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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Song by Joseph Kosma</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="color: #202122;background-color: #E6E8FA; font-size: 125%;">"Les Feuilles mortes"</th></tr><tr class="description"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header description" style="color: #202122;background-color: #E6E8FA;"><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosma" title="Joseph Kosma">Joseph Kosma</a>, English lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mercer" title="Johnny Mercer">Johnny Mercer</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English title</th><td class="infobox-data">"Autumn Leaves"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">1946 by Enoch & Cie (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_(%C3%A9dition_musicale)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enoch (édition musicale) (page does not exist)">Enoch (édition musicale)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_(%C3%A9dition_musicale)" class="extiw" title="fr:Enoch (édition musicale)">fr</a>]</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th><td class="infobox-data category hlist"><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosma" title="Joseph Kosma">Joseph Kosma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a> (French), <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mercer" title="Johnny Mercer">Johnny Mercer</a> (English)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>Autumn Leaves</b>" is the English-language version of the French song "<b>Les Feuilles mortes</b>" ("The Dead Leaves") composed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosma" title="Joseph Kosma">Joseph Kosma</a> in 1945. The original lyrics were written by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a> in French, and the English lyrics were by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mercer" title="Johnny Mercer">Johnny Mercer</a>. An instrumental recording by pianist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(pianist)" title="Roger Williams (pianist)">Roger Williams</a> was a number one best-seller in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1955" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1955">US <i>Billboard</i> charts of 1955</a>. </p><p>Since its introduction "Autumn Leaves" has become a <a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">jazz standard</a>, and it is one of the most recorded songs by jazz musicians. More than a thousand commercial recordings are known to have been released by mainstream jazz and pop musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baudoin-2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baudoin-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autumn_Leaves_(1945_song)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kosma was a native of Hungary who was introduced to Prévert in Paris, and they collaborated on the song "Les Feuilles mortes". The song was legally deposited in 1945, and published in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song has its origin in the ballet music written by Kosma for <i>Le Rendez-vous</i> by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Petit" title="Roland Petit">Roland Petit</a>, performed in Paris at the end of the Second World War. Large parts of the melodies are exactly the same as the ballet music,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was itself partially similar to "Poème d'octobre No. 4" by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Massin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portion of the tune has also been noted to be near-identical to a passage in <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s 1888 composition <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Hamlet (Tchaikovsky)">Hamlet Overture-Fantasia, Op. 67</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a> used "Les Feuilles mortes" for the 1946 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Night" title="Gates of the Night">Les Portes de la nuit (Gates of the Night)</a></i>, where it was sung/hummed in parts by <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joachim" title="Irène Joachim">Irène Joachim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful commercial recording of "Les Feuilles mortes" was by <a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a> (Columbia) in 1949, which sold a million copies within 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cora_Vaucaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cora Vaucaire (page does not exist)">Cora Vaucaire</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_Vaucaire" class="extiw" title="fr:Cora Vaucaire">fr</a>]</sup> recorded it (1947 or 1948),<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co" title="Juliette Gréco">Juliette Gréco</a> who first recorded a version in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mercer" title="Johnny Mercer">Johnny Mercer</a> wrote the English lyric and gave it the title "Autumn Leaves". The English lyrics are significantly shorter than the French version, consisting of only two verses. In the French original, the crucial line "C'est une chanson" starts at the 13th bar, while in English the line "the autumn leaves" starts at bar 1.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercer was a founder and partner in <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> at the time, and he selected Capitol recording artist <a href="/wiki/Jo_Stafford" title="Jo Stafford">Jo Stafford</a> to make the first English-language recording in July, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_chord_progression">Structure and chord progression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autumn_Leaves_(1945_song)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and chord progression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumleaves_evacassidy.ogg" title="File:Autumleaves evacassidy.ogg">"Autumn Leaves"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Autumleaves_evacassidy.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Autumleaves_evacassidy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/f/f4/Autumleaves_evacassidy.ogg/Autumleaves_evacassidy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Sample of a recording of "Autumn Leaves" by <a href="/wiki/Eva_Cassidy" title="Eva Cassidy">Eva Cassidy</a> from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Blues_Alley" title="Live at Blues Alley">Live at Blues Alley</a></i> (1996)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The song is in <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">AABC form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Autumn Leaves" offers a popular way for beginning jazz musicians to become acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">jazz harmony</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> consists almost solely of <a href="/wiki/Ii%E2%80%93V%E2%80%93I_progression" title="Ii–V–I progression">ii–V–I</a> and ii–V sequences which are typical of jazz. Although it is mostly played in <a href="/wiki/G_minor" title="G minor">G minor</a>, the original key of the composition was A minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Baudoin-2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baudoin-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song's iv<sup>7</sup>–bVII<sup>7</sup>–bIII<sup>maj7</sup>–bVI<sup>maj7</sup>–ii<sup>ø</sup>–V<sup>7</sup>–i chord progression is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle-of-fifths</a> <a href="/wiki/Circle_progression" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle progression">progression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostka23846_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostka23846-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/f/9fox9eq87kjm7xfxhes21fituxitefv/9fox9eq8.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/f/9fox9eq87kjm7xfxhes21fituxitefv/9fox9eq8.png" width="656" height="81" alt="
\relative c' {
\partial 2.
