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id="toc-Boluan_Fanzheng_and_economic_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boluan_Fanzheng_and_economic_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Boluan Fanzheng and economic reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boluan_Fanzheng_and_economic_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_Reforms_and_Opening-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_Reforms_and_Opening-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Challenges to Reforms and Opening-up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_Reforms_and_Opening-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_disenfranchisement_and_legitimacy_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_disenfranchisement_and_legitimacy_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_disenfranchisement_and_legitimacy_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986_student_demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986_student_demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1986 student demonstrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986_student_demonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Political reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Funding and support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_1989_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_1989_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Beginning of the 1989 protests </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beginning_of_the_1989_protests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beginning of the 1989 protests subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_1989_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Hu_Yaobang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Hu_Yaobang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Death of Hu Yaobang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Hu_Yaobang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rioting_on_22_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rioting_on_22_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rioting on 22 April </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rioting_on_22_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-26_April_Editorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#26_April_Editorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 26 April Editorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-26_April_Editorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27_April_demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27_April_demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 27 April demonstrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27_April_demonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation_of_the_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_of_the_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Escalation of the protests </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escalation_of_the_protests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Escalation of the protests subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Escalation_of_the_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparing_for_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_for_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Preparing for dialogue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_for_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunger_strikes_begin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_strikes_begin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Hunger strikes begin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_strikes_begin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikhail_Gorbachev's_visit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikhail_Gorbachev's_visit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Mikhail Gorbachev's visit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikhail_Gorbachev's_visit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gathering_momentum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gathering_momentum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Gathering momentum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gathering_momentum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_of_protesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_of_protesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Surveillance of protesters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_of_protesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Beijing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Beijing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Outside Beijing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Beijing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Military action </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military action subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Martial law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1 June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Li_Peng's_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li_Peng's_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Li Peng's Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li_Peng's_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MSS_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MSS_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 MSS Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MSS_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2–3_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2–3_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 2–3 June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2–3_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3–4_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3–4_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 3–4 June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3–4_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chang'an_Avenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chang'an_Avenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Chang'an Avenue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chang'an_Avenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clearing_the_square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clearing_the_square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Clearing the square </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clearing_the_square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 In the city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5_June_and_the_Tank_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5_June_and_the_Tank_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 5 June and the Tank Man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5_June_and_the_Tank_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_outside_Beijing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_outside_Beijing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Protests outside Beijing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_outside_Beijing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government's_pronouncements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government's_pronouncements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Government's pronouncements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government's_pronouncements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death toll </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death toll subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Official figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Identifying the dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths_around_and_in_Tiananmen_Square_itself" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths_around_and_in_Tiananmen_Square_itself"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Deaths around and in Tiananmen Square itself </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths_around_and_in_Tiananmen_Square_itself-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Immediate aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Immediate aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrests,_punishments,_and_evacuations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests,_punishments,_and_evacuations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arrests, punishments, and evacuations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests,_punishments,_and_evacuations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Leadership changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Official narrative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Chinese media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Foreign media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longer-term_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longer-term_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Longer-term impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Longer-term_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Longer-term impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Longer-term_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China's_image_internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China's_image_internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 China's image internationally </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China's_image_internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_and_the_United_States_arms_embargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_and_the_United_States_arms_embargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 European Union and the United States arms embargo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_and_the_United_States_arms_embargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Contemporary issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Censorship_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Censorship in China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_the_government_to_reassess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_the_government_to_reassess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Calls for the government to reassess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_the_government_to_reassess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_leaders_voicing_regret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_leaders_voicing_regret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Chinese leaders voicing regret </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_leaders_voicing_regret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 United Nations report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen-betogings_van_1989" title="Tiananmen-betogings van 1989 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tiananmen-betogings van 1989" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="مظاهرات ساحة تيانانمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مظاهرات ساحة تيانانمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestes_de_la_Plaza_de_Tiananm%C3%A9n_de_1989" title="Protestes de la Plaza de Tiananmén de 1989 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protestes de la Plaza de Tiananmén de 1989" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyananmen_meydan%C4%B1_etirazlar%C4%B1_(1989)" title="Tyananmen meydanı etirazları (1989) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tyananmen meydanı etirazları (1989)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AF_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD" title="১৯৮৯ তিয়েনআনমেন চত্বরে বিক্ষোভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৮৯ তিয়েনআনমেন চত্বরে বিক্ষোভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lio%CC%8Dk-s%C3%B9_s%C5%AB-ki%C4%81%E2%81%BF" title="Lio̍k-sù sū-kiāⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lio̍k-sù sū-kiāⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%A6%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_(1989)" title="Пратэсты на плошчы Цяньаньмэнь (1989) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратэсты на плошчы Цяньаньмэнь (1989)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Протести на площад Тиенанмън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протести на площад Тиенанмън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestadego%C3%B9_ar_blasenn_Tiananmen_e_1989" title="Manifestadegoù ar blasenn Tiananmen e 1989 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manifestadegoù ar blasenn Tiananmen e 1989" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="1989 оной Тяньаньмэнь талмайн алалга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="1989 оной Тяньаньмэнь талмайн алалга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestes_de_la_pla%C3%A7a_de_Tian%27anmen_de_1989" title="Protestes de la plaça de Tian'anmen de 1989 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protestes de la plaça de Tian'anmen de 1989" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Nebesk%C3%A9ho_klidu" title="Masakr na náměstí Nebeského klidu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masakr na náměstí Nebeského klidu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestiadau_Sgw%C3%A2r_Tiananmen_(1989)" title="Protestiadau Sgwâr Tiananmen (1989) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protestiadau Sgwâr Tiananmen (1989)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrationerne_p%C3%A5_Den_Himmelske_Freds_Plads_(1989)" title="Demonstrationerne på Den Himmelske Freds Plads (1989) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demonstrationerne på Den Himmelske Freds Plads (1989)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian%E2%80%99anmen-Massaker" title="Tian’anmen-Massaker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tian’anmen-Massaker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989._aasta_Tian%27anmeni_meeleavaldused" title="1989. aasta Tian'anmeni meeleavaldused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1989. aasta Tian'anmeni meeleavaldused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Διαδηλώσεις της Πλατείας Τιενανμέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδηλώσεις της Πλατείας Τιενανμέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_de_la_plaza_de_Tiananm%C3%A9n_de_1989" title="Protestas de la plaza de Tiananmén de 1989 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestas de la plaza de Tiananmén de 1989" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestoj_sur_la_placo_Tian_An_Men" title="Protestoj sur la placo Tian An Men – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protestoj sur la placo Tian An Men" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_plazako_protestak" title="Tiananmen plazako protestak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tiananmen plazako protestak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="اعتراضات میدان تیان‌آن‌من – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتراضات میدان تیان‌آن‌من" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestations_de_la_place_Tian%27anmen" title="Manifestations de la place Tian'anmen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manifestations de la place Tian'anmen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A9acht_i_gCearn%C3%B3g_Tiananmen" title="Sléacht i gCearnóg Tiananmen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sléacht i gCearnóg Tiananmen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_da_Praza_Tian%27anmen" title="Protestas da Praza Tian'anmen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protestas da Praza Tian'anmen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuk-si_S%E1%B9%B3-khien" title="Liuk-si Sṳ-khien – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liuk-si Sṳ-khien" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%EB%85%84_%EC%B2%9C%EC%95%88%EB%AC%B8_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="1989년 천안문 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1989년 천안문 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF" title="तियानानमेन चौक विरोध प्रदर्शन, १९८९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तियानानमेन चौक विरोध प्रदर्शन, १९८९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosvjedi_na_Tiananmenskom_trgu" title="Prosvjedi na Tiananmenskom trgu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prosvjedi na Tiananmenskom trgu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjuk_rasa_Tiananmen_1989" title="Unjuk rasa Tiananmen 1989 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unjuk rasa Tiananmen 1989" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestationes_in_le_Placia_Tiananmen_in_1989" title="Manifestationes in le Placia Tiananmen in 1989 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manifestationes in le Placia Tiananmen in 