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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_stakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_stakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Minority stakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_stakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Early 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martin_S._Davis_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martin_S._Davis_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Martin S. Davis restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martin_S._Davis_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf and Western Industries</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%2BWestern" title="Gulf+Western – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gulf+Western" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%2BWestern" title="Gulf+Western – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gulf+Western" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries" title="Gulf and Western Industries – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gulf and Western Industries" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: GW</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1934<span class="noprint">; 91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1934</span>)</span> (as the Michigan Bumper Corporation)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bluhdorn" title="Charles Bluhdorn">Charles Bluhdorn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1989<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1989</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a>; rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Communications">Paramount Communications</a> in 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Communications">Paramount Communications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Alexander N. Brainard, Alvaro L. Carta, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Diller" title="Barry Diller">Barry Diller</a>, Carl E. Anderson, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Morales_Troncoso" title="Carlos Morales Troncoso">Carlos Morales Troncoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(hurdler)" title="Charles Moore (hurdler)">Charles Moore</a>, Charles S. Lowry, <a href="/wiki/David_Rosen_(businessman)" title="David Rosen (businessman)">David Rosen</a>, Dominic Tampone, <a href="/wiki/Don_Gaston" title="Don Gaston">Don Gaston</a>, Everett L. Kelly, <a href="/wiki/E._W._Kelley" title="E. W. Kelley">E. W. Kelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Levien" title="Francis Levien">Francis Levien</a>, Frank V. Rogers, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yablans" title="Frank Yablans">Frank Yablans</a>, George Granger, Harold L. Glasser, Harold U. Zerbe, Harry E. Gould, <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Nakayama" title="Hayao Nakayama">Hayao Nakayama</a>, James E. Poole, James I. Spiegel, J. D. Barnette, Jim Judelson, Joel Dolkart, John H. Duncan, John A. Leone, J. Robert Baylis, Judd Leighton, Lawrence E. Levinson, Lindsay F. Johnson, Martin S. Davis, Merrill L. Nash, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eisner" title="Michael Eisner">Michael Eisner</a>, Norman B. Parker, O. C. Carmichael Jr., Paul R. Dupee Jr., <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Levin" title="Philip J. Levin">Philip Levin</a>, Raymond D. Slavin, Reece A. Overcash Jr., <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Snyder" title="Richard E. Snyder">Richard Snyder</a>, R. L. McCann, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans" title="Robert Evans">Robert Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolando_Gonzalez-Bunster" title="Rolando Gonzalez-Bunster">Rolando Gonzalez-Bunster</a>, Samuel J. Silberman, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_R._Jaffe" title="Stanley R. Jaffe">Stanley Jaffe</a>, Sidney Hack, Teobaldo Rosell, T. H. Neyland, Thomas S. Perry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>Agrícola Panamericana</li> <li>Airborne Research & Development</li> <li>Aros</li> <li>Autoparts Finance Company</li> <li>Auto Precision Parts</li> <li>Auto Spring & Supply</li> <li>Banco Hipotecario de la Construcción</li> <li>Caballo Blanco</li> <li>Car Parts Depot</li> <li>Central Auto Parts Warehouse</li> <li>Central de Envases</li> <li>Chas. S. James</li> <li>Compañía Agrícola Santipera</li> <li>Corporación de Hoteles</li> <li>Corporación Financiera Asociada</li> <li>Costasur Dominicana</li> <li>Dawn Industries</li> <li>Detroit Supply Company</li> <li>East Carolina Auto Parts</li> <li>Enrico Manufacturing</li> <li>Far East Leasing Company</li> <li>Farmers Produce</li> <li>Fifty-Sixth Century Antrim Iron Works Company</li> <li>Florida Cycle Supply Company</li> <li>Francis Caird</li> <li>Fred Campbell Auto Supply Company</li> <li>Gilwise</li> <li>Glasgow Industries</li> <li>Gloucester Titanium Company</li> <li>Gulf Automotive Supply</li> <li>Harolds Auto Supply</li> <li>Harrisburg Autoparts Company</li> <li>Hartung, Kuhn & Company</li> <li>Hoteles de la Costa</li> <li>International Cycle Supply Company</li> <li>International Raw Materials</li> <li>J. J. Gibson Company</li> <li>Jobbers Service Warehouse</li> <li>J. W. Myers & Company</li> <li>Ketring Products</li> <li>Klock Company</li> <li>Laird Forge</li> <li>Le Par Engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_Sports" title="Madison Square Garden Sports">Madison Square Garden Corporation</a></li> <li>Marathon Automotive Products</li> <li>M. B. Manufacturing Company</li> <li>Metalmeg</li> <li>Mid-Tennessee Services Company</li> <li>Motor Supply</li> <li>O.J. Marine Supply</li> <li>Overseas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a></li> <li>Patten Sales</li> <li>Pompano Packing Company</li> <li>Producciones Automotrices</li> <li>Rich-Wing Corporation</li> <li>Santipera del Caribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a></li> <li>Spencer Auto Electric</li> <li>Standard Auto Parts</li> <li>Stofin</li> <li>Tassell Industries</li> <li>The Kettlewell Company</li> <li>Tool Industries</li> <li>United Platers</li> <li>Venezuelan Supply Company</li> <li>Warehousing Service</li> <li>Wheels</li> <li>Windsor Bumper Company</li> <li>Wood Tire & Supply</li> <li>Youngflex</li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gulf and Western Industries, Inc.</b> (stylized as <b>Gulf+Western</b>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Conglomerate company">conglomerate</a>. The company originally focused on manufacturing and resource extraction, but it began purchasing a number of entertainment companies beginning in 1966 and continuing through the 1970s. Most notable among the acquisitions were film studio <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> television studio <a href="/wiki/Desilu" title="Desilu">Desilu Productions</a> in 1967, arcade and later videogame manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> in 1969, book publisher <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> in 1975, and a number of music labels including <a href="/wiki/Dot_Records" title="Dot Records">Dot Records</a> (a subsidiary of Paramount at the time of purchase). Some of these properties were reorganized under the Paramount brand, with Dot Records becoming the nucleus of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records_(1969)" title="Paramount Records (1969)">Paramount Records</a> and Desilu being renamed <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television" title="Paramount Television">Paramount Television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company pivoted to focus on entertainment and publishing, selling off its other assets through the course of the 1980s. Gulf and Western rebranded itself as <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures#1989–94:_Paramount_Communications" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Communications</a> in 1989. </p><p>A controlling interest of Paramount Communications was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">Viacom</a> in 1994, and the entertainment assets of Gulf and Western are today part of the media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox collapsible"><caption class="infobox-title">The evolution of Paramount</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramount_Global_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/200px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/300px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/400px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1886</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> is founded as Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1912</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Famous_Players_Film_Company" title="Famous Players Film Company">Famous Players Film Company</a> is founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1913</th><td class="infobox-data">Lasky Feature Play Company is founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1914</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> is founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1916</th><td class="infobox-data">Famous Players and Lasky merge as <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky" title="Famous Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky</a> and acquire Paramount</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1927</th><td class="infobox-data">Famous Players–Lasky renamed to Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation; <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> is founded with investment from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1929</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount acquires 49% of CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1930</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation renamed to Paramount Publix Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1932</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount sells back its shares of CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1934</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf+Western</a> is founded as the Michigan Bumper Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1935</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount Publix Corporation renamed to Paramount Pictures</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1936</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Amusements" title="National Amusements">National Amusements</a> is founded as Northeast Theater Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1938</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS acquires Columbia Records</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1950</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desilu" title="Desilu">Desilu</a> is founded and CBS distributes its television programs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1952</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS creates the CBS Television Film Sales division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1958</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Television Film Sales renamed to CBS Films</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1966</th><td class="infobox-data">Gulf+Western acquires Paramount</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1967</th><td class="infobox-data">Gulf+Western acquires Desilu and renames it <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television" title="Paramount Television">Paramount Television</a> (now <a href="/wiki/CBS_Studios" title="CBS Studios">CBS Studios</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1968</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Films renamed to CBS Enterprises</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1970</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Enterprises renamed to <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">Viacom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1971</th><td class="infobox-data">Viacom is spun off from CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1987</th><td class="infobox-data">National Amusements acquires Viacom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1988</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS sells Columbia Records to <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1989</th><td class="infobox-data">Gulf+Western renamed to <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Communications">Paramount Communications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1994</th><td class="infobox-data">Viacom acquires Paramount Communications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1995</th><td class="infobox-data">Westinghouse acquires CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1997</th><td class="infobox-data">Westinghouse renamed to <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation_(1997%E2%80%932000)" title="CBS Corporation (1997–2000)">CBS Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2000</th><td class="infobox-data">Viacom acquires <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a> and CBS Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2005</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Split_of_CBS_Corporation_and_Viacom" title="Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom">Viacom splits</a> into second <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2006</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Corporation shuts down UPN and replaces it with <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2017</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Corporation sells <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> to Entercom (now <a href="/wiki/Audacy" title="Audacy">Audacy</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2019</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Corporation and Viacom <a href="/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom" title="2019 merger of CBS and Viacom">re-merge</a> as ViacomCBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2022</th><td class="infobox-data">ViacomCBS renamed to <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2024</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skydance_Media" title="Skydance Media">Skydance Media</a> and Paramount Global <a href="/wiki/Proposed_merger_of_Skydance_Media_and_Paramount_Global" title="Proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global">agree to merge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_evolution" title="Template:Paramount evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_evolution" title="Template talk:Paramount evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluhdorn_period">Bluhdorn period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bluhdorn period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gulf and Western's origins date to the 1934 founding of the Michigan Bumper Corporation. In 1955, the company changed its name to Michigan Plating and Stamping Company, and later in 1956 it was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bluhdorn" title="Charles Bluhdorn">Charles Bluhdorn</a>. In 1957, Michigan Plating and Stamping acquired the Beard & Stone Electric Company of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and changed its name to Gulf and Western Corporation in 1958. Bluhdorn treated this name change as the company's "founding" for the purpose of later anniversaries. The name reflected its operations in Houston near the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and the intent to serve the growing automotive industry in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>. It was changed once again in 1960 to Gulf and Western Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Bluhdorn, the company diversified into a variety of businesses that included agriculture, apparel, building products, entertainment, financial services, home and consumer products, natural resources, and publishing. A partial list of Gulf and Western's holdings between 1958 and 1982 with the year of acquisition in parentheses: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. A. Walsh (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lester Battery & Electric Company (1959)</li> <li>Unicord (1959), a manufacturer of electric <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> that would later begin marketing a line of amplifiers under the name of <a href="/wiki/Univox" title="Univox">Univox</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mal Tool and Engineering Company (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hendrie & Bolthoff Manufacturing & Supply Company, including Casper Supply Company subsidiary (1961)</li> <li>Scheufler Supply Company (1961)</li> <li>Allbright's Auto Parts (1962)</li> <li>E. S. Youse Company, including Bee and Y. A. Yerger subsidiaries (1962)</li> <li>Gaul, Derr & Shearer Company (1962)</li> <li>General Products Corporation, acquired from Marco Hecht (1962)</li> <li>Guaranteed Parts, acquired from Marco Hecht (1962)</li> <li>H. M. Parker & Son (1962)</li> <li>L. J. Messers Company, including Kanebco and P. Sorensen Manufacturing subsidiaries (1962)</li> <li>Merson Musical Products (1962)</li> <li>Ocram Corporation, acquired from Marco Hecht (1962)</li> <li>Randco, acquired from Marco Hecht (1962)</li> <li>William & Harvey Rowland Company (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rocket Jet Engineering Corporation (1963)</li> <li>Thomas S. Perry Company, including Jobbers Gasket Service subsidiary (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wonstop Automotive Warehouse and B.K.S. Corporation, acquired from B.K. Sweeney Manufacturing Company (1963)</li> <li>Amplifier Corporation of America (1964)</li> <li>Crampton Manufacturing Company (1964), including Angle Steel, Bay Castings, Chase Manufacturing, Conrad, Grand Rapids Brass and Scott's subsidiaries<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>East Side Plating Company (1964), a bumper plating company of <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Gulf and Western also owned the similarly named East Side Stamping Company.