<<
\new ChordNames {
\set chordChanges = ##t
\chordmode { r2. c1:m7 f:7 bes:maj7 ees:maj7 a:m7.5- d:7 g:m}
}

\new Staff {
\tempo "Medium jazz"
\key g \minor
g'4 a bes | ees1~ | ees4 f, g a | d2 d2~ | d4 ees, f g | c1~ | c4 d, e fis bes1
}
>>
}
" /></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roger_Williams'_recording"><span id="Roger_Williams.27_recording"></span>Roger Williams' recording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autumn_Leaves_(1945_song)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roger Williams' recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="color: #202122;background-color: khaki; font-size: 125%;">"Autumn Leaves"</th></tr><tr class="description"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header description" style="color: #202122;background-color: khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(pianist)" title="Roger Williams (pianist)">Roger Williams</a></th></tr><tr class="description"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header description" style="color: #202122;background-color: khaki;">from the album <i> Autumn Leaves </i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">B-side</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">"Take Care"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th><td class="infobox-data category hlist"><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><span class="duration"><span class="min">2</span>:<span class="s">59</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Records" title="Kapp Records">Kapp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosma" title="Joseph Kosma">Joseph Kosma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mercer" title="Johnny Mercer">Johnny Mercer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header description" style="color: #202122;background-color: khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(pianist)" title="Roger Williams (pianist)">Roger Williams</a> singles chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background: transparent; color: inherit; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; display: inline-table;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.4em;"> <td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;"> </td> <td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;">"<b>Autumn Leaves</b>" <br />(1955) </td> <td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;">"Wanting You" <br />(1955) </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(pianist)" title="Roger Williams (pianist)">Roger Williams</a> was signed by Dave Kapp of <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Records" title="Kapp Records">Kapp Records</a> when he heard Williams playing in a hotel lounge. He was asked to change his birth name Louis Jacob Weertz to Roger Williams. Williams released an album <i>The Boy Next Door</i>, which failed to make an impact, and then the song "Autumn Leaves". "Autumn Leaves" was recorded at the suggestion of Kapp one Friday, and Williams, who had previously thought that the song was titled "Falling Leaves", said: "The first thing that came to mind was to play all those runs down the keyboard, I tried to make it sound like falling leaves."<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the arrangement that Friday and the following Saturday night, and recorded the song on Monday.<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams played the tune with descending <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggios</a> its dominant feature, backed by an orchestra conducted by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Osser" title="Glenn Osser">Glenn Osser</a>. The first recording was just over 3 minutes long, and Kapp suggested that it be sped up to keep it under 3 minutes, which Williams duly did.<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song became a <a href="/wiki/Number-one_hits_of_1955_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number-one hits of 1955 (USA)">number-one hit</a> in the U.S. in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first piano instrumental to reach number one.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stayed at No. 1 for four weeks in the bestsellers chart. The song is said to have sold two million copies around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remains the best-selling piano record of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams re-recorded the tune for Kapp, in stereo and with choral and orchestral backings, to celebrate its 10th anniversary in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charts">Charts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autumn_Leaves_(1945_song)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chart (1955) </th> <th>Peak<br />position </th></tr> <tr> <td>US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Best Seller in Stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)"><i>Billboard</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>US <i><a href="/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)" title="Cashbox (magazine)">Cash Box</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_versions">Other versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autumn_Leaves_(1945_song)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The song was recorded steadily throughout the 1950s by leading pop vocalists including <a href="/wiki/Steve_Conway_(singer)" title="Steve Conway (singer)">Steve Conway</a> (1950),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> (1950), <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a> (included in the 1955 album re-release of <i><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole_Sings_for_Two_in_Love" title="Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love">Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love</a></i>, and used in the 1956 film <i><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Leaves_(film)" title="Autumn Leaves (film)">Autumn Leaves</a></i> whose title was inspired by the song), <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a> (1956), and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1957). It was also used in the 1959 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hey_Boy!