1989" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3tm%C3%A6lin_%C3%A1_Torgi_hins_himneska_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Mótmælin á Torgi hins himneska friðar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mótmælin á Torgi hins himneska friðar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesta_di_piazza_Tienanmen" title="Protesta di piazza Tienanmen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protesta di piazza Tienanmen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%9F_(1989)" title="אירועי כיכר טיין-אן-מן (1989) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירועי כיכר טיין-אן-מן (1989)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%94_(1989)" title="პროტესტი ტიანანმენის მოედანზე (1989) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტესტი ტიანანმენის მოედანზე (1989)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xwep%C3%AA%C5%9Fandan_%C3%BB_komkujiya_qada_Tiananmen%C3%AA_ya_1989an" title="Xwepêşandan û komkujiya qada Tiananmenê ya 1989an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwepêşandan û komkujiya qada Tiananmenê ya 1989an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99_%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5_1989" title="ການປະທ້ວງຈະຕຸລັດທຽນອານເມັນ ປີ 1989 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການປະທ້ວງຈະຕຸລັດທຽນອານເມັນ ປີ 1989" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesti_Tia%C5%86a%C5%86me%C5%86a_laukum%C4%81" title="Protesti Tiaņaņmeņa laukumā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protesti Tiaņaņmeņa laukumā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_m._Tiananmenio_aik%C5%A1t%C4%97s_protestai" title="1989 m. Tiananmenio aikštės protestai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1989 m. Tiananmenio aikštės protestai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_en_la_Plaza_Tiananmen_en_1989" title="Protestas en la Plaza Tiananmen en 1989 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protestas en la Plaza Tiananmen en 1989" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienanmen_t%C3%A9ri_v%C3%A9rengz%C3%A9s" title="Tienanmen téri vérengzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tienanmen téri vérengzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82_%E2%80%9E%D0%A2%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%E2%80%9C_%D0%BE%D0%B4_1989_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Протести на плоштадот „Тјенанмен“ од 1989 година – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протести на плоштадот „Тјенанмен“ од 1989 година" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82_(1989)" title="ടിയാനെന്മെൻ ചത്വരത്തിലെ പ്രക്ഷോഭം (1989) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിയാനെന്മെൻ ചത്വരത്തിലെ പ്രക്ഷോഭം (1989)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1_(1989)" title="პროტესტი ტიანანმენიშ მოედანს (1989) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პროტესტი ტიანანმენიშ მოედანს (1989)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantahan_Dataran_Tiananmen_1989" title="Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%95%CC%A4k-s%C3%A9_S%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3-gi%C3%B4ng" title="Lĕ̤k-sé Sê̤ṳ-giông – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lĕ̤k-sé Sê̤ṳ-giông" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_1989_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тяньаньмэний талбайд 1989 онд болсон хядлага – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тяньаньмэний талбайд 1989 онд болсон хядлага" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%88%E1%81%89)" title="ထျန်းအန်းမင် အရေးအခင်း (၁၉၈၉) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထျန်းအန်းမင် အရေးအခင်း (၁၉၈၉)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmenprotest" title="Tiananmenprotest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tiananmenprotest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四天安門事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="六四天安門事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrasjonene_p%C3%A5_Den_himmelske_freds_plass" title="Demonstrasjonene på Den himmelske freds plass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demonstrasjonene på Den himmelske freds plass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrasjonane_p%C3%A5_Den_himmelske_freds_plass" title="Demonstrasjonane på Den himmelske freds plass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Demonstrasjonane på Den himmelske freds plass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_maydoni_e%CA%BCtirozlari_(1989)" title="Tiananmen maydoni eʼtirozlari (1989) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tiananmen maydoni eʼtirozlari (1989)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਤੀਆਨਾਨਮੇਨ ਚੌਕ ਹੱਤਿਆਕਾਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੀਆਨਾਨਮੇਨ ਚੌਕ ਹੱਤਿਆਕਾਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesty_na_placu_Niebia%C5%84skiego_Spokoju_w_1989" title="Protesty na placu Niebiańskiego Spokoju w 1989 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protesty na placu Niebiańskiego Spokoju w 1989" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_da_Pra%C3%A7a_da_Paz_Celestial_em_1989" title="Massacre da Praça da Paz Celestial em 1989 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre da Praça da Paz Celestial em 1989" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestele_din_Pia%C8%9Ba_Tiananmen" title="Protestele din Piața Tiananmen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protestele din Piața Tiananmen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_(1989)" title="События на площади Тяньаньмэнь (1989) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="События на площади Тяньаньмэнь (1989)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestat_dhe_masakra_e_Sheshit_Tiananmen,_1989" title="Protestat dhe masakra e Sheshit Tiananmen, 1989 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protestat dhe masakra e Sheshit Tiananmen, 1989" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesty_na_N%C3%A1mest%C3%AD_Tchien-an-men" title="Protesty na Námestí Tchien-an-men – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protesty na Námestí Tchien-an-men" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstracije_na_Trgu_nebe%C5%A1kega_miru_1989" title="Demonstracije na Trgu nebeškega miru 1989 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demonstracije na Trgu nebeškega miru 1989" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83_1989." title="Протести на Тјенанмену 1989. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протести на Тјенанмену 1989." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesti_na_trgu_Tiananmen" title="Protesti na trgu Tiananmen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protesti na trgu Tiananmen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivaallisen_rauhan_aukion_mielenosoitus" title="Taivaallisen rauhan aukion mielenosoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taivaallisen rauhan aukion mielenosoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesterna_och_massakern_p%C3%A5_Himmelska_fridens_torg" title="Protesterna och massakern på Himmelska fridens torg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protesterna och massakern på Himmelska fridens torg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pagpoprotesta_sa_Liwasan_ng_Tiananmen_noong_1989" title="Mga pagpoprotesta sa Liwasan ng Tiananmen noong 1989 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga pagpoprotesta sa Liwasan ng Tiananmen noong 1989" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1989 தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம் எதிர்ப்புப் போராட்டங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1989 தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம் எதிர்ப்புப் போராட்டங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2532" title="การประท้วงที่จัตุรัสเทียนอันเหมิน พ.ศ. 2532 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประท้วงที่จัตุรัสเทียนอันเหมิน พ.ศ. 2532" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Meydan%C4%B1_protestolar%C4%B1" title="1989 Tiananmen Meydanı protestoları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1989 Tiananmen Meydanı protestoları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%96_%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_(1989)" title="Події на площі Тяньаньмень (1989) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Події на площі Тяньаньмень (1989)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1989%D8%A1" title="تیانانمین اسکوائر پر احتجاج اور قتل عام 1989ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیانانمین اسکوائر پر احتجاج اور قتل عام 1989ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tiananmen Square protests" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tiananmen Square protests (disambiguation)">Tiananmen Square protests (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Chinese democracy movement</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men,_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989,_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg/250px-Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="199" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing,_July_1989.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing%2C_July_1989.png/250px-Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing%2C_July_1989.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing%2C_July_1989.png/375px-Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing%2C_July_1989.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing%2C_July_1989.png/500px-Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing%2C_July_1989.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="363" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div style="text-align:center">Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> on 2 June (top), and tanks in Beijing in July (bottom)</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Initial protests: 15 April – 4 June 1989 (1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days) <hr /> Massacre: 3–4 June 1989 (1 day); 35 years ago</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">Beijing, China and 400 cities nationwide</div> <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre&params=39_54_12_N_116_23_30_E_type:landmark_region:CN-11">39°54′12″N 116°23′30″E / 39.90333°N 116.39167°E / 39.90333; 116.39167</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Death of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a> (especially regarding the children of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_of_democracy#Third_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave of democracy">Third wave of democracy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">End of corruption within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, as well as democratic reforms, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, social equality, democratic input on economic reforms</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">occupation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioting">rioting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Government crackdown</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Heavy casualties in urban clashes between rioters and soldiers in Beijing, especially at <a href="/wiki/Muxidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muxidi">Muxidi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Protest leaders and pro-democracy activists later exiled or imprisoned </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Rioters charged with violent crimes executed in the following months </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> purged from <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, previously Party Secretary of Shanghai, promoted to General Secretary and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Imposition of Western economic sanctions and arms embargoes on China </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Initiation of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/25px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/38px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/50px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a> <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/People%27s_Armed_Police_Flag.svg/19px-People%27s_Armed_Police_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/People%27s_Armed_Police_Flag.svg/29px-People%27s_Armed_Police_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/People%27s_Armed_Police_Flag.svg/38px-People%27s_Armed_Police_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> Demonstrators <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BSAFflag.svg/23px-BSAFflag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BSAFflag.svg/35px-BSAFflag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BSAFflag.svg/45px-BSAFflag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /> <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defend_Tiananmen_Square_Headquarters" title="Defend Tiananmen Square Headquarters">Defend Tiananmen Square Headquarters</a></li> <li>Pro-democracy protesters</li> <li>Reformists</li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">CMC chairman</a>) Hardliners: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li></ul> Moderates: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li></ul> </div> <div> Student leaders: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li></ul> Workers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Jinghua" title="Lü Jinghua">Lü Jinghua</a></li></ul> Intellectuals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Juntao" title="Wang Juntao">Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Mingyuan" title="Chen Mingyuan">Chen Mingyuan</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">See <a href="#Death_toll">Death toll</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinesedemocracy_movements" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:300px; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_democracy_movement" title="Template:Chinese democracy movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_democracy_movement" title="Template talk:Chinese democracy movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_democracy_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese democracy movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinesedemocracy_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">Chinese democracy movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Mainland China</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests</a> (<a href="/wiki/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China" title="2011 crackdown on dissidents in China">2011 crackdown on dissidents in China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fried_rice_protests" title="Egg fried rice protests">Egg fried rice protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Sitong Bridge protest">Beijing Sitong Bridge protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">2022 COVID-19 protests in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2005_protest_for_democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong">December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link_movement" title="Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement">Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_democracy_protests" title="2010 Hong Kong democracy protests">2010 Hong Kong democracy protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_new_year_marches" title="Hong Kong new year marches">Hong Kong new year marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mong_Kok_civil_unrest" title="2016 Mong Kok civil unrest">2016 Mong Kok civil unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Macau_transfer_of_sovereignty_anniversary_protest" title="2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest">2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Macau_transfer_of_sovereignty_anniversary_protest" title="2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest">2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Tiananmen Square protests, known in China as the June Fourth Incident,<a href="#cite_note-Quartz_Sonnad_20190603-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-China_Erase_History_–_LA_Times_JUNE_24,_2021-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> were student-led <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution, the Chinese government declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> on the night of 3 June and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">deployed troops to occupy the square</a> in what is referred to as the Tiananmen Square massacre. The events are sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement,<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> the Tiananmen Square Incident,<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> or the Tiananmen uprising.