</li> <li>Foxcraft Products Corporation (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Miller Manufacturing Company, including Crawford Steel, <a href="/wiki/Bonney_Forge_Corporation" title="Bonney Forge Corporation">Bonney Forge</a>, Buckeye Forge, Huntingdon Machine and Monroe Steel Castings subsidiaries (1964)</li> <li>Philmont Pressed Steel, including Kamis Engineering Company subsidiary (1964)</li> <li>Barr, Thomson & Company (1965)</li> <li>Detroit Body Products (1965)</li> <li>Furniture City Plating Company (1965)</li> <li>Lenape Hydraulic Pressing & Forging Company, acquired from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(hurdler)" title="Charles Moore (hurdler)">Charles Moore</a> (1965)</li> <li>Rea Auto Supply (1965)</li> <li>Winkler Auto Parts (1965)</li> <li>General Plastics (1966)</li> <li>H. Koch & Sons (1966)</li> <li>O & S Bearing & Manufacturing (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsehead_Corporation" title="Horsehead Corporation">The New Jersey Zinc Company</a> (1966), including its Chestnut Ridge Railway Company, Palmer Water Company, Saucon Valley Iron and Railroad Company and Vernon Minerals subsidiaries, the stake in its <a href="/wiki/QIT-Fer_et_Titane" title="QIT-Fer et Titane">Quebec Iron and Titanium</a> joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Kennecott_Utah_Copper" title="Kennecott Utah Copper">Kennecott</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mine_(Colorado)" title="Eagle Mine (Colorado)">Eagle</a> and Austinville mines it acquired when it merged with the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Zinc_Company" title="Empire Zinc Company">Empire Zinc Company</a> and the Bertha Mineral Company, respectively. The Eagle mine was designated a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site after its closure, and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global_Content_Distribution#Past_activities" title="Paramount Global Content Distribution">Viacom International</a> was identified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> as the successor in interest to the mine. The Austinville mine is currently owned by the Austinville Limestone Company.</li> <li>Universal American Corporation, including American Pulley, Amron, Bingham Stamping, <a href="/wiki/Bohn_Aluminum_and_Brass_Corporation" title="Bohn Aluminum and Brass Corporation">Bohn Aluminum and Brass</a>, Butterworth Manufacturing, Daybrook-Ottawa, Hardie, Hubbard Spool, Livingston-Graham, Morse Cutting Tools, Norma-Hoffman, Pullman Flexolators, Super Tool, Utility Metal Products, <a href="/wiki/Van_Norman_Machine_Tool_Company" title="Van Norman Machine Tool Company">Van Norman</a> and Young Spring & Wire subsidiaries (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alloy Flange and Fittings (1967)</li> <li>Collyer Insulated Wire (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hedman Mines (1967)</li> <li>Mount Clemens Metal Products Company (1967)</li> <li>North & Judd Manufacturing Company, including Con-Torq, Hook-Flex and Wilcox, Crittenden & Company subsidiaries (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scott-Mattson Farms, including Abaco Farms subsidiary (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Puerto_Rico_Sugar_Company" title="South Puerto Rico Sugar Company">South Puerto Rico Sugar Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1967), a holding company in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, with a principal subsidiary, called South Porto Rico Sugar Company,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cane sugar refiner in <a href="/wiki/Ensenada,_Gu%C3%A1nica,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ensenada, Guánica, Puerto Rico">Ensenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guánica, Puerto Rico">Guánica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which owned the <a href="/wiki/Central_Gu%C3%A1nica" title="Central Guánica">Central Guánica</a>, purported to once be the largest cane sugar refinery in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Puerto Rico Sugar Company also owned Guánica Agricultural Service Company, Okeelanta Sugar of <a href="/wiki/Okeelanta,_Florida" title="Okeelanta, Florida">Okeelanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Romana_Corporation" title="Central Romana Corporation">Central Romana Corporation</a> of <a href="/wiki/La_Romana,_Dominican_Republic" title="La Romana, Dominican Republic">La Romana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, Magdalena Development Corporation and Central Romana By-Products, which produced <a href="/wiki/Furfural" title="Furfural">furfural</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Forge" title="Taylor Forge">Taylor Forge & Pipe Works</a> (1967)</li> <li>Associates Investment (1968), including Capitol Life Insurance Company, Emmco Insurance Company, Excel Insurance Company and First Bank & Trust Company of South Bend subsidiaries<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atlas Metal Products (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Company" title="Brown Company">Brown Company</a>, including Cheverton & Laidler, Monarch Match Company, Saifecs, Superior Match Company subsidiaries and Linweave line of fine papers (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chicago Thoroughbred Enterprises, acquired from Marjorie L. Everett (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Consolidated Cigar Corporation (1968), including Columbia Engineering, Consolidated Caguas, Consolidated Cigar Corporation of Cayey, Flinchbaugh Products, Orbit Tool & Die, Sentinel Plastics, Simon Cigar and N.V. Willem II Sigarenfabrieken subsidiaries. Gulf and Western would also later establish Consolidated Domingo to produce cigars in the Dominican Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._W._Bliss_Company" title="E. W. Bliss Company">E. W. Bliss Company</a> (1968), including Eagle Signal, Gamewell, Good Roads Machinery and Mackintosh-Hemphill subsidiaries. Gamewell was later merged with Alarmtronics Engineering (another Gulf and Western subsidiary), creating the Gamewell/Alarmtronics division.</li> <li>Gardner Clark Spring Company (1968)</li> <li>General Steel Products (1968)</li> <li>Marion Plant Life Fertilizer Company (1968)</li> <li>North Brevard Cable Television Company (1968)</li> <li>Orange CATV (1968)</li> <li>Providence Washington Insurance Company, including Motor Vehicle Casualty Company, Texas Casualty Insurance Company, Western Alliance Insurance Company and York Insurance Company subsidiaries (1968)</li> <li>WCM Machine Works (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> (1969)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Writing_Paper_Company" title="American Writing Paper Company">Eagle A</a> (1970)</li> <li>Auto Body Parts Corporation (1971)</li> <li>Camino Tours (1971)</li> <li>Bayamon Body Parts (1971)</li> <li>Guayama Body Parts (1971)</li> <li>Newport Supply Company (1971)</li> <li>Piezas Europeas (1971)</li> <li>Aye & Stearns (1972)</li> <li>Budget Finance Plan (1972)</li> <li>Fabrica Accumulatori Uranio (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fun In The Sun Tours (1972)</li> <li>Hawaiian Polynesia Tours (1972)</li> <li>John M. Henderson & Company (1972)</li> <li>Newport Supply Company (1972)</li> <li>Shattuck Denn Mining Corporation, including Fireproof Products Company and Richmond Screw Anchor Company subsidiaries (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Symons Corporation (1972)</li> <li>Plavica (1973)</li> <li>Preferred General Agency of Alaska (1973)</li> <li>Sterling Pulp & Paper Company (1973)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Behm, acquired from Pott Industries (1974)</li> <li>Elco Corporation (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fab-co Metals, acquired from Pott Industries (1974)</li> <li>Hawtin & Partners (1974)</li> <li>Société de Construction Mécanique de Bourgogne, acquired from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fives_DMS" class="extiw" title="fr:Fives DMS">Dujardin Montbard Somenor</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayser-Roth" title="Kayser-Roth">Kayser-Roth Corporation</a> (1975), a clothing company that owned <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe Inc.</a> because it had bought Pacific Mills, which had invented the pageant to promote its <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Swimwear" title="Catalina Swimwear">Catalina</a> swimwear brand. The acquisition of Kayser-Roth also included <a href="/wiki/Hammacher_Schlemmer" title="Hammacher Schlemmer">Hammacher Schlemmer</a>, which it had bought in 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> and by extension <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a>, Monarch Press and Washington Square Press (1975)</li> <li>Her Majesty Industries, a children's wear manufacturer (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peavey Paper Mills (1976)</li> <li>Solar Fuel Company (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> and by extension the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Rangers" title="New York Rangers">New York Rangers</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knicks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice" title="Holiday on Ice">Holiday on Ice</a>, the O'Hare Hilton Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Park" title="Arlington Park">Arlington Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Raceway" title="Roosevelt Raceway">Roosevelt Raceway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Park_Race_Track" title="Washington Park Race Track">Washington Park</a> horse race tracks, and real estate in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> and Chicago (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Société des Blancs de Zinc de la Méditerranée (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_Industries" title="Gremlin Industries">Gremlin Industries</a> (1978), including Noval subsidiary. Later renamed Sega Electronics, Inc.</li> <li>Compañía Insular Tabacalera (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canaries Cigar and Tobacco (1979)</li> <li>Esco Trading (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmons_Bedding_Company" title="Simmons Bedding Company">Simmons Company</a> (1979)</li> <li>Wallace Metal Products (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Casket_Company" title="National Casket Company">National Casket Company</a>, acquired from Walco National Corporation (1980)</li> <li>Thomas Ryder & Son, of <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, a machine tool manufacturing company, acquired from Whitecroft (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minority_stakes">Minority stakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minority stakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gulf and Western also owned minority stakes in Camino Gold Mines, Cementos Nacionales, Fertilizantes Santo Domingo, Flying Diamond Oil Corporation, Jonathan Logan, J.P. Stevens & Company, Matadero del Este, Mohasco Corporation, <a href="/wiki/Alberto-Culver" title="Alberto-Culver">Alberto-Culver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amfac" title="Amfac">Amfac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation" title="Goodrich Corporation">B.F. Goodrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation" title="Brunswick Corporation">Brunswick Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulova" title="Bulova">Bulova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluett_Peabody_%26_Company" title="Cluett Peabody & Company">Cluett Peabody & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cummins" title="Cummins">Cummins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Fabbri_Editori" title="Fratelli Fabbri Editori">Fratelli Fabbri Editori</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libbey-Owens-Ford" title="Libbey-Owens-Ford">Libbey-Owens-Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munsingwear" title="Munsingwear">Munsingwear</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Rubber_Company" title="United States Rubber Company">Uniroyal</a>, among other companies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of its acquisition by Gulf and Western in 1966, Paramount was struggling with heavy losses from feature film productions and had stopped producing television programs. However, it had valuable hidden assets, such as extensive real estate holdings and a library of old movies that could be sold to television networks for large profits. After paying $125 million for Paramount, Gulf and Western saw its sales improve to $450 million, elevating the company to the top 110 U.S. manufacturing companies. Bluhdorn appointed himself as chief executive officer, chairman, and president of Paramount and promoted Martin S. Davis to chief operating officer and executive vice president. The acquisition of Paramount was a significant move in Gulf and Western's diversification strategy and allowed the company to expand into the entertainment industry. </p><p>With the Paramount acquisition, Gulf and Western became parent company of the <a href="/wiki/Telemeter_(pay_television)" title="Telemeter (pay television)">International Telemeter Corporation</a>, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players" title="Famous Players">Famous Players</a> movie theater chain, the <a href="/wiki/Dot_Records" title="Dot Records">Dot Records</a> label, the <a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music</a> publishing company (created in 1928 by <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky" title="Famous Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky Corporation</a>, Paramount's predecessor), and the <a href="/wiki/Famous_Studios" title="Famous Studios">Famous Studios</a> animation studio (which would be shut down almost immediately after the acquisition). After <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> was acquired in 1968 (along with sister label Volt Records and East Publishing Company), it became a subsidiary of Dot, although Dot was not at all mentioned on the label (rather, Dot and Stax were noted as subsidiaries of Paramount). Later on, the record operation was moved under Famous Music. </p><p>In 1967, New Jersey Zinc constructed a <a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">diammonium phosphate</a> fertilizer plant in <a href="/wiki/DePue,_Illinois" title="DePue, Illinois">DePue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, which was later leased and then bought outright by <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil Chemical</a>. The plant was designated a Superfund site after its closure and <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> became the responsible parties for the cleanup. Also in 1967, Gulf and Western purchased <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Desilu" title="Desilu">Desilu Productions</a> library, which included most of her television product, as well as such properties as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(1966_TV_series)" title="Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)">Mission: Impossible</a></i>, both of which would rank amongst its most profitable commodities over the years. The three Desilu lots – the original <a href="/wiki/RKO_Forty_Acres" title="RKO Forty Acres">RKO Studios</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Culver_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver City">Culver City</a> locations – were also included in the sale, but the Justice Department forced Gulf and Western to sell the <a href="/wiki/Culver_Studios" title="Culver Studios">Culver Studios</a> (which <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Industries" title="Cadence Industries">Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation</a> acquired in 1968) to avoid a monopoly. Desilu Productions was renamed <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television" title="Paramount Television">Paramount Television</a> and its distribution arm, Desilu Sales, became <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Domestic_Television" title="Paramount Domestic Television">Paramount Television Sales</a>. </p><p>In 1969, Gulf and Western sold Norma-Hoffman to the German company FAG (Fischer Aktien Gesellschaft). Also that year, Gulf and Western Indonesia signed a contract with the Indonesian state owned <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a> Oil Company to explore oil resources in east <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Dominican government and Gulf and Western Americas Corporation established an industrial free zone in La Romana. The zone was administered by Gulf and Western America's Operadora Zona Franca de La Romana subsidiary. </p><p>In the early 1970s, after a lunch meeting between Bluhdorn and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Wasserman" title="Lew Wasserman">Lew Wasserman</a>, Gulf and Western's Paramount and <a href="/wiki/MCA_Inc." title="MCA Inc.">MCA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a> merged their international operations to create <a href="/wiki/Cinema_International_Corporation" title="Cinema International Corporation">Cinema International Corporation</a>, a joint venture. <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> later joined the joint venture, which became <a href="/wiki/United_International_Pictures" title="United International Pictures">United International Pictures</a>. </p><p>In 1970, Gulf and Western sold a 50% stake in Marathon Studio Facilities to <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Generale_Immobiliare" title="Società Generale Immobiliare">Società Generale Immobiliare</a> and acquired 15 million shares in the company (which represented 10.5 percent of its common stock).