_Hey_Girl!" title="Hey Boy! Hey Girl!">Hey Boy! Hey Girl!</a></i> performed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Prima" title="Louis Prima">Louis Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keely_Smith" title="Keely Smith">Keely Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the success of Roger Williams' version of the tune, competing pop versions were released late in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Allen" title="Steve Allen">Steve Allen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Charles Singers">Ray Charles Singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Gleason" title="Jackie Gleason">Jackie Gleason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Young" title="Victor Young">Victor Young</a>, with only Allen's reaching the <i>Billboard</i> Top 40.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A half-French half-English version was released by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a> in 1951. </p><p>The song was also quickly adopted by many instrumental jazz artists, including <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> (1950); <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a> (1952); <a href="/wiki/Cal_Tjader" title="Cal Tjader">Cal Tjader</a> in his 1954 album "Mambo with Tjader" with Cal Tjader's Modern Mambo Quintet;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a> (1955); <a href="/wiki/Erroll_Garner" title="Erroll Garner">Erroll Garner</a> in his 1955 album <i><a href="/wiki/Concert_by_the_Sea" title="Concert by the Sea">Concert by the Sea</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> (1957, <i><a href="/wiki/Ellington_Indigos" title="Ellington Indigos">Ellington Indigos</a></i>); <a href="/wiki/Cannonball_Adderley" title="Cannonball Adderley">Cannonball Adderley</a> in his 1958 album <i><a href="/wiki/Somethin%27_Else_(Cannonball_Adderley_album)" title="Somethin' Else (Cannonball Adderley album)">Somethin' Else</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> who also recorded it live for <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis_in_Europe" title="Miles Davis in Europe">Miles Davis in Europe</a></i> in 1964; <a href="/wiki/Vince_Guaraldi" title="Vince Guaraldi">Vince Guaraldi</a> (1958); <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a> (1959, <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_in_Jazz" title="Portrait in Jazz">Portrait in Jazz</a></i>); <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a> (1962); and <a href="/wiki/Ryo_Fukui" title="Ryo Fukui">Ryo Fukui</a> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the signature tune of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Webster" title="Ben Webster">Ben Webster</a> in his later career. A few jazz vocalists have also recorded the song, including <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan" title="Sarah Vaughan">Sarah Vaughan</a> in her 1982 album <i><a href="/wiki/Crazy_and_Mixed_Up" title="Crazy and Mixed Up">Crazy and Mixed Up</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composer <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a> has written a <a href="/wiki/Contrafact" title="Contrafact">contrafact</a> of the song (1965), using the same principle of small repetitive cells of melody and rhythm first put in use in his breakthrough piece, <i><a href="/wiki/In_C" title="In C">In C</a></i> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Herring" title="Vincent Herring">Vincent Herring</a> recorded the song on his 1992 album <a href="/wiki/Secret_Love_(Vincent_Herring_album)" title="Secret Love (Vincent Herring album)">Secret Love</a>. </p><p>American artist <a href="/wiki/Diamanda_Gal%C3%A1s" title="Diamanda Galás">Diamanda Galás</a> recorded the song for her 2008 live album <a href="/wiki/Guilty_Guilty_Guilty" title="Guilty Guilty Guilty">Guilty Guilty Guilty</a>. </p><p>In 2012, jazz historian Philippe Baudoin called the song "the most important non-American standard" and noted that "it has been recorded about 1400 times by mainstream and modern jazz musicians alone and is the eighth most-recorded tune by jazzmen."<sup id="cite_ref-Baudoin-2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baudoin-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song is the official corps song of the <a href="/wiki/Bluecoats_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps">Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autumn_Leaves_(1945_song)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712021846/https://www.allmusic.com/search/all/autumn%2520leaves">"Autumn Leaves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/search/all/autumn%2520leaves">the original</a> on July 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Autumn+Leaves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsearch%2Fall%2Fautumn%252520leaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baudoin-2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baudoin-2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baudoin-2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baudoin-2012_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudoin2012" class="citation web cs1">Baudoin, Philippe (2012-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crj-online.org/v4/CRJ-AutumnLeaves.php">"History and Analysis of 'Autumn Leaves'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.crj-online.