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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Languages</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">258,656 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Languages</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Languages">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39500440" data-work_id="39500440" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39500440/Enhancing_learners_professional_competence_via_Duolingo_classroom">Enhancing learners’ professional competence via Duolingo classroom</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Coventry University Institution Wide Language Programme (IWLP) offers beginners language learning modules to approximately 3,000 students. Each module is taught over 11 weeks for a total of one hour and 40 minutes and two of the weeks are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39500440" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Coventry University Institution Wide Language Programme (IWLP) offers beginners language learning modules to approximately 3,000 students. Each module is taught over 11 weeks for a total of one hour and 40 minutes and two of the weeks are used for in class tests, so tutors generally agree that students need to practise their skills outside the classroom in order to pass the module. One way of doing this was to use the language learning app, Duolingo, which helps students to gradually broaden their linguistic, professional competence, and digital fluency through increased learner autonomy. How effective this approach is, however, has never been measured. The project ran from January to April 2018 and explored whether a correlation exists between regular use of the app by IWLP learners at Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) level A1 of French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, and achieving a high formal coursework assessment mark. The views of both learners and tutors of their experiences of using the software, and the tutor tools provided by Duolingo Schools, will also be canvassed. A virtual classroom was set up within Duolingo Schools for each participating cohort of students and they were encouraged to use the app on a regular basis. The tutor tools allowed the monitoring of how many days learners were active, how many lessons they completed, how many courses they completed, and how many points they were awarded while using Duolingo. These statistics were compared with</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39500440" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="827ab342531bf12f01245a68e6967449" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59648318,"asset_id":39500440,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59648318/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4866138" href="https://retired.academia.edu/BillyBrick">Billy Brick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4866138" type="text/json">{"id":4866138,"first_name":"Billy","last_name":"Brick","domain_name":"retired","page_name":"BillyBrick","display_name":"Billy Brick","profile_url":"https://retired.academia.edu/BillyBrick?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4866138/2087292/2455092/s65_billy.brick.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39500440 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39500440"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39500440, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39500440", }); 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Each module is taught over 11 weeks for a total of one hour and 40 minutes and two of the weeks are used for in class tests, so tutors generally agree that students need to practise their skills outside the classroom in order to pass the module. One way of doing this was to use the language learning app, Duolingo, which helps students to gradually broaden their linguistic, professional competence, and digital fluency through increased learner autonomy. How effective this approach is, however, has never been measured. The project ran from January to April 2018 and explored whether a correlation exists between regular use of the app by IWLP learners at Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) level A1 of French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, and achieving a high formal coursework assessment mark. The views of both learners and tutors of their experiences of using the software, and the tutor tools provided by Duolingo Schools, will also be canvassed. A virtual classroom was set up within Duolingo Schools for each participating cohort of students and they were encouraged to use the app on a regular basis. The tutor tools allowed the monitoring of how many days learners were active, how many lessons they completed, how many courses they completed, and how many points they were awarded while using Duolingo. These statistics were compared with","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59648318,"asset_id":39500440,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4866138,"first_name":"Billy","last_name":"Brick","domain_name":"retired","page_name":"BillyBrick","display_name":"Billy Brick","profile_url":"https://retired.academia.edu/BillyBrick?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4866138/2087292/2455092/s65_billy.brick.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":887,"name":"Teaching and Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_and_Learning?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=101"},{"id":3457,"name":"Learning and Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Teaching?f_ri=101"},{"id":5956,"name":"Learner Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learner_Autonomy?f_ri=101"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":50569,"name":"Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Learning?f_ri=101"},{"id":202887,"name":"ICT in teaching and learning English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICT_in_teaching_and_learning_English_language?f_ri=101"},{"id":583136,"name":"Modern Foreign Languages Teaching and Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Foreign_Languages_Teaching_and_Learning?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41575551" data-work_id="41575551" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41575551/Remembering_Margaret_Chatterjee">Remembering Margaret Chatterjee</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article sketches some of the main ideas that informed the work of the post-colonial Indian philosopher Margaret Chatterjee (1925-2019). A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the "frozen" traditions of the east... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41575551" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article sketches some of the main ideas that informed the work of the post-colonial Indian philosopher Margaret Chatterjee (1925-2019). A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the "frozen" traditions of the east and the west, and astutely philosophizes about Gandhian thought in the realm of religious alterity and coevality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41575551" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="130f66c0e949879d65fad8df3e67684d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61731462,"asset_id":41575551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61731462/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4158023" href="https://unipune.academia.edu/MuzaffarAli">Muzaffar Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4158023" type="text/json">{"id":4158023,"first_name":"Muzaffar","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"MuzaffarAli","display_name":"Muzaffar Ali","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/MuzaffarAli?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41575551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41575551"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41575551, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41575551", }); 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A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the \"frozen\" traditions of the east and the west, and astutely philosophizes about Gandhian thought in the realm of religious alterity and coevality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61731462,"asset_id":41575551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4158023,"first_name":"Muzaffar","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"MuzaffarAli","display_name":"Muzaffar Ali","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/MuzaffarAli?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":809,"name":"Analytic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytic_Philosophy?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":41435,"name":"Indian Writing in English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Writing_in_English?f_ri=101"},{"id":106829,"name":"Contemporary Indian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Indian_Philosophy?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7711787" data-work_id="7711787" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7711787/Preface_Geleitwort_to_Ernst_Kausen_Die_Sprachfamilien_der_Welt_Teil_1_Europa_und_Asien_Hamburg_Buske_2013_XVII_XVIII">Preface ("Geleitwort") to Ernst Kausen: Die Sprachfamilien der Welt, Teil 1: Europa und Asien, Hamburg: Buske 2013, XVII-XVIII</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wie viele Sprachen gibt es auf unserer Erde? Wie verschieden sind sie voneinander? Wie hängen sie miteinander zusammen, wie beeinflussen sie sich gegenseitig, wie sind sie miteinander verwandt -- und was heißt "verwandt" bei Sprachen... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7711787" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wie viele Sprachen gibt es auf unserer Erde? Wie verschieden sind sie voneinander? Wie hängen sie miteinander zusammen, wie beeinflussen sie sich gegenseitig, wie sind sie miteinander verwandt -- und was heißt "verwandt" bei Sprachen überhaupt? Solche und ähnliche Fragen mögen sich viele im Laufe ihres Lebens gelegentlich gestellt haben, manche werden versucht haben, Literatur zu finden, die ihnen hier weiterhilft, oft jedoch vergeblich, besonders wenn sie auf dem deutschsprachigen Buchmarkt nach Antworten suchten. Unsere Schulen, das darf wohl gesagt werden, bereiten heute niemanden auf diese oder ähnliche Fragen zur Sprachenvielfalt auf unserem Planeten vor; zwar gelten praktische Fremdsprachenkenntnisse als sehr wichtig, die Betrachtung mehrerer oder gar vieler Sprachen als Gegenstand forschender Tätigkeit, die die eingangs gestellten Fragen einer Antwort (die, wie bei jeder Wissenschaft, natürlich immer vorläufigen Charakter haben muss) näher bringen könnte, begegnet, wenn überhaupt, nur sehr wenigen auch nur als Möglichkeit -- schon das Wissen um die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der indogermanischen Sprachen, zu denen das Deutsche und alle üblichen Schulsprachen gehören, gilt heute als exotische Spezialkenntnis. Und selbst hochgebildete Menschen dürften nur in Ausnahmefällen etwas von Dravidischen, Paläoasiatischen, Altaischen, Nilosaharanischen oder gar von Hmong--Mien--Sprachen gehört haben --dennoch sind dies die Bausteine der menschlichen und kulturellen Diversität unserer Welt. Zwar gibt es, überall auf der Welt, Sprachwissenschaftler, die sich gerade die Beantwortung unserer Eingangsfragen zur Lebensaufgabe gemacht haben, aber ihre ernsthafte und schwierige Arbeit bleibt oft, naturgemäß, auf einige geographische Bereiche beschränkt, wo sie noch dazu fast unter Ausschluss der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit stattfindet --wenn man von gelegentlichen Sommerlochpressemeldungen absieht, in denen wieder einmal der Ursprung des Baskischen im Japanischen oder die Rekonstruktion der endgültigen Ursprache der Menschheit als finaler Durchbruch gemeldet wird. Allgemeinverständliche Einführungen in die Wissenschaft von der Diversität menschlicher Sprachen fehlen fast völlig, ein Werk wie das hier von Ernst Kausen vorgelegte ist daher nicht nur in deutscher Sprache einzigartig. Leser erfahren hier nicht nur, wie sich die Sprachen der Welt über unsere fünf Kontinente verteilen (und wie sie alle heißen), sie erfahren, wie, und vor allem warum Wissenschaftler sie in diese (und nicht etwa andere) Familien unterteilen. Dabei kann es nicht ausbleiben, dass auch umstrittene (und manchmal auch, gelinde gesagt, gewagte) Hypothesen zur Sprache kommen. Eine der großen Stärken dieses Werkes ist das souveräne Urteilsvermögen, mit dem Ernst Kausen es versteht, hier die Spreu vom Weizen zu trennen und seine Leser durch den Streit der Meinungen führt. Aber auch die andere große Frage, die nach den Möglichkeiten der Verschiedenheit menschlicher Sprachen, steht im Mittelpunkt dieser Bände. Eine Fülle konziser und äußerst klarer Sprachskizzen zeigt uns, wie Sprachen funktionieren können und welche Mittel sie einsetzen, um sich über die Welt zu verständigen. Wir erhalten klare Einblicke in Sprachen, die ganz ohne Morphologie auskommen, wie etwa das Vietnamesische, aber auch in Sprachen, deren Formenvielfalt Mitteleuropäern schier unglaublich vorkommen mögen, wie etwa das Kanuri in Nigeria oder das Sumerische (ja, selbstverständlich sind auch alle bekannten ausgestorbenen Sprachen hier berücksichtigt). Sicherlich verlangt die Lektüre gerade der Sprachskizzen dem Leser einiges an geistiger Mitarbeit ab --aber bei welchem wissenschaftlichen Gegenstand wäre dies anders? Jeder, der diese Mühe --bei der Ernst Kausen uns stets mit umfangreichen Erläuterungen und vorbildlichen allgemeinen Einführungskapiteln zur Seite steht --auf sich nimmt, wird jedoch dafür mit Einblicken in eine Welt belohnt, die wohl niemand besser charakterisiert hat, als der früh verstorbene Baskologe Larry Trask: one of the most important and fascinating topics you could ever hope to encounter: human language. Ernst Kausen, dies wird auf jeder Seite dieser Bände deutlich, ist von dieser Faszination inspiriert. Wenn dazu, wie hier, der unbedingte Wille zur Wissenschaftlichkeit, vom vernünftigen Reden über die Dinge, tritt, der freischwebende Spekulation ebenso scheut wie eine übermäßige Sprache, dann ist das Ergebnis ein Handbuch, das seinesgleichen sucht und auf lange Sicht unersetzbar bleiben wird.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7711787" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4bce4c18eb11c4adcaf1271baeaec90d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34238770,"asset_id":7711787,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34238770/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1050407" href="https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/StefanGeorg">Stefan Georg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1050407" type="text/json">{"id":1050407,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Georg","domain_name":"uni-bonn","page_name":"StefanGeorg","display_name":"Stefan Georg","profile_url":"https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/StefanGeorg?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050407/643686/6432374/s65_stefan.georg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7711787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7711787"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7711787, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7711787", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7711787]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7711787").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7711787").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7711787"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">33</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology">Philology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="97" type="text/json">{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7711787]'), work: {"id":7711787,"title":"Preface (\"Geleitwort\") to Ernst Kausen: Die Sprachfamilien der Welt, Teil 1: Europa und Asien, Hamburg: Buske 2013, XVII-XVIII","created_at":"2014-07-18T20:13:15.087-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7711787/Preface_Geleitwort_to_Ernst_Kausen_Die_Sprachfamilien_der_Welt_Teil_1_Europa_und_Asien_Hamburg_Buske_2013_XVII_XVIII?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_7711787","summary":"Wie viele Sprachen gibt es auf unserer Erde? Wie verschieden sind sie voneinander? Wie hängen sie miteinander zusammen, wie beeinflussen sie sich gegenseitig, wie sind sie miteinander verwandt -- und was heißt \"verwandt\" bei Sprachen überhaupt? Solche und ähnliche Fragen mögen sich viele im Laufe ihres Lebens gelegentlich gestellt haben, manche werden versucht haben, Literatur zu finden, die ihnen hier weiterhilft, oft jedoch vergeblich, besonders wenn sie auf dem deutschsprachigen Buchmarkt nach Antworten suchten. Unsere Schulen, das darf wohl gesagt werden, bereiten heute niemanden auf diese oder ähnliche Fragen zur Sprachenvielfalt auf unserem Planeten vor; zwar gelten praktische Fremdsprachenkenntnisse als sehr wichtig, die Betrachtung mehrerer oder gar vieler Sprachen als Gegenstand forschender Tätigkeit, die die eingangs gestellten Fragen einer Antwort (die, wie bei jeder Wissenschaft, natürlich immer vorläufigen Charakter haben muss) näher bringen könnte, begegnet, wenn überhaupt, nur sehr wenigen auch nur als Möglichkeit -- schon das Wissen um die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der indogermanischen Sprachen, zu denen das Deutsche und alle üblichen Schulsprachen gehören, gilt heute als exotische Spezialkenntnis. Und selbst hochgebildete Menschen dürften nur in Ausnahmefällen etwas von Dravidischen, Paläoasiatischen, Altaischen, Nilosaharanischen oder gar von Hmong--Mien--Sprachen gehört haben --dennoch sind dies die Bausteine der menschlichen und kulturellen Diversität unserer Welt. Zwar gibt es, überall auf der Welt, Sprachwissenschaftler, die sich gerade die Beantwortung unserer Eingangsfragen zur Lebensaufgabe gemacht haben, aber ihre ernsthafte und schwierige Arbeit bleibt oft, naturgemäß, auf einige geographische Bereiche beschränkt, wo sie noch dazu fast unter Ausschluss der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit stattfindet --wenn man von gelegentlichen Sommerlochpressemeldungen absieht, in denen wieder einmal der Ursprung des Baskischen im Japanischen oder die Rekonstruktion der endgültigen Ursprache der Menschheit als finaler Durchbruch gemeldet wird. Allgemeinverständliche Einführungen in die Wissenschaft von der Diversität menschlicher Sprachen fehlen fast völlig, ein Werk wie das hier von Ernst Kausen vorgelegte ist daher nicht nur in deutscher Sprache einzigartig. Leser erfahren hier nicht nur, wie sich die Sprachen der Welt über unsere fünf Kontinente verteilen (und wie sie alle heißen), sie erfahren, wie, und vor allem warum Wissenschaftler sie in diese (und nicht etwa andere) Familien unterteilen. Dabei kann es nicht ausbleiben, dass auch umstrittene (und manchmal auch, gelinde gesagt, gewagte) Hypothesen zur Sprache kommen. Eine der großen Stärken dieses Werkes ist das souveräne Urteilsvermögen, mit dem Ernst Kausen es versteht, hier die Spreu vom Weizen zu trennen und seine Leser durch den Streit der Meinungen führt. Aber auch die andere große Frage, die nach den Möglichkeiten der Verschiedenheit menschlicher Sprachen, steht im Mittelpunkt dieser Bände. Eine Fülle konziser und äußerst klarer Sprachskizzen zeigt uns, wie Sprachen funktionieren können und welche Mittel sie einsetzen, um sich über die Welt zu verständigen. Wir erhalten klare Einblicke in Sprachen, die ganz ohne Morphologie auskommen, wie etwa das Vietnamesische, aber auch in Sprachen, deren Formenvielfalt Mitteleuropäern schier unglaublich vorkommen mögen, wie etwa das Kanuri in Nigeria oder das Sumerische (ja, selbstverständlich sind auch alle bekannten ausgestorbenen Sprachen hier berücksichtigt). Sicherlich verlangt die Lektüre gerade der Sprachskizzen dem Leser einiges an geistiger Mitarbeit ab --aber bei welchem wissenschaftlichen Gegenstand wäre dies anders? Jeder, der diese Mühe --bei der Ernst Kausen uns stets mit umfangreichen Erläuterungen und vorbildlichen allgemeinen Einführungskapiteln zur Seite steht --auf sich nimmt, wird jedoch dafür mit Einblicken in eine Welt belohnt, die wohl niemand besser charakterisiert hat, als der früh verstorbene Baskologe Larry Trask: one of the most important and fascinating topics you could ever hope to encounter: human language. Ernst Kausen, dies wird auf jeder Seite dieser Bände deutlich, ist von dieser Faszination inspiriert. Wenn dazu, wie hier, der unbedingte Wille zur Wissenschaftlichkeit, vom vernünftigen Reden über die Dinge, tritt, der freischwebende Spekulation ebenso scheut wie eine übermäßige Sprache, dann ist das Ergebnis ein Handbuch, das seinesgleichen sucht und auf lange Sicht unersetzbar bleiben wird.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34238770,"asset_id":7711787,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1050407,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Georg","domain_name":"uni-bonn","page_name":"StefanGeorg","display_name":"Stefan Georg","profile_url":"https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/StefanGeorg?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1050407/643686/6432374/s65_stefan.georg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural 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$('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42767199]'), work: {"id":42767199,"title":"ӘЛ-ФАРАБИ атындағы ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ ХАБАРШЫ Шығыстану сериясы КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ ВЕСТНИК","created_at":"2020-04-17T08:48:02.174-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42767199/%D3%98%D0%9B_%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%91%D0%98_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D2%9A%D0%90%D0%97%D0%90%D2%9A_%D2%B0%D0%9B%D0%A2%D0%A2%D0%AB%D2%9A_%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%86_%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%91%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A8%D0%AB_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97%D0%90%D0%A5%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99_%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC_%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%91%D0%98_%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9A?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_42767199","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62989864,"asset_id":42767199,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5520920,"first_name":"Gulnar","last_name":"Nadirova","domain_name":"eurasianri","page_name":"GulnarNadirova","display_name":"Gulnar Nadirova","profile_url":"https://eurasianri.academia.edu/GulnarNadirova?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5520920/22156413/21389173/s65_gulnar.nadirova.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70672853" data-work_id="70672853" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70672853/Reexamining_the_International_Importance_of_Languages">Reexamining the International Importance of Languages</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper addresses the scientific and social interests in the comparative analysis of the international importance of language. In order to classify the different approaches to this analysis according to the criteria on which they are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70672853" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper addresses the scientific and social interests in the comparative analysis of the international importance of language. In order to classify the different approaches to this analysis according to the criteria on which they are based, the following typology is proposed: the perception of importance, the estimation of importance, and the calculation of complex indexes. Secondly, the study provides an update to the international language index and its indicators for the year 2020. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared with those of the previous indexes. The analysis provides a picture of the plural and polycentric constellation of international languages including Spanish and Portuguese, defined by their areas of influence and spread.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70672853" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7404b3fe14ab9a793191d619513a5709" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80325583,"asset_id":70672853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80325583/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2774727" href="https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/FranciscoMorenoFern%C3%A1ndez">Francisco Moreno-Fernández</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2774727" type="text/json">{"id":2774727,"first_name":"Francisco","last_name":"Moreno-Fernández","domain_name":"uni-heidelberg","page_name":"FranciscoMorenoFernández","display_name":"Francisco Moreno-Fernández","profile_url":"https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/FranciscoMorenoFern%C3%A1ndez?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2774727/904147/1129961/s65_francisco.moreno_fern_ndez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70672853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70672853"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70672853, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70672853", }); 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In order to classify the different approaches to this analysis according to the criteria on which they are based, the following typology is proposed: the perception of importance, the estimation of importance, and the calculation of complex indexes. Secondly, the study provides an update to the international language index and its indicators for the year 2020. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared with those of the previous indexes. The analysis provides a picture of the plural and polycentric constellation of international languages including Spanish and Portuguese, defined by their areas of influence and spread.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80325583,"asset_id":70672853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2774727,"first_name":"Francisco","last_name":"Moreno-Fernández","domain_name":"uni-heidelberg","page_name":"FranciscoMorenoFernández","display_name":"Francisco Moreno-Fernández","profile_url":"https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/FranciscoMorenoFern%C3%A1ndez?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2774727/904147/1129961/s65_francisco.moreno_fern_ndez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":13639,"name":"Spanish as a Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_as_a_Foreign_Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":64397,"name":"Español","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Espa%C3%B1ol?f_ri=101"},{"id":94273,"name":"Language Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Demography?f_ri=101"},{"id":102649,"name":"Diversidade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversidade?f_ri=101"},{"id":201923,"name":"Foreign languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_languages?f_ri=101"},{"id":379672,"name":"Demolinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demolinguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":431360,"name":"Lengua española","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lengua_espa%C3%B1ola?