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, Casmo Mining Ltd. was incorporated as a subsidiary of New Jersey Zinc,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubbard Spool was sold to the Wanskuck Company, the Hardie agricultural sprayer line to the Lockwood Corporation, and Stax Records back to its original owners, and with it the rights to all Stax recordings not owned by <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a>. A year before, Dot's non-<a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> roster and catalog was moved to a newly created label, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records_(1969)" title="Paramount Records (1969)">Paramount Records</a> (the name was previously used by a <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records" title="Paramount Records">Paramount Records label unrelated to the film studio</a>; Paramount acquired the rights to that name in order to launch this label). It assumed Dot's status as the flagship label of Paramount's record operations, releasing music by pop artists and soundtracks from Paramount's films and television series. Dot meanwhile became a country label. </p><p>In 1971, Tumbleweed Records was formed by Larry Ray and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Szymczyk" title="Bill Szymczyk">Bill Szymczyk</a> with the financial backing of Gulf and Western. The label was a subsidiary of Famous Music until 1973, when it folded. Also in 1971, Gulf and Western acquired certain assets of Auto Pak Company, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Gulf and Western signed an agreement to provide equipment for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kamaz#History" title="Kamaz">Kama River truck plant project</a>. As part of the agreement, Gulf and Western's E. W. Bliss division would provide one automated truck parts production line. According to the company, negotiations were under way for six more lines.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1972, Gulf and Western sold its Conrad/Missimer division (which it created after acquiring Missimers in 1968 and merging it with Conrad) to Bemco Inc.,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etablissements Daniel Doyen (which had already been a direct subsidiary since the 1960s) to A.P.S. Inc. (another Gulf and Western subsidiary), Angle Steel to Kewaunee Scientific Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Amron to Weatherby Nasco Inc. in exchange for Weatherby Nasco shares. </p><p>Famous Music provided distribution for several independent labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Records" title="Neighborhood Records">Neighborhood Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sire_Records" title="Sire Records">Sire Records</a>. Famous began distributing yet another independent label, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Thumb_Records" title="Blue Thumb Records">Blue Thumb Records</a>, before buying it outright in 1972. In 1974, Gulf and Western sold the entire record operation to the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a>, which continued the Dot and Blue Thumb imprints as subsidiaries of <a href="/wiki/ABC_Records" title="ABC Records">ABC Records</a>, while discontinuing the Paramount label altogether. Also that year, Gulf and Western sold Flinchbaugh Products to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clarke_(American_businessman)#Career" title="Henry Clarke (American businessman)">Clabir's General Defense subsidiary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sega Enterprises, Ltd. was taken public in the United States by making it a subsidiary of another firm owned by Gulf and Western called the Polly Bergen Company (acquired in 1971), which was publicly traded and had become a shell corporation after selling most of its assets to <a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)" title="Fabergé (cosmetics)">Fabergé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Rosen_(businessman)" title="David Rosen (businessman)">David Rosen</a> was appointed chief executive officer of Polly Bergen, which was renamed Sega Enterprises, Inc. </p><p>In 1975, Gulf and Western formed a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut-Katanga" title="Union Minière du Haut-Katanga">Union Minière</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> called Jersey Miniere Zinc Company. Gulf and Western owned a 60% stake in the joint venture, while Union Minière owned a 40% stake.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1975, Gulf and Western's Sega subsidiary bought a 50% stake in Kingdom of Oz, a company that operated arcades in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> shopping malls which would later be rebranded as Sega Centers. </p><p>In 1976, during the shooting of the film <a href="/wiki/Sorcerer_(film)" title="Sorcerer (film)">Sorcerer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Villa_Altagracia" title="Villa Altagracia">Villa Altagracia</a>, a lawsuit was filed against Cinema Dominica (a subsidiary of Gulf and Western) by Dominican businessmen for alleged damages. The newspaper El Caribe said that the lawsuit against Cinema Dominica charged that the company had “failed to comply with the rental contract it signed for use of the town's commercial locations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, after acquiring Muntz Manufacturing (a projection TV manufacturer founded by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Muntz" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Muntz">Earl Muntz</a>) the year prior, Sega introduced the Sega-Vision widescreen TV (production was suspended the next year). Also that year, Thai Zinc Ltd. (a subsidiary of New Jersey Zinc) and the government of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> signed a contract of a $90 million zinc mine and refinery project after three years of negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working for Paramount, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Diller" title="Barry Diller">Barry Diller</a> had proposed a <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television_Service" title="Paramount Television Service">"fourth network"</a>; ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television_Service" title="Paramount Television Service">Paramount Television Service</a> was cancelled six months prior to launch by Bluhdorn, who feared a major loss of revenue had the network gone forward.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Paramount sold the Hughes Television Network (which it had acquired including its satellite time in planning for PTVS in 1976) to Madison Square Garden in 1979. Diller later left Paramount for <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century Fox</a>; that studio's new owner, <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a>, was interested in starting a network, which became the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox Broadcasting Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1980s">Early 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 5, 1980, Gulf and Western unveiled an <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a>, powered by a zinc chloride battery that would hold a charge for several hours and permit speeds of up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). By year's end, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> (which had invested $15 million in the project) reported that the battery had 65% less power than predicted and could be recharged only by highly trained personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1980, Gulf and Western sold Hammacher Schlemmer to <a href="/wiki/J._Roderick_MacArthur" title="J. Roderick MacArthur">J. Roderick MacArthur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford Exchange">Bradford Exchange</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its 80% interest in Brown Company to <a href="/wiki/James_River_Corporation" title="James River Corporation">James River Corporation</a> in return for cash and James River stock. Bluhdorn was confident that James River stock would be more profitable than Brown was for Gulf and Western.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, former officials of Gulf and Western Natural Resources Group led a buyout of New Jersey Zinc and made it a subsidiary of Horsehead Industries, Inc. That same year, Gulf and Western announced it would shut down its <a href="/wiki/Schrafft%27s" title="Schrafft's">Schrafft Candy</a> subsidiary (which it had acquired from Helme Products in 1974) after it had continued to be unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schrafft's was later sold to the <a href="/wiki/American_Safety_Razor_Company" title="American Safety Razor Company">American Safety Razor Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, executive vice president <a href="/wiki/Don_Gaston" title="Don Gaston">Don Gaston</a> (who had also served on the board of Gulf and Western subsidiaries Madison Square Garden, Roosevelt Raceway, Capitol Life Insurance Company, and Providence Washington Insurance Company)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed Richfield Holdings Ltd., an investment group that purchased Providence Capitol International Insurance Ltd. and Famous Players Realty Ltd. from Gulf and Western for $350 million. Gaston resigned from Gulf and Western once the sale was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1982, Gulf and Western sold its <a href="/wiki/Marquette_Cement_Manufacturing_Company" title="Marquette Cement Manufacturing Company">Marquette Cement Manufacturing Company</a> subsidiary (acquired in 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Lone Star Industries and Pennsylvania Malleable Iron (acquired in 1969)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Champ Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Bluhdorn died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> on a plane en route home from the Dominican Republic to New York, and the board bypassed president Jim Judelson and named senior vice president Martin S. Davis, who had come up through Paramount Pictures, as the new chief executive officer. </p><p>In 1984, Gulf and Western purchased <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> Inc. (and by extension the Globe Book Company, <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>, Modern Curriculum Press and the Cambridge Company), in which it already owned a minority stake, and <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. That same year, its Kayser-Roth subsidiary acquired the women’s underwear division of <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)" title="Calvin Klein (fashion house)">Calvin Klein</a> Industries and the use of the designer’s name for that business.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martin_S._Davis_restructuring">Martin S. Davis restructuring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Martin S. Davis restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davis slimmed down the company's wilder diversifications and focused it on entertainment, selling all of its non-entertainment and publishing assets. The idea was to aid financial markets in measuring the company's success, which, in turn, would help place better value on its shares. Though its Paramount division had done very well in recent years, Gulf and Western's success as a whole was translating poorly with investors. This process eventually led Davis to divest many of the company's subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-davisobit_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davisobit-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lbm_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbm-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Gulf and Western sold Consolidated Cigar to a purchasing group composed by five of its senior managers and headed by its president, Alexander N. Brainard.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Gulf and Western sold its building products operations (Livingston-Graham, Symons Corporation and Richmond Screw Anchor Company) to Merrill L. Nash,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. W. Bliss to a group of investors,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. assets of Sega (manufacturing division of Sega Electronics, Inc., along with licenses to technology and distribution rights to arcade game library of Sega in the United States for two years) to pinball manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing" title="Bally Manufacturing">Bally Manufacturing</a>. The Japanese assets of Sega (Sega Enterprises, Ltd., Sega trademarks, and its library of games) were purchased by a group of investors led by David Rosen and <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Nakayama" title="Hayao Nakayama">Hayao Nakayama</a> the year after. Gulf and Western subsequently folded the former Sega U.S. companies (the old Sega Enterprises, Inc. and Sega Electronics, Inc. were renamed and currently exist as shell companies Ages Entertainment Software LLC and Ages Electronics, Inc., part of <a href="/wiki/CBS_Media_Ventures" title="CBS Media Ventures">CBS Media Ventures</a>) into Simon & Schuster<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the old Sega Europe Limited into Paramount Pictures (since renamed several times and currently exist as High Command Productions Limited, part of Viacom International).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, a couple decades later Paramount and Sega would team up to co-produce a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sonic_the_Hedgehog_features#Films" title="List of Sonic the Hedgehog features">film series</a> based on the latter's flagship video game franchise, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Sonic the Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i>. </p><p>In 1984, Gulf and Western divested itself of its many Taylor Forge operations to private owners. Taylor Forge's <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_New_Jersey" title="Somerville, New Jersey">Somerville, New Jersey</a> plant became Taylor Forge Stainless, while its facilities in <a href="/wiki/Paola,_Kansas" title="Paola, Kansas">Paola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Kansas" title="Greeley, Kansas">Greeley, Kansas</a> became <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Forge_Engineered_Systems" title="Taylor Forge Engineered Systems">Taylor Forge Engineered Systems</a>. That same year, Bonney Forge was sold to its president John Leone, Super Tool and Morse Cutting Tools to industrialist Jim Lambert,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gulf and Western's holdings in Florida and the Dominican Republic to an investment group including <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Morales_Troncoso" title="Carlos Morales Troncoso">Carlos Morales Troncoso</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fanjul_family" title="Fanjul family">Fanjul brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, Gulf and Western Consumer and Industrial Products Group – consisting of A.P.S. auto parts, Kayser-Roth clothing and Simmons bedding – was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Wickes_Companies" title="Wickes Companies">Wickes Companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, it sold its Columbus Circle Investors unit (which acted as the asset manager for the company's pension and employee benefit plans) to Thomson McKinnon<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bought Ginn & Company from <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, as part of its new corporate strategy to focus on the entertainment and publishing industries, Gulf and Western acquired <a href="/wiki/Mann_Theatres" title="Mann Theatres">Mann Theatres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warner_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Communications">Warner Communications</a> was later brought in as a partner).