<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-usnews-7">[4]</a> The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–89)">post-Mao China</a>, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">reforms of the 1980s</a> had led to a nascent <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> that benefited some people but seriously disadvantaged others, and the one-party political system also faced a challenge to its legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, corruption, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998216-8">[5]</a> and restrictions on political participation. Although they were highly disorganized and their goals varied, the students called for things like rollback of the removal of "<a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">iron rice bowl</a>" jobs, greater accountability, constitutional due process, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a34–35-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2001-10">[7]</a> Workers' protests were generally focused on inflation and the erosion of welfare.<a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[8]</a> These groups united around anti-corruption demands, adjusting economic policies, and protecting social security.<a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[8]</a> At the height of the protests, about one million people assembled in the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001171-12">[9]</a> As the protests developed, the authorities responded with both conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1990172-13">[10]</a> By May, a student-led <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> galvanized support around the country for the demonstrators, and the protests spread to some 400 cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-14">[11]</a> On 20 May, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, and as many as 300,000 troops were mobilized to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2009-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclassified_British_cable-17">[14]</a> After several weeks of standoffs and violent confrontations between the army and demonstrators left many on both sides severely injured, a meeting held among the CCP's top leadership on 1 June concluded with a decision to clear the square.<a href="#cite_note-papers-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2009-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeclassified_British_cable-17">[14]</a> The troops advanced into central parts of Beijing on the city's major thoroughfares in the early morning hours of 4 June and engaged in bloody clashes with demonstrators attempting to block them, in which many people – demonstrators, bystanders, and soldiers – were killed. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHow_Many_Died1990-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sino-American_relations''1991445-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998154-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Reassessing_Casualties-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelsonEvans1999-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalls_for_Justice2004-24">[21]</a> The event had both short and long term consequences. Western countries imposed arms embargoes on China,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDube2014-25">[22]</a> and various Western media outlets labeled the crackdown a "<a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a>".<a href="#cite_note-b-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-27">[24]</a> In the aftermath of the protests, the Chinese government suppressed <a href="/wiki/1989_Chinese_protests_by_region" title="1989 Chinese protests by region">other protests around China</a>, carried out mass arrests of protesters<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199728-28">[25]</a> which catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a>, strictly controlled coverage of the events in the <a href="#Official_narrative">domestic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_media_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Foreign media at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">foreign affiliated press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_purges_during_and_after_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">demoted or purged officials it deemed sympathetic to the protests</a>. The government also invested heavily into creating more effective police <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> units. More broadly, the suppression ended the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">political reforms begun in 1986</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2015-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-30">[27]</a> and halted the policies of liberalization of the 1980s, which were only partly resumed after <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_Southern_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour">Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Considered a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/watershed" class="extiw" title="wikt:watershed">watershed</a> event, reaction to the protests set limits on political expression in China that have lasted up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The events remain one of the most sensitive and most widely <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">censored topics in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2009-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman1994112-36">[33]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"8964" redirects here. For the minor planet, see <a href="/wiki/8964_Corax" class="mw-redirect" title="8964 Corax">8964 Corax</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:六四">六四</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:事件">事件</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">June Fourth Incident</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liù-Sì Shìjiàn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄙˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄢˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liu4-Szu4 Shih4-chien4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liòu-Sìh Shìh-jiàn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lyòu-Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ljôʊsɹ̩̂ ʂɻ̩̂tɕjɛ̂n]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Loh-sy Zy-ji</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lùhk-sei Sih gihn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Luk4sei3 si6 gin6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[lʊk̚˩.sej˧ si˨ kin˨]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">La̍k-sù Sū-kiaⁿ</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Name used by the PRC Government</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989年春夏之交的政治风波</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989年春夏之交的政治風波</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989-nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989-nien2 chʻun1 hsia4 chih1-chiao1 te0 cheng4-chih4 feng1-po1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[í.tɕjòʊ.pá.tɕjòʊ.njɛ̌n ʈʂʰwə́n ɕjâ ʈʂɻ̩́.tɕjáʊ tɤ ʈʂə̂ŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989-ni tshen-ghô tsy-jiau di tsen-tsy fhon-bo</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989-nìhn cheūnhaah jígáau dī jingchìh fūngbō</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989-nin4 ceon1ci4 fung1bo1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1989-nî chhun-hē chi-kau tī chèng-tī hong-pho</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">八九民运</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">八九民運</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Eighty-Nine Democracy Movement</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bā-Jiǔ Mínyùn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄅㄚㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄩㄣˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pa1-Chiu3 Min2-yün4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ba-Jiǒu Mín-yùn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bā-Jyǒu Mínyùn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[pá.tɕjòʊ mǐn.ŷn]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">poh-cieu Min-yiuin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">baatgáu màhnwahn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">baat3 gau2 man4 wan6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[pat̚˧ kɐw˧˥ mɐn˩ wɐn˨]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pat-káu bîn-ūn</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Chinese government has used numerous names for the event since 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011634-37">[34]</a> As the events unfolded, it was labeled a "<a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter revolutionary</a> rebellion", which was later changed to simply "riot", followed by "political turmoil" and "1989 storm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011634-37">[34]</a> Outside mainland China, and among circles critical of the crackdown within mainland China, the crackdown is commonly referred to in Chinese as "June Fourth Massacre" (六四屠殺; liù-sì túshā) and "June Fourth Crackdown" (六四鎮壓; liù-sì zhènyā). To bypass censorship by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a>, alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the Internet, such as May 35th, VIIV (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> for 6 and 4), Eight Squared (since 82=64)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_tightens_information-38">[35]</a> and 8964 (in yymd format).<a href="#cite_note-HKFP8964-39">[36]</a> In English, the terms "Tiananmen Square Massacre", "Tiananmen Square Protests", and "Tiananmen Square Crackdown" are often used to describe the series of events. However, much of the violence in Beijing did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square along a stretch of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Avenue" title="Chang'an Avenue">Chang'an Avenue</a> only a few miles long, and especially near the <a href="/wiki/Muxidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muxidi">Muxidi</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum1996283-40">[37]</a> The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact, they occurred in many cities throughout China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2009-16">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boluan_Fanzheng_and_economic_reforms">Boluan Fanzheng and economic reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222630338">.mw-parser-output .prc-body{max-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .prc-emblem{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .prc-heading{border-top:thin solid #707070;border-bottom:thin solid #707070;background-color:white;font-size:1em}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks prc-body hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title prc-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image prc-emblem"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976: Mao era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Fair" title="Canton Fair">Canton Fair</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 2758">UN representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Richard Nixon visit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989: Deng era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">1978 Truth Criterion Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms and Opening Up">Reforms and Opening Up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s" title="Three Communiqués">Three Communiqués</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign_(1983)" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign (1983)">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">Bourgeois liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bourgeois_liberalization" title="Anti-bourgeois liberalization">Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002: Jiang era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudong_New_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudong New District">Pudong New District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 consensus">1992 consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US bombing of the Belgrade embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">APEC China 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">Accession to the WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China–Africa Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–2012: Hu era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">Visit of Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West%E2%80%93East_Gas_Pipeline" title="West–East Gas Pipeline">West–East Gas Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2012–present: Xi era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_China" title="Supercomputing in China">Supercomputing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">APEC China 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-Xi_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma-Xi Meeting">Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_G20_Hangzhou_summit" title="2016 G20 Hangzhou summit">2016 G20 Hangzhou summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong%27an" title="Xiong'an">Xiong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">9th BRICS summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Import_Expo" title="China International Import Expo">China International Import Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020 Hong Kong national security law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> ended with chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s death in 1976 and the arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-42">[39]</a> That movement, spearheaded by Mao, had caused severe damage to the country's initially diverse economic and social fabric.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> As a result, the country was now mired in poverty as economic production slowed or came to a halt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton2007-44">[41]</a> Political ideology was paramount in the lives of ordinary people as well as the inner workings of the party itself.<a href="#cite_note-umd2-45">[42]</a> In September 1977, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> proposed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a> ("bringing order out of chaos") to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:02-42">[39]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Third_Plenary_Session_of_the_11th_CPC_Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee">Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee</a>, in December 1978, Deng emerged as China's <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">de facto leader</a>. He launched a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">program to reform the Chinese economy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reforms_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms and Opening Up">Reforms and Opening-up</a>). Within several years, the country's focus on ideological purity was replaced by a concerted attempt to achieve material prosperity. To oversee his reform agenda, Deng promoted his allies to top government and party posts. <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> was named <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a>, the head of government, in September 1980, and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> in 1982. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_to_Reforms_and_Opening-up">Challenges to Reforms and Opening-up</h3></div> Deng's reforms aimed to decrease the state's role in the economy and gradually allow private production in agriculture and industry. By 1981, roughly 73% of rural farms had been de-collectivized, and 80% of state-owned enterprises were permitted to retain their profits. While the reforms were generally well received by the public, concerns grew over a series of social problems which the changes brought about, including <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> on the part of elite party bureaucrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton200791-46">[43]</a> The state-mandated pricing system, in place since the 1950s, had long kept prices fixed at low levels. The initial reforms created a two-tier system where some prices were fixed while others were allowed to fluctuate. In a market with chronic shortages, price fluctuation allowed people with powerful connections to buy goods at low prices and sell at market prices. Party bureaucrats in charge of economic management had enormous incentives to engage in such <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001120-47">[44]</a> Discontent over corruption reached a fever pitch with the public; and many, particularly intellectuals, began to believe that only democratic reform and the rule of law could cure the country's ills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001Chapter_5:_On_the_Eve_of_the_1989_Movement-48">[45]</a> Following the 1988 meeting at their summer retreat of <a href="/wiki/Beidaihe" class="mw-redirect" title="Beidaihe">Beidaihe</a>, the party leadership under Deng agreed to implement a transition to a market-based pricing system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001127-49">[46]</a> News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals, buying, and hoarding all over China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001127-49">[46]</a> The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks, but there was a pronounced impact for much longer. Inflation soared; official indices reported that the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Price Index">Consumer Price Index</a> increased by 30% in Beijing between 1987 and 1988, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011600–601-50">[47]</a> Moreover, in the new market economy, unprofitable <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> were pressured to cut costs. This threatened a vast proportion of the population that relied on the "<a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">iron rice bowl</a>", i.e., social benefits such as job security, medical care, and subsidized housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011600–601-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_disenfranchisement_and_legitimacy_crisis">Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment (China)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg/220px-Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg/330px-Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg/440px-Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A slogan inside the <a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Hu_Yaobang" title="Former Residence of Hu Yaobang">former residence of Hu Yaobang</a>, a leading reformist whose death triggered the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. </figcaption></figure> In 1978, reformist leaders had envisioned that intellectuals would play a leading role in guiding the country through reforms, but this did not happen as planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao200181-51">[48]</a> On one hand, the massive <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment movement</a> led by intellectuals promoted a variety of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">liberal</a> philosophies and values that challenged the socialist ideology, ranging from democracy, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_value" title="Universal value">universal values</a> such as freedom and human rights, to <a href="/wiki/Total_Westernization" title="Total Westernization">Total Westernization</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:52-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-52">[49]</a> as response, since the beginning of the reforms, Deng Xiaoping in 1979 proposed the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a>" to limit the <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalization">political liberalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> On the other hand, despite the opening of new universities and increased enrollment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao200182-54">[51]</a> the state-directed education system did not produce enough graduates to meet increased demand in the areas of agriculture, light industry, services, and foreign investment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao200184-55">[52]</a> The job market was especially limited for students specializing in social sciences and the humanities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao200182-54">[51]</a> Moreover, private companies no longer needed to accept students assigned to them by the state, and many high-paying jobs were offered based on nepotism and favoritism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao200189-56">[53]</a> Gaining a good state-assigned placement meant navigating a highly inefficient bureaucracy that gave power to officials who had little expertise in areas under their jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011600–601-50">[47]</a> Facing a dismal job market and limited chances of going abroad, intellectuals and students had a greater vested interest in political issues. Small study groups, such as the "Democracy Salon" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 民主沙龙; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Mínzhǔ Shālóng) and the "Lawn Salon" (草地沙龙; Cǎodì Shālóng), began appearing on Beijing university campuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001137-57">[54]</a> These organizations motivated the students to get involved politically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001127-49">[46]</a> Simultaneously, the party's nominally socialist ideology faced a legitimacy crisis as it gradually adopted capitalist practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang200657-58">[55]</a> Private enterprise gave rise to profiteers who took advantage of lax regulations and who often flaunted their wealth in front of those who were less well off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011600–601-50">[47]</a> Popular discontent was brewing over unfair wealth distribution. Greed, not skill, appeared to be the most crucial factor in success. There was widespread public disillusionment concerning the country's future. People wanted change, yet the power to define "the correct path" continued to rest solely in the unelected government's hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang200657-58">[55]</a> The comprehensive and wide-ranging reforms created political differences over the pace of <a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">marketization</a> and the control over the ideology that came with it, opening a deep chasm within the central leadership. The reformers ("the right", led by Hu Yaobang) favored political liberalization and a plurality of ideas as a channel to voice popular discontent and pressed for further reforms. The conservatives ("the left", led by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>) said that the reforms had gone too far and advocated a return to greater state control to ensure social stability and to better align with the party's socialist ideology. Both sides needed the backing of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping to carry out important policy decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986_student_demonstrations">1986 student demonstrations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></div> In mid-1986, astrophysics professor <a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a> returned from a position at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and began a personal tour of universities in China, speaking about liberty, human rights, and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. Fang was part of a wide undercurrent within the elite intellectual community that thought China's poverty and underdevelopment, and the disaster of the Cultural Revolution, were a direct result of China's authoritarian political system and rigid command economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao200164,_215-60">[57]</a> The view that political reform was the only answer to China's ongoing problems gained widespread appeal among students, as Fang's recorded speeches became widely circulated throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng200933-61">[58]</a> In response, Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was blindly worshipping Western lifestyles, capitalism, and multi-party systems while undermining China's socialist ideology, traditional values, and the party's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng200933-61">[58]</a> In December 1986, inspired by Fang and other "people-power" movements worldwide, student demonstrators staged protests against the slow pace of reform. The issues were wide-ranging and included demands for <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a>, democracy, and the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang200656–57-62">[59]</a> While the protests were initially contained in <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, where Fang lived, they quickly spread to Shanghai, Beijing, and other major cities. This alarmed the central leadership, who accused the students of instigating Cultural Revolution-style turmoil. General Secretary Hu Yaobang was blamed for showing a "soft" attitude and mishandling the protests, thus undermining social stability. He was denounced thoroughly by conservatives and was forced to resign as general secretary on 16 January 1987. The party began the "Anti-<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">bourgeois liberalization</a> campaign", aiming at Hu, political liberalization, and Western-inspired ideas in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1999685-63">[60]</a> The campaign stopped student protests and restricted political activity, but Hu remained popular among intellectuals, students, and Communist Party progressives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001138-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reforms">Political reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China § Political reforms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deng_Xiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Deng_Xiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deng_Xiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Deng_Xiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Deng_Xiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping was the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Leader_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Leader of China">paramount leader of China</a>. </figcaption></figure> On 18 August 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave a speech titled "On the Reform of the Party and State Leadership System" ("党和国家领导制度改革") at a full meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo</a> in Beijing, launching political reforms in China.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-67">[64]</a> He called for a systematic revision of China's constitution, criticizing bureaucracy, centralization of power, and patriarchy, while proposing term limits for the leading positions in China and advocating "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-67">[64]</a> In December 1982, the fourth and current Constitution of China, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1982 Constitution</a>", was passed by the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="5th National People's Congress">5th National People's Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> In the first half of 1986, Deng repeatedly called for the revival of political reforms, as further economic reforms were hindered by the original political system with an increasing trend of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> A five-man committee to study the feasibility of political reform was established in September 1986; the members included <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Deng's intention was to boost administrative efficiency, further separate responsibilities of the Party and the government, and eliminate bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-:6-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[72]</a> Although he spoke in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, Deng delimited the reforms within the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a> and opposed the implementation of Western-style <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-76">[73]</a> In October 1987, at the <a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th National Congress of the CCP</a>, Zhao Ziyang gave a report drafted by <a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a> on the political reforms.<a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-78">[75]</a> In his speech titled "Advance Along the Road of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>" ("沿着有中国特色的社会主义道路前进"), Zhao argued that socialism in China was still in its <a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">primary stage</a> and, taking Deng's speech in 1980 as a guideline, detailed steps to be taken for political reform, including promoting the rule of law and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, imposing de-centralization, and improving the election system.<a href="#cite_note-:6-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-78">[75]</a> At this Congress, Zhao was elected to be the CCP General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_and_support">Funding and support</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> During the demonstrations, protesters received a significant amount of support from domestic and outside sources.<a href="#cite_note-Qiping90-80">[77]</a> The Chinese University in Hong Kong donated HK$10,000 by early May,<a href="#cite_note-Goldman94-81">[78]</a>: 313  and groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China</a> were founded in support of the protests. Funding also came from the United States, Canada, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and countries across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2001a-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_1989_protests">Beginning of the 1989 protests</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Hu_Yaobang">Death of Hu Yaobang</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Student leaders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Origin and affiliation </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a> (Örkesh) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a> </th> <td>Beijing; <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a> </th> <td>Beijing; <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Yongjun">Zhou Yongjun</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law" title="China University of Political Science and Law">China University of Political Science and Law</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989, students reacted strongly, most of them believing that his death was related to his forced resignation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun1989-83">[80]</a> Hu's death provided the initial impetus for students to gather in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan2008274-84">[81]</a> On university campuses, many posters appeared eulogizing Hu, calling for honoring Hu's legacy. Within days, most posters were about broader political issues, such as corruption, democracy, and freedom of the press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001147-85">[82]</a> Small, spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on 15 April around the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes" title="Monument to the People's Heroes">Monument to the People's Heroes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>. On the same day, many students at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> (PKU) and <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> erected shrines and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Small, organized student gatherings also took place in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> and Shanghai on 16 April. On 17 April, students at the <a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law" title="China University of Political Science and Law">China University of Political Science and Law</a> (CUPL) made a large <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> to commemorate Hu Yaobang. Its wreath-laying ceremony was on 17 April, and a larger-than-expected crowd assembled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001148-86">[83]</a> At 5 pm, 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>, near Tiananmen Square, to mourn Hu. The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds who gave public orations commemorating Hu and discussed social problems. However, it was soon deemed obstructive to the Great Hall's operation, so police tried to persuade the students to disperse. Starting on the night of 17 April, three thousand PKU students marched from the campus towards Tiananmen Square, and soon nearly a thousand students from Tsinghua joined. Upon arrival, they soon joined forces with those already gathered at the square. As its size grew, the gathering gradually evolved into a protest, as students began to draft a list of pleas and suggestions (the Seven Demands) for the government: <ol><li>Affirm Hu Yaobang's views on democracy and freedom as correct.</li> <li>Admit that the campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Anti-Spiritual_Pollution_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign">spiritual pollution</a> and bourgeois liberalization had been wrong.</li> <li>Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family members.