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15. Housing and husbandry - Explanation | ARRIVE Guidelines | ARRIVE Guidelines
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statement</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/housing-and-husbandry/15/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link is-active" data-node="124" hreflang="en"><span>15. </span><span>Housing and husbandry</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/animal-care-and-monitoring/16a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="130" hreflang="en"><span>16. </span><span>Animal care and monitoring</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/interpretation-scientific-implications/17a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="134" hreflang="en"><span>17. </span><span>Interpretation/ scientific implications</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/generalisability-translation/18/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="138" hreflang="en"><span>18. </span><span>Generalisability/ translation</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/protocol-registration/19/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="140" hreflang="en"><span>19. </span><span>Protocol registration</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/data-access/20/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="142" hreflang="en"><span>20. </span><span>Data access</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/declaration-interests/21a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="146" hreflang="en"><span>21. </span><span>Declaration of interests</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/glossary" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="22" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/22">Glossary</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content__content"> <div id="block-arrive-content"> <article class="guideline"> <div class="guideline__type"> Recommended Set </div> <h1 class="guideline__title">15. Housing and husbandry <span class="sr-only"> <span class="guideline__sub-item-title">Provide details of housing and husbandry conditions, including any environmental enrichment.</span> <span class="guideline__content-title">explanation</span> </span></h1> <div> <div class="guideline__sub-item-content"> <div class="guideline__sub-items"> <div class="guideline__sub-items"> <div class="guideline__sub-items-tabs"> <div class="guideline__sub-items-title guideline__sub-items-title--50-1 guideline__sub-items-title--active"> <div> <span class="guideline__sub-items-title-order">15</span> <span> Provide details of housing and husbandry conditions, including any environmental enrichment. </span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__ee-content"> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs"> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-title guideline__ee_tabs-title--active" data-tab-type="explanation"> <span data-node="124">Explanation</span> </div> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-title" data-tab-type="example"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/housing-and-husbandry/15/examples" class="guideline__ee_tabs-link" data-node="125">Examples</a> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-content guideline__ee_tabs-content--active"> <div><p>The environment determines the health and wellbeing of the animals and every aspect of it can potentially affect their behavioural and physiological responses, thereby affecting research outcomes [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">1</a>]. Different studies may be sensitive to different environmental factors, and particular aspects of the environment necessary to report may depend on the type of study [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">2</a>]. Examples of housing and husbandry conditions known to affect animal welfare and research outcomes are listed in the table below; consider reporting these elements and any other housing and husbandry conditions likely to influence the study outcomes.</p> <table> <caption><strong>Examples of information to consider when reporting housing and husbandry, and their effects on laboratory animals</strong></caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;"><strong>Information to report</strong></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;"><strong>Examples of effects on laboratory animals</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Cage/tank/housing system (type and dimensions)</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Affects behaviour<sup> </sup>[<a href="#15-explanation-refs">3</a>] and fear learning [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">4</a>]. Tank colour affects stress in aquatic species [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">5,6</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Food and water (type, composition, supplier and access)</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Affects body weight, tumour development, nephropathy severity [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">7</a>], and the threshold for developing Parkinsonian symptoms [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">8</a>]. Maternal diet affects offspring body weight [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">9</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Bedding and nesting material</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Affects behavioural responses to stress [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">10</a>] and pain [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">11</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Temperature and humidity</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Modifies tumour progression [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">12</a>]. Regulates sexual differentiation in zebrafish [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">13</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Sanitation (frequency of cage/tank water changes, material transferred, water quality)</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Affects blood pressure, heart rate, behaviour [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">14</a>]. Adds an additional source of variation [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">15,16</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Social environment (group size and composition/stocking density)</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Compromises animal welfare [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">17</a>]. Induces aggressive behaviour [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">18,19</a>] and stress [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">6</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Biosecurity (level)</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">The microbiological status of animals causes variation in systemic disease parameters [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">20</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Lighting (type, schedule and intensity)</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Modifies immune and stress responses [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">21</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;"> <p>Environmental enrichment</p> <p> </p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Reduces anxiety [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">22,23</a>], stress [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">22,23</a>] and abnormal repetitive behaviour [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">24-26</a>]. Reduces susceptibility to epilepsy [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">27</a>] and osteoarthritis [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">28</a>] and modifies the pathology of neurological disorders [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">29</a>]. Increases foraging behaviour in fish [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">30</a>].</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:148.6pt;">Sex of the experimenter</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;width:361.1pt;">Affects physiological stress and pain behaviour [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">31</a>].</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Environment, either deprived or enriched, can affect a wide range of physiological and behavioural responses [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">32</a>]. Specific details to report include, but are not limited to, structural enrichment (e.g. elevated surfaces, dividers), resources for species-typical activities (e.g. nesting material, shelters or gnawing sticks for rodents; plants or gravel for aquatic species), toys or other tools used to stimulate exploration, exercise (e.g. running wheel), and novelty. If no environmental enrichment was provided, this should be clearly stated with justification. Similarly, scientific justification needs to be reported for withholding food and water [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">33</a>], and for singly housing animals [<a href="#15-explanation-refs">34,35</a>].</p> <p>If space is an issue, relevant housing and husbandry details can be provided in the form of a link to the information in a public repository, or as supplementary information.</p> <p> </p> <h2>References</h2> <ol> <li>Nevalainen T (2014). 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