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crj-online.org&rft.atitle=History+and+Analysis+of+%27Autumn+Leaves%27&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.aulast=Baudoin&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crj-online.org%2Fv4%2FCRJ-AutumnLeaves.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurojazzland-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurojazzland_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz_KerschbaumerLaurent_CugnyLuca_Cerchiari2012" class="citation book cs1">Franz Kerschbaumer; Laurent Cugny; Luca Cerchiari, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cU2J-2hw5UC&pg=PA110"><i>Eurojazzland: Jazz and European Sources, Dynamics, and Contexts</i></a>. Northeastern University Press. pp. 110–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584658641" title="Special:BookSources/9781584658641"><bdi>9781584658641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurojazzland%3A+Jazz+and+European+Sources%2C+Dynamics%2C+and+Contexts&rft.pages=110-117&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781584658641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cU2J-2hw5UC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIxAgEGk5wc">"EXTRAIT] LE RENDEZ-VOUS by Roland Petit (Alice Renavand & Mathieu Ganio)"</a>. <i>Opéra national de Paris</i>. 3 June 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Op%C3%A9ra+national+de+Paris&rft.atitle=EXTRAIT%5D+LE+RENDEZ-VOUS+by+Roland+Petit+%28Alice+Renavand+%26+Mathieu+Ganio%29&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DyIxAgEGk5wc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Massin_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Massin" title="Brigitte Massin">Massin, Brigitte</a> (1999). <i>Les Joachim: Une famille de musiciens</i>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2213604183" title="Special:BookSources/978-2213604183"><bdi>978-2213604183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Joachim%3A+Une+famille+de+musiciens&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2213604183&rft.aulast=Massin&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia2021" class="citation book cs1">Gioia, Ted (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TX0_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190087173" title="Special:BookSources/9780190087173"><bdi>9780190087173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jazz+Standards%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Repertoire&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190087173&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX0_EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPL76G_pxlg&t=461s">"Tchaikovsky: Hamlet, Overture-Fantasia, Op. 67"</a>. <i>Leonard Bernstein</i>. 24 November 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft.atitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+Hamlet%2C+Overture-Fantasia%2C+Op.+67&rft.date=2018-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpPL76G_pxlg%26t%3D461s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gioia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gioia" title="Ted Gioia">Gioia, Ted</a> (2012). <i>The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire</i>. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993739-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993739-4"><bdi>978-0-19-993739-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jazz+Standards%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Repertoire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993739-4&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37939760g.public">"Les Feuilles mortes; Yves Montand"</a>. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Feuilles+mortes%3B+Yves+Montand&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb37939760g.public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epmmusique.fr/fr/cd-chanson-francaise/1817-cora-vaucaire-ses-plus-jolies-chansons-cora-vaucaire-3540139869071.html">"Cora Vaucaire / Ses Plus Jolies Chansons"</a>. EPM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cora+Vaucaire+%2F+Ses+Plus+Jolies+Chansons&rft.pub=EPM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epmmusique.fr%2Ffr%2Fcd-chanson-francaise%2F1817-cora-vaucaire-ses-plus-jolies-chansons-cora-vaucaire-3540139869071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spitzer, Peter (2001). <i>Jazz Theory Handbook</i>, p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7866-5328-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7866-5328-0">0-7866-5328-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostka23846-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kostka23846_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostkaPayneAlmén2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kostka" title="Stefan Kostka">Kostka, Stefan</a>; Payne, Dorothy; Almén, Byron (2013). <i>Tonal Harmony with an Introduction to Twentieth-century Music</i> (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 46, 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131828-0"><bdi>978-0-07-131828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonal+Harmony+with+an+Introduction+to+Twentieth-century+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46%2C+238&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-07-131828-0&rft.aulast=Kostka&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Payne%2C+Dorothy&rft.au=Alm%C3%A9n%2C+Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-la_times-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-la_times_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-la_times_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-la_times_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2011" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Valerie