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, Simon & Schuster acquired <a href="/wiki/Silver_Burdett" title="Silver Burdett">Silver Burdett</a> and its GLC (General Learning Corporation) subsidiary. This acquisition was followed by mapmaker <a href="/wiki/Gousha" title="Gousha">Gousha</a> in 1987, and Charles E. Simon and Quercus in 1988. The company, thus restructured, renamed itself <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures#1989–94:_Paramount_Communications" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Communications</a> in 1989, and sold Associates First Capital Corporation to the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-restructure_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restructure-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1970, the company's headquarters were on <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a> in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(New_York_City)" title="Trump International Hotel and Tower (New York City)">Gulf and Western Building</a> (15 Columbus Circle in Manhattan) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Stanley" title="Thomas E. Stanley">Thomas Stanley</a> was built in 1970 for the Gulf and Western company north of <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle" title="Columbus Circle">Columbus Circle</a>, at the south-western corner of <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. The building occupies a narrow block between <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)#Central_Park_West" title="Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)">Central Park West</a> and, at 583 feet (178 m), it commands the dramatic view to the north, as well as its immediate surroundings. </p><p>The top of the building sported a restaurant, The Top of the Park, which was never a full success even though run by Stuart Levin, famous for the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant" title="Four Seasons Restaurant">Four Seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Pavillon_(Henri_Soul%C3%A9_restaurant)" title="Le Pavillon (Henri Soulé restaurant)">Le Pavillon</a>, and other "shrines of haute cuisine,"<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it being graced with Levin's own elegant signature <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gary" title="Jim Gary">Jim Gary</a>, <i>"Universal Woman."</i> </p><p>Similarly, the cinema space in the basement, named Paramount after the picture company that Gulf and Western owned, was closed as the building was sold. </p><p>Problems with the 45-story building's structural frame gave it unwanted fame as its base was scaffolded for years and the upper floors were prone to sway excessively on windy days, even leading to cases of nausea akin to motion sickness. </p><p>The 1997 renovation into a hotel and residential building, the Trump International Hotel and Tower (One Central Park West) by <a href="/wiki/Costas_Kondylis" title="Costas Kondylis">Costas Kondylis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, involved extensive renovation of both interior and facades. For example, the 45 stories of the original office tower were converted into a 52-story residential building, enabled by the lower ceiling height of residential spaces. The facade was converted with the addition of dark glass walls with distinctive shiny steel framing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIC_Video" title="CIC Video">CIC Video</a> (A home video distributor established in 1980 as a division of the Cinema International Corporation joint venture, renamed <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Home_Entertainment" title="Paramount Home Entertainment">Paramount Home Entertainment (UK)</a> in 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Francisco_Micheli" title="Estadio Francisco Micheli">Estadio Francisco Micheli</a> (A stadium located in La Romana that was built by Gulf and Western Americas Corporation and currently belongs to Central Romana Corporation, Ltd.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Bergen" title="Polly Bergen">Polly Bergen</a> (Founder of the Polly Bergen Company)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Movie" title="Silent Movie">Silent Movie</a></i> (A <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> film that parodies Gulf and Western's acquisition of Paramount Pictures)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Columbus_Circle" title="2 Columbus Circle">2 Columbus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altos_de_Chav%C3%B3n" title="Altos de Chavón">Altos de Chavón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Campo,_Dominican_Republic" title="Casa de Campo, Dominican Republic">Casa de Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Romana_Port" title="Central Romana Port">Central Romana Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sega" title="History of Sega">History of Sega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount_Pictures_executives" title="List of Paramount Pictures executives">List of Paramount Pictures executives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_and_Western_Industries&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gulf-Western-Inc">"Gulf + Western Inc. | American corporation"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Gulf+%2B+Western+Inc.+%7C+American+corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGulf-Western-Inc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111766653/">"Business Briefs"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>, October 24, 1958, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/gulf-western-inc">"Gulf & Western Inc."</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1959/02/05/archives/car-parts-maker-plans-expansion-gulf-western-acts-to-acquire-j-a.html">"CAR PARTS MAKER PLANS EXPANSION; Gulf & Western Acts to Acquire J. A. Walsh Co., Electrical Concern"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. February 5, 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CAR+PARTS+MAKER+PLANS+EXPANSION%3B+Gulf+%26+Western+Acts+to+Acquire+J.+A.+Walsh+Co.%2C+Electrical+Concern&rft.date=1959-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1959%2F02%2F05%2Farchives%2Fcar-parts-maker-plans-expansion-gulf-western-acts-to-acquire-j-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/05/archives/other-sales-mergers.html">"OTHER SALES, MERGERS"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 5, 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OTHER+SALES%2C+MERGERS&rft.date=1960-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F08%2F05%2Farchives%2Fother-sales-mergers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rowlandcompany.com/about/">About</a>, The Rowland Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/thomas-s-perry/">Thomas S. Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame" title="Automotive Hall of Fame">Automotive Hall of Fame</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/02/archives/gulf-western-wins-control-bid-buys-crampton-stock-from-sparton-to.html">"Gulf & Western Wins Control Bid – Buys Crampton Stock From Sparton to End Fight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 2, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Wins+Control+Bid+%E2%80%93+Buys+Crampton+Stock+From+Sparton+to+End+Fight&rft.date=1964-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F02%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-wins-control-bid-buys-crampton-stock-from-sparton-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/09/archives/gulf-western-planning-to-buy-autopart-makers.html">"Gulf & Western Planning To Buy Auto-Part Makers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 9, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Planning+To+Buy+Auto-Part+Makers&rft.date=1964-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F12%2F09%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-planning-to-buy-autopart-makers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19660413&id=EsVOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4930,1055396&hl=en">"Gulf & Western Agrees to Merger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo,_Ohio)" title="The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)">Toledo Blade</a></i>. April 14, 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Agrees+to+Merger&rft.date=1966-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1350%26dat%3D19660413%26id%3DEsVOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4930%2C1055396%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/04/archives/acquisition-mapped-by-gulf-western.html">"ACQUISITION MAPPED BY GULF & WESTERN"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 4, 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ACQUISITION+MAPPED+BY+GULF+%26+WESTERN&rft.date=1967-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F04%2F04%2Farchives%2Facquisition-mapped-by-gulf-western.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/17/archives/gulf-western-proposes-to-acquire-north-judd.html">"Gulf & Western Proposes To Acquire North & Judd"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 17, 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Proposes+To+Acquire+North+%26+Judd&rft.date=1967-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F01%2F17%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-proposes-to-acquire-north-judd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/13/archives/holders-of-gulf-western-vote-two-new-acquisitions.html">"Holders of Gulf & Western Vote Two New Acquisitions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 13, 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holders+of+Gulf+%26+Western+Vote+Two+New+Acquisitions&rft.date=1967-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F07%2F13%2Farchives%2Fholders-of-gulf-western-vote-two-new-acquisitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/24/archives/g-ws-role-in-the-caribbean-company-is-vital-in-many-ways-to.html">"G. & W.'s Role in the Caribbean"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 24, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.+%26+W.%27s+Role+in+the+Caribbean&rft.date=1975-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F06%2F24%2Farchives%2Fg-ws-role-in-the-caribbean-company-is-vital-in-many-ways-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/decision/19437402cotc738_1648.xml/SOUTH%20PORTO%20RICO%20SUGAR%20CO.%20v.%20COMMISSIONER">"South Porto Rico Sugar Company v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Porto+Rico+Sugar+Company+v.+Commissioner+of+Internal+Revenue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leagle.com%2Fdecision%2F19437402cotc738_1648.xml%2FSOUTH%2520PORTO%2520RICO%2520SUGAR%2520CO.%2520v.%2520COMMISSIONER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_House1920" class="citation book cs1">Government House (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcNMAAAAYAAJ&q=%22South+Porto+Rico+Sugar+Co%22+Ensenada+Puerto+Rico&pg=PA97"><i>United States War Department Annual Reports, 1920, Volume III, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Governor of Porto Rico, Appendix II. Report of the Executive Secretary of Porto Rico, Statement No. 6.--List of domestic corporations in legal existence on June 30, 1920, p 97</i></a>. San Juan, Puerto Rico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+War+Department+Annual+Reports%2C+1920%2C+Volume+III%2C+Nineteenth+Annual+Report+of+the+Governor+of+Porto+Rico%2C+Appendix+II.+Report+of+the+Executive+Secretary+of+Porto+Rico%2C+Statement+No.+6.--List+of+domestic+corporations+in+legal+existence+on+June+30%2C+1920%2C+p+97&rft.place=San+Juan%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Government+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcNMAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522South%2BPorto%2BRico%2BSugar%2BCo%2522%2BEnsenada%2BPuerto%2BRico%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaldonado2011" class="citation web cs1">Maldonado, Deborah (May 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deborahmaldonado.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/multi-genre-reasearch-the-sugar-cane-industry-in-puerto-rico">"Multi-genre Reasearch [sic]: The Sugar Cane Industry in Puerto Rico"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-genre+Reasearch+%5Bsic%5D%3A+The+Sugar+Cane+Industry+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.aulast=Maldonado&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeborahmaldonado.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F05%2F19%2Fmulti-genre-reasearch-the-sugar-cane-industry-in-puerto-rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/04/archives/gulf-western-maps-acquisition-balance-of-shares-sought-in.html">"GULF & WESTERN MAPS ACQUISITION; Balance of Shares Sought in Associates Investment in $304-Million Deal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 4, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GULF+%26+WESTERN+MAPS+ACQUISITION%3B+Balance+of+Shares+Sought+in+Associates+Investment+in+%24304-Million+Deal&rft.date=1968-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F06%2F04%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-maps-acquisition-balance-of-shares-sought-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/18/archives/gulf-western-sets-paper-deal-agrees-to-purchase-23-of-brown-company.html">"GULF & WESTERN SETS PAPER DEAL; Agrees to Purchase 23% of Brown Company Shares"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 18, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GULF+%26+WESTERN+SETS+PAPER+DEAL%3B+Agrees+to+Purchase+23%25+of+Brown+Company+Shares&rft.date=1968-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F01%2F18%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-sets-paper-deal-agrees-to-purchase-23-of-brown-company.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/10/09/archives/gulf-western-sets-acquisition-chicago-concern-is-sought-in-a.html">"GULF & WESTERN SETS ACQUISITION; Chicago Concern Is Sought in a $25-Million Deal GULF & WESTERN SETS ACQUISITION"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 9, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GULF+%26+WESTERN+SETS+ACQUISITION%3B+Chicago+Concern+Is+Sought+in+a+%2425-Million+Deal+GULF+%26+WESTERN+SETS+ACQUISITION&rft.date=1968-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F10%2F09%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-sets-acquisition-chicago-concern-is-sought-in-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/22/archives/investor-group-may-buy-vapor-corp-from-singer-singer-may-sell-its.html">"Merger News"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 22, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Merger+News&rft.date=1972-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F07%2F22%2Farchives%2Finvestor-group-may-buy-vapor-corp-from-singer-singer-may-sell-its.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/07/archives/reynolds-securities-to-buy-a-coast-firm-reynolds-to-buy-broker.html">"Reynolds Securities to Buy a Coast Firm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 7, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reynolds+Securities+to+Buy+a+Coast+Firm&rft.date=1972-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F06%2F07%2Farchives%2Freynolds-securities-to-buy-a-coast-firm-reynolds-to-buy-broker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/07/archives/zapata-offered-200million-deal-proposal-includes-cash-and-brown.html">"ZAPATA OFFERED 200‐MILLION DEAL"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 7, 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ZAPATA+OFFERED+200%E2%80%90MILLION+DEAL&rft.date=1973-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F06%2F07%2Farchives%2Fzapata-offered-200million-deal-proposal-includes-cash-and-brown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/17/archives/holder-approves-dow-bid-for-general-crude-oil.html">"Holder Approves Dow Bid for General Crude Oil"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 17, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holder+Approves+Dow+Bid+for+General+Crude+Oil&rft.date=1974-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F08%2F17%2Farchives%2Fholder-approves-dow-bid-for-general-crude-oil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/27/archives/her-majesty-industries-approves-g-w-offer.html">"Her. Majesty Industries Approves G.