1111/evj.12304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-3306">2042-3306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24905610">24905610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equine+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Saddle+fit+and+management%3A+An+investigation+of+the+association+with+equine+thoracolumbar+asymmetries%2C+horse+and+rider+health&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.issn=2042-3306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24905610&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevj.12304&rft.aulast=Greve&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Dyson%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24905610%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_PeinenWiestnerVon_RechenbergWeishaupt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Von Peinen, K.; Wiestner, T.; Von Rechenberg, B.; Weishaupt, M. 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(2010-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-3306.2010.00191.x">"Relationship between saddle pressure measurements and clinical signs of saddle soreness at the withers"</a>. <i>Equine Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (38): <span class="nowrap">650–</span>653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-3306.2010.00191.x">10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00191.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-3306">2042-3306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059075">21059075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equine+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Relationship+between+saddle+pressure+measurements+and+clinical+signs+of+saddle+soreness+at+the+withers&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E650-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.issn=2042-3306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21059075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2042-3306.2010.00191.x&rft.aulast=Von+Peinen&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Wiestner%2C+T.&rft.au=Von+Rechenberg%2C+B.&rft.au=Weishaupt%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.2042-3306.2010.00191.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKechnie-GuireMacKechnie-GuireFairfaxFisher2019" class="citation journal cs1">MacKechnie-Guire, Russell; MacKechnie-Guire, Erik; Fairfax, Vanessa; Fisher, Diana; Fisher, Mark; Pfau, Thilo (2019-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6827167">"The Effect of Tree Width on Thoracolumbar and Limb Kinematics, Saddle Pressure Distribution, and Thoracolumbar Dimensions in Sports Horses in Trot and Canter"</a>. <i>Animals</i>. <b>9</b> (10): 842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani9100842">10.3390/ani9100842</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-2615">2076-2615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6827167">6827167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31640213">31640213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Tree+Width+on+Thoracolumbar+and+Limb+Kinematics%2C+Saddle+Pressure+Distribution%2C+and+Thoracolumbar+Dimensions+in+Sports+Horses+in+Trot+and+Canter&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=842&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6827167%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-2615&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31640213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fani9100842&rft.aulast=MacKechnie-Guire&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=MacKechnie-Guire%2C+Erik&rft.au=Fairfax%2C+Vanessa&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Diana&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Mark&rft.au=Pfau%2C+Thilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6827167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonCarsonFisher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dyson, S.; Carson, S.; Fisher, M. (2015-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eve.12436">"Saddle fitting, recognising an ill-fitting saddle and the consequences of an ill-fitting saddle to horse and rider"</a>. <i>Equine Veterinary Education</i>. <b>27</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">533–</span>543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feve.12436">10.1111/eve.12436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-7734">0957-7734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equine+Veterinary+Education&rft.atitle=Saddle+fitting%2C+recognising+an+ill-fitting+saddle+and+the+consequences+of+an+ill-fitting+saddle+to+horse+and+rider&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Feve.12436&rft.issn=0957-7734&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Carson%2C+S.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Feve.12436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingeArchdeaconLeBus2009" class="citation journal cs1">Collinge, Cory A.; Archdeacon, Michael T.; LeBus, George (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571085/">"Saddle-horn injury of the pelvis. The injury, its outcomes, and associated male sexual dysfunction"</a>. <i>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume</i>. <b>91</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1630–</span>1636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2106%2FJBJS.H.00477">10.2106/JBJS.H.00477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-1386">1535-1386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571085">19571085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery.+American+Volume&rft.atitle=Saddle-horn+injury+of+the+pelvis.+The+injury%2C+its+outcomes%2C+and+associated+male+sexual+dysfunction&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1630-%3C%2Fspan%3E1636&rft.date=2009-07&rft.issn=1535-1386&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19571085&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2106%2FJBJS.H.00477&rft.aulast=Collinge&rft.aufirst=Cory+A.&rft.au=Archdeacon%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=LeBus%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19571085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-”Uhrin_2022”-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-”Uhrin_2022”_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhrinPazourKřivohlávek2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uhrin A, Pazour J, Křivohlávek M (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55095%2Fachot2022%2F072">"Poranění pánve o roh koňského sedla"</a> [A Saddle-Horn Injury of the Pelvis]. <i>Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Čechoslovaca</i> (in Czech). <b>89</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">453–</span>457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55095%2Fachot2022%2F072">10.55095/achot2022/072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36594694">36594694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Chirurgiae+Orthopaedicae+et+Traumatologiae+%C4%8Cechoslovaca&rft.atitle=Poran%C4%9Bn%C3%AD+p%C3%A1nve+o+roh+ko%C5%88sk%C3%A9ho+sedla&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55095%2Fachot2022%2F072&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36594694&rft.aulast=Uhrin&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Pazour%2C+J&rft.au=K%C5%99ivohl%C3%A1vek%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.55095%252Fachot2022%252F072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bennett, Deb (1998) <i>Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship</i>. Amigo Publications Inc.; 1st edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6">0-9658533-0-6</a></li> <li>McBane, Susan. <i>The Essential Book of Horse Tack and Equipment</i>. David & Charles. Devon, England. Copyright 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/saddle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/saddle">saddle</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213132355/http://cvm.msu.edu/research/research-centers/mcphail-equine-performance-center/publications-1/usdf-connection/USDF_JulAug2012.pdf">Clayton study on treeless saddles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203175410/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-07/21/content_70825.htm">"The invention and influences of stirrup"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Horse_equipment" title="Template:Horse equipment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_equipment" title="Template talk:Horse equipment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_equipment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse equipment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horse_equipment_and_tack386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse equipment and tack</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Saddles,_components_and_accessories386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saddles</a>, components and accessories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saddles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_stock_saddle" title="Australian stock saddle">Australian stock saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClellan_saddle" title="McClellan