J. (October 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-oct-09-la-me-williamsroger-20111009-story.html">"Roger Williams dies at 87; 'Autumn Leaves' pop pianist found commercial success"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Roger+Williams+dies+at+87%3B+%27Autumn+Leaves%27+pop+pianist+found+commercial+success&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fla-xpm-2011-oct-09-la-me-williamsroger-20111009-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907203141/http://www.nebrocks.org/bands.asp?band=84">"Roger Williams"</a>. Nebraska Music Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebrocks.org/bands.asp?band=84">the original</a> on 2015-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Williams&rft.pub=Nebraska+Music+Hall+of+Fame&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebrocks.org%2Fbands.asp%3Fband%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrells1978" class="citation book cs1">Murrells, Joseph (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/77"><i>The Book of Golden Discs</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/77">77–78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6"><bdi>0-214-20512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Golden+Discs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77-78&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins+Ltd&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-214-20512-6&rft.aulast=Murrells&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofgoldendisc00murr%2Fpage%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/famed-pianist-roger-williams-dies-at-age-87-466361/">"Famed Pianist Roger Williams Dies at Age 87"</a>. Associated Press. October 9, 2011 – via Billboard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famed+Pianist+Roger+Williams+Dies+at+Age+87&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Ffamed-pianist-roger-williams-dies-at-age-87-466361%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16">"Kapp Launches Williams Push"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. September 25, 1965. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Kapp+Launches+Williams+Push&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1965-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCkEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30">"Best Sellers in Store"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. September 29, 1955. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Best+Sellers+in+Store&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1955-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/50s_files/19551029.html">"The Cash Box Best-Selling Singles: Week ending October 29, 1955"</a>. <i>Tropicalglen.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tropicalglen.com&rft.atitle=The+Cash+Box+Best-Selling+Singles%3A+Week+ending+October+29%2C+1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftropicalglen.com%2FArchives%2F50s_files%2F19551029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenson1989" class="citation book cs1">Henson, Brian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19389211"><i>First hits, 1946–1959</i></a>. Colin Morgan. London: Boxtree. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85283-268-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85283-268-1"><bdi>1-85283-268-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19389211">19389211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+hits%2C+1946%E2%80%931959&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Boxtree&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19389211&rft.isbn=1-85283-268-1&rft.aulast=Henson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F19389211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thjkoc.net/2019/11/05/moments-to-remember/">"Moments to Remember"</a>. <i>The Hits Just Keep On Comin'<span></span></i>. November 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hits+Just+Keep+On+Comin%27&rft.atitle=Moments+to+Remember&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthjkoc.net%2F2019%2F11%2F05%2Fmoments-to-remember%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jazzdisco.org/fantasy-records/discography-1953-1954/">"Fantasy Records Discography: 1953-1954"</a>. <i>www.jazzdisco.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jazzdisco.org&rft.atitle=Fantasy+Records+Discography%3A+1953-1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzdisco.org%2Ffantasy-records%2Fdiscography-1953-1954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl2009" class="citation book cs1">Carl, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXaFqd5W9X4C&pg=PA72"><i>Terry Riley's In C</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199717132" title="Special:BookSources/9780199717132"><bdi>9780199717132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terry+Riley%27s+In+C&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199717132&rft.aulast=Carl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXaFqd5W9X4C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutumn+Leaves+%281945+song%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215080752/https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/local/canton/2016/07/28/bluecoats-remain-fan-favorite-after/27419879007/">"Bluecoats remain fan favorite after nearly 30 years"</a>. 2022-12-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/local/canton/2016/07/28/bluecoats-remain-fan-favorite-after/27419879007/">the original</a> on 2022-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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