</li> <li>Allow privately run newspapers and stop press censorship.</li> <li>Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals' pay.</li> <li>End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing.</li> <li>Provide objective coverage of students in official media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001148-86">[83]</a></li></ol> On the morning of 18 April, students remained in the square. Some gathered around the Monument to the People's Heroes, singing patriotic songs and listening to student organizers' impromptu speeches. Others gathered at the Great Hall. Meanwhile, a few thousand students gathered at <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua Gate">Xinhua Gate</a>, the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>, the seat of the party leadership, where they demanded dialogue with the administration. After police restrained the students from entering the compound, they staged a <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a>. On 19 April, students hold aloft a banner "Freedom & Democracy Enlightenment" on the Monument, under a giant portrait of Hu Yaobang.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> On 20 April, most students had been persuaded to leave Xinhua Gate. To disperse about 200 students that remained, police used batons; minor clashes were reported. Many students felt abused by the police, and rumors about police brutality spread quickly. The incident angered students on campus, where those who were not politically active decided to join the protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001149-89">[86]</a> Additionally, a group of workers calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a> issued two handbills challenging the central leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalderGong19931–2-90">[87]</a> Hu's <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> took place on 22 April. On the evening of 21 April, some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen Square, ignoring orders from Beijing municipal authorities that the square was to be closed for the funeral. The funeral, which took place inside the Great Hall and was attended by the leadership, was broadcast live to the students. General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> delivered the eulogy. The funeral seemed rushed, lasting only 40 minutes, as emotions ran high in the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001152–153-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201021_May_entry-92">[89]</a> Security cordoned off the east entrance to the Great Hall of the People, but several students pressed forward. A few were allowed to cross the police line. Three of these students, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Yongjun">Zhou Yongjun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Haifeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Haifeng (page does not exist)">Guo Haifeng</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhiyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhiyong (page does not exist)">Zhang Zhiyong</a>, knelt on the steps of the Great Hall to present a petition and demanded to see Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001153-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[d]</a> Standing beside them, a fourth student (<a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a>) made a brief, emotional speech begging for Li Peng to come out and speak with them. The larger number of students still in the square but outside the cordon were at times emotional, shouting demands or slogans and rushing toward police. Wu'erkaixi calmed the crowd as they waited for the Premier to emerge. However, no leaders emerged from the Great Hall, leaving the students disappointed and angry; some called for a classroom boycott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001153-93">[90]</a> On 21 April, students began organizing under the banners of formal organizations. On 23 April, in a meeting of around 40 students from 21 universities, the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a> (also known as the Union) was formed. It elected CUPL student <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Yongjun">Zhou Yongjun</a> as chair. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a> also emerged as leaders. The Union then called for a general classroom boycott at all Beijing universities. Such an independent organization operating outside of party jurisdiction alarmed the leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001154-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rioting_on_22_April">Rioting on 22 April</h3></div> On 22 April, near dusk, serious rioting broke out in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. In Xi'an, arson by rioters destroyed cars and houses, and looting occurred in shops near the city's Xihua Gate. In Changsha, 38 stores were ransacked by looters. Over 350 people were arrested in both cities for looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZ._Zhao2009-98">[94]</a> In Wuhan, university students organized protests against the provincial government. As the situation became more volatile nationally, Zhao Ziyang called numerous meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a> (PSC). Zhao stressed three points: discourage students from further protests and ask them to go back to class, use all measures necessary to combat rioting, and open forms of dialogue with students at different levels of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZ._Zhao2009-98">[94]</a> Premier Li Peng called upon Zhao to condemn protestors and recognize the need to take more serious action. Zhao dismissed Li's views. Despite calls for him to remain in Beijing, Zhao left for a scheduled state visit to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> on 23 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1990505–521-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="26_April_Editorial">26 April Editorial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">26 April Editorial</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:324px;max-width:324px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Ziyang_(1985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zhao Ziyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/150px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/225px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/300px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1659" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipeng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Li Peng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lipeng.jpg/166px-Lipeng.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lipeng.jpg/249px-Lipeng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Lipeng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="370" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (left) who pushed for dialogue with students and Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> (right) who declared martial law and backed military action</div></div></div></div> Zhao's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing. On 24 April, Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a> and mayor <a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a> to gauge the situation at the square. The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China's political system and prominent party leaders, including Deng Xiaoping. In Zhao's absence, the PSC agreed to take firm action against the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1990505–521-99">[95]</a> On the morning of 25 April, President <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> and Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> met with Deng at the latter's residence. Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate warning must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011603–606-100">[96]</a> The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests, and highlighted Deng's having "final say" on important issues. Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high-level Communist Party officials to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters. On 26 April, the party's official newspaper <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> issued a front-page editorial titled "<a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">It is necessary to take a clear-cut stand against disturbances</a>". The language in the editorial effectively branded the student movement to be an anti-party, anti-government revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE26_April_Editorial1995-101">[97]</a> The editorial invoked memories of the Cultural Revolution, using similar rhetoric that had been used during the <a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a>—an event that was initially branded an anti-government conspiracy but was later rehabilitated as "patriotic" under Deng's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> The article enraged students, who interpreted it as a direct indictment of the protests and its cause. The editorial backfired: instead of scaring students into submission, it antagonized the students and put them squarely against the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001155-102">[98]</a> The editorial's polarizing nature made it a major sticking point for the remainder of the protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011603–606-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="27_April_demonstrations">27 April demonstrations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">27 April demonstrations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Dongfang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Han_Dongfang.jpg/170px-Han_Dongfang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Han_Dongfang.jpg/255px-Han_Dongfang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Han_Dongfang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a> </figcaption></figure> Organized by the Union on 27 April, some 50,000–100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square, breaking through lines set up by police, and receiving widespread public support along the way, particularly from factory workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> The student leaders, eager to show the patriotic nature of the movement, also toned down anti-Communist slogans, choosing to present a message of "anti-corruption" and "anti-cronyism", but "pro-party".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001155-102">[98]</a> In a twist of irony, student factions who genuinely called for the overthrow of the Communist Party gained traction due to the 26 April editorial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001155-102">[98]</a> The stunning success of the march forced the government into making concessions and meeting with student representatives. On 29 April, <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> spokesman <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a> met with appointed representatives of government-sanctioned student associations. While the talks discussed a wide range of issues, including the editorial, the Xinhua Gate incident, and freedom of the press, they achieved few substantive results. Independent student leaders such as Wu'erkaixi refused to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001157-103">[99]</a> The government's tone grew increasingly conciliatory when Zhao Ziyang returned from <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> on 30 April and reasserted his authority. In Zhao's view, the hardliner approach was not working, and the concession was the only alternative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001156-104">[100]</a> Zhao asked that the press be allowed to positively report the movement and delivered two sympathetic speeches on 3–4 May. In the speeches, Zhao said that the students' concerns about corruption were legitimate and that the student movement was patriotic in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011608-105">[101]</a> The speeches essentially negated the message presented by 26 April Editorial. While some 100,000 students marched on the streets of Beijing on 4 May to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> and repeated demands from earlier marches, many students were satisfied with the government's concessions. On 4 May, all Beijing universities except PKU and BNU announced the end of the classroom boycott. Subsequently, most students began to lose interest in the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001159-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escalation_of_the_protests">Escalation of the protests</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparing_for_dialogue">Preparing for dialogue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> The government was divided on how to respond to the movement as early as mid-April. After Zhao Ziyang's return from North Korea, tensions between the progressive camp and the conservative camp intensified. Those who supported continued dialogue and a soft approach with students rallied behind Zhao Ziyang, while hardliner conservatives opposed the movement rallied behind Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Li clashed at a PSC meeting on 1 May. Li maintained that the need for stability overrode all else, while Zhao said that the party should show support for increased democracy and transparency. Zhao pushed the case for further dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011608-105">[101]</a> In preparation for dialogue, the Union elected representatives to a formal delegation. However, there was some friction as the Union leaders were reluctant to let the delegation unilaterally take control of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001161-107">[103]</a> The movement was slowed by a change to a more deliberate approach, fractured by internal discord, and increasingly diluted by declining engagement from the student body at large. In this context, a group of charismatic leaders, including Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi, desired to regain momentum. They also distrusted the government's offers of dialogue, dismissing them as merely a ploy designed to play for time and pacify the students. To break from the moderate and incremental approach now adopted by other major student leaders, these few began calling for a return to more confrontational tactics. They settled on a plan of mobilizing students for a hunger strike that would begin on 13 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001161–162-108">[104]</a> Early attempts to mobilize others to join them met with only modest success until <a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a> made an emotional appeal on the night before the strike was scheduled to begin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001163-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger_strikes_begin">Hunger strikes begin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Tiananmen hunger strikes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg/180px-%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg/270px-%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg/360px-%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Pu_Zhiqiang" title="Pu Zhiqiang">Pu Zhiqiang</a>, student protester at Tiananmen, taken on 10 May. The words say: "We want the freedom of newspapers, freedom of associations, also to support the '<a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a>', and support those just journalists."</figcaption></figure> Students began the hunger strike on 13 May, two days before the highly publicized <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> by Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. Knowing that Gorbachev's welcoming ceremony was scheduled to be held on the square, student leaders wanted to use the hunger strike to force the government into meeting their demands. Moreover, the hunger strike gained widespread sympathy from the population at large and earned the student movement the moral high ground that it sought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng2009612–614-110">[106]</a> By the afternoon of 13 May, some 300,000 were gathered at the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001167-111">[107]</a> Inspired by the events in Beijing, protests and strikes began at universities in other cities, with many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration. Generally, the Tiananmen Square demonstration was well ordered, with daily marches of students from various Beijing-area colleges displaying their support of the classroom boycott and the protesters' demands. The students sang <a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>, the world socialist anthem, on their way to, and while at, the square.