&W. Offer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 27, 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Her.+Majesty+Industries+Approves+G.%26W.+Offer&rft.date=1976-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F10%2F27%2Farchives%2Fher-majesty-industries-approves-g-w-offer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/20/archives/madison-square-garden-corp-taken-over-by-gulf-western-garden-corp.html">"Madison Square Garden Corp: Taken Over by Gulf‐Western"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 20, 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Madison+Square+Garden+Corp%3A+Taken+Over+by+Gulf%E2%80%90Western&rft.date=1977-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F08%2F20%2Farchives%2Fmadison-square-garden-corp-taken-over-by-gulf-western-garden-corp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1979/09/05/economia/305330414_850215.html">"Gulf invierte en el sector tabaquero canario"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. September 4, 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Gulf+invierte+en+el+sector+tabaquero+canario&rft.date=1979-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1979%2F09%2F05%2Feconomia%2F305330414_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1982/09/22/economia/401493603_850215.html">"Tres empresas tabaqueras de Canarias anuncian su cierre definitivo"</a>. El País. September 21, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tres+empresas+tabaqueras+de+Canarias+anuncian+su+cierre+definitivo&rft.date=1982-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1982%2F09%2F22%2Feconomia%2F401493603_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/28/business/company-news-ftc-cites-g-w-in-coffin-inquiry.html">"Company News; F.T.C. Cites G.&W. In Coffin Inquiry"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 28, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Company+News%3B+F.T.C.+Cites+G.%26W.+In+Coffin+Inquiry&rft.date=1981-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F03%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-ftc-cites-g-w-in-coffin-inquiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19810304&id=kf49AAAAIBAJ&pg=4103,632188&hl=en">"Whitecroft finds buyer for Ryder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Glasgow Herald</a></i>. March 4, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Whitecroft+finds+buyer+for+Ryder&rft.date=1981-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2507%26dat%3D19810304%26id%3Dkf49AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4103%2C632188%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/spgeo_0046-2497_1980_num_9_3_3557">"Gulf + Western en République Dominicaine"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e_(web_portal)" title="Persée (web portal)">Persée</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/16/business/gulf-western-has-7.15-stevens-stake.html">"Gulf & Western Has 7.15% Stevens Stake"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 16, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Has+7.15%25+Stevens+Stake&rft.date=1981-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fgulf-western-has-7.15-stevens-stake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammer1973" class="citation news cs1">Hammer, Alexander R. (August 3, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/03/archives/gulf-western-adds-bulova-shares-texasgulf-against-a-tender-offer.html">"Gulf & Western Adds Bulova Shares"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Adds+Bulova+Shares&rft.date=1973-08-03&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F08%2F03%2Farchives%2Fgulf-western-adds-bulova-shares-texasgulf-against-a-tender-offer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarmash1976" class="citation news cs1">Barmash, Isadore (June 13, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/13/archives/bulova-tries-to-make-up-lost-time.html">"Bulova Tries to Make Up Lost Time"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bulova+Tries+to+Make+Up+Lost+Time&rft.date=1976-06-13&rft.aulast=Barmash&rft.aufirst=Isadore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F06%2F13%2Farchives%2Fbulova-tries-to-make-up-lost-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/03/business/25-stake-in-amfac-is-sold-by-g-w.html">"25% STAKE IN AMFAC IS SOLD BY G. & W."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. December 3, 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=25%25+STAKE+IN+AMFAC+IS+SOLD+BY+G.+%26+W.&rft.date=1983-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F12%2F03%2Fbusiness%2F25-stake-in-amfac-is-sold-by-g-w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/11/business/company-news-g-w-buys-stake-in-two-companies.html">"COMPANY NEWS; G.& W. Buys Stake In Two Companies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 11, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+G.%26+W.+Buys+Stake+In+Two+Companies&rft.date=1981-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F03%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-g-w-buys-stake-in-two-companies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/30/business/brunswick-resists-whittaker-merger.html">"BRUNSWICK RESISTS WHITTAKER MERGER"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 30, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BRUNSWICK+RESISTS+WHITTAKER+MERGER&rft.date=1982-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F01%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Fbrunswick-resists-whittaker-merger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/26/business/company-news-g-w-raises-stake.html">"COMPANY NEWS; G.& W. Raises Stake"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 26, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+G.%26+W.+Raises+Stake&rft.date=1981-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F03%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-g-w-raises-stake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/04/archives/indonesia-oil-move-by-gulf-western.html">"INDONESIA OIL MOVE BY GULF & WESTERN"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 4, 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=INDONESIA+OIL+MOVE+BY+GULF+%26+WESTERN&rft.date=1969-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1969%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Findonesia-oil-move-by-gulf-western.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/25/archives/g-w-buys-into-an-italian-real-estate-concern.html">"G. & W. Buys Into an Italian Real Estate Concern"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 25, 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.+%26+W.+Buys+Into+an+Italian+Real+Estate+Concern&rft.date=1970-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F06%2F25%2Farchives%2Fg-w-buys-into-an-italian-real-estate-concern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PropertyFile/NMI/104P4_Mo1.pdf">"1 R~F"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gov.bc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 3, 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=N.+A.+ROCKWELL+DEAL+WITH+COLLINS+IS+SET&rft.date=1971-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F09%2F03%2Farchives%2Fn-a-rockwell-deal-with-collins-is-set.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/03/archives/russian-truck-deal-confirmed-by-gw.html">"RUSSIAN TRUCK DEAL CONFIRMED BY G.&W"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 3, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RUSSIAN+TRUCK+DEAL+CONFIRMED+BY+G.%26W.&rft.date=1972-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F06%2F03%2Farchives%2Frussian-truck-deal-confirmed-by-gw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bemcoinc.com/BemcoH.htm">[1]</a>, Bemco Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/kewaunee-scientific-corporation">"Kewaunee Scientific Corporation"</a>, Encyclopedia.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/24/business/clabir-frustrated-in-its-bids-for-takeovers-presses-hunt.html">"CLABIR, FRUSTRATED IN ITS BIDS FOR TAKEOVERS, PRESSES HUNT"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 24, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CLABIR%2C+FRUSTRATED+IN+ITS+BIDS+FOR+TAKEOVERS%2C+PRESSES+HUNT&rft.date=1982-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F08%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Fclabir-frustrated-in-its-bids-for-takeovers-presses-hunt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/10/business/business-people-chairman-of-clabir-sees-deal-fall-through.html">"BUSINESS PEOPLE; Chairman of Clabir Sees Deal Fall Through"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 10, 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BUSINESS+PEOPLE%3B+Chairman+of+Clabir+Sees+Deal+Fall+Through&rft.date=1987-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F02%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-people-chairman-of-clabir-sees-deal-fall-through.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/17/archives/cyprus-mines-to-acquire-bagdad-copper.html">"Cyprus Mines to Acquire Bagdad Copper"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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July 30, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ZINC+ACCORD+SIGNED+BY+GULF+%26+WESTERN&rft.date=1975-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F07%2F30%2Farchives%2Fzinc-accord-signed-by-gulf-western.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/03/archives/dominicans-sue-g-w-on-filming-of-sorcerer.html">"Dominicans Sue G. & W. On Filming of 'Sorcerer'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The New York Times. August 3, 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dominicans+Sue+G.+%26+W.+On+Filming+of+%E2%80%98Sorcerer%E2%80%99&rft.date=1976-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F08%2F03%2Farchives%2Fdominicans-sue-g-w-on-filming-of-sorcerer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/20/archives/corporation-affairs-seadock-will-extend-its-search-for-new-partners.html">"Corporation Affairs"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 20, 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Corporation+Affairs&rft.date=1977-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F07%2F20%2Farchives%2Fcorporation-affairs-seadock-will-extend-its-search-for-new-partners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVespoli2010" class="citation web cs1">Vespoli, Chris (7 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gawker.com/5506656/dead-air-a-timeline-of-failed-broadcast-tv-networks">"Dead Air: A Timeline of Failed Broadcast TV Networks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gawker" title="Gawker">Gawker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gawker&rft.atitle=Dead+Air%3A+A+Timeline+of+Failed+Broadcast+TV+Networks&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft.aulast=Vespoli&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gawker.com%2F5506656%2Fdead-air-a-timeline-of-failed-broadcast-tv-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1981-01-01/Energy-Flashes.aspx">"Energy Flashes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a>. 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May 8, 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hammacher+Schlemmer+Sold+to+Illinois+Collector%3B+Collector+Purchases+Gift+Store&rft.date=1980-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F05%2F08%2Farchives%2Fhammacher-schlemmer-sold-to-illinois-collector-collector-purchases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/22/obituaries/dominic-tampone-68-dead-led-hammacher-schlemmer.html">"DOMINIC TAMPONE, 68, DEAD; LED HAMMACHER SCHLEMMER"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 22, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=DOMINIC+TAMPONE%2C+68%2C+DEAD%3B+LED+HAMMACHER+SCHLEMMER&rft.date=1982-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F08%2F22%2Fobituaries%2Fdominic-tampone-68-dead-led-hammacher-schlemmer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/james-river-corporation-virginia">"James River Corporation Of Virginia"</a>, Reference for Business.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/10/business/company-news-schrafft-plans-to-shut-down-cites-boxed-candy-sales-slump.html">"COMPANY NEWS; SCHRAFFT PLANS TO SHUT DOWN; CITES BOXED-CANDY SALES SLUMP"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 10, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+SCHRAFFT+PLANS+TO+SHUT+DOWN%3B+CITES+BOXED-CANDY+SALES+SLUMP&rft.date=1981-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F03%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-schrafft-plans-to-shut-down-cites-boxed-candy-sales-slump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/09/27/american-safety-razor-carves-a-profitable-slice-of-market/46e0b119-4d94-4207-9250-74508d8bfa8d/">"American Safety Razor Carves a Profitable Slice of Market"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. September 27, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=American+Safety+Razor+Carves+a+Profitable+Slice+of+Market&rft.date=1982-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1982%2F09%2F27%2Famerican-safety-razor-carves-a-profitable-slice-of-market%2F46e0b119-4d94-4207-9250-74508d8bfa8d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Roosevelt Raceway Board Size Expanded". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. July 15, 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Roosevelt+Raceway+Board+Size+Expanded&rft.date=1970-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Commerce and Industry". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 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November 16, 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.+%26+W.+Unit+Sells+Its+Bliss+Division&rft.date=1983-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F11%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fg-w-unit-sells-its-bliss-division.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">California Secretary of State fillings as of February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01402808/filing-history">"High Command Productions Limited filing history - Find and update company information"</a>. <i>find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gulf+%26+Western+Wants+Buyer+for+Finance+Division+%3A+Paramount%27s+Parent+Plans+to+Change+Name%2C+Focus+on+Entertainment%2C+Publishing&rft.date=1989-04-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-04-10-fi-1718-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Young Filming Chief At Par". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 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"Stuart Levin, 64, an Operator of Elegant Restaurants is dead". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stuart+Levin%2C+64%2C+an+Operator+of+Elegant+Restaurants+is+dead&rft.date=1994-12-21&rft.aulast=Saxon&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+and+Western+Industries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramount_Global392" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Global" title="Template:Paramount Global"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Global" title="Template talk:Paramount Global"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Global" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Global"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Global392" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shari_Redstone" title="Shari Redstone">Shari Redstone</a> (Non-Executive Chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CBS_Entertainment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Entertainment Group">CBS<br />Entertainment<br />Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:">Flagship assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports" title="CBS Sports">CBS Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_HQ" title="CBS Sports HQ">CBS Sports HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_Network" title="CBS Sports Network">CBS Sports Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> (12.5%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:"><a href="/wiki/BET_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="BET Networks">BET Media Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET_Her" title="BET Her">BET Her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Jams" class="mw-redirect" title="BET Jams">BET Jams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Soul" title="BET Soul">BET Soul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:"><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_and_Stations" title="CBS News and Stations">CBS News<br />and Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Radio" title="CBS News Radio">CBS News Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">O&O</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCBS-TV" title="KCBS-TV">KCBS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC-TV" title="KCNC-TV">KCNC-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOVR" title="KOVR">KOVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPIX-TV" title="KPIX-TV">KPIX-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTVT" title="KTVT">KTVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBBM-TV" title="WBBM-TV">WBBM-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCCO-TV" title="WCCO-TV">WCCO-TV/KCCW-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFOR-TV" title="WFOR-TV">WFOR-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJZ-TV" title="WJZ-TV">WJZ-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWJ-TV" title="WWJ-TV">WWJ-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">Ind.