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_860683" data-work_id="860683" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/860683/Gram%C3%A1tica_del_Otom%C3%AD_de_San_Ildefonso_Tultepec">Gramática del Otomí de San Ildefonso Tultepec</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This is a PDF copy of the first volume of my grammar of San Ildefonso Tultepec Otomi. As distribution of Plaza y Valdés is not as good as one would desire, I post it here for academic convenience.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/860683" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="61a86841dfcfdeb1887f54a5a0f86641" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11509549,"asset_id":860683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11509549/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="555270" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/EnriquePalancar">Enrique L Palancar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="555270" type="text/json">{"id":555270,"first_name":"Enrique","last_name":"Palancar","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"EnriquePalancar","display_name":"Enrique L Palancar","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/EnriquePalancar?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/555270/223333/19959898/s65_enrique.palancar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_860683 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="860683"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 860683, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_860683", }); 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As distribution of Plaza y Valdés is not as good as one would desire, I post it here for academic convenience.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":11509549,"asset_id":860683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":555270,"first_name":"Enrique","last_name":"Palancar","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"EnriquePalancar","display_name":"Enrique L Palancar","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/EnriquePalancar?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/555270/223333/19959898/s65_enrique.palancar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":38910,"name":"Linguistic Typology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Typology?f_ri=101"},{"id":50210,"name":"Otomi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Otomi?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1107169" data-work_id="1107169" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1107169/Ciro_Giannelli_Lexicon_of_the_Macedonian_Language_16th_century">Ciro Giannelli, "Lexicon of the Macedonian Language" , 16th century</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries. Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. Following is a comparison of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1107169" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries. <br /> <br />Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. <br /> <br />Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian <br />dialect of Bitola as spoken today. <br /> <br />16th cent., Kostur dialect <br />21st cent., Bitola dialect <br /> <br />Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime. <br />Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime. <br /> <br />Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo <br />Bogasko. <br />Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo <br />Bogatsko. <br /> <br />As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical. <br />All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. 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The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/624446/The_Voice_of_Achilles_Communication_Self_and_Spectacle_in_Homers_Iliad">The Voice of Achilles: Communication, Self and Spectacle in Homer's Iliad</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Iliad is the story of Achilles’ journey through anger. Over the epic, Achilles undergoes a continual process of transformation, and as he does, the world changes around him. His anger unleashes the fiery beast of war and creates a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_624446" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Iliad is the story of Achilles’ journey through anger. Over the epic, Achilles undergoes a continual process of transformation, and as he does, the world changes around him. His anger unleashes the fiery beast of war and creates a spectacle of destruction. However, as Achilles awakens to the immense personal and social cost of his anger, the spectacle begins to transform. In place of rage, compassion and humanity come forth and the fires of war are replaced by the cathartic flames of the hearth and the funeral pyre. In this thesis I chart this journey by analysing Achilles’ communicative acts: his use of speech and action, across the epic. Through examining his communication and the ways in which others communicate with him, subtle but important changes are revealed. These changes in communication reflect the transformation that takes place within Achilles and are instrumental in generating change in the world around him. My interpretation of Achilles’ use of speech draws on insights from contemporary cognitive psychology, especially the work of Martin Seligman. My work on communication is also influenced by a range of contemporary strategic studies theorists who consider a wide range of non-verbal acts that have an important communicative function, including gestural and performative acts of violence. In charting Achilles’ transformation, we also gain a glimpse into the poet’s view of the elemental and personal dynamics that lie behind the creation of war and peace. Whilst a necessary part of the mortal condition, conflict, suffering and death are shown to hold within them the vital forces of change, and to reveal the nature of humanity itself.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/624446" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c5e1fd28080b63213bbd4c181e69549" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5263674,"asset_id":624446,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5263674/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79256" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/JamesStratford">James Stratford</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79256" type="text/json">{"id":79256,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stratford","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"JamesStratford","display_name":"James Stratford","profile_url":"https://unimelb.academia.edu/JamesStratford?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79256/21984/66133507/s65_james.stratford.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_624446 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="624446"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 624446, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_624446", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/49434449/Girit_M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCmanlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_%C4%B0sk%C3%A2n_Yerlerinde_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1klar%C4%B1_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCrel_Uyum_ve_Toplumsal_Kabul_Sorunu_Ana_Dilde_Yabanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k">Girit Müslümanlarının İskân Yerlerinde Karşılaştıkları Kültürel Uyum ve Toplumsal Kabul Sorunu: Ana Dilde Yabancılık</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bu çalışmada, XIX. yüzyıl sonunda zorunlu göçe; 1923 yılında Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında yapılan antlaşma gereğince de mübadeleye tabi tutulan Giritli Müslümanların iskân edildikleri yeni topraklarında karşılaştıkları uyum sorunu... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49434449" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bu çalışmada, XIX. yüzyıl sonunda zorunlu göçe; 1923 yılında Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında yapılan antlaşma gereğince de mübadeleye tabi tutulan Giritli Müslümanların iskân edildikleri yeni topraklarında karşılaştıkları uyum sorunu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu anlamda özellikle sosyokültürel hayatta uyumu zorlaştıran dil meselesi üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Nitekim Girit’te gündelik hayatta yaygın olarak Rumca konuşan Müslümanlar, Türkçeyi çok az bildiklerinden veya hiç bilmediklerinden yeni topraklarında kendilerini ifade etmekte güçlük çekmişlerdir. Bu durum onların, görevlilerle ve özellikle de yeni komşularıyla sorun yaşamalarına neden olmuştur. Girit’te “Türkler dışarı!” sözlerine muhatap olurlarken, yeni topraklarında “yarım gâvur”, “gâvur tohumu!” gibi sözlerle itham edilmişlerdir. Bu süreçte toplumsal kabulün, sosyal bütünleşmenin sağlanamaması onlar için şartları daha da zorlaştırmıştır. Neticede bu çalışmayla hem zorunlu göç döneminde hem de mübadele sürecinde gelen Giritli Müslümanların karşılaştıkları dil sorununun, uyum sürecinde toplumsal kabul üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Bunu yaparken de arşiv belgeleri, kaynak eserler, gazeteler, seyahatnameler, hatıratlar, edebi metinler ve araştırma eserler kullanılmıştır.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49434449" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aee80d0e05ababe9597a981abb2ffc7a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67786572,"asset_id":49434449,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67786572/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="339521" href="https://msku.academia.edu/MMENEK%C5%9EE">METİN MENEKŞE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="339521" type="text/json">{"id":339521,"first_name":"METİN","last_name":"MENEKŞE","domain_name":"msku","page_name":"MMENEKŞE","display_name":"METİN MENEKŞE","profile_url":"https://msku.academia.edu/MMENEK%C5%9EE?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/339521/10579769/100770803/s65_meti_n.menek_e.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49434449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49434449"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49434449, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49434449", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49434449]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49434449").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49434449").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49434449"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14580" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration">Forced Migration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14580" type="text/json">{"id":14580,"name":"Forced Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47571" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cretan_Studies">Cretan Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47571" type="text/json">{"id":47571,"name":"Cretan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cretan_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153729" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Girit_muhacirleri">Girit muhacirleri</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="153729" type="text/json">{"id":153729,"name":"Girit muhacirleri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Girit_muhacirleri?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49434449]'), work: {"id":49434449,"title":"Girit Müslümanlarının İskân Yerlerinde Karşılaştıkları Kültürel Uyum ve Toplumsal Kabul Sorunu: Ana Dilde Yabancılık","created_at":"2021-06-28T04:17:42.120-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49434449/Girit_M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCmanlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_%C4%B0sk%C3%A2n_Yerlerinde_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1klar%C4%B1_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCrel_Uyum_ve_Toplumsal_Kabul_Sorunu_Ana_Dilde_Yabanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_49434449","summary":"Bu çalışmada, XIX. yüzyıl sonunda zorunlu göçe; 1923 yılında Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında yapılan antlaşma gereğince de mübadeleye tabi tutulan Giritli Müslümanların iskân edildikleri yeni topraklarında karşılaştıkları uyum sorunu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu anlamda özellikle sosyokültürel hayatta uyumu zorlaştıran dil meselesi üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Nitekim Girit’te gündelik hayatta yaygın olarak Rumca konuşan Müslümanlar, Türkçeyi çok az bildiklerinden veya hiç bilmediklerinden yeni topraklarında kendilerini ifade etmekte güçlük çekmişlerdir. Bu durum onların, görevlilerle ve özellikle de yeni komşularıyla sorun yaşamalarına neden olmuştur. Girit’te “Türkler dışarı!” sözlerine muhatap olurlarken, yeni topraklarında “yarım gâvur”, “gâvur tohumu!” gibi sözlerle itham edilmişlerdir. Bu süreçte toplumsal kabulün, sosyal bütünleşmenin sağlanamaması onlar için şartları daha da zorlaştırmıştır. Neticede bu çalışmayla hem zorunlu göç döneminde hem de mübadele sürecinde gelen Giritli Müslümanların karşılaştıkları dil sorununun, uyum sürecinde toplumsal kabul üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Bunu yaparken de arşiv belgeleri, kaynak eserler, gazeteler, seyahatnameler, hatıratlar, edebi metinler ve araştırma eserler kullanılmıştır.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67786572,"asset_id":49434449,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":339521,"first_name":"METİN","last_name":"MENEKŞE","domain_name":"msku","page_name":"MMENEKŞE","display_name":"METİN MENEKŞE","profile_url":"https://msku.academia.edu/MMENEK%C5%9EE?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/339521/10579769/100770803/s65_meti_n.menek_e.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":14580,"name":"Forced Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":47571,"name":"Cretan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cretan_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":153729,"name":"Girit muhacirleri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Girit_muhacirleri?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":315779,"name":"Kültürel çalışmalar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kulturel_calismalar?f_ri=101"},{"id":387754,"name":"Social Acceptance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Acceptance?f_ri=101"},{"id":778003,"name":"Cretan Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cretan_Muslims?f_ri=101"},{"id":990677,"name":"Ana Dili","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ana_Dili?f_ri=101"},{"id":2824127,"name":"Giritliler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giritliler?f_ri=101"},{"id":2854739,"name":"Toplumsal kabul","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toplumsal_kabul?f_ri=101"},{"id":3011191,"name":"giritli müslümanlar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/giritli_m%C3%BCsl%C3%BCmanlar?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77609653" data-work_id="77609653" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77609653/Analisis_Perilaku_Pemilih_pada_Pemilihan_Gubernur_DKI_Jakarta_Periode_2012_2017">Analisis Perilaku Pemilih pada Pemilihan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Periode 2012-2017</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research is an exploratory qualitative approach using secondary data from the Indonesian Survey Institute (LSI), which aims to identify the voters’ behavior of Jakarta Governor candidates period 2012-2017. The results showed that the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77609653" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research is an exploratory qualitative approach using secondary data from the Indonesian Survey Institute (LSI), which aims to identify the voters’ behavior of Jakarta Governor candidates period 2012-2017. The results showed that the implementation of the election was considered by the respondents Honest-Fair (JURDIL) and quite satisfying. The selection was won by Joko Widodo – Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. However, the numbers did not reach half of the voters. Therefore, the election took 2 rounds. For Governor-Vice Governor couples socialization, both the majority and not overtaken, Fauzi Bowo – Nachrowi achieved top ranking with very significant. But apparently, successful socialization of media did not match with the victory in the election. This study aims to determine the behavior of voters in Jakarta governor election. The result, in contrary, shows that the couple in number two socialization won the election. For the popularity, it was not in tune with the socialization. Pers...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77609653" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="333d4bd729704618fa33dee9bd26bddc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84932633,"asset_id":77609653,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84932633/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66074007" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HandyMartinus">Handy Martinus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66074007" type="text/json">{"id":66074007,"first_name":"Handy","last_name":"Martinus","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HandyMartinus","display_name":"Handy Martinus","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HandyMartinus?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66074007/26867203/25333181/s65_handy.martinus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77609653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77609653"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77609653, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77609653", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77609653]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77609653").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77609653").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77609653"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="257136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humaniora">Humaniora</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="257136" type="text/json">{"id":257136,"name":"Humaniora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humaniora?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77609653]'), work: {"id":77609653,"title":"Analisis Perilaku Pemilih pada Pemilihan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Periode 2012-2017","created_at":"2022-04-25T17:49:41.604-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77609653/Analisis_Perilaku_Pemilih_pada_Pemilihan_Gubernur_DKI_Jakarta_Periode_2012_2017?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_77609653","summary":"This research is an exploratory qualitative approach using secondary data from the Indonesian Survey Institute (LSI), which aims to identify the voters’ behavior of Jakarta Governor candidates period 2012-2017. The results showed that the implementation of the election was considered by the respondents Honest-Fair (JURDIL) and quite satisfying. The selection was won by Joko Widodo – Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. However, the numbers did not reach half of the voters. Therefore, the election took 2 rounds. For Governor-Vice Governor couples socialization, both the majority and not overtaken, Fauzi Bowo – Nachrowi achieved top ranking with very significant. But apparently, successful socialization of media did not match with the victory in the election. This study aims to determine the behavior of voters in Jakarta governor election. The result, in contrary, shows that the couple in number two socialization won the election. For the popularity, it was not in tune with the socialization. Pers...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84932633,"asset_id":77609653,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66074007,"first_name":"Handy","last_name":"Martinus","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HandyMartinus","display_name":"Handy Martinus","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HandyMartinus?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66074007/26867203/25333181/s65_handy.martinus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":257136,"name":"Humaniora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humaniora?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44695451" data-work_id="44695451" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44695451/Warum_wir_indigene_Sprachen_vor_dem_Sprachtod_bewahren_m%C3%BCssen_2019_">Warum wir indigene Sprachen vor dem Sprachtod bewahren müssen (2019)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Es ist leider nur wenig bekannt, dass das ausgehende Jahr 2019 von der Uno zum Jahr der indigenen Sprachen ausgerufen worden ist. [<a href="https://en.iyil2019.org/" rel="nofollow">https://en.iyil2019.org/</a>] Dies erfolgte unter anderem, um Bewusstsein für indigene Sprachen zu schaffen,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44695451" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Es ist leider nur wenig bekannt, dass das ausgehende Jahr 2019 von der Uno zum Jahr der indigenen Sprachen ausgerufen worden ist. [<a href="https://en.iyil2019.org/" rel="nofollow">https://en.iyil2019.org/</a>] Dies erfolgte unter anderem, um Bewusstsein für indigene Sprachen zu schaffen, wofür ich hier als Sprachwissenschafter einen kleinen Beitrag leisten will. Indigen werden Sprachen von Ethnien genannt, auf die folgende vier von der Uno mitausgearbeitete Kriterien in der einen oder anderen Weise zutreffen: 1. relativ gesehen erste Nutzung/Besiedlung eines Territoriums; 2. freiwillige Bewahrung kultureller Besonderheiten (gegenüber der Mehrheitsbevölkerung), insbesondere was Sprache, Produktionsweisen, Gesellschaftsorganisation, Institutionen, Religion und spirituelle Werte betrifft; 3. Selbstidentifikation und Anerkennung durch andere als eine eigenständige Gemeinschaft; 4. Erfahrung von Enteignung, Ausschluss, Marginalisierung, Unterdrückung oder Diskriminierung (wobei diese Bedingungen fortbestehen können oder nicht).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44695451" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16efcf7b3920b52bb7afd1c4e42dfa61" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65171559,"asset_id":44695451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65171559/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63432" href="https://univie.academia.edu/HannesAFellner">Hannes A . Fellner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="63432" type="text/json">{"id":63432,"first_name":"Hannes","last_name":"Fellner","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"HannesAFellner","display_name":"Hannes A . Fellner","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/HannesAFellner?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/63432/17857/101017571/s65_hannes_a..fellner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44695451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44695451"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44695451, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44695451", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44695451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44695451; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44695451"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44695451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44695451"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44695451; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44695451]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44695451").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44695451").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44695451"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="926" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies">Indigenous Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="926" type="text/json">{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2743" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Languages">Indigenous Languages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2743" type="text/json">{"id":2743,"name":"Indigenous Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44695451]'), work: {"id":44695451,"title":"Warum wir indigene Sprachen vor dem Sprachtod bewahren müssen (2019)","created_at":"2020-12-13T10:16:02.701-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44695451/Warum_wir_indigene_Sprachen_vor_dem_Sprachtod_bewahren_m%C3%BCssen_2019_?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_44695451","summary":"Es ist leider nur wenig bekannt, dass das ausgehende Jahr 2019 von der Uno zum Jahr der indigenen Sprachen ausgerufen worden ist. [https://en.iyil2019.org/] Dies erfolgte unter anderem, um Bewusstsein für indigene Sprachen zu schaffen, wofür ich hier als Sprachwissenschafter einen kleinen Beitrag leisten will. Indigen werden Sprachen von Ethnien genannt, auf die folgende vier von der Uno mitausgearbeitete Kriterien in der einen oder anderen Weise zutreffen: 1. relativ gesehen erste Nutzung/Besiedlung eines Territoriums; 2. freiwillige Bewahrung kultureller Besonderheiten (gegenüber der Mehrheitsbevölkerung), insbesondere was Sprache, Produktionsweisen, Gesellschaftsorganisation, Institutionen, Religion und spirituelle Werte betrifft; 3. Selbstidentifikation und Anerkennung durch andere als eine eigenständige Gemeinschaft; 4. Erfahrung von Enteignung, Ausschluss, Marginalisierung, Unterdrückung oder Diskriminierung (wobei diese Bedingungen fortbestehen können oder nicht).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65171559,"asset_id":44695451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":63432,"first_name":"Hannes","last_name":"Fellner","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"HannesAFellner","display_name":"Hannes A . Fellner","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/HannesAFellner?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/63432/17857/101017571/s65_hannes_a..fellner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2743,"name":"Indigenous Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":9547,"name":"Minority Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":16164,"name":"Minority Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Languages?f_ri=101"},{"id":30160,"name":"Minority Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Rights?f_ri=101"},{"id":52353,"name":"Generative linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Generative_linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":1033739,"name":"Minority and Language Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_and_Language_Rights?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54919957" data-work_id="54919957" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54919957/Survey_of_ICT_and_education_in_Africa_Sudan_country_report">Survey of ICT and education in Africa : Sudan country report</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This short Country Report, a result of a larger infoDev-supported Survey of ICT in Education in Africa, provides a general overview of current activities and issues related to ICT use in education in the country. The data presented here... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54919957" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This short Country Report, a result of a larger infoDev-supported Survey of ICT in Education in Africa, provides a general overview of current activities and issues related to ICT use in education in the country. The data presented here should be regarded as illustrative rather than exhaustive. ICT use in education is at a particularly dynamic stage in Africa; new developments and announcements happening on a daily basis somewhere on the continent. Therefore, these reports should be seen as "snapshots" that were current at the time they were taken; it is expected that certain facts and figures presented may become dated very quickly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. It is expected that individual Country Reports from the Survey of ICT and Education in Africa will be updated in an iterative process over time based on additional research and feedback received through the infoDev web site. For more information, and to suggest modifications to individual Country Reports, please see <a href="http://www.infodev.org/ict4edu-Africa" rel="nofollow">www.infodev.org/ict4edu-Africa</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54919957" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b3cbb6bbdcc19b0531ef4f9c04278ed4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71045507,"asset_id":54919957,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71045507/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20904267" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmrHamdy1">Amr Hamdy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20904267" type="text/json">{"id":20904267,"first_name":"Amr","last_name":"Hamdy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmrHamdy1","display_name":"Amr Hamdy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmrHamdy1?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54919957 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54919957"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54919957, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54919957", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54919957 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54919957; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54919957"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54919957 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54919957"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54919957; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54919957]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54919957").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54919957").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54919957"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="861" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Divide">Digital Divide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="861" type="text/json">{"id":861,"name":"Digital Divide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Divide?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2469" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lifelong_Learning">Lifelong Learning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2469" type="text/json">{"id":2469,"name":"Lifelong Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lifelong_Learning?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54919957]'), work: {"id":54919957,"title":"Survey of ICT and education in Africa : Sudan country report","created_at":"2021-10-02T15:07:25.708-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54919957/Survey_of_ICT_and_education_in_Africa_Sudan_country_report?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_54919957","summary":"This short Country Report, a result of a larger infoDev-supported Survey of ICT in Education in Africa, provides a general overview of current activities and issues related to ICT use in education in the country. The data presented here should be regarded as illustrative rather than exhaustive. ICT use in education is at a particularly dynamic stage in Africa; new developments and announcements happening on a daily basis somewhere on the continent. Therefore, these reports should be seen as \"snapshots\" that were current at the time they were taken; it is expected that certain facts and figures presented may become dated very quickly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. It is expected that individual Country Reports from the Survey of ICT and Education in Africa will be updated in an iterative process over time based on additional research and feedback received through the infoDev web site. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/44558042/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE">योग के अधिगम की अवधारणा</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा में श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता प्रस्थान त्रयी में से एक घटक रही है। अपने सिद्धांतों को प्रमाणित करने के लिए आचार्यों ने गीता को एक प्रमाण ग्रंथ के रूप में स्वीकार किया है। वास्तव में गीता महाभारत के भीष्म पर्व के 18 अध्यायों से... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44558042" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा में श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता प्रस्थान त्रयी में से एक घटक रही है। अपने सिद्धांतों को प्रमाणित करने के लिए आचार्यों ने गीता को एक प्रमाण ग्रंथ के रूप में स्वीकार किया है। वास्तव में गीता महाभारत के भीष्म पर्व के 18 अध्यायों से ली गई है परंतु कालांतर में इसे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथ रूप में स्वीकार कर लिया गया। मनुष्य अपने जीवन में पुरुषार्थ से क्रमशः धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष की सिद्धि के लिए साधन करता है। धर्म पुरुषार्थ मनुष्य के जीवन निर्माण का आधार स्तंभ है। जीवन में जब ऐसे प्रश्न खड़े होते हैं जिनका उत्तर सामान्य मानस से प्राप्त नहीं होता तब गीता जीवन के धर्म ग्रंथ के रूप में समूल प्रश्नों का उत्तर देती है। गीता में ज्ञान योग, ध्यान योग, कर्म योग, भक्ति योग आदि विभिन्न साधन बताए गए हैं, इन साधनों में से व्यक्ति अपनी योग्यता, रुचि और श्रद्धा के अनुसार अपना कल्याण कर सकता है। श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 18 अध्यायों एवं 700 श्लोकों में वर्णित है। प्रथम 6 अध्यायों में कर्म योग का ज्ञान दिया गया है, उसके पश्चात दूसरे 6 अध्यायों में भक्ति योग की शिक्षा दी गई है, तत्पश्चात् अंतिम 6 अध्याय में ज्ञान योग का अधिगम कराया गया है।</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2418" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature">Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2418" type="text/json">{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7125" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture">Culture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7125" type="text/json">{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44558042]'), work: {"id":44558042,"title":"योग के अधिगम की अवधारणा","created_at":"2020-11-23T02:59:05.687-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44558042/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_44558042","summary":"भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा में श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता प्रस्थान त्रयी में से एक घटक रही है। अपने सिद्धांतों को प्रमाणित करने के लिए आचार्यों ने गीता को एक प्रमाण ग्रंथ के रूप में स्वीकार किया है। वास्तव में गीता महाभारत के भीष्म पर्व के 18 अध्यायों से ली गई है परंतु कालांतर में इसे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथ रूप में स्वीकार कर लिया गया। मनुष्य अपने जीवन में पुरुषार्थ से क्रमशः धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष की सिद्धि के लिए साधन करता है। धर्म पुरुषार्थ मनुष्य के जीवन निर्माण का आधार स्तंभ है। जीवन में जब ऐसे प्रश्न खड़े होते हैं जिनका उत्तर सामान्य मानस से प्राप्त नहीं होता तब गीता जीवन के धर्म ग्रंथ के रूप में समूल प्रश्नों का उत्तर देती है। गीता में ज्ञान योग, ध्यान योग, कर्म योग, भक्ति योग आदि विभिन्न साधन बताए गए हैं, इन साधनों में से व्यक्ति अपनी योग्यता, रुचि और श्रद्धा के अनुसार अपना कल्याण कर सकता है। श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 18 अध्यायों एवं 700 श्लोकों में वर्णित है। प्रथम 6 अध्यायों में कर्म योग का ज्ञान दिया गया है, उसके पश्चात दूसरे 6 अध्यायों में भक्ति योग की शिक्षा दी गई है, तत्पश्चात् अंतिम 6 अध्याय में ज्ञान योग का अधिगम कराया गया है।\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65010303,"asset_id":44558042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29833933,"first_name":"Bhartiya","last_name":"Shodh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BhartiyaShodh","display_name":"Bhartiya Shodh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BhartiyaShodh?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69311888" data-work_id="69311888" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69311888/Reading_Competence_and_Graphemic_Competence_Impacts_of_the_Chinese_Writing_System_on_Designing_Competence_Descriptors_for_the_European_Bench_marks_for_the_Chinese_Language_EBCL_Project">Reading Competence and Graphemic Competence: Impacts of the Chinese Writing System on Designing Competence Descriptors for the “European Bench- marks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) Project</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” (CEFR 2001) is a tool that is widely used as an instructional basis for all foreign language education in Europe. From 2010 to 2012, the European Commission funded the project... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69311888" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” (CEFR 2001) is a tool that is widely used as an instructional basis for all foreign language education in Europe. From 2010 to 2012, the European Commission funded the project “European Benchmarks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) in order to develop benchmarks and competence descriptors for Chinese as a Foreign Language on the basis of the CEFR. After a short introduction of the project (which is freely accessible on the web) which mainly deals with the introductory levels A1 and A2, the article discusses several aspects and conflicts that occurred during the adaptation of CEFR competence descriptors for EBCL reading competence in Chinese on different levels of competency, and gives some examples. In the last chapter, the newly designed descriptors for “Graphemic and Orthographic Competence” in Chinese are introduced in detail.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69311888" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81129bda42f6e8d4a3eefc84272cb8da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79456484,"asset_id":69311888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79456484/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56805582" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AGuder">Andreas Guder</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56805582" type="text/json">{"id":56805582,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Guder","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AGuder","display_name":"Andreas Guder","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AGuder?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56805582/26518904/25063771/s65_andreas.guder.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69311888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69311888"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69311888, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69311888", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69311888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69311888; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69311888"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69311888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69311888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69311888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69311888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69311888").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69311888").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69311888"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Language_and_Culture">Chinese Language and Culture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9801" type="text/json">{"id":9801,"name":"Chinese Language and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Language_and_Culture?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69311888]'), work: {"id":69311888,"title":"Reading Competence and Graphemic Competence: Impacts of the Chinese Writing System on Designing Competence Descriptors for the “European Bench- marks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) Project","created_at":"2022-01-23T22:33:42.076-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69311888/Reading_Competence_and_Graphemic_Competence_Impacts_of_the_Chinese_Writing_System_on_Designing_Competence_Descriptors_for_the_European_Bench_marks_for_the_Chinese_Language_EBCL_Project?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_69311888","summary":"The “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” (CEFR 2001) is a tool that is widely used as an instructional basis for all foreign language education in Europe. From 2010 to 2012, the European Commission funded the project “European Benchmarks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) in order to develop benchmarks and competence descriptors for Chinese as a Foreign Language on the basis of the CEFR. After a short introduction of the project (which is freely accessible on the web) which mainly deals with the introductory levels A1 and A2, the article discusses several aspects and conflicts that occurred during the adaptation of CEFR competence descriptors for EBCL reading competence in Chinese on different levels of competency, and gives some examples. In the last chapter, the newly designed descriptors for “Graphemic and Orthographic Competence” in Chinese are introduced in detail.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79456484,"asset_id":69311888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":56805582,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Guder","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AGuder","display_name":"Andreas Guder","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AGuder?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56805582/26518904/25063771/s65_andreas.guder.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":9801,"name":"Chinese Language and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Language_and_Culture?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44184736" data-work_id="44184736" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44184736/Entorno_de_C%C3%B3digo_M%C3%B3vil_Seguro">Entorno de Código Móvil Seguro</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44184736" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86afe82342b5fff716f980717e87d32d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64545398,"asset_id":44184736,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64545398/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6193275" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RicardoMedel">Ricardo Medel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6193275" type="text/json">{"id":6193275,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Medel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RicardoMedel","display_name":"Ricardo Medel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RicardoMedel?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6193275/4830940/5560733/s65_ricardo.medel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44184736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44184736"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44184736, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44184736", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44184736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44184736; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44184736"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44184736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44184736"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44184736; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44184736]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44184736").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44184736").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44184736"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3069" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Programming">Parallel Programming</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3069" type="text/json">{"id":3069,"name":"Parallel Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Programming?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44184736]'), work: {"id":44184736,"title":"Entorno de Código Móvil Seguro","created_at":"2020-09-28T11:59:21.404-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44184736/Entorno_de_C%C3%B3digo_M%C3%B3vil_Seguro?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_44184736","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64545398,"asset_id":44184736,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6193275,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Medel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RicardoMedel","display_name":"Ricardo Medel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RicardoMedel?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6193275/4830940/5560733/s65_ricardo.medel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":3069,"name":"Parallel Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Programming?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27843048" data-work_id="27843048" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27843048/The_role_of_letter_names_and_letter_sounds_in_connecting_print_and_speech">The role of letter names and letter sounds in connecting print and speech</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Three experiments were carried out to examine the cues that are used in learning to read and spell new words. In a reading task (Experiment 1), even preschoolers who could not read simple real words were able to benefit from print-sound... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27843048" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Three experiments were carried out to examine the cues that are used in learning to read and spell new words. In a reading task (Experiment 1), even preschoolers who could not read simple real words were able to benefit from print-sound relationships that were based on letter names. They found it easier to learn that the made-up word TM was pronounced as "team" (name condition) than that TM was pronounced as "tame" (sound condition) or as "wide" (visual condition). The letter-name strategy persisted among college students (Experiment 2). In a spelling task (Experiment 3), prereaders and novice readers again did better in the name condition than in the sound condition. The ability to use relationships based on letter sounds emerged later than the ability to use relationships based on letter names. However, sound-based relationships were used to a greater extent in spelling than in reading.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27843048" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cfa3d7aa5aa25d779a03405afc9143c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48127482,"asset_id":27843048,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48127482/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29808287" href="https://wustl.academia.edu/RebeccaTreiman">Rebecca Treiman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29808287" type="text/json">{"id":29808287,"first_name":"Rebecca","last_name":"Treiman","domain_name":"wustl","page_name":"RebeccaTreiman","display_name":"Rebecca Treiman","profile_url":"https://wustl.academia.edu/RebeccaTreiman?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29808287/8577337/9582240/s65_rebecca.treiman.jpg_oh_66a7e9431c887bd347932124def8ff91_oe_55dbaa3c___gda___1437391122_7d8caaebcaf2e42a628de220c7c3a57c"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27843048 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27843048"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27843048, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27843048", }); 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These needs are different from the requirements of a professional programmer. Consequently, the design of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18680125" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A student learning how to program learns best when the programming language and programming environment cater to her specific needs. These needs are different from the requirements of a professional programmer. Consequently, the design of teaching languages poses challenges different from the design of "professional" languages. Using a functional language by itself gives advantages over more popular, professional languages, but fully exploiting these advantages requires careful adaptation to the needs of the studentsas-is, these languages do not support the students nearly as well as they could. This paper describes our experience adopting the didactic approach of How to Design Programs, focussing on the design process for our own set of teaching languages. We have observed students as they try to program as part of our introductory course, and used these observations to significantly improve the design of these languages. This paper describes the changes we have made, and the journey we took to get there. 1 We were wrong about the course on other aspects as well .</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18680125" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="588e12b2c8749ecf9960c4cb2e1bfe51" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40196949,"asset_id":18680125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40196949/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38750896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelSperber">Michael Sperber</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38750896" type="text/json">{"id":38750896,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Sperber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelSperber","display_name":"Michael Sperber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelSperber?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38750896/10744236/11993314/s65_michael.sperber.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18680125 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18680125"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18680125, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18680125", }); 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This paper describes the changes we have made, and the journey we took to get there. 1 We were wrong about the course on other aspects as well .","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40196949,"asset_id":18680125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38750896,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Sperber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelSperber","display_name":"Michael Sperber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelSperber?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38750896/10744236/11993314/s65_michael.sperber.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":37753,"name":"Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":67383,"name":"Language 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6876512/_The_Highest_God_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Bosporus_Additional_Materials">“The Highest God” in the Kingdom of the Bosporus: Additional Materials</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">keywords: Rjabchikov, archaeology, Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian, Sindian, Kingdom of the Bosporus, script, symbolism, map, coin, decipherment</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6876512" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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data-card-contents-for-user="465918" type="text/json">{"id":465918,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Rjabchikov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeiRjabchikov","display_name":"Sergei Rjabchikov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiRjabchikov?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/465918/160108/186529/s65_sergei.rjabchikov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6876512 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6876512"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6876512, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6876512", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6876512 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span 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description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6876512").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6876512"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6876512]'), work: {"id":6876512,"title":"“The Highest God” in the Kingdom of the Bosporus: Additional Materials","created_at":"2014-04-26T02:43:42.687-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6876512/_The_Highest_God_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Bosporus_Additional_Materials?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_6876512","summary":"keywords: Rjabchikov, archaeology, Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian, Sindian, Kingdom of the Bosporus, script, symbolism, map, coin, decipherment","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33562496,"asset_id":6876512,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":465918,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Rjabchikov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeiRjabchikov","display_name":"Sergei Rjabchikov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiRjabchikov?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/465918/160108/186529/s65_sergei.rjabchikov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=101"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":13234,"name":"Maps and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maps_and_Society?f_ri=101"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":17445,"name":"Historical maps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_maps?f_ri=101"},{"id":29277,"name":"Black Sea region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Sea_region?f_ri=101"},{"id":31390,"name":"Scythian archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scythian_archaeology?f_ri=101"},{"id":54017,"name":"Ancient Coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Coins?f_ri=101"},{"id":81282,"name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sarmatians?f_ri=101"},{"id":138406,"name":"Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian and Slavonic cultures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scythian_Sarmatian_Meotian_and_Slavonic_cultures?f_ri=101"},{"id":183631,"name":"Coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2478303" data-work_id="2478303" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2478303/The_Alternative_Questionnaire_Experiment_Findings_for_the_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_Population_in_the_United_States">The Alternative Questionnaire Experiment: Findings for the Middle Eastern and North African Population in the United States</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) population is often considered hard-tocount in the United States. Following the guidelines set by the Office of Management and Budget, the U.S. Census Bureau classifies the MENA population as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2478303" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) population is often considered hard-tocount in the United States. Following the guidelines set by the Office of Management and Budget, the U.S. Census Bureau classifies the MENA population as White but collects their ancestry data in the American Community Survey. This paper explores how the 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment (AQE) contributes to improving the quality of the data that the Census Bureau collects on MENA ancestries. It discusses results from the AQE conducted during the 2010 Census and evaluates the forms that use the combined race and ethnic origin question in comparison to the control form. This research aims to contribute to improving measurement of the MENA community in the United States.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2478303" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a42643988cac48694d14bfddae557e06" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30883347,"asset_id":2478303,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30883347/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="567119" href="https://ncsu.academia.edu/RitaStephan">Rita Stephan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="567119" type="text/json">{"id":567119,"first_name":"Rita","last_name":"Stephan","domain_name":"ncsu","page_name":"RitaStephan","display_name":"Rita Stephan","profile_url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/RitaStephan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/567119/202832/282780/s65_rita.stephan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2478303 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2478303"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2478303, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2478303", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2478303 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2478303; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2478303"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2478303 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2478303"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2478303; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2478303]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2478303").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2478303").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2478303"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies">Ethnic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="294" type="text/json">{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography">Demography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="310" type="text/json">{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2478303]'), work: {"id":2478303,"title":"The Alternative Questionnaire Experiment: Findings for the Middle Eastern and North African Population in the United States","created_at":"2013-01-28T09:20:53.047-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2478303/The_Alternative_Questionnaire_Experiment_Findings_for_the_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_Population_in_the_United_States?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_2478303","summary":"The Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) population is often considered hard-tocount in the United States. Following the guidelines set by the Office of Management and Budget, the U.S. Census Bureau classifies the MENA population as White but collects their ancestry data in the American Community Survey. This paper explores how the 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment (AQE) contributes to improving the quality of the data that the Census Bureau collects on MENA ancestries. It discusses results from the AQE conducted during the 2010 Census and evaluates the forms that use the combined race and ethnic origin question in comparison to the control form. This research aims to contribute to improving measurement of the MENA community in the United States.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30883347,"asset_id":2478303,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":567119,"first_name":"Rita","last_name":"Stephan","domain_name":"ncsu","page_name":"RitaStephan","display_name":"Rita Stephan","profile_url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/RitaStephan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/567119/202832/282780/s65_rita.stephan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=101"},{"id":9547,"name":"Minority Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":32004,"name":"Arab Americans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Americans?f_ri=101"},{"id":44868,"name":"City","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/City?f_ri=101"},{"id":53238,"name":"Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race?f_ri=101"},{"id":66080,"name":"Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age?f_ri=101"},{"id":82489,"name":"State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State?f_ri=101"},{"id":134887,"name":"Census","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Census?f_ri=101"},{"id":212586,"name":"Census data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Census_data?f_ri=101"},{"id":852380,"name":"Zip Codes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zip_Codes?f_ri=101"},{"id":969825,"name":"US Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Population?f_ri=101"},{"id":969832,"name":"Education Grade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Grade?f_ri=101"},{"id":969834,"name":"Household Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Income?f_ri=101"},{"id":969836,"name":"School Type","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/School_Type?f_ri=101"},{"id":969838,"name":"Logistic Isolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Isolation?f_ri=101"},{"id":969840,"name":"Linguistic Isolation Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Isolation_Status?f_ri=101"},{"id":969842,"name":"Census Online","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Census_Online?f_ri=101"},{"id":969844,"name":"Census Search","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Census_Search?f_ri=101"},{"id":969845,"name":"Census Form","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Census_Form?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44720932" data-work_id="44720932" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44720932/Investigating_the_Effect_of_Mentor_Texts_on_EFL_Undergraduates_Organization_in_Writing">Investigating the Effect of Mentor Texts on EFL Undergraduates' Organization in Writing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Knowing that writing is a crucial but challenging language skill in both academic and career lives, researchers have continually explored ways to facilitate learning and teaching of writing at different educational levels. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44720932" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Knowing that writing is a crucial but challenging language skill in both academic and career lives, researchers have continually explored ways to facilitate learning and teaching of writing at different educational levels. This experimental study investigates the impact of using mentor texts in undergraduate writing classes on the students' writing proficiency. A quantitative, pre-posttest experimental design was used to achieve this purpose. Based on the strong relationship between reading and writing, and stemming from the modeling approach to learning, mentor texts are tested as potential tools in teaching word choice, sentence structure, and organization for Arab university undergraduates studying English as a foreign language. This is done by examining expository essays written by 128 female students before, during, and after the fifteen-week study period. The subjects are divided into control and experimental groups. A non-parametric Friedman test of differences among repeated measures is conducted and rendered a Chi-square value of 125.242 which is significant (p<.01). Comparing the scores of the three components of the essays, which are word choice, sentence structure, and organization, resulted in the finding that mentor texts could be an effective strategy to teach these three writing traits to undergraduate students.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44720932" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4989d6c38d55304b51b5c73fd2599f7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65202681,"asset_id":44720932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65202681/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4443238" href="https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies">International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4443238" type="text/json">{"id":4443238,"first_name":"International Journal of English Language","last_name":"and Translation Studies","domain_name":"eltsjournal","page_name":"InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies","display_name":"International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies","profile_url":"https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4443238/1814454/9010746/s65_international_journal_of_english_language.and_translation_studies.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44720932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44720932"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44720932, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44720932", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44720932]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44720932").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44720932").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44720932"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing">Creative Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1" type="text/json">{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="885" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature">English Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="885" type="text/json">{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="887" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_and_Learning">Teaching and Learning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="887" type="text/json">{"id":887,"name":"Teaching and Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_and_Learning?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44720932]'), work: {"id":44720932,"title":"Investigating the Effect of Mentor Texts on EFL Undergraduates' Organization in Writing","created_at":"2020-12-16T19:57:04.609-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44720932/Investigating_the_Effect_of_Mentor_Texts_on_EFL_Undergraduates_Organization_in_Writing?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_44720932","summary":"Knowing that writing is a crucial but challenging language skill in both academic and career lives, researchers have continually explored ways to facilitate learning and teaching of writing at different educational levels. This experimental study investigates the impact of using mentor texts in undergraduate writing classes on the students' writing proficiency. A quantitative, pre-posttest experimental design was used to achieve this purpose. Based on the strong relationship between reading and writing, and stemming from the modeling approach to learning, mentor texts are tested as potential tools in teaching word choice, sentence structure, and organization for Arab university undergraduates studying English as a foreign language. This is done by examining expository essays written by 128 female students before, during, and after the fifteen-week study period. The subjects are divided into control and experimental groups. A non-parametric Friedman test of differences among repeated measures is conducted and rendered a Chi-square value of 125.242 which is significant (p\u003c.01). Comparing the scores of the three components of the essays, which are word choice, sentence structure, and organization, resulted in the finding that mentor texts could be an effective strategy to teach these three writing traits to undergraduate students.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65202681,"asset_id":44720932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4443238,"first_name":"International Journal of English Language","last_name":"and Translation Studies","domain_name":"eltsjournal","page_name":"InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies","display_name":"International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies","profile_url":"https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4443238/1814454/9010746/s65_international_journal_of_english_language.and_translation_studies.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":887,"name":"Teaching and Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_and_Learning?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=101"},{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=101"},{"id":3457,"name":"Learning and Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Teaching?f_ri=101"},{"id":4738,"name":"Academic Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing?f_ri=101"},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=101"},{"id":13545,"name":"Teacher Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Training?f_ri=101"},{"id":15439,"name":"Teaching English As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":46596,"name":"English language teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_teaching?f_ri=101"},{"id":68758,"name":"Research Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Writing?f_ri=101"},{"id":86085,"name":"Language Skills","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Skills?f_ri=101"},{"id":202887,"name":"ICT in teaching and learning English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICT_in_teaching_and_learning_English_language?f_ri=101"},{"id":620077,"name":"English Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Teaching-1?f_ri=101"},{"id":827606,"name":"English As a Second Language (ESL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_As_a_Second_Language_ESL_?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56728012" data-work_id="56728012" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56728012/Vedic_AshTamangala_Holy_Bulls_And_The_Holy_Number_18_In_The_Indus_Script">Vedic AshTamangala,Holy Bulls And The Holy Number 18 In The Indus Script</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Indus Valley Civilisation used thousands of seals with symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Most of these symbols were later used all over India and abroad on pottery,copper plates,rocks ,textiles,furniture ,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56728012" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Indus Valley Civilisation used thousands of seals with symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Most of these symbols were later used all over India and abroad on pottery,copper plates,rocks ,textiles,furniture , metalwork products etc. But the fundamental principle underlying these symbols escaped the attention of scholars and researchers so far.This led to many strange conclusions about their readings. In this paper we are explaining the basic principle of the symbols and their purpose. We are not surprised to find that vedic<br />“mangala/mangalatraya/ ashTamangala / agni/ kaala/raja/ laabha/varsha/sabha/siva/subha/srii” are the underlying words employed in most of the inscriptions. These symbols agree with the Rg vedic concept of agni/fire worship and the archeological evidence of presence of vedic fire altars in IVC sites.Worship of agni(sun,fire,king,priest) led to the use of these symbols by other contemporary civilisations also. <br />The Ashtamangala(asta-mangala>house of king ; cf.Heb.LMLK;Bethlehem/beth-melech;king’s sacrifice;bull’s sacrifice) is a set of Eight Auspicious Signs used in religions like  Hinduism,Jainism, and Buddhism. In the Hindu tradition, the Ashtamangala may be used during certain occasions like pujas,weddings,coronation of kings etc.  They have been depicted in decorative motifs on pottery ,temples,royal palaces, houses and cultural artifacts.This paper explores the Harappan ashTa mangala rationale in vedic literature,rituals and sacrifices,temple architecture etc.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56728012" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6cafc7cf18ded86850b7af9d5f44cba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71970611,"asset_id":56728012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71970611/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30660794" href="https://independent.academia.edu/vijayabhaarati">vijaya bhaarati</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30660794" type="text/json">{"id":30660794,"first_name":"vijaya","last_name":"bhaarati","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"vijayabhaarati","display_name":"vijaya bhaarati","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/vijayabhaarati?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56728012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56728012"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56728012, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56728012", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56728012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56728012").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56728012").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56728012"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="399" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology">Prehistoric Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="399" type="text/json">{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56728012]'), work: {"id":56728012,"title":"Vedic AshTamangala,Holy Bulls And The Holy Number 18 In The Indus Script","created_at":"2021-10-08T23:37:33.612-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56728012/Vedic_AshTamangala_Holy_Bulls_And_The_Holy_Number_18_In_The_Indus_Script?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_56728012","summary":"The Indus Valley Civilisation used thousands of seals with symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Most of these symbols were later used all over India and abroad on pottery,copper plates,rocks ,textiles,furniture , metalwork products etc. But the fundamental principle underlying these symbols escaped the attention of scholars and researchers so far.This led to many strange conclusions about their readings. In this paper we are explaining the basic principle of the symbols and their purpose. We are not surprised to find that vedic\n“mangala/mangalatraya/ ashTamangala / agni/ kaala/raja/ laabha/varsha/sabha/siva/subha/srii” are the underlying words employed in most of the inscriptions. These symbols agree with the Rg vedic concept of agni/fire worship and the archeological evidence of presence of vedic fire altars in IVC sites.Worship of agni(sun,fire,king,priest) led to the use of these symbols by other contemporary civilisations also. \nThe Ashtamangala(asta-mangala\u003ehouse of king ; cf.Heb.LMLK;Bethlehem/beth-melech;king’s sacrifice;bull’s sacrifice) is a set of Eight Auspicious Signs used in religions like Hinduism,Jainism, and Buddhism. In the Hindu tradition, the Ashtamangala may be used during certain occasions like pujas,weddings,coronation of kings etc. They have been depicted in decorative motifs on pottery ,temples,royal palaces, houses and cultural artifacts.This paper explores the Harappan ashTa mangala rationale in vedic literature,rituals and sacrifices,temple architecture etc.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71970611,"asset_id":56728012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30660794,"first_name":"vijaya","last_name":"bhaarati","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"vijayabhaarati","display_name":"vijaya bhaarati","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/vijayabhaarati?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":5076,"name":"Sanskrit language and literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature?f_ri=101"},{"id":5237,"name":"Indo-European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indo-European_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":5238,"name":"Vedic Language and Classical Sanskrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedic_Language_and_Classical_Sanskrit?f_ri=101"},{"id":7901,"name":"Vedic Sanskrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedic_Sanskrit?f_ri=101"},{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=101"},{"id":42046,"name":"Indus Valley Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indus_Valley_Civilization?f_ri=101"},{"id":75814,"name":"Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_History?f_ri=101"},{"id":143664,"name":"Vedic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedic_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":146469,"name":"Vedic religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedic_religion?f_ri=101"},{"id":169096,"name":"Harappan Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harappan_Archaeology?f_ri=101"},{"id":951143,"name":"Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeology?f_ri=101"},{"id":963689,"name":"The Indus Valley Script","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Indus_Valley_Script?f_ri=101"},{"id":1000785,"name":"Harappan Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harappan_Civilization?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26858691" data-work_id="26858691" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26858691/Jornalismo_e_a_sociologia_um_contributo">Jornalismo e a sociologia : um contributo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Resumo: Este texto constitui uma breve reflexão sobre as relações de proximidade e de distanciamento entre o jornalismo e a sociologia. Ambas as áreas definem-se por fronteiras epistemológicas que contemplam posturas distintas sobre a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26858691" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumo: Este texto constitui uma breve reflexão sobre as relações de proximidade e de distanciamento entre o jornalismo e a sociologia. Ambas as áreas definem-se por fronteiras epistemológicas que contemplam posturas distintas sobre a intervenção no espaço político e público. A sociologia transporta uma postura de um considerável isolamento face à exposição mediática. O jornalismo define-se, justamente, pelo seu papel na sociedade e na política de forma persistente e omnipresente. O texto discute, ainda, algumas ideias sobre as vantagens para ambos os campos em enriquecer-se através da partilha de conhecimento teórico e metodológico.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26858691" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5fc81a6665aa74330c375323c3321529" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47128617,"asset_id":26858691,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47128617/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12018276" href="https://uminho.academia.edu/EmiliaAraujo">Emilia Araujo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12018276" type="text/json">{"id":12018276,"first_name":"Emilia","last_name":"Araujo","domain_name":"uminho","page_name":"EmiliaAraujo","display_name":"Emilia Araujo","profile_url":"https://uminho.academia.edu/EmiliaAraujo?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26858691 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26858691"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26858691, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26858691", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26858691]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26858691").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26858691").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26858691"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="994" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism">Journalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="994" type="text/json">{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26858691]'), work: {"id":26858691,"title":"Jornalismo e a sociologia : um contributo","created_at":"2016-07-09T11:31:02.657-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26858691/Jornalismo_e_a_sociologia_um_contributo?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_26858691","summary":"Resumo: Este texto constitui uma breve reflexão sobre as relações de proximidade e de distanciamento entre o jornalismo e a sociologia. Ambas as áreas definem-se por fronteiras epistemológicas que contemplam posturas distintas sobre a intervenção no espaço político e público. A sociologia transporta uma postura de um considerável isolamento face à exposição mediática. O jornalismo define-se, justamente, pelo seu papel na sociedade e na política de forma persistente e omnipresente. O texto discute, ainda, algumas ideias sobre as vantagens para ambos os campos em enriquecer-se através da partilha de conhecimento teórico e metodológico.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47128617,"asset_id":26858691,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12018276,"first_name":"Emilia","last_name":"Araujo","domain_name":"uminho","page_name":"EmiliaAraujo","display_name":"Emilia Araujo","profile_url":"https://uminho.academia.edu/EmiliaAraujo?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73475613" data-work_id="73475613" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73475613/Prinsip_Belajar_Mengajar_dalam_Analekta_yang_Terkandung_pada_Film_Kungfu_Panda_dan_Kungfu_Panda_2">Prinsip Belajar Mengajar dalam Analekta yang Terkandung pada Film Kungfu Panda dan Kungfu Panda 2</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Analects is one of the famous books from China which records Confucius’ teachings. Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda 2 are two famous animation films from America. After seeing these movies, there are some similar values that can be found... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73475613" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Analects is one of the famous books from China which records Confucius’ teachings. Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda 2 are two famous animation films from America. After seeing these movies, there are some similar values that can be found between the movies and The Analects, especially in education field. The writer limited the scope into teaching and learning principles. The writer defined 2 main issues. First is to explain the correlation between Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda’s teaching and learning principles with The Analects. Second is to understand those principles and its application in our daily lives. This research method is library research. The results stated that there are some correlation between Kungfu Panda, Kungfu Panda 2, and The Analects. Analyzing the correlation will help us to understand more about Confucius’ teaching, especially in education field.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73475613" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3a84c879d60f88f96ca4fd5ae111c9a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81984399,"asset_id":73475613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81984399/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="134536584" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaDamankaPatricia">Patricia Damanka Patricia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="134536584" type="text/json">{"id":134536584,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Damanka Patricia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatriciaDamankaPatricia","display_name":"Patricia Damanka Patricia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaDamankaPatricia?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73475613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73475613"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73475613, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73475613", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73475613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73475613; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73475613"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73475613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73475613"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73475613; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73475613]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73475613").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73475613").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73475613"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="257136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humaniora">Humaniora</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="257136" type="text/json">{"id":257136,"name":"Humaniora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humaniora?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73475613]'), work: {"id":73475613,"title":"Prinsip Belajar Mengajar dalam Analekta yang Terkandung pada Film Kungfu Panda dan Kungfu Panda 2","created_at":"2022-03-10T07:04:09.342-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73475613/Prinsip_Belajar_Mengajar_dalam_Analekta_yang_Terkandung_pada_Film_Kungfu_Panda_dan_Kungfu_Panda_2?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_73475613","summary":"The Analects is one of the famous books from China which records Confucius’ teachings. Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda 2 are two famous animation films from America. After seeing these movies, there are some similar values that can be found between the movies and The Analects, especially in education field. The writer limited the scope into teaching and learning principles. The writer defined 2 main issues. First is to explain the correlation between Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda’s teaching and learning principles with The Analects. Second is to understand those principles and its application in our daily lives. This research method is library research. The results stated that there are some correlation between Kungfu Panda, Kungfu Panda 2, and The Analects. Analyzing the correlation will help us to understand more about Confucius’ teaching, especially in education field.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81984399,"asset_id":73475613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":134536584,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Damanka Patricia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatriciaDamankaPatricia","display_name":"Patricia Damanka Patricia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaDamankaPatricia?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":257136,"name":"Humaniora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humaniora?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44966070" data-work_id="44966070" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44966070/%C4%B0SLAMOFOB%C4%B0_M%C4%B0_M%C3%9CSL%C3%9CMANOFOB%C4%B0_M%C4%B0">İSLAMOFOBİ Mİ MÜSLÜMANOFOBİ Mİ</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is alleged that there are some forces in the outside world (especially in the Western world) exposing Islam as a hateful religion that promotes violence and destroys peace. There is no doubt that this propaganda is spreading in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44966070" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is alleged that there are some forces in the outside world (especially in the Western world) exposing Islam as a hateful religion that promotes violence and destroys peace. There is no doubt that this propaganda is spreading in the West. However, there are some unknown and hidden secrets about it. To reveal these secrets, it is necessary to find the right answers to the following questions:<br /><br />1. Is there really an anti-Islamic opinion or movement in the Western world (as it claims), or is it Müslümanlik, not Islam, the subject of hate?<br /><br />2. Who are those who propagate and spread this hate? Westerners or Muslumans?<br /><br />The answers to these two questions are very important. So we should know that there is no such religion on the stage today as Islam. So the religion that is actually hated is Müslümanlik which is practiced by one and a half billion people in the world today.. So why does the Western world hate a religion that doesn't exist? It doesn't make sense. The purpose of this hatred is not Islam, but the hated religion of Müslümanlik. This is a secret kept by Muslumans themselves, not Westerners. If Westerners learn the insides of this secret, it means Without doubt end of the religion of Müslümanlik . In this post I have tried to fix this problem.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44966070" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="789f52130ee87cf2588ae3ecaea6c72e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65499970,"asset_id":44966070,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65499970/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32898092" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaksoyAdnan">Adnan Paksoy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32898092" type="text/json">{"id":32898092,"first_name":"Adnan","last_name":"Paksoy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaksoyAdnan","display_name":"Adnan Paksoy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaksoyAdnan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32898092/11238021/12538984/s65_adnan.paksoy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44966070 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44966070"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44966070, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44966070", }); 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There is no doubt that this propaganda is spreading in the West. However, there are some unknown and hidden secrets about it. To reveal these secrets, it is necessary to find the right answers to the following questions:\n\n1. Is there really an anti-Islamic opinion or movement in the Western world (as it claims), or is it Müslümanlik, not Islam, the subject of hate?\n\n2. Who are those who propagate and spread this hate? Westerners or Muslumans?\n\nThe answers to these two questions are very important. So we should know that there is no such religion on the stage today as Islam. So the religion that is actually hated is Müslümanlik which is practiced by one and a half billion people in the world today.. So why does the Western world hate a religion that doesn't exist? It doesn't make sense. The purpose of this hatred is not Islam, but the hated religion of Müslümanlik. This is a secret kept by Muslumans themselves, not Westerners. If Westerners learn the insides of this secret, it means Without doubt end of the religion of Müslümanlik . In this post I have tried to fix this problem.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65499970,"asset_id":44966070,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32898092,"first_name":"Adnan","last_name":"Paksoy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaksoyAdnan","display_name":"Adnan Paksoy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaksoyAdnan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32898092/11238021/12538984/s65_adnan.paksoy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":7322,"name":"Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mysticism?f_ri=101"},{"id":2464855,"name":"Phylosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylosophy?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37329213" data-work_id="37329213" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37329213/Is_Oksapmin_Ok_A_Study_of_the_Genetic_Relationship_between_Oksapmin_and_the_Ok_Languages_Loughnane_and_Fedden_">Is Oksapmin Ok?—A Study of the Genetic Relationship between Oksapmin and the Ok Languages (Loughnane & Fedden)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37329213" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by extension, the entire Ok family. A list of cognates and sound correspondences is given, as well as evidence from bound morphology and pronoun</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37329213" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0dc7f4e4f511fe0c8afe25a195e0a062" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57386763,"asset_id":37329213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57386763/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8803011" href="https://paris3.academia.edu/SebastianFedden">Sebastian Fedden</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8803011" type="text/json">{"id":8803011,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Fedden","domain_name":"paris3","page_name":"SebastianFedden","display_name":"Sebastian Fedden","profile_url":"https://paris3.academia.edu/SebastianFedden?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8803011/9581526/10706718/s65_sebastian.fedden.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37329213 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37329213"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37329213, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37329213", }); 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A list of cognates and sound correspondences is given, as well as evidence from bound morphology and pronoun","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57386763,"asset_id":37329213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8803011,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Fedden","domain_name":"paris3","page_name":"SebastianFedden","display_name":"Sebastian Fedden","profile_url":"https://paris3.academia.edu/SebastianFedden?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8803011/9581526/10706718/s65_sebastian.fedden.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":19844,"name":"Trans New Guinea languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trans_New_Guinea_languages?f_ri=101"},{"id":20606,"name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papua_New_Guinea?f_ri=101"},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=101"},{"id":177125,"name":"Language Culture and Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Culture_and_Communication?f_ri=101"},{"id":382178,"name":"Cognates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognates?f_ri=101"},{"id":392226,"name":"New Guinea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Guinea?f_ri=101"},{"id":3022686,"name":"Mian (Ok language, Trans New Guinea)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mian_Ok_language_Trans_New_Guinea_?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38825863" data-work_id="38825863" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38825863/Learn_Japanese_Brochure">Learn Japanese Brochure</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Our Japanese textbook, “Japanese in 30 Weeks Romaji Course” is based on exclusive method only to our online school. You can expect the following outcome. • Communicate with Japanese scholars, diplomats and those with high social ranks. •... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38825863" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Our Japanese textbook, “Japanese in 30 Weeks Romaji Course” is based on exclusive method only to our online school.  You can expect the following outcome.<br />• Communicate with Japanese scholars, diplomats and those with high social ranks.<br />• Japanese Language Standard Exams<br />• Essential communication with friends, family and business such as below.<br />• Introduce yourself, greeting, giving directions, shop, job interview, studying in school and tell days and times and writing diary, accounting, days and time, comparing and contrasting, suggestions, guessing and advice<br />• Friendly informal Conversation<br />• School, work, and trip</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38825863" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="669d43877bf14e1a4d5c5117ec55e851" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58919085,"asset_id":38825863,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58919085/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31764987" href="https://independent.academia.edu/swacia">Hideko Nagashima</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31764987" type="text/json">{"id":31764987,"first_name":"Hideko","last_name":"Nagashima","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"swacia","display_name":"Hideko Nagashima","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/swacia?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31764987/20402634/126319264/s65_hideko.nagashima.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38825863 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38825863"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38825863, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38825863", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38825863]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38825863").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38825863").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38825863"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="387" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies">Japanese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="387" type="text/json">{"id":387,"name":"Japanese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3457" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Teaching">Learning and Teaching</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3457" type="text/json">{"id":3457,"name":"Learning and Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Teaching?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38825863]'), work: {"id":38825863,"title":"Learn Japanese Brochure","created_at":"2019-04-16T05:56:51.100-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38825863/Learn_Japanese_Brochure?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_38825863","summary":"Our Japanese textbook, “Japanese in 30 Weeks Romaji Course” is based on exclusive method only to our online school. You can expect the following outcome.\n•\tCommunicate with Japanese scholars, diplomats and those with high social ranks.\n•\tJapanese Language Standard Exams\n•\tEssential communication with friends, family and business such as below.\n•\tIntroduce yourself, greeting, giving directions, shop, job interview, studying in school and tell days and times and writing diary, accounting, days and time, comparing and contrasting, suggestions, guessing and advice\n•\tFriendly informal Conversation\n•\tSchool, work, and trip\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58919085,"asset_id":38825863,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31764987,"first_name":"Hideko","last_name":"Nagashima","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"swacia","display_name":"Hideko Nagashima","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/swacia?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31764987/20402634/126319264/s65_hideko.nagashima.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":387,"name":"Japanese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":3457,"name":"Learning and Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Teaching?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69071042" data-work_id="69071042" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69071042/Physiological_Correlations_of_English_Speech_Sounds_a_Pragmatic_Analysis">Physiological Correlations of English Speech Sounds - a Pragmatic Analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study takes a close look at the link between English sounds as realized in normal speech. Sounds are discrete entities that carry in them abstractions which is the import of phonology in every language. The physical properties of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69071042" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study takes a close look at the link between English sounds as realized in normal speech. Sounds are discrete entities that carry in them abstractions which is the import of phonology in every language. The physical properties of sounds which are realized in speech production undoubtedly have an interrelation with this discrete nature of sounds. The researcher adopted a purely analytical approach in viewing this topic, with little reliance on literature. It may be described as a purely scientific study as the researcher uses practical examples and correlates to drum home the interconnection between abstract sounds and their physical properties. The study notes that a letter of the English alphabet, for instance ‘y’, has different production realisations as both a vowel and a consonant based on the articulatory nuances a phonetic analyst associates with it. And secondly, the study finds that English speech sound may or may not have the same physiological identification with its ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69071042" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c58a4ae4011030eabe64a29cde10c424" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79309553,"asset_id":69071042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79309553/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="78574805" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrJustineBakuuro">Dr. Justine Bakuuro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="78574805" type="text/json">{"id":78574805,"first_name":"Dr. Justine","last_name":"Bakuuro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrJustineBakuuro","display_name":"Dr. Justine Bakuuro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrJustineBakuuro?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/78574805/22538469/136278202/s65_justine.bakuuro.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69071042 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69071042"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69071042, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69071042", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69071042]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69071042").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69071042").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69071042"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69071042]'), work: {"id":69071042,"title":"Physiological Correlations of English Speech Sounds - a Pragmatic Analysis","created_at":"2022-01-21T17:39:20.036-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69071042/Physiological_Correlations_of_English_Speech_Sounds_a_Pragmatic_Analysis?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_69071042","summary":"This study takes a close look at the link between English sounds as realized in normal speech. Sounds are discrete entities that carry in them abstractions which is the import of phonology in every language. The physical properties of sounds which are realized in speech production undoubtedly have an interrelation with this discrete nature of sounds. The researcher adopted a purely analytical approach in viewing this topic, with little reliance on literature. It may be described as a purely scientific study as the researcher uses practical examples and correlates to drum home the interconnection between abstract sounds and their physical properties. The study notes that a letter of the English alphabet, for instance ‘y’, has different production realisations as both a vowel and a consonant based on the articulatory nuances a phonetic analyst associates with it. And secondly, the study finds that English speech sound may or may not have the same physiological identification with its ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79309553,"asset_id":69071042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":78574805,"first_name":"Dr. Justine","last_name":"Bakuuro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrJustineBakuuro","display_name":"Dr. Justine Bakuuro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrJustineBakuuro?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/78574805/22538469/136278202/s65_justine.bakuuro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=101"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":17540,"name":"English Phonetics and Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology?f_ri=101"},{"id":21025,"name":"Acoustic Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acoustic_Phonetics?f_ri=101"},{"id":24938,"name":"Articulatory Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Articulatory_Phonetics?f_ri=101"},{"id":31224,"name":"Phonetics and Pronunciation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics_and_Pronunciation?f_ri=101"},{"id":41980,"name":"Lingüística","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica?f_ri=101"},{"id":60338,"name":"Phonetics and Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics_and_Phonology?f_ri=101"},{"id":384736,"name":"Articulatory Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Articulatory_Phonology?f_ri=101"},{"id":624707,"name":"English Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language-2?f_ri=101"},{"id":852990,"name":"Discrete","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrete?f_ri=101"},{"id":893960,"name":"Entities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entities?f_ri=101"},{"id":982489,"name":"Interrelation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interrelation?f_ri=101"},{"id":2533989,"name":"critical English sounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/critical_English_sounds?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62261915" data-work_id="62261915" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62261915/Setting_Hearing_Aids_Differently_for_Different_Languages">Setting Hearing Aids Differently for Different Languages</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In setting a hearing aid, the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII)the percentage of speech cues that are audible-tells most of the story but is far from the entire picture. It can provide information on the various frequency importance... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62261915" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In setting a hearing aid, the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII)the percentage of speech cues that are audible-tells most of the story but is far from the entire picture. It can provide information on the various frequency importance bands in different languages (and thereby which phonemes or speech sounds are important), but it does not provide information on word-level and sentence-level cues that may be very important as well. Phoneme-level differences (seen in an SII) could result in a change in the frequency response and output specification for hearing aids such as an increase bass response in a language that has a larger number of sonorants than English or an increase in the frequency response in the 3000-Hz region for those (Slavic) languages that have palatalization as a distinctive cue. However, word-and sentence-level differences would not typically be seen in the SII measure and may necessitate changes in various compression-related parameters. For example, languages such as Japanese that have a rigid morphological consonant-vowel-consonant structure may necessitate a different release time for their nonlinear processing to maintain audibility of the quieter consonants. Sentence-level differences seen for subject-object-verb languages such as Hindi and Urdu may require increased amplification for soft-level inputs. Specific recommendations on how to program a hearing aid for many non-English languages are given, based on their phoneme-, word-, and sentence-level grammatical characteristics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62261915" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="881e4b52129c667a8bf7e4059a967beb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75085787,"asset_id":62261915,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75085787/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="140666471" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MChasin">Marshall Chasin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="140666471" type="text/json">{"id":140666471,"first_name":"Marshall","last_name":"Chasin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MChasin","display_name":"Marshall Chasin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MChasin?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62261915 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62261915"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62261915, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62261915", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62261915 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62261915; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62261915"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62261915 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62261915"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62261915; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62261915]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62261915").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62261915").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62261915"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62261915]'), work: {"id":62261915,"title":"Setting Hearing Aids Differently for Different Languages","created_at":"2021-11-24T04:27:27.260-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62261915/Setting_Hearing_Aids_Differently_for_Different_Languages?