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Afraid that the movement would spin out of control, Deng Xiaoping ordered the square to be cleared for Gorbachev's visit. Executing Deng's request, Zhao again used a soft approach and directed his subordinates to coordinate negotiations with students immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng2009612–614-110">[106]</a> Zhao believed he could appeal to the students' patriotism. The students understood that signs of internal turmoil during the Sino-Soviet summit would embarrass the nation and not just the government. On the morning of 13 May, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a>, head of the Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (China)">United Front</a>, called an emergency meeting, gathering prominent student leaders and intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ziming" title="Chen Ziming">Chen Ziming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Juntao" title="Wang Juntao">Wang Juntao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001164-113">[109]</a> Yan said that the government was prepared to hold an immediate dialogue with student representatives. The Tiananmen welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev would be canceled whether or not the students withdrew—in effect removing the bargaining power the students thought they possessed. The announcement sent the student leadership into disarray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001165-114">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mikhail_Gorbachev's_visit">Mikhail Gorbachev's visit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">1989 Sino-Soviet Summit</a></div> Press restrictions were loosened significantly from early to mid-May. State media began broadcasting footage sympathetic to protesters and the movement, including the hunger strikers. On 14 May, intellectuals led by <a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a> gained permission from <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a> to bypass government censorship and air the progressive views of the nation's intellectuals in the <a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangming Daily (China)">Guangming Daily</a>. The intellectuals then issued an urgent appeal for the students to leave the square in an attempt to deescalate the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001167-111">[107]</a> However, many students believed that the intellectuals were speaking for the government and refused to move. That evening, formal negotiations took place between government representatives led by Yan Mingfu and student representatives led by <a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a> and Xiang Xiaoji. Yan affirmed the student movement's patriotic nature and pleaded for the students to withdraw from the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001165-114">[110]</a> While Yan's apparent sincerity for compromise satisfied some students, the meeting grew increasingly chaotic as competing student factions relayed uncoordinated and incoherent demands to the leadership. Shortly after student leaders learned that the event had not been broadcast nationally, as initially promised by the government, the meeting fell apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001169-115">[111]</a> Yan then personally went to the square to appeal to the students, even offering himself to be held hostage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> Yan also took the student's pleas to Li Peng the next day, asking Li to consider formally retracting the 26 April Editorial and rebranding the movement as "patriotic and democratic"; Li refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201015_May_entry-116">[112]</a> The students remained in the square during the Gorbachev visit; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. The Sino-Soviet summit, the first of its kind in <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">some 30 years</a>, marked the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China's leaders. However, its smooth proceedings were derailed by the student movement; this created a major embarrassment ("loss of <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Face (sociological concept)">face</a>")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2011300-117">[113]</a> for the leadership on the global stage and drove many moderates in government onto a more hardline path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001170-118">[114]</a> The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> amid the backdrop of commotion and protest in the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng2009612–614-110">[106]</a> When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May, Zhao told him, and by extension the international press, that Deng was still the "paramount authority" in China. Deng felt that this remark was Zhao's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement to him. Zhao's defense against this accusation was that privately informing world leaders that Deng was the true center of power was standard operating procedure; Li Peng had made nearly identical private statements to US president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in February 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarotte2012165-119">[115]</a> Nevertheless, the statement marked a decisive split between the country's two most senior leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng2009612–614-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gathering_momentum">Gathering momentum</h3></div> The hunger strikes galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country. Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity from 17 to 18 May. These included PLA personnel, police officers, and lower party officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001171-12">[9]</a> Many grassroots Party and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Youth League">Youth League</a> organizations, as well as government-sponsored labor unions, encouraged their membership to demonstrate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001171-12">[9]</a> In addition, several of China's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng to support the students. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_Society_of_China" title="Red Cross Society of China">Chinese Red Cross</a> issued a special notice and sent in many personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the square. After the departure of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests, shining an international spotlight on the movement. Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The movement, on the wane at the end of April, now regained momentum. By 17 May, as students from across the country poured into the capital to join the movement, protests of various sizes occurred in some 400 Chinese cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-14">[11]</a> Students demonstrated at provincial party headquarters in Fujian, Hubei, and Xinjiang. Without a clearly articulated official position from the Beijing leadership, local authorities did not know how to respond. Because the demonstrations now included a wide array of social groups, each having its own set of grievances, it became increasingly unclear with whom the government should negotiate and what the demands were. The government, still split on how to deal with the movement, saw its authority and legitimacy gradually erode as the hunger strikers took the limelight and gained widespread sympathy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001171-12">[9]</a> These combined circumstances put immense pressure on the authorities to act, and martial law was discussed as an appropriate response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001181-120">[116]</a> The situation seemed intractable, and the weight of taking decisive action fell on paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Matters came to a head on 17 May during a <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a> meeting at Deng's residence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201017_May_entry-121">[117]</a> At the meeting, Zhao Ziyang's concessions-based strategy, which called for the retraction of the 26 April Editorial, was thoroughly criticized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan20022–48-122">[118]</a> Li Peng, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a>, and Deng asserted that by making a conciliatory speech to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, on 4 May, Zhao had exposed divisions within the top leadership and emboldened the students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan20022–48-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZ._Zhao200925–34-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar2011443-124">[120]</a> Deng warned that "there is no way to back down now without the situation spiraling out of control", and so "the decision is to move troops into Beijing to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZ._Zhao200928-125">[121]</a> as a show of the government's no-tolerance stance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan20022–48-122">[118]</a> To justify martial law, the demonstrators were described as tools of "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois liberalism">bourgeois liberalism</a>" advocates who were pulling strings behind the scenes, as well as tools of elements within the party who wished to further their personal ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997-126">[122]</a> For the rest of his life, Zhao Ziyang maintained that the decision was ultimately in Deng's hands: among the five PSC members present at the meeting, he and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a> opposed the imposition of martial law, Li Peng and Yao Yilin firmly supported it, and <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> remained carefully neutral and noncommittal. Deng appointed the latter three to carry out the decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZ._Zhao200928–30-127">[123]</a> On the evening of 17 May, the PSC met at Zhongnanhai to finalize plans for martial law. At the meeting, Zhao announced that he was ready to "take leave", citing he could not bring himself to carry out martial law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan20022–48-122">[118]</a> The elders in attendance at the meeting, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> and Yang Shangkun, urged the PSC to follow Deng's orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan20022–48-122">[118]</a> Zhao did not consider the inconclusive PSC vote to have legally binding implications for martial law;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius2009x-128">[124]</a> Yang Shangkun, in his capacity as <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a>, mobilized the military to move into the capital.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Li Peng <a href="/wiki/Student_and_Government_Dialogue_during_the_1989_Student_Movement#May_18:_meeting_with_Li_Peng" class="mw-redirect" title="Student and Government Dialogue during the 1989 Student Movement">met with students</a> for the first time on 18 May in an attempt to placate public concern over the hunger strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001181-120">[116]</a> During the talks, student leaders again demanded that the government rescind the 26 April Editorial and affirm the student movement as "patriotic". Li Peng said the government's main concern was sending the hunger strikers to hospitals. The discussions were confrontational and yielded little substantive progress,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook199841-130">[126]</a> but gained student leaders prominent airtime on national television.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPye1990343-131">[127]</a> By this point, those calling for the overthrow of the party and Li Peng and Deng became prominent both in Beijing and in other cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook199842–43-132">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wen_Jiabao_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wen_Jiabao_%28Cropped%29.jpg/170px-Wen_Jiabao_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wen_Jiabao_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, then chief of the <a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">Party's General Office</a>, accompanied Zhao Ziyang to meet with students in the square, surviving the political purge of the party's liberals and later serving as <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a> from 2003 to 2013.</figcaption></figure> In the early morning of 19 May, Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen in what became his political <a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">swan song</a>. He was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>. Li Peng also went to the square but left shortly thereafter. At 4:50 am Zhao made a speech with a bullhorn to a crowd of students, urging them to end the hunger strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius2009xv-133">[129]</a> He told the students that they were still young and urged them to stay healthy and not to sacrifice themselves without due concern for their futures. Zhao's emotional speech was applauded by some students. It would be his last public appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius2009xv-133">[129]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak. It is the 7th day since you went on a hunger strike. You can't continue like this. [...] You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthily, and see the day when China accomplishes the <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>. You are not like us. We are already old. It doesn't matter to us anymore. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> at Tiananmen Square, 19 May 1989</cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance_of_protesters">Surveillance of protesters</h3></div> Student leaders were put under close surveillance by the authorities; traffic cameras were used to perform surveillance on the square; and nearby restaurants, and wherever students gathered, were wiretapped.<a href="#cite_note-4-corners-tremble-and-obey-134">[130]</a> This surveillance led to the identification, capture, and punishment of protest participants.<a href="#cite_note-surveillance-politics-135">[131]</a> After the massacre, the government did thorough interrogations at work units, institutions, and schools to identify who had been at the protest.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Beijing">Outside Beijing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gifts_and_donations_from_outside_Mainland_China_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests">Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a></div> On 19 April, the editors of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a>, a magazine close to reformists, decided to publish a commemorative section on Hu. Inside was an article by <a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a>, which commented favorably on the Beijing student protests, and called for a reassessment of Hu's 1987 purge. Sensing the conservative political trends in Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> demanded that the article be censored, and many newspapers were printed with a blank page.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1990121–132-137">[133]</a> Jiang then suspended lead editor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a>, his decisive action earning the trust of conservative party elders, who praised Jiang's loyalty. On 27 May, over 300,000 people in Hong Kong gathered at <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Racecourse" title="Happy Valley Racecourse">Happy Valley Racecourse</a> for a gathering called the <a href="/wiki/Concert_for_Democracy_in_China" title="Concert for Democracy in China">Concert for Democracy in China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 民主歌聲獻中華). Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-concert-139">[135]</a> The following day, a procession of 1.5 million people, one fourth of Hong Kong's population, led by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Martin Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szeto_Wah" title="Szeto Wah">Szeto Wah</a>, and other organization leaders, paraded through <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aothervastcrowd-140">[136]</a> Across the world, especially where ethnic Chinese lived, people gathered and protested. Many governments, including those of the United States and Japan, issued travel warnings against traveling to China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_action">Military action</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_law">Martial law</h3></div> The Chinese government declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> on 20 May and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#Mobilization" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">mobilized at least 30 divisions</a> from five of the country's <a href="/wiki/PLA_Military_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Military Region">seven military regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu200930–31-141">[137]</a> At least 14 of the PLA's 24 army corps contributed troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu200930–31-141">[137]</a> Guangzhou's civil aviation authorities suspended civil airline travel to prepare for transporting military units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook199880–82-142">[138]</a> The army's initial entry into the capital was blocked in the suburbs by throngs of protesters. Seeing no way forward, the authorities ordered the army to withdraw on 24 May. All government forces then retreated to bases outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelsonEvans1999-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-14">[11]</a> At the same time, internal divisions intensified within the student movement itself. By late May, the students became increasingly disorganized with no clear leadership or unified course of action. Moreover, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and facing serious hygiene problems. <a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a> suggested an open election of the student leadership to speak for the movement but was met with opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a> moderated his position, ostensibly sensing the impending military action and its consequences. He advocated for a temporary withdrawal from Tiananmen Square to re-group on campus, but this was opposed by hardline student factions who wanted to hold the square. The increasing internal friction would lead to struggles for control of the loudspeakers in the middle of the square in a series of "mini-coups": whoever controlled the loudspeakers was "in charge" of the movement. Some students would wait at the train station to greet arrivals of students from other parts of the country in an attempt to enlist factional support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> Student groups began accusing each other of ulterior motives, such as collusion with the government and trying to gain personal fame from the movement. Some students even tried to oust Chai Ling, and Feng Congde from their leadership positions in an attempted kidnapping, an action Chai called a "well-organized and premeditated plot".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> Unlike more moderate student leaders, Chai seemed willing to allow the student movement to end in a violent confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanHua1990298-143">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling#The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_documentary" title="Chai Ling">In an interview given in late May</a>, Chai stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What we actually are hoping for is bloodshed, the moment when the government is ready to brazenly butcher the people. Only when the Square is awash with blood will the people of China open their eyes. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chai Ling, <a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></cite></div></blockquote>However, she felt that she was unable to convince her fellow students of this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanHua1990327-144">[140]</a> She also claimed that her expectation of a violent crackdown was something she had heard from <a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a> and not an idea of her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChai2011165-145">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_June">1 June</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Li_Peng's_Report">Li Peng's Report</h4></div> On 1 June, <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> issued a report titled "On the True Nature of the Turmoil", which was circulated to every member of the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001434-146">[142]</a> The report concludes that the demonstrators' leadership, referred to as a "tiny minority", had "organized and plotted the turmoil", and that they were using the square as a base to provoke conflict in order to create an international impact. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001435-147">[143]</a> It also maintains that they had formed connections with criminal elements and used funding from foreign and domestic sources to improve their communications equipment and procure weapons. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001437-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MSS_Report">MSS Report</h4></div> On the same day, another report, issued by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of State Security</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Jia_Chunwang" title="Jia Chunwang">Jia Chunwang</a>, was submitted to the party leadership, and likewise sent to every member of the Politburo, as well as to senior <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Party elders</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001445-149">[145]</a> The report emphasized the danger of infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois liberalism">bourgeois liberalism</a> into China and the negative effect that Western ideological influence, particularly from the United States, had on the students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001446-150">[146]</a> The MSS had determined that the United States had infiltrated the student movement by various means,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001447-151">[147]</a> including the use of the U.S. government-owned <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">VOA</a> radio station as an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, as well as the cultivation of pro-American ideologies among Chinese students studying abroad as a long-term strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001449-152">[148]</a> Furthermore, the report also resolved that U.S. intelligence had made efforts to get close to leaders of several Chinese institutions; According to the report, a CIA agent from the U.S. Embassy had nearly fifty contacts between 1981 and 1988, fifteen of whom were associated with the Economic Restructuring Commission. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001450-153">[149]</a> The report advocated for immediate military action,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001455-462-154">[150]</a> and was viewed as providing one of the best justifications for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001445-149">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2–3_June">2–3 June</h3></div> In conjunction with the plan to clear the square by force, the Politburo received word from army headquarters stating that troops were ready to help stabilize the capital and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001349-155">[151]</a> On 2 June, with increasing action on the part of protesters, the government saw that it was time to act. Protests broke out as newspapers published articles that called for the students to leave Tiananmen Square and end the movement. Many of the students in the square were not willing to leave and were outraged by the articles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001353-156">[152]</a> They were also outraged by the Beijing Daily's 1 June article "Tiananmen, I Cry for You", which was written by a fellow student who had become disillusioned with the movement, as he thought it was chaotic and disorganized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001353-156">[152]</a> In response to the articles, thousands of students lined the streets of Beijing to protest against leaving the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001362-157">[153]</a> Three intellectuals—<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>, Zhou Duo, and Gao Xin—and Taiwanese singer <a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a> declared a second hunger strike to revive the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook199894-158">[154]</a> After weeks of occupying the square, the students were tired, and internal rifts opened between moderate and hardline student groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1989-159">[155]</a> In their declaration speech, the hunger strikers openly criticized the government's suppression of the movement, to remind the students that their cause was worth fighting for and pushing them to continue their occupation of the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001363-160">[156]</a> On 2 June, Deng Xiaoping and several <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">party elders</a> met with the three PSC members—<a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a>—who remained after Zhao Ziyang and Hu Qili had been ousted. The committee members agreed to clear the square so "the riot can be halted and order be restored to the Capital".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu:_Clear_the_Square-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001355–362-162">[158]</a> They also agreed that the square needed to be cleared as peacefully as possible; but if protesters did not cooperate, the troops would be authorized to use force to complete the job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001362-157">[153]</a> That day, state-run newspapers reported that troops were positioned in ten key areas in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001362-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1989-159">[155]</a> Units of the <a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a>, <a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a>, and 24th armies were <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#Enforcement_of_martial_law" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">secretly moved</a> into the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Public Security</a> compound east of the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu:_Troop_Movements-163">[159]</a> On the evening of 2 June, an accident occurred in which a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">PAP</a> jeep ran onto a sidewalk, civilians, killing three pedestrians and injuring a fourth. This incident sparked fear that the army and the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Student leaders issued emergency orders to set up roadblocks at major intersections to prevent the entry of troops into the center of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001482-165">[161]</a> On the morning of 3 June, students and citizens intercepted and questioned a busload of plainclothed soldiers at Xinjiekou. Isolated pockets of soldiers were similarly surrounded and interrogated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001483-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> The soldiers were beaten by the crowd, as were Beijing security personnel who attempted to aid the soldiers. Some of the soldiers were kidnapped when they attempted to head for the hospital. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001482-165">[161]</a> Several other buses carrying weapons, gear, and supplies were intercepted and boarded around Tiananmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001482-165">[161]</a> At 1 pm, a crowd intercepted one of these buses at Liubukou, and several men raised military helmets on bayonets to show the rest of the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001484-167">[163]</a> At 2:30 pm, a clash broke out between protesters and police.<a href="#cite_note-Class_Struggle:_China's_Harsh_Actions_Threaten_to_Set_Back_10-Year_Reform_Drive-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001482-165">[161]</a> The police attempted to disperse the crowd with tear gas, but demonstrators counterattacked and threw rocks, forcing them to retreat inside the Zhongnanhai compound through the west gate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001484-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Residents_Block_Army-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a> At 5:30 pm, several thousand troops awaiting orders began to retreat from the Great Hall of the People.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001484-167">[163]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelsonEvans1999-23">[20]</a> That evening, the government leaders continued to monitor the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimothy_Brook_interview2006-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3–4_June">3–4 June </h3></div> In the evening on 3 June, the government issued an emergency announcement urging citizens to "stay off the streets and away from Tiananmen Square". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002489-171">[167]</a> Meanwhile, protesters made their own broadcasts across various university campuses in Beijing to call for students and citizens to arm themselves and assemble at intersections and the Square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002489-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chang'an_Avenue">Chang'an Avenue</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg/220px-Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg/330px-Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg/440px-Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a>, here on display at the <a href="/wiki/Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution" title="Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution">Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution</a> in western Beijing, was deployed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> on 3 June 1989.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg/220px-Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg/330px-Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg/440px-Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Type_63_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" title="Type 63 (armoured personnel carrier)">Type 63 armored personnel carrier</a> deployed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> in Beijing in 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg/220px-AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg/330px-AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg/440px-AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifle" title="Type 56 assault rifle">Type 56 assault rifle</a>, used by soldiers during the crackdown</figcaption></figure> On June 3, at 8:00 p.m., the <a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th Army</a>, led by interim commander <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiyuan" title="Zhang Meiyuan">Zhang Meiyuan</a>, began to advance from military office compounds in Shijingshan and Fentai District in western Beijing along the western extension of Chang'an Avenue toward the square to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002492-172">[168]</a> At 9:30 p.m, this army encountered a blockade set up by protesters at <a href="/wiki/Gongzhufen" title="Gongzhufen">Gongzhufen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian District</a>, and made an attempt to break through.<a href="#cite_note-tp-173">[169]</a> Troops armed with anti-riot gear clashed with the protesters, firing rubber bullets and tear gas, while the protesters threw rocks, bricks, and bottles at them.<a href="#cite_note-tp-173">[169]</a> Other troops fired warning shots into the air, which was ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-tp-173">[169]</a> At 10:10 pm, an army officer picked up a megaphone and urged the protesters to disperse.<a href="#cite_note-tp-173">[169]</a> At about 10:30 p.m., still being pummeled by rocks thrown by protesters, the 38th Army troops opened fire.<a href="#cite_note-tp-173">[169]</a> The crowds were stunned that the army was using live ammunition and fell back towards <a href="/wiki/Muxidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muxidi">Muxidi</a> Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-tp-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuettinger200460-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu:_3_June-175">[171]</a> The troops used <a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanding bullets">expanding bullets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-14">[11]</a> prohibited by international law <a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> for use in warfare between countries but not for other uses.