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCAL-TV" title="KCAL-TV">KCAL-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMAX-TV" title="KMAX-TV">KMAX-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPYX" title="KPYX">KPYX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSTW" title="KSTW">KSTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTXA" title="KTXA">KTXA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBFS-TV" title="WBFS-TV">WBFS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKBD-TV" title="WKBD-TV">WKBD-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLNY-TV" title="WLNY-TV">WLNY-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPKD-TV" title="WPKD-TV">WPKD-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPSG" title="WPSG">WPSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSBK-TV" title="WSBK-TV">WSBK-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTOG" title="WTOG">WTOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUPA" title="WUPA">WUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_TV" title="Start TV">Start TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBXI-CD" title="WBXI-CD">WBXI-CD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Network <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fave_TV" title="Fave TV">Fave TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:">Production &<br />distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Studios" title="CBS Studios">CBS Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ticket_Entertainment" title="Big Ticket Entertainment">Big Ticket Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions" title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">CBS Eye Animation Productions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions#Late_Night_Cartoons,_Inc." title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">Late Night Cartoons, Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Media_Ventures" title="CBS Media Ventures">CBS Media Ventures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:">Digital media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_MoneyWatch" title="CBS MoneyWatch">CBS MoneyWatch</a></li> <li>CBS Sports Digital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBSSports.com" title="CBSSports.com">CBSSports.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/247Sports" title="247Sports">247Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxPreps" title="MaxPreps">MaxPreps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Watch" title="CBS Watch">CBS Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Streaming" title="Paramount Streaming">Streaming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_original_programming" title="List of Paramount+ original programming">original programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_original_films" title="List of Paramount+ original films">original films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)#Streaming_service" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)#Mobile_apps" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_24/7" title="CBS News 24/7">CBS News 24/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_HQ" title="CBS Sports HQ">CBS Sports HQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks" title="Paramount Media Networks">U.S. media<br />networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks#MTV_Entertainment_Group" title="Paramount Media Networks">MTV Entertainment Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMT_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="CMT Music">CMT Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_TV" title="Logo TV">Logo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTVU" title="MTVU">MTVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(American_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (American TV channel)">MTV Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(TV_network)" title="MTV Live (TV network)">MTV Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Entertainment_Studios" title="MTV Entertainment Studios">MTV Entertainment Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Animation" title="MTV Animation">MTV Animation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network" title="Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_(American_TV_channel)" title="Pop (American TV channel)">Pop TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_Networks" title="Showtime Networks">Showtime Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel" title="The Movie Channel">The Movie Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flix_(TV_network)" title="Flix (TV network)">Flix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Land" title="TV Land">TV Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Group" title="Nickelodeon Group">Nickelodeon Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_at_Nite" title="Nick at Nite">Nick at Nite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr." title="Nick Jr.">Nick Jr. (block)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel" title="Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr. Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">NickMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeenNick" title="TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li> <li>Production <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awesomeness_(company)" title="Awesomeness (company)">Awesomeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio" title="Nickelodeon Animation Studio">Nickelodeon Animation Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Digital" title="Nickelodeon Digital">Nick Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_Studios" title="Avatar Studios">Avatar Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paws,_Inc." title="Paws, Inc.">Paws, Inc.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount<br />Pictures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Animation" title="Paramount Animation">Paramount Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Players" title="Paramount Players">Paramount Players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Movies" title="Nickelodeon Movies">Nickelodeon Movies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Home_Entertainment" title="Paramount Home Entertainment">Paramount Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Music" title="Paramount Music">Paramount Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_International_Pictures" title="United International Pictures">United International Pictures</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> (49%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures#As_a_Paramount_Global_subsidiary" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks" title="Paramount International Networks">International<br />networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Template:Paramount Networks Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Template talk:Paramount Networks Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Networks Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Networks_Americas121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Paramount Networks Americas">Paramount Networks Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Latin American TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Latin American TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(European_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (European TV channel)">Club MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_00s" title="MTV 00s">MTV 00s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s" title="MTV 80s">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">MTV Hits Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(international_TV_channel)" title="MTV Live (international TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Latin American TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Latin American TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">NickMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeenNick" title="TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network" title="Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Internacional" title="Telefe Internacional">Telefe Internacional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Latin American TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Brazilian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Brazilian TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_00s" title="MTV 00s">MTV 00s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Live (European TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Brazilian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Brazilian TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Latin American TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">NickMusic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(international)" title="Paramount Network (international)">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Internacional" title="Telefe Internacional">Telefe Internacional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telefe" title="Telefe">Telefe</a> <ul><li>Córdoba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Rosario" title="Telefe Rosario">Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Santa_Fe" title="Telefe Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_dos_Fundos" title="Porta dos Fundos">Porta dos Fundos</a> (51% JV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIS_Productions" title="TIS Productions">TIS Productions</a> (majority stake)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brasil" title="MTV Brasil">MTV Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_MegaHits" title="VH1 MegaHits">MTV Hits Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (Latin American TV channel)">MTV Hits Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Jams" class="mw-redirect" title="BET Jams">MTV Jams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJPX" title="WJPX">MTV Puerto Rico</a> (licensed)</li> <li>Nick 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)#International_versions" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Brazilian_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Brazilian TV channel)">VH1 Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic (European TV channel)">VH1 Classic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic">VH1 Classic United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 (European TV channel)">VH1 Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 HD">VH1 HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Latin American TV channel)">VH1 Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_MegaHits" title="VH1 MegaHits">VH1 MegaHits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Soul" title="BET Soul">VH1 Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks" title="Paramount Media Networks">Paramount Media Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks" title="Paramount International Networks">Paramount International Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Template:Paramount Networks EMEAA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Template talk:Paramount Networks EMEAA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Networks EMEAA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Networks_EMEAA182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Paramount Networks EMEAA">Paramount Networks EMEAA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MTV_Global" title="MTV Global">MTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Africa" title="MTV Africa">MTV Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Base_(African_TV_channel)" title="MTV Base (African TV channel)">MTV Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV (French TV channel)">France and Francophone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (French TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Global" title="MTV Global">Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(European_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (European TV channel)">Club MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_00s" title="MTV 00s">MTV 00s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s" title="MTV 80s">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s" title="MTV 90s">MTV 90s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(International_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Live (International TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Indian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Indian TV channel)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Israeli TV channel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Italian TV channel)">MTV Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Japan" title="MTV Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Portuguese TV channel)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Spanish TV channel)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Mandarin" title="MTV Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Sub-Saharan_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Sub-Saharan African TV channel)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Asian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Asian TV channel)">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Malaysian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Malaysian TV channel)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Philippine_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Philippine TV channel)">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Global" title="Nickelodeon Global">Central/Eastern Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Ukrainian_TV_programming_block)" title="Nickelodeon (Ukrainian TV programming block)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Croatian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Croatian TV channel)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Serbian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Serbian TV channel)">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Slovenian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Slovenian TV channel)">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Danish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Danish TV channel)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(European_TV_network)" title="Nickelodeon (European TV network)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Flemish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Flemish TV channel)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(French_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (French TV channel)">France and French-speaking Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Junior" title="Nickelodeon Junior">Nickelodeon Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Teen" title="Nickelodeon Teen">Nickelodeon Teen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(German_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (German TV channel)">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(German_TV_channel)#Austrian_channel" title="Nickelodeon (German TV channel)">Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Schweiz" title="Nickelodeon Schweiz">German-speaking Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Greek_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Greek TV channel)">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Plus" title="Nickelodeon Plus">Nickelodeon Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Spanish_and_Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Spanish and Portuguese TV channel)">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Israel)" title="Nickelodeon (Israel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Dutch_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic_(Dutch_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic (Dutch TV channel)">NickMusic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Scandinavian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Scandinavian TV channel)">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Swedish TV channel)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Turkish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Turkish TV channel)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Walloon_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Walloon TV channel)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Pakistani_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Pakistani TV channel)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeenNick#International_versions" title="TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel" title="Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Sub-Saharan_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Sub-Saharan African TV channel)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Russian TV channel)">CIS, Ukraine and Georgia (previously Russia and Belarus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(German_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (German TV channel)">Germany, Austria and Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Greek_TV_programming_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Greek TV programming block)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Israeli TV channel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Portuguese TV channel)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Scandinavian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Scandinavian TV channel)">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Southeast_Asian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Southeast Asian TV channel)">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Turkish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Turkish TV channel)">Turkey</a></li> <li>Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Sub-Saharan_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (Sub-Saharan African TV channel)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(European_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (European TV channel)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(German_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)#International_versions" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Russian TV channel)">CIS and Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Belgian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Belgian TV channel)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(French_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (French TV channel)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(German_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (German TV channel)">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(German_TV_channel)#Austrian_subfeed" title="Comedy Central (German TV channel)">Austrian subfeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(German_TV_channel)#Swiss_subfeed" title="Comedy Central (German TV channel)">Swiss subfeed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy Central (Hungarian TV channel)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Comedy_Central" title="Hot Comedy Central">Hot Comedy Central (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Dutch_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy Central (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy Central (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polsat_Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Polsat Comedy Central Extra">Polsat Comedy Central Extra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Romanian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Romanian TV channel)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Spanish TV channel)">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(international)" title="Paramount Network (international)">Paramount Network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(Czech_Republic)" title="Paramount Network (Czech Republic)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(Dutch_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Network (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Paramount Network (Spanish TV channel)">Spain</a></li> <li>Paramount Channel (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BET</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET_(French_TV_channel)" title="BET (French TV channel)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_International" title="BET International">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego_(TV_channel)" title="Ego (TV channel)">Ego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_One" title="Game One">Game One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-One" title="J-One">J-One</a></li> <li>JVs with <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks_International" title="AMC Networks International">AMC Networks International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_Cafe" title="Film Cafe">Film Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Reality" title="CBS Reality">CBS Reality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super!" title="Super!">Super!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5Spike" title="5Spike">5Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Action_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="CBS Action (Polish TV channel)">CBS Action Poland</a></li> <li>Comedy Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Family_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central Family (Dutch TV channel)">Family Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Swedish TV channel)">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindernet" title="Kindernet">Kindernet</a></li> <li>MTV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Adria)" title="MTV (Adria)">Adria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Africa" title="MTV Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Austrian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Austrian TV channel)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Belgian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Belgian TV channel)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Czech_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Czech TV channel)">Czech Republic and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Mandarin" title="MTV Mandarin">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Danish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Danish TV channel)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Estonian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (Estonian TV channel)">Eesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Finnish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Finnish TV channel)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Greek_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Greek TV channel)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (Hungarian TV channel)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Indonesian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Indonesian TV channel)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Lithuanian_%26_Latvian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Lithuanian & Latvian TV channel)">Lithuania and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Middle_Eastern_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Middle Eastern TV channel)">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV (New Zealand TV channel)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Nordic_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Nordic TV channel)">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Norwegian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Norwegian TV channel)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Pakistani_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Pakistani TV channel)">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Philippine_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Philippine TV channel)">Original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Pinoy" title="MTV Pinoy">MTV Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTVph" title="MTVph">MTVph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Romanian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Romanian TV channel)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Russian TV channel)">Russia, CIS and Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Asian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Asian TV channel)">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Swedish TV channel)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Swiss_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Swiss TV channel)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Thailand" title="MTV Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Turkish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Turkish TV channel)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Ukrainian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Ukrainian TV channel)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Base_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV Base (French TV channel)">MTV Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brand_New" title="MTV Brand New">MTV Brand New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brand_New_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Brand New (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brand_New_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="MTV Brand New (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li>MTV Classic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (Australian TV channel)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Classic (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Club MTV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (Australian TV channel)">Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li>MTV Hits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Idol" title="MTV Idol">MTV Idol</a></li> <li>MTV Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Greek_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Greek TV channel)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_24" title="MTV Music 24">MTV Music 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Plus" title="MTV Plus">MTV Plus</a></li> <li>MTV Pulse <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Pulse_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV Pulse (French TV channel)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Pulse_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Pulse (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Rocks_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Rocks (European TV channel)">MTV Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2_Pop" title="MTV2 Pop">MTV2 Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Russian TV channel)">Nickelodeon Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOOB" title="QOOB">QOOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Dutch_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy Central (Dutch TV channel)">The Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Flanders" title="TMF Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Nederland" title="TMF Nederland">Nederland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Dance" title="TMF Dance">TMF Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_NL" title="TMF NL">TMF NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Pure" title="TMF Pure">TMF Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Danish_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Danish TV channel)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 (European TV channel)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH-1_(German_TV_channel)" title="VH-1 (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic (European TV channel)">VH1 Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks#Former_networks" title="Paramount International Networks">VIVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Austria" title="VIVA Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_(German_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA (Hungarian TV channel)">Hungary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks" title="Paramount Media Networks">Paramount Media Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks" title="Paramount International Networks">Paramount International Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow S.p.A.">Rainbow S.p.A.</a> (30%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount_channels" title="List of Paramount channels">List of Paramount channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Template:Paramount Networks UK & Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Template talk:Paramount Networks UK & Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Networks UK & Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Networks_UK_&amp;_Australia397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom<br />& Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a><sup>1</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Comedy Central Extra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_(television_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend (television channel)">Legend</a><sup>2</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legend_(television_channel)#Legend_Xtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend (television channel)">Legend Xtra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)#Nick_Jr._Too/Nick_Jr._2" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr. Too</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Crime_(AMC_Networks)" title="True Crime (AMC Networks)">True Crime</a><sup>2</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_Crime_Xtra" title="True Crime Xtra">True Crime Xtra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UK-only7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5Action" title="5Action">5Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Select" title="5Select">5Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Star" title="5Star">5Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5USA" title="5USA">5USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake!" title="Milkshake!">Milkshake!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My5" title="My5">My5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(International_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Live (International TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Network_Holdings" title="Ten Network Holdings">Ten Network Holdings</a><br />(Australia &<br />New Zealand)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_(TV_station)" title="ADS (TV station)">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVQ" title="TVQ">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATV_(Australian_TV_station)" title="ATV (Australian TV station)">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEN_(TV_station)" title="TEN (TV station)">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multichannels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_10#10_HD" title="Network 10">10 HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Bold_Drama" title="10 Bold Drama">10 Bold Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Peach_Comedy" title="10 Peach Comedy">10 Peach Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Australian TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You.tv" title="You.tv">you.