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_62261915","summary":"In setting a hearing aid, the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII)the percentage of speech cues that are audible-tells most of the story but is far from the entire picture. It can provide information on the various frequency importance bands in different languages (and thereby which phonemes or speech sounds are important), but it does not provide information on word-level and sentence-level cues that may be very important as well. Phoneme-level differences (seen in an SII) could result in a change in the frequency response and output specification for hearing aids such as an increase bass response in a language that has a larger number of sonorants than English or an increase in the frequency response in the 3000-Hz region for those (Slavic) languages that have palatalization as a distinctive cue. However, word-and sentence-level differences would not typically be seen in the SII measure and may necessitate changes in various compression-related parameters. For example, languages such as Japanese that have a rigid morphological consonant-vowel-consonant structure may necessitate a different release time for their nonlinear processing to maintain audibility of the quieter consonants. Sentence-level differences seen for subject-object-verb languages such as Hindi and Urdu may require increased amplification for soft-level inputs. Specific recommendations on how to program a hearing aid for many non-English languages are given, based on their phoneme-, word-, and sentence-level grammatical characteristics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75085787,"asset_id":62261915,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":140666471,"first_name":"Marshall","last_name":"Chasin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MChasin","display_name":"Marshall Chasin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MChasin?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_862726" data-work_id="862726" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/862726/Netzbasierte_Kommunikation_Identit%C3%A4t_und_Gemeinschaft_Net_Based_Communication_Identity_and_Community">Netzbasierte Kommunikation, Identität und Gemeinschaft / Net-Based Communication, Identity and Community</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">""Netzbasierte Kommunikation, Identität und Gemeinschaft" – in diesem Band finden sich zwanzig Beiträge versammelt, gruppiert um ein thematisches Zentrum: sich verändernde Muster individueller und kollektiver Identitätsbildungen in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_862726" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">""Netzbasierte Kommunikation, Identität und Gemeinschaft" – in diesem Band finden sich zwanzig Beiträge versammelt, gruppiert um ein thematisches Zentrum: sich verändernde Muster individueller und kollektiver Identitätsbildungen in Verbindung mit sich verändernden Formen in der Assoziation zusammen lebender, interagierender oder miteinander kommunizierender Personen. <br />Als "sozio-kulturelle Transformationen" sind diese Veränderungen nicht einfach Folge erweiterter technischer Möglichkeiten oder deren breiterer Nutzung. Internet, computervermittelte Kommunikation und neue Medien zeichnen sich vielmehr dadurch aus, dass sie die Verhältnisse von "Virtualität und Realität" sowie von "Raum und Zeit" in einem bisher unbekannten Ausmaß gesellschaftlich verfügbar und gestaltbar machen. <br />Für uns ergeben sich damit neue Bedingungen und Modalitäten in der Expression und Wahrnehmung eigenen und fremden "kommunikativen Handelns" sowie im Arrangement des räumlichen und zeitlichen aufeinander Bezugnehmens von Interaktionen. Zu diskutieren sind daher ebenso vielfältige wie weitreichende Konsequenzen für unser Selbst- und Weltbild, unsere Vergesellschaftungsformen, die politische Willensbildung und die Diversität sprachlich-kultureller Praktiken überhaupt."</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/862726" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cb610640ec8c81ef2bdf35b3b58590b2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12260805,"asset_id":862726,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12260805/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="690035" href="https://unibz.academia.edu/AndreasMetznerSzigeth">Andreas Metzner-Szigeth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="690035" type="text/json">{"id":690035,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Metzner-Szigeth","domain_name":"unibz","page_name":"AndreasMetznerSzigeth","display_name":"Andreas Metzner-Szigeth","profile_url":"https://unibz.academia.edu/AndreasMetznerSzigeth?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/690035/236459/13498541/s65_andreas.metzner-szigeth.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_862726 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="862726"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 862726, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_862726", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_862726 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 862726; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_862726"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_862726 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="862726"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 862726; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=862726]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_862726").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_862726").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="862726"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=862726]'), work: {"id":862726,"title":"Netzbasierte Kommunikation, Identität und Gemeinschaft / Net-Based Communication, Identity and Community","created_at":"2011-08-28T02:29:41.294-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/862726/Netzbasierte_Kommunikation_Identit%C3%A4t_und_Gemeinschaft_Net_Based_Communication_Identity_and_Community?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_862726","summary":"\"\"Netzbasierte Kommunikation, Identität und Gemeinschaft\" – in diesem Band finden sich zwanzig Beiträge versammelt, gruppiert um ein thematisches Zentrum: sich verändernde Muster individueller und kollektiver Identitätsbildungen in Verbindung mit sich verändernden Formen in der Assoziation zusammen lebender, interagierender oder miteinander kommunizierender Personen. \r\nAls \"sozio-kulturelle Transformationen\" sind diese Veränderungen nicht einfach Folge erweiterter technischer Möglichkeiten oder deren breiterer Nutzung. Internet, computervermittelte Kommunikation und neue Medien zeichnen sich vielmehr dadurch aus, dass sie die Verhältnisse von \"Virtualität und Realität\" sowie von \"Raum und Zeit\" in einem bisher unbekannten Ausmaß gesellschaftlich verfügbar und gestaltbar machen. \r\nFür uns ergeben sich damit neue Bedingungen und Modalitäten in der Expression und Wahrnehmung eigenen und fremden \"kommunikativen Handelns\" sowie im Arrangement des räumlichen und zeitlichen aufeinander Bezugnehmens von Interaktionen. Zu diskutieren sind daher ebenso vielfältige wie weitreichende Konsequenzen für unser Selbst- und Weltbild, unsere Vergesellschaftungsformen, die politische Willensbildung und die Diversität sprachlich-kultureller Praktiken überhaupt.\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":12260805,"asset_id":862726,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":690035,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Metzner-Szigeth","domain_name":"unibz","page_name":"AndreasMetznerSzigeth","display_name":"Andreas Metzner-Szigeth","profile_url":"https://unibz.academia.edu/AndreasMetznerSzigeth?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/690035/236459/13498541/s65_andreas.metzner-szigeth.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":972,"name":"Self and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_and_Identity?f_ri=101"},{"id":1197,"name":"Digital Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Humanities?f_ri=101"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=101"},{"id":1759,"name":"Internet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":2099,"name":"Information Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Society?f_ri=101"},{"id":2553,"name":"Social Networking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networking?f_ri=101"},{"id":3030,"name":"Glocalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glocalization?f_ri=101"},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=101"},{"id":3510,"name":"Virtual Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Communities?f_ri=101"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=101"},{"id":6865,"name":"Digital Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Culture?f_ri=101"},{"id":7585,"name":"ICT in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICT_in_Education?f_ri=101"},{"id":7822,"name":"Internet Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_Governance?f_ri=101"},{"id":13354,"name":"Technology And Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_And_Culture?f_ri=101"},{"id":21479,"name":"Cultural Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Diversity?f_ri=101"},{"id":21842,"name":"Virtual Worlds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Worlds?f_ri=101"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=101"},{"id":30947,"name":"The Internet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Internet?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64320204" data-work_id="64320204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64320204/Students_Perceptions_of_Involvement_in_the_Assessment_of_Oral_Competence_in_English_as_a_Second_Language">Students’ Perceptions of Involvement in the Assessment of Oral Competence in English as a Second Language</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This mixed-method study examined students’ perceptions of involvement in the assessment practice of oral competence in English in Norwegian upper secondary schools. Student involvement in assessment can be seen as a key factor when it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64320204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This mixed-method study examined students’ perceptions of involvement in the assessment practice of oral competence in English in Norwegian upper secondary schools. Student involvement in assessment can be seen as a key factor when it comes to enhancing students’ learning outcome and motivation. Previous research has, however, shown that student involvement and the assessment of oral competence in English as a second language classes have been challenging. Surveys (N = 116) and two focus group interviews (N = 8) were used. The findings revealed that the students wanted to be more involved in the assessment practice. Moreover, the students saw this increased involvement as a way to enhance their oral competence in English. The students expressed uncertainty as to what they were assessed by. The implications of this study suggest that increased involvement in developing goals and criteria and more dialogue-based feedback are beneficial measures for strengthening students’ learning out...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64320204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="973cc26306168c867ea8f4e9d1bf795a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76408237,"asset_id":64320204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76408237/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3254371" href="https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/LiseSandvik">Lise Sandvik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3254371" type="text/json">{"id":3254371,"first_name":"Lise","last_name":"Sandvik","domain_name":"ntnu-no","page_name":"LiseSandvik","display_name":"Lise Sandvik","profile_url":"https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/LiseSandvik?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3254371/1075449/3187252/s65_lise.sandvik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64320204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64320204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64320204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64320204", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64320204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64320204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64320204"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64320204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64320204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64320204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64320204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64320204").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64320204").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64320204"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64320204]'), work: {"id":64320204,"title":"Students’ Perceptions of Involvement in the Assessment of Oral Competence in English as a Second Language","created_at":"2021-12-15T08:31:35.498-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64320204/Students_Perceptions_of_Involvement_in_the_Assessment_of_Oral_Competence_in_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_64320204","summary":"This mixed-method study examined students’ perceptions of involvement in the assessment practice of oral competence in English in Norwegian upper secondary schools. Student involvement in assessment can be seen as a key factor when it comes to enhancing students’ learning outcome and motivation. Previous research has, however, shown that student involvement and the assessment of oral competence in English as a second language classes have been challenging. Surveys (N = 116) and two focus group interviews (N = 8) were used. The findings revealed that the students wanted to be more involved in the assessment practice. Moreover, the students saw this increased involvement as a way to enhance their oral competence in English. The students expressed uncertainty as to what they were assessed by. The implications of this study suggest that increased involvement in developing goals and criteria and more dialogue-based feedback are beneficial measures for strengthening students’ learning out...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76408237,"asset_id":64320204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3254371,"first_name":"Lise","last_name":"Sandvik","domain_name":"ntnu-no","page_name":"LiseSandvik","display_name":"Lise Sandvik","profile_url":"https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/LiseSandvik?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3254371/1075449/3187252/s65_lise.sandvik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44457253" data-work_id="44457253" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44457253/A_tour_de_France_in_search_of_regional_languages">A tour de France in search of regional languages</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Opinion: can minority languages and regional dialects like Corsican and Flemish survive in a country which has just one official language?</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44457253" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00dfa27e36614992b883a2c96d6ec292" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64881566,"asset_id":44457253,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64881566/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="96391015" href="https://univ-lille2.academia.edu/ciarancrowley">Ciarán Crowley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="96391015" type="text/json">{"id":96391015,"first_name":"Ciarán","last_name":"Crowley","domain_name":"univ-lille2","page_name":"ciarancrowley","display_name":"Ciarán Crowley","profile_url":"https://univ-lille2.academia.edu/ciarancrowley?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/96391015/22201020/90760395/s65_ciar_n.crowley.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44457253 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44457253"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44457253, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44457253", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44457253 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44457253; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44457253"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44457253 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44457253"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44457253; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44457253]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44457253").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44457253").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44457253"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27336" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France">France</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27336" type="text/json">{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="331065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/regional_and_minority_languages_of_Europe">regional and minority languages of Europe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="331065" type="text/json">{"id":331065,"name":"regional and minority languages of Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/regional_and_minority_languages_of_Europe?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1767758" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_of_France">Languages of France</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1767758" type="text/json">{"id":1767758,"name":"Languages of France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_of_France?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44457253]'), work: {"id":44457253,"title":"A tour de France in search of regional languages","created_at":"2020-11-08T12:58:00.373-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44457253/A_tour_de_France_in_search_of_regional_languages?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_44457253","summary":"Opinion: can minority languages and regional dialects like Corsican and Flemish survive in a country which has just one official language?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64881566,"asset_id":44457253,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":96391015,"first_name":"Ciarán","last_name":"Crowley","domain_name":"univ-lille2","page_name":"ciarancrowley","display_name":"Ciarán Crowley","profile_url":"https://univ-lille2.academia.edu/ciarancrowley?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/96391015/22201020/90760395/s65_ciar_n.crowley.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":331065,"name":"regional and minority languages of Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/regional_and_minority_languages_of_Europe?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1767758,"name":"Languages of France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_of_France?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8597319" data-work_id="8597319" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8597319/English_Language_Brochure">English Language Brochure</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Competency in the English Language can greatly improve both work and study opportunities. Global College Malta has a range of flexible tuition options to suit every student.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8597319" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="50a60a2f52a306b2718b91885e703ac5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34964116,"asset_id":8597319,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34964116/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6752133" href="https://gcmalta.academia.edu/GlobalCollegeMalta">Global College Malta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6752133" type="text/json">{"id":6752133,"first_name":"Global College","last_name":"Malta","domain_name":"gcmalta","page_name":"GlobalCollegeMalta","display_name":"Global College Malta","profile_url":"https://gcmalta.academia.edu/GlobalCollegeMalta?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6752133/2638740/3069527/s65_global_college.malta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8597319 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8597319"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8597319, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8597319", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8597319 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8597319; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8597319"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8597319 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8597319"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8597319; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8597319]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8597319").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8597319").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8597319"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1007" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language">Teaching English as a Second Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1007" type="text/json">{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6223" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English">English</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6223" type="text/json">{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8597319]'), work: {"id":8597319,"title":"English Language Brochure","created_at":"2014-10-01T21:37:03.808-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8597319/English_Language_Brochure?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_8597319","summary":"Competency in the English Language can greatly improve both work and study opportunities. Global College Malta has a range of flexible tuition options to suit every student.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34964116,"asset_id":8597319,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6752133,"first_name":"Global College","last_name":"Malta","domain_name":"gcmalta","page_name":"GlobalCollegeMalta","display_name":"Global College Malta","profile_url":"https://gcmalta.academia.edu/GlobalCollegeMalta?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6752133/2638740/3069527/s65_global_college.malta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":15439,"name":"Teaching English As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":46596,"name":"English language teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_teaching?f_ri=101"},{"id":169010,"name":"ESOL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ESOL?f_ri=101"},{"id":535335,"name":"Efl and Esol Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efl_and_Esol_Teaching?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73580759" data-work_id="73580759" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73580759/A_unified_formal_model_for_service_oriented_architecture_to_enforce_security_contracts">A unified formal model for service oriented architecture to enforce security contracts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper we introduce a model as a foundation for het-erogeneous services, therefore unifying web services tech-nologies in SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), specif-ically, SOAP/WS * and RESTful models. This model ab-stracts away... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73580759" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper we introduce a model as a foundation for het-erogeneous services, therefore unifying web services tech-nologies in SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), specif-ically, SOAP/WS * and RESTful models. This model ab-stracts away from service implementations, in order to verify and to enforce some important security properties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73580759" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="912d48bf84a795ab0d2056ec7044d706" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82047596,"asset_id":73580759,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82047596/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48228395" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DianaAllam">Diana Allam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48228395" type="text/json">{"id":48228395,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Allam","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DianaAllam","display_name":"Diana Allam","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DianaAllam?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73580759 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73580759"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73580759, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73580759", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73580759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73580759").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73580759").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73580759"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3205" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Oriented_Architecture">Service Oriented Architecture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3205" type="text/json">{"id":3205,"name":"Service Oriented Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Oriented_Architecture?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4370" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security">Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4370" type="text/json">{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73580759]'), work: {"id":73580759,"title":"A unified formal model for service oriented architecture to enforce security contracts","created_at":"2022-03-11T23:13:58.830-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73580759/A_unified_formal_model_for_service_oriented_architecture_to_enforce_security_contracts?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_73580759","summary":"In this paper we introduce a model as a foundation for het-erogeneous services, therefore unifying web services tech-nologies in SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), specif-ically, SOAP/WS * and RESTful models. This model ab-stracts away from service implementations, in order to verify and to enforce some important security properties.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82047596,"asset_id":73580759,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48228395,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Allam","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DianaAllam","display_name":"Diana Allam","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DianaAllam?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":3205,"name":"Service Oriented Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Oriented_Architecture?