saddle">McClellan saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidesaddle" title="Sidesaddle">Sidesaddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_saddle" title="Pack saddle">Pack saddle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components and accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girth_(tack)" title="Girth (tack)">Girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breastplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapadero" title="Tapadero">Tapadero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_blanket" title="Saddle blanket">Saddle blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddlebag" title="Saddlebag">Saddlebag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier" title="Pannier">Pannier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bits,_bridles_and_hackamores386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hackamore" title="Hackamore">hackamores</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headstalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bridle" title="Double bridle">Double bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackamore" title="Hackamore">Hackamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitless_bridle" title="Bitless bridle">Bitless bridle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bits</a> and bit parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curb_bit" title="Curb bit">Curb bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaffle_bit" title="Snaffle bit">Snaffle bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_bit" title="Gag bit">Gag bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimblewick_bit" title="Kimblewick bit">Kimblewick bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_bit" title="Liverpool bit">Liverpool bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_bit" title="Pelham bit">Pelham bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade_bit_(horse)" title="Spade bit (horse)">Spade bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_bit" title="Ring bit">Ring bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_mouthpiece" title="Bit mouthpiece">Bit mouthpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_ring" title="Bit ring">Bit ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_shank" title="Bit shank">Bit shank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Component parts and accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noseband" title="Noseband">Noseband/cavesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosal" title="Bosal">Bosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_hackamore" title="Mechanical hackamore">Mechanical hackamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">Reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romal" title="Romal">Romal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecate_rein" title="Mecate rein">Mecate rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_chain" title="Curb chain">Curb chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiador_(tack)" title="Fiador (tack)">Fiador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_converter" title="Bit converter">Bit converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_guard" title="Bit guard">Bit guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_strap" title="Lip strap">Lip strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue-tie_(tack)" title="Tongue-tie (tack)">Tongue-tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallong" title="Sallong">Sallong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Horse_harness_and_carriages386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Horse harness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Horse harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overcheck" title="Overcheck">Bearing rein/overcheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders/blinkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines/reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_roll" title="Shadow roll">Shadow roll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar and hames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Harness saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">Surcingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">Carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tack_accessories_and_training_tools386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tack accessories and training tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martingale_(tack)" title="Martingale (tack)">Martingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">Whip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(implement)" title="Crop (implement)">Crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirt" title="Quirt">Quirt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur" title="Spur">Spur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">Surcingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitting_rig" title="Bitting rig">Bitting rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeing_cavesson" title="Longeing cavesson">Longeing cavesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_reins" title="Side reins">Side reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambon" title="Chambon">Chambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_reins_and_running_reins" title="Draw reins and running reins">Draw reins and running reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogue" title="Gogue">Gogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_equipment386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other equipment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">Stable</a> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halter" title="Halter">Halter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_(tack)" title="Lead (tack)">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_grooming#Tools_used_for_grooming" title="Horse grooming">Grooming tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_blanket" title="Horse blanket">Horse blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_mask" title="Fly mask">Fly mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_leg_protection" title="Horse leg protection">Leg protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restraints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_(device)" title="Hobble (device)">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_line" title="Picket line">Picket line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(device)" title="Twitch (device)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_crush" title="Livestock crush">Livestock crush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein_hook" title="Rein hook">Rein hook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historic_or_ceremonial_equipment386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historic or ceremonial equipment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">Barding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(saddle)" title="Kura (saddle)">Kura (saddle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abumi_(stirrup)" title="Abumi (stirrup)">Abumi (stirrup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frentera" title="Frentera">Frentera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrack" title="Shabrack">Shabrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caparison" title="Caparison">Caparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipposandal" title="Hipposandal">Hipposandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Farriery_(horseshoeing)386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farriery</a> (horseshoeing)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoof_boot" title="Hoof boot">Hoof boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulkin" title="Caulkin">Caulkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Occupations386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Occupations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groom_(profession)" title="Groom (profession)">Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostler" title="Hostler">Hostler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapper" title="Strapper">Strapper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transportation386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transportation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_trailer" title="Horse trailer">Horse trailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_tack_and_equipment" title="Category:Horse tack and equipment">Category:Horse tack and equipment</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horses306" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_topics" title="Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics" title="Template talk:Horse topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horses306" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a 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racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft 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