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecko (TV channel)">gecko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="CMT (Australian TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (Australian TV channel)">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (Australian TV channel)">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Hits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic (Australia and New Zealand)">NickMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OzTAM" title="OzTAM">OzTAM</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canwest" title="Canwest">Canwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Network_10" title="List of programs broadcast by Network 10">Network 10 programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5Spike" title="5Spike">5Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_daily" title="10 daily">10 daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_International" title="BET International">BET International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Justice" title="CBS Justice">CBS Justice</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li>MTV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Base" title="MTV Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (British and Irish TV channel)">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Extra" title="MTV Extra">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Flux" title="MTV Flux">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_OMG" title="MTV OMG">OMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Rocks_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Rocks (British and Irish TV channel)">Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Shows" title="MTV Shows">Shows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoonsters" title="Nicktoonsters">Nicktoonsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Smithsonian Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (Australian TV channel)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_TV" title="Spree TV">Spree TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Guide" title="Ten Guide">Ten Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_(UK_%26_Ireland)" title="TMF (UK & Ireland)">TMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (British and Irish TV channel)">VH1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic (European TV channel)">Classic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH2" title="VH2">VH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Viva (British and Irish TV channel)">Viva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><small><sup>1</sup>75% with <a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a></small></li> <li><small><sup>2</sup>with <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks_International_UK" title="AMC Networks International UK">AMC Networks International UK</a></small></li> <li><small><sup>3</sup>33% with <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a></small></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Paramount_Global" title="List of assets owned by Paramount Global">Miscellaneous<br />holdings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Broadcast_Center" title="CBS Broadcast Center">CBS Broadcast Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater" title="Ed Sullivan Theater">Ed Sullivan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Consumer_Products" title="Paramount Consumer Products">Paramount Consumer Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global_Content_Distribution" title="Paramount Global Content Distribution">Paramount Global Content Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a> (unknown stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_dos_Fundos" title="Porta dos Fundos">Porta dos Fundos</a> (51%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhoSay" title="WhoSay">WhoSay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct/former<br />holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AXS_TV" title="AXS TV">AXS TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellator_MMA" title="Bellator MMA">Bellator MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(retailer)" title="Blockbuster (retailer)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNET" title="BNET">BNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Cable" title="CBS Cable">CBS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_People" title="Discovery People">CBS Eye on People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Films" title="CBS Films">CBS Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Home_Entertainment" title="CBS Home Entertainment">CBS Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Innertube" title="CBS Innertube">CBS Innertube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Productions" title="CBS Productions">CBS Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_(2006)" title="CBS Records (2006)">CBS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Telenoticias" title="CBS Telenoticias">CBS Telenoticias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowhound" title="Chowhound">Chowhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNET_Video" title="CNET Video">CNET Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Download.com">Download.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UrbanBaby" title="UrbanBaby">UrbanBaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDNET" title="ZDNET">ZDNET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SmartPlanet" title="SmartPlanet">SmartPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechRepublic" title="TechRepublic">TechRepublic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Films" title="Comedy Central Films">Comedy Central Films</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ComicBook.com" title="ComicBook.com">ComicBook.com</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">Epix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FindArticles" title="FindArticles">FindArticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_FM" title="Free FM">Free FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GameFAQs" title="GameFAQs">GameFAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameRankings" title="GameRankings">GameRankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Bomb" title="Giant Bomb">Giant Bomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameTrailers" title="GameTrailers">GameTrailers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonix" title="Harmonix">Harmonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDNet_Movies" title="HDNet Movies">HDNet Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFilm" title="IFilm">IFilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Infinity Broadcasting Corporation">Infinity Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurge_Pictures" title="Insurge Pictures">Insurge Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_World" title="King World">King World Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroLyrics" title="MetroLyrics">MetroLyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieTickets.com" title="MovieTickets.com">MovieTickets.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopets" title="Neopets">Neopets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre_(Los_Angeles)" title="Earl Carroll Theatre (Los Angeles)">Nickelodeon on Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Records" title="Nickelodeon Records">Nick Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnGamers" title="OnGamers">onGamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Digital_Entertainment" title="Paramount Digital Entertainment">Paramount Digital Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Famous_Productions" title="Paramount Famous Productions">Paramount Famous Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Parks" title="Paramount Parks">Paramount Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Stations_Group" title="Paramount Stations Group">Paramount Stations Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television_Studios" title="Paramount Television Studios">Paramount Television Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Vantage" title="Paramount Vantage">Paramount Vantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow S.p.A.">Rainbow S.p.A.</a> (30%) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardel_Entertainment" title="Bardel Entertainment">Bardel Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Film">Colorado Film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout.com" title="Scout.com">Scout.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shockwave_(game_portal)" title="Shockwave (game portal)">Shockwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_Television" title="Spelling Television">Spelling Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV.com" title="TV.com">TV.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clicker.com" title="Clicker.com">Clicker.com</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting-Paramount_Theatres" title="American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres">United Paramount Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VersionTracker" title="VersionTracker">VersionTracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Uno" title="VH1 Uno">VH1 Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom18" title="Viacom18">Viacom18</a> (13%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_Entertainment_Store" title="Viacom Entertainment Store">Viacom Entertainment Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VidCon" title="VidCon">VidCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting" title="Westinghouse Broadcasting">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Licensing_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Licensing Corporation">Westinghouse Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldvision_Enterprises" title="Worldvision Enterprises">Worldvision Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIC_Video" title="CIC Video">CIC Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf and Western Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Amusements" title="National Amusements">National Amusements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">Viacom (1952–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom (2005–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_CBS" title="History of CBS">History of CBS</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._FCC" title="CBS, Inc. v. FCC">CBS, Inc. v. FCC</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_CBS_Corporation_and_Viacom" title="Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom">Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom" title="2019 merger of CBS and Viacom">2019 merger of CBS and Viacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_merger_of_Skydance_Media_and_Paramount_Global" title="Proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global">Proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Paramount_Global" title="Criticism of Paramount Global">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_controversies_and_criticism" title="CBS News controversies and criticism">News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount_Global_television_programs" title="List of Paramount Global television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li>Buildings and facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Building" title="CBS Building">CBS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Astor_Plaza" title="One Astor Plaza">One Astor Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radford_Studio_Center" title="Radford Studio Center">Radford Studio Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sega324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sega" title="Template:Sega"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sega" title="Template talk:Sega"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sega" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sega"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sega324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards" title="List of Sega arcade system boards">Arcade systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_games" title="List of Sega arcade games">Arcade games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sega_Pinball_machines" title="List of Sega Pinball machines">Pinball machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R360" title="R360">R360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR-1" title="VR-1">VR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEGA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SEGA_logo.svg/150px-SEGA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SEGA_logo.svg/225px-SEGA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SEGA_logo.svg/300px-SEGA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sega_video_game_consoles" title="List of Sega video game consoles">Video game consoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive / Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_CD" title="Sega CD">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32X" title="32X">32X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis_Mini" title="Sega Genesis Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Pico" title="Sega Pico">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Nomad" title="Genesis Nomad">Nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Gopher" title="Sega Gopher">Gopher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaserActive" title="LaserActive">LaserActive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_TeraDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega TeraDrive">TeraDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_Mega_PC" title="Amstrad Mega PC">Amstrad Mega PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensed consoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Zone_(console)" title="Sega Zone (console)">Sega Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online gaming services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Meganet" title="Sega Meganet">Sega Meganet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Channel" title="Sega Channel">Sega Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Net_Link" title="Sega Net Link">Sega Net Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast_online_functionality" title="Dreamcast online functionality">Dreamcast services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALL.Net" title="ALL.Net">ALL.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Forever" title="Sega Forever">Sega Forever</a></li> <li>Sega Account</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomiswave" title="Atomiswave">Atomiswave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast_light_guns" title="Dreamcast light guns">Dreamcast Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast_VGA" title="Dreamcast VGA">Dreamcast VGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreameye" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreameye">Dreameye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Lock-On" title="Sega Lock-On">Lock-On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacer" title="Menacer">Menacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Card" title="Sega Card">Sega Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Net_Link" title="Sega Net Link">Sega Net Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_VR" title="Sega VR">Sega VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMU" title="VMU">VMU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amusement venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joypolis" title="Joypolis">Joypolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_World" title="Sega World">Sega World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_World_Sydney" title="Sega World Sydney">Sega World Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SegaWorld_London" title="SegaWorld London">SegaWorld London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameWorks" title="GameWorks">GameWorks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_development_studios" title="Sega development studios">Development studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_Industries" title="Gremlin Industries">Gremlin Industries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf and Western Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Technical_Institute" title="Sega Technical Institute">Sega Technical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Team" title="Sonic Team">Sonic Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Sammy_Holdings" title="Sega Sammy Holdings">Sega Sammy Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSK_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="SCSK Corporation">SCSK Corporation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sega_v._Accolade" title="Sega v. Accolade">Sega v. Accolade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sega_video_game_franchises" title="List of Sega video game franchises">Video game franchises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Sega_games" title="Lists of Sega games">List of games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sega" title="Category:Sega">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3111140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1055" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3111140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1055" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3111140#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154762821">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5073621-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gulf & Western Industries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007376576&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gulf & Western Corporation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007376577&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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