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":14681,"name":"Formal methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_methods?f_ri=101"},{"id":43492,"name":"Standardization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standardization?f_ri=101"},{"id":126194,"name":"Formal method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_method?f_ri=101"},{"id":317992,"name":"Web Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Service?f_ri=101"},{"id":422532,"name":"Constraints","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constraints?f_ri=101"},{"id":780669,"name":"Input Output","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Input_Output?f_ri=101"},{"id":1291175,"name":"Aspects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aspects?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41325646" data-work_id="41325646" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41325646/Forms_of_Pluralism_and_Democratic_Constitutionalism_Conclusion_">Forms of Pluralism and Democratic Constitutionalism (Conclusion)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41325646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57b253261947f8486ffefd1212d0c98a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61529980,"asset_id":41325646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61529980/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="142274" href="https://sciences-po.academia.edu/AstridVonBusekist">Astrid von Busekist</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="142274" type="text/json">{"id":142274,"first_name":"Astrid","last_name":"von Busekist","domain_name":"sciences-po","page_name":"AstridVonBusekist","display_name":"Astrid von Busekist","profile_url":"https://sciences-po.academia.edu/AstridVonBusekist?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/142274/3214002/31740249/s65_astrid.von_busekist.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41325646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41325646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41325646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41325646", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41325646]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41325646").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41325646").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41325646"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6612" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Pluralism">Legal Pluralism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6612" type="text/json">{"id":6612,"name":"Legal Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Pluralism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30471" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30471" type="text/json">{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41325646]'), work: {"id":41325646,"title":"Forms of Pluralism and Democratic Constitutionalism (Conclusion)","created_at":"2019-12-16T07:04:44.255-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41325646/Forms_of_Pluralism_and_Democratic_Constitutionalism_Conclusion_?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_41325646","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61529980,"asset_id":41325646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":142274,"first_name":"Astrid","last_name":"von Busekist","domain_name":"sciences-po","page_name":"AstridVonBusekist","display_name":"Astrid von Busekist","profile_url":"https://sciences-po.academia.edu/AstridVonBusekist?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/142274/3214002/31740249/s65_astrid.von_busekist.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":6612,"name":"Legal Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Pluralism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38164393" data-work_id="38164393" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38164393/PRINCIPALS_PRE_SCHOOL_TEACHERS_AND_PARENTS_VIEWS_ON_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_THE_LIFE_FOCUSED_FOREIGN_LANGUAGE_ACQUISITION_PROGRAM_WHICH_IS_DEVELOPED_FOR_PRE_SCHOOL_AGED_CHILDREN">PRINCIPALS, PRE-SCHOOL TEACHERS AND PARENTS’ VIEWS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LIFE-FOCUSED FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION PROGRAM WHICH IS DEVELOPED FOR PRE-SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present study was carried out to determine the views and thoughts of school principals, teachers and pre-school children‘s parents about the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program (LFFLAP.) The research was carried out... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38164393" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present study was carried out to determine the views and thoughts of school principals, teachers and pre-school children‘s parents about the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program (LFFLAP.) The research was carried out qualitatively. In order to collect the qualitative data, a semi-structured interview form, which was developed by the researcher, was used. The collection of qualitative data was between December 1, 2015 and February 19, 2016. Interviews were done with 38 participants. The participants were as follows: one principal, one assistant principal, four teachers and 32 parents. The qualitative data obtained in the study was analyzed by ―content analysis‖ technique. Word Clouds Program was used to determine the relevant concepts and distributions that emerged during the interviews. As a result of analysis of various data obtained from parents, teachers, and the school principal and assistant principal in the study, positive opinions regarding the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program were found. The themes that emerged during the interviews are as follows: active foreign language use, active transfer of foreign language, self-confidence in using foreign language, active interest/positive attitude towards foreign language, improvement in self-expression/pronunciation, sharing whatever is learned effectively, making progress actively in the foreign language and multiple experiences in foreign language learning (visual, auditory, etc.).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38164393" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b0023eed26010d4a71899e4566d8f807" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58198662,"asset_id":38164393,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58198662/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55713366" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UsluBanu">Banu Uslu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55713366" type="text/json">{"id":55713366,"first_name":"Banu","last_name":"Uslu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UsluBanu","display_name":"Banu Uslu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UsluBanu?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55713366/21908261/21180010/s65_banu.uslu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38164393 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38164393"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38164393, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38164393", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38164393]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38164393").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38164393").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38164393"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38164393]'), work: {"id":38164393,"title":"PRINCIPALS, PRE-SCHOOL TEACHERS AND PARENTS’ VIEWS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LIFE-FOCUSED FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION PROGRAM WHICH IS DEVELOPED FOR PRE-SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN","created_at":"2019-01-16T11:27:45.501-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38164393/PRINCIPALS_PRE_SCHOOL_TEACHERS_AND_PARENTS_VIEWS_ON_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_THE_LIFE_FOCUSED_FOREIGN_LANGUAGE_ACQUISITION_PROGRAM_WHICH_IS_DEVELOPED_FOR_PRE_SCHOOL_AGED_CHILDREN?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_38164393","summary":"The present study was carried out to determine the views and thoughts of school principals, teachers and pre-school children‘s parents about the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program (LFFLAP.) The research was carried out qualitatively. In order to collect the qualitative data, a semi-structured interview form, which was developed by the researcher, was used. The collection of qualitative data was between December 1, 2015 and February 19, 2016. Interviews were done with 38 participants. The participants were as follows: one principal, one assistant principal, four teachers and 32 parents. The qualitative data obtained in the study was analyzed by ―content analysis‖ technique. Word Clouds Program was used to determine the relevant concepts and distributions that emerged during the interviews. As a result of analysis of various data obtained from parents, teachers, and the school principal and assistant principal in the study, positive opinions regarding the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program were found. The themes that emerged during the interviews are as follows: active foreign language use, active transfer of foreign language, self-confidence in using foreign language, active interest/positive attitude towards foreign language, improvement in self-expression/pronunciation, sharing whatever is learned effectively, making progress actively in the foreign language and multiple experiences in foreign language learning (visual, auditory, etc.).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58198662,"asset_id":38164393,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55713366,"first_name":"Banu","last_name":"Uslu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UsluBanu","display_name":"Banu Uslu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UsluBanu?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55713366/21908261/21180010/s65_banu.uslu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35210351 coauthored" data-work_id="35210351" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35210351/The_grammaticalization_of_progressive_aspect_in_Persian_In_The_Grammaticalization_of_Tense_Aspect_Modality_and_Evidentiality_A_Functional_Perspective_Hengeveld_Kees_Narrog_Heiko_Olbertz_Hella_Eds_Series_Trends_in_Linguistics_Studies_and_Monographs_September_2017_">The grammaticalization of progressive aspect in Persian (In: The Grammaticalization of Tense, Aspect, Modality and Evidentiality: A Functional Perspective, Hengeveld, Kees / Narrog, Heiko / Olbertz, Hella (Eds). Series:Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs . September 2017)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper investigates the development of the Persian lexical verb dâštan 'have', which has grammaticalized into an auxiliary verb functioning primarily as a progressive aspect marker in durative situations, and which is currently... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35210351" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper investigates the development of the Persian lexical verb dâštan 'have', which has grammaticalized into an auxiliary verb functioning primarily as a progressive aspect marker in durative situations, and which is currently developing into a prospective marker with achievement verbs. Possessive progressives are a cross-linguistic rarity and deserve attention. We suggest that the progressive function arose through context-induced reinterpretation based on metonymic relations. The resulting reinterpretation of dâštan 'have' to 'ongoingness of a durative event' represents a conceptual shift, in the form of metaphoric extension, from possessing a physical object to possessing the continuum of an action in a focal point of utterance. We will also illustrate that the progressive's focus on subjective notions leads to its development as an expression of the speaker's attitude that does not describe properties of a situation in the extralinguistic world but rather in the subjective conceptualization of the speaker. The auxiliation process of dâštan 'have' in Persian will be analyzed based on the Auxiliation Dimensions Model proposed by Davari and Naghzguy-Kohan (forthcoming), which focuses on the force, the source and the degree of auxiliation. We also point out that these changes are in tune with the overall directionality of semantic change in grammaticalization according to Narrog (2012), namely, increase in speaker-orientation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35210351" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e3abf39ba91d2b469ccbdb30bfe8d63" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55070591,"asset_id":35210351,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55070591/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="198893" href="https://tums.academia.edu/ShadiDavari">Shadi Davari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="198893" type="text/json">{"id":198893,"first_name":"Shadi","last_name":"Davari","domain_name":"tums","page_name":"ShadiDavari","display_name":"Shadi Davari","profile_url":"https://tums.academia.edu/ShadiDavari?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/198893/78999/17610794/s65_shadi.davari.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35210351">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35210351"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://basu.academia.edu/MehrdadNaghzuguyKohan">Mehrdad Naghzguy-Kohan</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35210351'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35210351').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35210351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35210351"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35210351, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35210351", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35210351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35210351; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35210351"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35210351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35210351"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35210351; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35210351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35210351").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35210351").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35210351"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_">Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="778" type="text/json">{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35210351]'), work: {"id":35210351,"title":"The grammaticalization of progressive aspect in Persian (In: The Grammaticalization of Tense, Aspect, Modality and Evidentiality: A Functional Perspective, Hengeveld, Kees / Narrog, Heiko / Olbertz, Hella (Eds). Series:Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs . September 2017)","created_at":"2017-11-21T05:54:35.772-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35210351/The_grammaticalization_of_progressive_aspect_in_Persian_In_The_Grammaticalization_of_Tense_Aspect_Modality_and_Evidentiality_A_Functional_Perspective_Hengeveld_Kees_Narrog_Heiko_Olbertz_Hella_Eds_Series_Trends_in_Linguistics_Studies_and_Monographs_September_2017_?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_35210351","summary":"This paper investigates the development of the Persian lexical verb dâštan 'have', which has grammaticalized into an auxiliary verb functioning primarily as a progressive aspect marker in durative situations, and which is currently developing into a prospective marker with achievement verbs. Possessive progressives are a cross-linguistic rarity and deserve attention. We suggest that the progressive function arose through context-induced reinterpretation based on metonymic relations. The resulting reinterpretation of dâštan 'have' to 'ongoingness of a durative event' represents a conceptual shift, in the form of metaphoric extension, from possessing a physical object to possessing the continuum of an action in a focal point of utterance. We will also illustrate that the progressive's focus on subjective notions leads to its development as an expression of the speaker's attitude that does not describe properties of a situation in the extralinguistic world but rather in the subjective conceptualization of the speaker. The auxiliation process of dâštan 'have' in Persian will be analyzed based on the Auxiliation Dimensions Model proposed by Davari and Naghzguy-Kohan (forthcoming), which focuses on the force, the source and the degree of auxiliation. We also point out that these changes are in tune with the overall directionality of semantic change in grammaticalization according to Narrog (2012), namely, increase in speaker-orientation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55070591,"asset_id":35210351,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":198893,"first_name":"Shadi","last_name":"Davari","domain_name":"tums","page_name":"ShadiDavari","display_name":"Shadi Davari","profile_url":"https://tums.academia.edu/ShadiDavari?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/198893/78999/17610794/s65_shadi.davari.jpg"},{"id":672934,"first_name":"Mehrdad","last_name":"Naghzguy-Kohan","domain_name":"basu","page_name":"MehrdadNaghzuguyKohan","display_name":"Mehrdad Naghzguy-Kohan","profile_url":"https://basu.academia.edu/MehrdadNaghzuguyKohan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/672934/355804/4360739/s65_mehrdad.naghzguy_kohan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=101"},{"id":6049,"name":"Persian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":14820,"name":"Grammaticalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grammaticalization?f_ri=101"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":27631,"name":"Tense and Aspect Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tense_and_Aspect_Systems?f_ri=101"},{"id":38894,"name":"Old Persian (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Persian_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=101"},{"id":95862,"name":"Middle Persian literature and language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Persian_literature_and_language?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14960545 coauthored" data-work_id="14960545" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14960545/Total_and_Conceptual_Vocabulary_in_Spanish_English_Bilinguals_From_22_to_30_Months_Implications_for_Assessment">Total and Conceptual Vocabulary in Spanish-English Bilinguals From 22 to 30 Months: Implications for Assessment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: Vocabulary assessment holds promise as a way to identify young bilingual children at risk for language delay. This study compares 2 measures of vocabulary in a group of young Spanish-English bilingual children to a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14960545" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: Vocabulary assessment holds promise as a way to identify young bilingual children at risk for language delay. This study compares 2 measures of vocabulary in a group of young Spanish-English bilingual children to a single-language measure used with monolingual children. Method: Total vocabulary and conceptual vocabulary were used to measure mean vocabulary size and growth in 47 Spanish-English bilingually developing children from 22 to 30 months of age based on results from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI; and the Inventario del Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas . Bilingual children's scores of total vocabulary and conceptual vocabulary were compared with CDI scores for a control group of 56 monolingual children.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14960545" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aae6da1e786f20aa87ba26c6b901585a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43698960,"asset_id":14960545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43698960/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33955155" href="https://fau.academia.edu/ErikaHoff">Erika Hoff</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33955155" type="text/json">{"id":33955155,"first_name":"Erika","last_name":"Hoff","domain_name":"fau","page_name":"ErikaHoff","display_name":"Erika Hoff","profile_url":"https://fau.academia.edu/ErikaHoff?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14960545">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14960545"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://gwu.academia.edu/CynthiaCore">Cynthia Core</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14960545'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14960545').html(); 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This study compares 2 measures of vocabulary in a group of young Spanish-English bilingual children to a single-language measure used with monolingual children. Method: Total vocabulary and conceptual vocabulary were used to measure mean vocabulary size and growth in 47 Spanish-English bilingually developing children from 22 to 30 months of age based on results from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI; and the Inventario del Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas . Bilingual children's scores of total vocabulary and conceptual vocabulary were compared with CDI scores for a control group of 56 monolingual children.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43698960,"asset_id":14960545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33955155,"first_name":"Erika","last_name":"Hoff","domain_name":"fau","page_name":"ErikaHoff","display_name":"Erika Hoff","profile_url":"https://fau.academia.edu/ErikaHoff?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":7956234,"first_name":"Cynthia","last_name":"Core","domain_name":"gwu","page_name":"CynthiaCore","display_name":"Cynthia Core","profile_url":"https://gwu.academia.edu/CynthiaCore?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":1238,"name":"Spanish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2308,"name":"Multilingualism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilingualism?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":5591,"name":"Vocabulary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vocabulary?f_ri=101"},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=101"},{"id":9851,"name":"Language Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Development?f_ri=101"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101"},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":47268,"name":"Bilingualism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilingualism?f_ri=101"},{"id":97501,"name":"Concept Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concept_Formation?f_ri=101"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=101"},{"id":152553,"name":"Comparative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Analysis?f_ri=101"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=101"},{"id":555638,"name":"Vocabulary development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vocabulary_development?f_ri=101"},{"id":1239165,"name":"Child Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Language?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17733235" data-work_id="17733235" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17733235/Sense_and_Meaning_Facets_in_Verbal_Semantics_A_MARVS_Perspective">Sense and Meaning Facets in Verbal Semantics: A MARVS Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper explores the theory of lexical knowledge set forth in the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (Biq 2000) and extends its scope to include issues concerning verbal polysemy. Previous versions of the theory... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17733235" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores the theory of lexical knowledge set forth in the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (Biq 2000) and extends its scope to include issues concerning verbal polysemy. Previous versions of the theory postulated that different event structures required sense distinctions. In examining corpora data for the verbs &#39;put&#39; and &#39;set&#39; we argue that an additional criterion for &#39;sense&#39;</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17733235" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d0bc55de6419641b30b6ad950bdedcf0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39680011,"asset_id":17733235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39680011/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23098612" href="https://polyu.academia.edu/ChuRenHuang">Chu-Ren Huang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23098612" type="text/json">{"id":23098612,"first_name":"Chu-Ren","last_name":"Huang","domain_name":"polyu","page_name":"ChuRenHuang","display_name":"Chu-Ren Huang","profile_url":"https://polyu.academia.edu/ChuRenHuang?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23098612/6269390/24512145/s65_chu-ren.huang.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17733235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17733235"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17733235, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17733235", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17733235]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17733235").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17733235").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17733235"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Semantics">Lexical Semantics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13769" type="text/json">{"id":13769,"name":"Lexical Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Semantics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics">Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15674" type="text/json">{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1419159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Linguistics-2">Language Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1419159" type="text/json">{"id":1419159,"name":"Language Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Linguistics-2?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17733235]'), work: {"id":17733235,"title":"Sense and Meaning Facets in Verbal Semantics: A MARVS Perspective","created_at":"2015-11-04T05:49:23.887-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17733235/Sense_and_Meaning_Facets_in_Verbal_Semantics_A_MARVS_Perspective?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_17733235","summary":"This paper explores the theory of lexical knowledge set forth in the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (Biq 2000) and extends its scope to include issues concerning verbal polysemy. Previous versions of the theory postulated that different event structures required sense distinctions. 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Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Linguistics-2?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44987214" data-work_id="44987214" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44987214/Death_by_Monoculture">Death by Monoculture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Having just returned from a year spent documenting the language and culture of the remote Inughuit community of northwestern Greenland, Dr Stephen Leonard describes how he witnessed first-hand the manner in which globalisation and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44987214" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Having just returned from a year spent documenting the language and culture of the remote Inughuit community of northwestern Greenland, Dr Stephen Leonard describes how he witnessed first-hand the manner in which globalisation and consumerism are conspiring to destroy centuries-old cultures and traditions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44987214" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="578e487b29702ba7ac69cd55da784255" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65528457,"asset_id":44987214,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65528457/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="97106426" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/StephenPaxLeonard">Stephen Pax Leonard</a><script 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href="https://www.academia.edu/7532523/Reality_and_Humean_Supervenience_Essays_on_the_Philosophy_of_David_Lewis_Rowman_and_Littlefield_Lanham_Maryland">Reality and Humean Supervenience. Essays on the Philosophy of David Lewis Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The core of D. Lewis' many con tribution to philosophy, including his work in philosophical ontolo gy, intensional logic and semantics, probability and decision theory, and topics within philosophy of science as well as a distinguished... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7532523" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The core of D. Lewis' many con tribution to philosophy, including his work in philosophical ontolo gy, intensional logic and semantics, probability and decision theory, and topics within philosophy of science as well as a distinguished philosophy of mind, dan ve understood as the development of a philosophical postion that is centered around his conception of Humean supervenience. If we accept the thesis that i t is physical science and not philosophical reasoning that will eventually arrive at the basic constituents of all matter pertaining in our world will supervene on the class of physical truht in the following sense: there are no truth in any compartment of our world that cannot be accounted for in terms of differences and similarities among those properties and external space-time relationsthat are fundamental to our world accordint to physical science. <br />Together the published essays challenge  aspects of Lewis' philosophy, posing new questions  and opening up new points of view in one of contemporary philosophy's most  ingenious and independent authors. <br /> <br />Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland. <br /> <br /><a href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742512009/Reality-and-Humean-Supervenience-Essays-on-the-Philosophy-of-David-Lewis" rel="nofollow">https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742512009/Reality-and-Humean-Supervenience-Essays-on-the-Philosophy-of-David-Lewis</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7532523" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e5d6dccdf41828063bef237c0e0d8049" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34097189,"asset_id":7532523,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34097189/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4053267" href="https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/GerhardPreyer">Gerhard Preyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4053267" type="text/json">{"id":4053267,"first_name":"Gerhard","last_name":"Preyer","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"GerhardPreyer","display_name":"Gerhard Preyer","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/GerhardPreyer?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4053267/1550228/1880835/s65_gerhard.preyer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7532523 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7532523"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7532523, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7532523", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/42225776/_Mouthfuls_of_Languages_Displacement_Rupture_and_Reconciliation_in_Tony_Harrison_s_Poetry">"Mouthfuls" of Languages: Displacement, Rupture, and Reconciliation in Tony Harrison’s Poetry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The contemporary British poet Tony Harrison (1937-) has built his identity on a deep breach: born in Leeds from a working-class, loving family, he was then sent to a prestigious Grammar School thanks to his potential. Once there, he... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42225776" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The contemporary British poet Tony Harrison (1937-) has built his identity on a deep breach: born in Leeds from a working-class, loving family, he was then sent to a prestigious Grammar School thanks to his potential. Once there, he encountered Classic authors and masterpieces he would soon admire, but he also went through a harsh belittling, especially from a teacher who mocked his accent and Yorkshire dialect.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42225776" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f230d7cbcd1509ddc4cee19f30187eb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62375249,"asset_id":42225776,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62375249/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42878168" href="https://artois.academia.edu/LucieHoudu">Lucie Houdu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42878168" type="text/json">{"id":42878168,"first_name":"Lucie","last_name":"Houdu","domain_name":"artois","page_name":"LucieHoudu","display_name":"Lucie Houdu","profile_url":"https://artois.academia.edu/LucieHoudu?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42878168/15737186/16278240/s65_lucie.houdu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42225776 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42225776"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42225776, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42225776", }); 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classrooms: applied linguistic perspectives</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16531623" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="474a521e3eb605d85eecb22143daa858" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42446404,"asset_id":16531623,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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type="text/json">{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1139" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing">Publishing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1139" type="text/json">{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16531623]'), work: {"id":16531623,"title":"Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and Immersion classrooms: applied linguistic 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Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Pedagogy?f_ri=101"},{"id":37430,"name":"CLIL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CLIL?f_ri=101"},{"id":51200,"name":"Immersion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersion?f_ri=101"},{"id":90962,"name":"Academic research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_research?f_ri=101"},{"id":132495,"name":"Commissioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commissioning?f_ri=101"},{"id":385664,"name":"Language for special purposes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_for_special_purposes?f_ri=101"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42716616" data-work_id="42716616" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42716616/Pelatihan_TOEFL_bagi_Lembaga_MAMMESA">Pelatihan TOEFL bagi Lembaga MAMMESA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The partner of this Community Partnership Program was Mammesa Institution (Massenrempulu Meeting of the English Students Association). The problems were: (1) The absence of facilitators who were considered competent in carrying out TOEFL... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42716616" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The partner of this Community Partnership Program was Mammesa Institution (Massenrempulu Meeting of the English Students Association). The problems were: (1) The absence of facilitators who were considered competent in carrying out TOEFL training for Mammesa institution, (2) The TOEFL work program was not implemented because of financial constraints to bring up the facilitators. The expected outcome was that 80% of participants know the forms of questions in the TOEFL Test and are able to answer these questions using certain strategies. The approach used in the implementation of the training consisted of two methods, namely the presentation of material and the provision of tests. The results achieved were 90.3% of participants had known the forms of TOEFL questions and were able to answer these questions using the strategies that had been taught during the training. It was proved by the increase in scores they got from pre-test to post-test. Based on observations during the training activities, it can be concluded that the training participants were very enthusiastic in participating in the training. They earnestly paid attention to the presentation of material and asked questions that they did not understand. They were also very enthusiastic in working on examples of TOEFL Tets. They hope that similar activities will be carried out because it was very beneficial for them I. PENDAHULUAN Program Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris sangat penting bagi seorang mahasiswa, namun masih banyak juga yang belum menyadari perlunya Bahasa Inggris untuk diketahui. Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa bahasa inggris merupakan bahasa internasional yang paling banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia. Itulah mengapa bahasa inggris dipandang penting bagi seorang mahasiswa. Disamping itu, salah satu persyaratan seorang maha-siswa untuk mencapai gelar sarjana adalah harus melalui test bahasa inggris yang lebih dikenal sebagai TOEFL. TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test of English as Foreign Language (Test Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing), yang diorganisir oleh sebuah lembaga di Amerika Serikat yang bernama ETS (Educational Testing Service). Pada awalnya, TOEFL diperlukan bagi para pelajar di negara-negara yang bahasa utama-nya bukan bahasa Inggris, tetapi ingin melanjutkan studi ke negara-negara yang bahasa resminya adalah bahasa Inggris, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan negara-negara Eropa Barat. Ini diperlukan untuk memastikan bahwa siswa-siswa dari negara berbahasa non-bahasa Inggris tersebut dapat mengikuti perkuliahan di negara berbahasa Inggris dengan baik. Saat ini hampir semua bidang pekerjaan mensyarat-kan hasil TOEFL untuk bisa melamar pekerjaan. Beberapa instansi telah mengharuskan calon pelamar untuk melampirkan sertifikat TOEFL sebagai salah satu persyaratan mengingat pentingnya keterampilan dasar berbahasa Inggris. Seorang sarjana yang ingin melanjut-kan kuliah pada program pascasarjana sudah tentu harus memiliki sertifikat TOEFL dari lembaga-lembaga resmi yang diakui. TOEFL juga merupakan salah satu syarat mutlak untuk memperoleh beasiswa pascasarjana (S-2 dan S-3). Saat ini banyak sekali tawaran beasiswa pascasarjana untuk sarjana sarjana di Indonesia, baik untuk kuliah di dalam negeri maupun di luar negeri. Beberapa lembaga kursus membuka pelatihan untuk TOEFL test. Tidak sedikit masyarakat terutama mahasiswa yang tertarik untuk mengikuti pelatihan tersebut dengan harapan akan mendapatkan peng-etahuan yang mendalam mengenai cara-cara meng-hadapi TOEFL test. Namun terkadang mahasiswa terkendala pada masalah financial sehingga mereka memilih untuk belajar secara otodidak atau memper-banyak latihan mengerjakan test daripada harus mengeluarkan biaya yang tidak sedikit untuk mengikuti kursus pelatihan TOEFL. Disamping lembaga kursus, terdapat pula komunitas-komunitas bentukan mahasiswa yang bergerak dalam bidang bahasa Inggris, baik itu organisasi di dalam kampus maupun organisasi di luar kampus, termasuk organisasi daerah. Salah satu organisasi daerah yang berkonsentrasi pada pengembangan bahasa Inggris adalah Mammesa. Mammesa merupakan komunitas mahasiswa pencinta Bahasa Inggris yang terbentuk di FBS UNM Parang-tambung sejak tahun 2008. Meskipun lembaga ini dibentuk di kampus FBS UNM, namun sebenarnya tujuan awal dari lembaga ini adalah untuk mempererat silaturrahmi antar mahasiswa bahasa Inggris yang berasal dari Kabupaten Enrekang. Namun demikian, lembaga ini akhirnya berkembang sampai melibatkan</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42716616" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a03790964db14363027404c94bad5c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62931492,"asset_id":42716616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62931492/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="120180421" href="https://universitasnegerimakassar.academia.edu/RahmadRisan">Rahmad Risan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="120180421" type="text/json">{"id":120180421,"first_name":"Rahmad","last_name":"Risan","domain_name":"universitasnegerimakassar","page_name":"RahmadRisan","display_name":"Rahmad Risan","profile_url":"https://universitasnegerimakassar.academia.edu/RahmadRisan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/120180421/31214968/34244958/s65_rahmad.risan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42716616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42716616"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42716616, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42716616", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42716616]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42716616").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42716616").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42716616"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42716616]'), work: {"id":42716616,"title":"Pelatihan TOEFL bagi Lembaga MAMMESA","created_at":"2020-04-12T18:20:04.226-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42716616/Pelatihan_TOEFL_bagi_Lembaga_MAMMESA?f_ri=101","dom_id":"work_42716616","summary":"The partner of this Community Partnership Program was Mammesa Institution (Massenrempulu Meeting of the English Students Association). The problems were: (1) The absence of facilitators who were considered competent in carrying out TOEFL training for Mammesa institution, (2) The TOEFL work program was not implemented because of financial constraints to bring up the facilitators. The expected outcome was that 80% of participants know the forms of questions in the TOEFL Test and are able to answer these questions using certain strategies. The approach used in the implementation of the training consisted of two methods, namely the presentation of material and the provision of tests. The results achieved were 90.3% of participants had known the forms of TOEFL questions and were able to answer these questions using the strategies that had been taught during the training. It was proved by the increase in scores they got from pre-test to post-test. Based on observations during the training activities, it can be concluded that the training participants were very enthusiastic in participating in the training. They earnestly paid attention to the presentation of material and asked questions that they did not understand. They were also very enthusiastic in working on examples of TOEFL Tets. They hope that similar activities will be carried out because it was very beneficial for them I. PENDAHULUAN Program Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris sangat penting bagi seorang mahasiswa, namun masih banyak juga yang belum menyadari perlunya Bahasa Inggris untuk diketahui. Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa bahasa inggris merupakan bahasa internasional yang paling banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia. Itulah mengapa bahasa inggris dipandang penting bagi seorang mahasiswa. Disamping itu, salah satu persyaratan seorang maha-siswa untuk mencapai gelar sarjana adalah harus melalui test bahasa inggris yang lebih dikenal sebagai TOEFL. TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test of English as Foreign Language (Test Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing), yang diorganisir oleh sebuah lembaga di Amerika Serikat yang bernama ETS (Educational Testing Service). Pada awalnya, TOEFL diperlukan bagi para pelajar di negara-negara yang bahasa utama-nya bukan bahasa Inggris, tetapi ingin melanjutkan studi ke negara-negara yang bahasa resminya adalah bahasa Inggris, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan negara-negara Eropa Barat. Ini diperlukan untuk memastikan bahwa siswa-siswa dari negara berbahasa non-bahasa Inggris tersebut dapat mengikuti perkuliahan di negara berbahasa Inggris dengan baik. Saat ini hampir semua bidang pekerjaan mensyarat-kan hasil TOEFL untuk bisa melamar pekerjaan. Beberapa instansi telah mengharuskan calon pelamar untuk melampirkan sertifikat TOEFL sebagai salah satu persyaratan mengingat pentingnya keterampilan dasar berbahasa Inggris. Seorang sarjana yang ingin melanjut-kan kuliah pada program pascasarjana sudah tentu harus memiliki sertifikat TOEFL dari lembaga-lembaga resmi yang diakui. TOEFL juga merupakan salah satu syarat mutlak untuk memperoleh beasiswa pascasarjana (S-2 dan S-3). Saat ini banyak sekali tawaran beasiswa pascasarjana untuk sarjana sarjana di Indonesia, baik untuk kuliah di dalam negeri maupun di luar negeri. Beberapa lembaga kursus membuka pelatihan untuk TOEFL test. Tidak sedikit masyarakat terutama mahasiswa yang tertarik untuk mengikuti pelatihan tersebut dengan harapan akan mendapatkan peng-etahuan yang mendalam mengenai cara-cara meng-hadapi TOEFL test. Namun terkadang mahasiswa terkendala pada masalah financial sehingga mereka memilih untuk belajar secara otodidak atau memper-banyak latihan mengerjakan test daripada harus mengeluarkan biaya yang tidak sedikit untuk mengikuti kursus pelatihan TOEFL. Disamping lembaga kursus, terdapat pula komunitas-komunitas bentukan mahasiswa yang bergerak dalam bidang bahasa Inggris, baik itu organisasi di dalam kampus maupun organisasi di luar kampus, termasuk organisasi daerah. Salah satu organisasi daerah yang berkonsentrasi pada pengembangan bahasa Inggris adalah Mammesa. Mammesa merupakan komunitas mahasiswa pencinta Bahasa Inggris yang terbentuk di FBS UNM Parang-tambung sejak tahun 2008. Meskipun lembaga ini dibentuk di kampus FBS UNM, namun sebenarnya tujuan awal dari lembaga ini adalah untuk mempererat silaturrahmi antar mahasiswa bahasa Inggris yang berasal dari Kabupaten Enrekang. Namun demikian, lembaga ini akhirnya berkembang sampai melibatkan","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62931492,"asset_id":42716616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":120180421,"first_name":"Rahmad","last_name":"Risan","domain_name":"universitasnegerimakassar","page_name":"RahmadRisan","display_name":"Rahmad Risan","profile_url":"https://universitasnegerimakassar.academia.edu/RahmadRisan?f_ri=101","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/120180421/31214968/34244958/s65_rahmad.risan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=101","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73308023" data-work_id="73308023" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73308023/Pedagog%C3%ADa_de_Kant_una_filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_educaci%C3%B3n">Pedagogía de Kant: ¿una filosofía de la educación?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Kant describes human specificity to deal with the issue of Pedagogy (Training). It is proposed such specificity in terms of paradoxical side of the fault. The human care differs from the animal care: There seems to be a lack of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73308023" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Kant describes human specificity to deal with the issue of Pedagogy (Training). It is proposed such specificity in terms of paradoxical side of the fault. The human care differs from the animal care: There seems to be a lack of programming about it, yet it is done for the child survives and to introduce him/ her in the social field (which has nothing natural). But this attempt, Kant calls Discipline, comes upon resistance: the momentum, one not to be able (impotence) stop, that might be the effect of the denaturalization carried out; this way, the discipline remains, introduces pause, and leads to desire. Only then has the possibility education. Tell someone who can listen, the speculations conquered (or inherited) by the company that hosts it. Résumé Kant décrit la spécificité humaine pour pouvoir s'occuper du sujet de la pédagogie (de la formation). Il propose cette spécificité en termes paradoxales, du côté de la carence. Le soin humain est différent du soin animal: paraît-il qu'il ait une absence de programmation à cet égard; tout de même on le réalise pour que l'enfant puisse survivre et s'introduire dans le domaine social (qui n'a rien de naturel). Mais ce propos, que Kant désigne sous le nom de Discipline, trouve une résistance: la force, un non pouvoir, (impotence) arrêt, qui peut être l'effet de la dénaturalisation accompli; puisque la discipline diminue, introduit la pause, donne lieu au désir. Seulement ainsi l'instruction a une possibilité d'exister, c'est-à-dire: de se laisser entendre par quelqu'un, qui entende les élucubrations réussies (ou hérités) par la société qu'il habite. Resumo Kant descreve a especificidade humana para poder ocupar-se do assunto da Pedagogia (da Formação). Propõe dita especificidade em termos paradoxais, do lado da falta. O cuidado humano difere do cuidado animal: parece haver uma ausência de programação a respeito; contudo, se realiza para que a criança sobreviva e seja introduzida no campo social (que nada tem de natural). Mas este propósito, que Kant chama Disciplina, encontra uma resistência: o impulso, um não poder (impotência) parar, que poderia ser o efeito da desnaturalização; assim, a disciplina subtrai, introduz pausa, dá lugar ao desejo. Só então a Instrução tem possibilidade, ou seja: contar a alguém que pode escutar as elucubrações conquistadas (ou herdadas) pela sociedade que o recebe.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73308023" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="61cf5c80786bb6ee6b3030476f484eda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81878643,"asset_id":73308023,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81878643/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0MDU4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24308290" href="https://pedagogica.academia.edu/GuillermoBustamante">Guillermo Bustamante</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24308290" type="text/json">{"id":24308290,"first_name":"Guillermo","last_name":"Bustamante","domain_name":"pedagogica","page_name":"GuillermoBustamante","display_name":"Guillermo Bustamante","profile_url":"https://pedagogica.academia.edu/GuillermoBustamante?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73308023 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73308023"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73308023, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73308023", }); 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It is proposed such specificity in terms of paradoxical side of the fault. The human care differs from the animal care: There seems to be a lack of programming about it, yet it is done for the child survives and to introduce him/ her in the social field (which has nothing natural). But this attempt, Kant calls Discipline, comes upon resistance: the momentum, one not to be able (impotence) stop, that might be the effect of the denaturalization carried out; this way, the discipline remains, introduces pause, and leads to desire. Only then has the possibility education. Tell someone who can listen, the speculations conquered (or inherited) by the company that hosts it. Résumé Kant décrit la spécificité humaine pour pouvoir s'occuper du sujet de la pédagogie (de la formation). Il propose cette spécificité en termes paradoxales, du côté de la carence. Le soin humain est différent du soin animal: paraît-il qu'il ait une absence de programmation à cet égard; tout de même on le réalise pour que l'enfant puisse survivre et s'introduire dans le domaine social (qui n'a rien de naturel). Mais ce propos, que Kant désigne sous le nom de Discipline, trouve une résistance: la force, un non pouvoir, (impotence) arrêt, qui peut être l'effet de la dénaturalisation accompli; puisque la discipline diminue, introduit la pause, donne lieu au désir. Seulement ainsi l'instruction a une possibilité d'exister, c'est-à-dire: de se laisser entendre par quelqu'un, qui entende les élucubrations réussies (ou hérités) par la société qu'il habite. Resumo Kant descreve a especificidade humana para poder ocupar-se do assunto da Pedagogia (da Formação). Propõe dita especificidade em termos paradoxais, do lado da falta. O cuidado humano difere do cuidado animal: parece haver uma ausência de programação a respeito; contudo, se realiza para que a criança sobreviva e seja introduzida no campo social (que nada tem de natural). Mas este propósito, que Kant chama Disciplina, encontra uma resistência: o impulso, um não poder (impotência) parar, que poderia ser o efeito da desnaturalização; assim, a disciplina subtrai, introduz pausa, dá lugar ao desejo. 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Bustamante","profile_url":"https://pedagogica.academia.edu/GuillermoBustamante?f_ri=101","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":9377,"name":"Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Training?f_ri=101","nofollow":true},{"id":12677,"name":"Desire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desire?f_ri=101"},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=101"},{"id":39525,"name":"Discipline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discipline?f_ri=101"},{"id":93278,"name":"Lenguaje","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lenguaje?f_ri=101"},{"id":123411,"name":"Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Care?f_ri=101"},{"id":127550,"name":"Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Promotion?f_ri=101"},{"id":497482,"name":"Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Force?f_ri=101"},{"id":555012,"name":"Disciplina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disciplina?f_ri=101"},{"id":799757,"name":"Deseo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deseo?f_ri=101"},{"id":810524,"name":"Missing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missing?f_ri=101"},{"id":969921,"name":"Instrucción","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrucci%C3%B3n?f_ri=101"},{"id":1139953,"name":"Cuidados","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuidados?f_ri=101"},{"id":1178869,"name":"Education 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