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> The advance of the army was again halted by another blockade at <a href="/wiki/Muxidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muxidi">Muxidi</a>, about 5 km west of the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Pomfret_interview2006-178">[174]</a> After protesters repelled an attempt by an anti-riot brigade to storm the bridge, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002492-172">[168]</a> regular troops advanced on the crowd and turned their weapons on them. Soldiers alternated between shooting into the air and firing directly at protesters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002493-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimothy_Brook_interview2006-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Pomfret_interview2006-178">[174]</a> Soldiers raked apartment buildings with gunfire, and some people inside or on their balconies were shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelsonEvans1999b-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimothy_Brook_interview2006-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel2006-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a38-182">[178]</a> As the army advanced, fatalities were recorded along Chang'an Avenue. By far, the largest number occurred in the two-mile stretch of road running from Muxidi to <a href="/wiki/Xidan" title="Xidan">Xidan</a>, where "65 PLA trucks and 47 APCs ... were totally destroyed, and 485 other military vehicles were damaged."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum1996283-40">[37]</a> Demonstrators attacked troops with poles, rocks, and <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov cocktails">molotov cocktails</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Widener" title="Jeff Widener">Jeff Widener</a> reported witnessing rioters setting fire to military vehicles and beating the soldiers inside them to death.<a href="#cite_note-jeff-183">[179]</a> On one avenue in western Beijing, anti-government protestors torched a military convoy of more than 100 trucks and armored vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> They also hijacked an armored personnel carrier, taking it on a joy ride; These scenes were captured on camera and broadcast by Chinese state television.<a href="#cite_note-kristof-185">[181]</a> In the evening, a firefight broke out between soldiers and demonstrators at Shuangjing. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002509-186">[182]</a> On 5 June 1989, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported on the fighting: "As columns of tanks and tens of thousands of soldiers approached Tiananmen, many troops were set on by angry mobs who screamed, 'Fascists'. Dozens of soldiers were pulled from trucks, severely beaten, and left for dead. At an intersection west of the square, the body of a young soldier, who had been beaten to death, was stripped naked and hung from the side of a bus. Another soldier's corpse was strung up at an intersection east of the square."<a href="#cite_note-Class_Struggle:_China's_Harsh_Actions_Threaten_to_Set_Back_10-Year_Reform_Drive-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clearing_the_square">Clearing the square</h4></div> At the Square, soldiers and students initially attempted to show restraint, but that residents refused to follow student orders.<a href="#cite_note-embassydoc15-187">[183]</a> Soldiers did not fight back at first after some citizens threw rocks at them.<a href="#cite_note-embassydoc14-188">[184]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002497-189">[185]</a> In the early morning on 4 June, the first APC entered Tiananmen Square from Chang'an West Boulevard. Demonstrators attacked the APC with molotov cocktails and immobilized it with a traffic divider, before covering it with gasoline-doused blankets and setting it on fire. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002497-189">[185]</a> Wu Renhua claims that after the three occupants were forced out of the vehicle by the heat, students escorted the three men to a medic station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu:_Last_Act_(1)-190">[186]</a> However, according to other accounts, including an eyewitness account of a Chinese-American reporter, the soldiers were attacked by the crowd: Two soldiers were burned alive inside the APC, and a third was beaten to death in full view of other soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-embassydoc14-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-embassydoc15-187">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Wortzel" title="Larry Wortzel">Larry Wortzel</a>, a military intelligence officer at the U.S. Embassy at the time, noted that the demonstrators' swarming tactics were clearly rehearsed and practiced, having been used similarly in other places around the city.<a href="#cite_note-wortzel-191">[187]</a> The reporter noted that APC incident "appeared to have sparked the shooting that followed".<a href="#cite_note-embassydoc15-187">[183]</a> Troops from the west arrived at the square at about 1:30 am, and troops from other directions gradually arrived as well, blocking main roads to the square to prevent entry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001205-192">[188]</a> A second emergency announcement from the government was broadcast on loudspeakers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A severe counterrevolutionary riot has broken out in the capital tonight. Rioters have savagely attacked soldiers of the PLA, have stolen their weapons and burned their vehicles, have erected roadblocks, and have kidnapped officers and soldiers [...] Citizens and students must evacuate the Square immediately so that martial law troops can successfully carry out their mission. We cannot guarantee the safety of violators, who will be solely responsible for any consequences.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Emergency Announcement, Beijing Municipal Government and Martial Law Command<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002498-193">[189]</a></cite></div></blockquote> After the announcement, most people in the square began to leave, and by 2:00 am, there were only a few thousand demonstrators in the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002498-193">[189]</a> North of the square, a dozen students and citizens attempted to torch army trucks with cans of gasoline but were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002498-193">[189]</a> At 3:00 am, Hou Dejian, Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, and Gao Xin decided to convince the students to evacuate the square; Chai Ling, however, insisted that "those who wish to leave may leave, and those who don't may stay."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002500-194">[190]</a> The group asked Chai Ling and other student leaders to negotiate a peaceful evacuation. Hou Dejian addressed the students by loudspeaker, urging them to leave the square and surrender their rifles and other weapons, before leaving with Zhou Duo in an ambulance to meet the government troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001205-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002500-194">[190]</a> Between 3:30 and 3:45 am, the ambulance arrived at the Museum of Chinese History in the northeast corner of the square, and Hou Dejian and Zhou Duo met with Ji Xinguo, a regimental political commissar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001205-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002500-194">[190]</a> They requested that the army give them time to evacuate, and to open a path for them to leave. Ji Xinguo relayed their request to Martial Law Headquarters, who agreed to the students' request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001205-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002500-194">[190]</a> Ji Xinguo informed them of this and told them to exit to the south. After Hou and Zhou returned to the square, they called for an immediate evacuation, and the Martial Law Headquarters announced, "Students, we appreciate that you will leave the Square voluntarily. Students, please leave in the southeastern direction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001206-195">[191]</a> There was initial reluctance among the students to leave, but as the deadline approached, Feng Congde asked students for a voice vote on whether to stay or leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001206-195">[191]</a> Although the vote's results were inconclusive, Feng said the vote to leave was louder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001206-195">[191]</a> The demonstrators began to evacuate, with students leaving under their school banners, heading southeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2002500-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Pomfret_interview2006-178">[174]</a> At about 4:35 am, a few minutes after the demonstrators started to retreat, the lights in the square were turned on, and troops began to advance. A squad of commandos charged up the monument and shot out the students' loudspeaker.<a href="#cite_note-cjr-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Zhao2001206-195">[191]</a> According to Hou Dejian, tear gas was used during the operation to clear the square.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> At 5:23 am, a Chinese unit crushed the Goddess of Democracy statue, removing its severed torch first as a memento.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum1996288-198">[194]</a> Having removed the students from the square, soldiers were ordered to relinquish their ammunition, after which they were allowed a short reprieve, from 7 am to 9 am.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a23-199">[195]</a> The debris left over from the student occupation was either piled and burnt on the square or placed in large plastic bags that were then airlifted away by military helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a19-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilley1989-201">[197]</a> After the cleanup, the troops stationed at The Great Hall of the People remained confined within for the next nine days. During this time, the soldiers were apparently left to sleep on the floors and were daily supplied a single packet of instant noodles shared between three men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a25–26-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_city">In the city</h4></div> Just past 6 am on 4 June, as a convoy of students who had vacated the square were walking westward in the bicycle lane along Chang'an Avenue back to campus, three tanks pursued them from the square, firing tear gas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoonan2008-203">[199]</a> One tank was said to have driven through the crowd, killing 11 students and injuring scores of others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu:_Tanks_Ran_Over_Students-204">[200]</a> By dawn, the sky was enveloped with smoke rising from the center of the city, and the streets were filled with burned-out vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-wortzel-191">[187]</a> Skirmishes between protesters and troops continued sporadically in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Some demonstrators regrouped and attempted to re-enter the square from the northeast on East Chang'an Avenue, but were driven off by gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200632:23–34:50-206">[202]</a> The square remained closed to the public for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberger1989-207">[203]</a> At 17:00, a sitrep from the U.S. State Department to the U.S. Embassy indicated that the PLA was "mopping up isolated resistance".<a href="#cite_note-embassydoc16-208">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5_June_and_the_Tank_Man">5 June and the Tank Man</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></div> On June 5, having secured the square, the military began to reassert control over thoroughfares through the city, especially Chang'an Avenue. A column of tanks of the 1st Armored Division left the square and, heading east on Chang'an Avenue, came upon a lone protester standing in the middle of the avenue. The brief standoff between the man and the tanks was captured by Western media atop the Beijing Hotel. After returning to his position in front of the tanks, the man was pulled aside by a group of people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-14">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Cole_(photographer)" title="Charlie Cole (photographer)">Charlie Cole</a>, who was there for <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, claimed that the men were Chinese <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau">government agents</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-209">[205]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wong" title="Jan Wong">Jan Wong</a>, who was there for <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, thought that they were concerned bystanders.<a href="#cite_note-wong-210">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandmalerei_-tankman-,_A._Signl,_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283,K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wandmalerei_-tankman-%2C_A._Signl%2C_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283%2CK%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg/220px-Wandmalerei_-tankman-%2C_A._Signl%2C_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283%2CK%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wandmalerei_-tankman-%2C_A._Signl%2C_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283%2CK%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg/330px-Wandmalerei_-tankman-%2C_A._Signl%2C_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283%2CK%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wandmalerei_-tankman-%2C_A._Signl%2C_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283%2CK%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg/440px-Wandmalerei_-tankman-%2C_A._Signl%2C_Vogelsanger_Stra%C3%9Fe_283%2CK%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-9254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="3781" /></a><figcaption>A mural of the legendary "Tank Man" in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany.</figcaption></figure> Although the fate of Tank Man following the demonstration is not known, paramount Chinese leader Jiang Zemin stated in 1990 that he did not think the man was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyer1998-211">[207]</a> Time later named him one of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">100 most influential people of the 20th century</a>. A stopped convoy of 37 APCs on Changan Boulevard at Muxidi was forced to abandon their vehicles after becoming stuck among an assortment of burned-out buses and military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998178–179-212">[208]</a> In addition to occasional incidents of soldiers opening fire on civilians in Beijing, Western news outlets reported clashes between units of the PLA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Units_Clash-213">[209]</a> Late in the afternoon, 26 tanks, three armored personnel carriers, and supporting infantry took up defensive positions facing east at <a href="/wiki/Jianguomen_(Beijing)" title="Jianguomen (Beijing)">Jianguomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuxingmen" title="Fuxingmen">Fuxingmen</a> overpasses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998189-214">[210]</a> Shellfire was heard throughout the night, and the next morning a United States Marine in the eastern part of the city reported spotting a damaged armored vehicle that an armor-piercing shell had disabled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998190-215">[211]</a> The ongoing turmoil in the capital disrupted everyday life flow. No editions of the People's Daily were available in Beijing on 5 June, despite assurances that they had been printed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Units_Clash-213">[209]</a> Many shops, offices, and factories were not able to open, as workers remained in their homes, and public transit services were limited to the subway and suburban bus routes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong1989-216">[212]</a> By and large, the government regained control in the week following the square's military seizure. A political purge followed in which officials responsible for organizing or condoning the protests were removed, and protest leaders were jailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsuiPang-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_outside_Beijing">Protests outside Beijing</h3></div> After order was restored in Beijing on 4 June, protests of various sizes continued in some 80 other Chinese cities outside the international press's spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgeing_rebels,_bitter_victims2014-218">[214]</a> In the British colony of Hong Kong, people again took to wearing black in solidarity with the demonstrators in Beijing. There were also protests in other countries, where many adopted the wearing of black armbands as well.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> In Shanghai, students marched on the streets on 5 June and erected roadblocks on major thoroughfares. Public transport including railway traffic was blocked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001530-220">[216]</a> On 6 June, the municipal government tried to clear the rail blockade, but it was met with fierce resistance from the crowds. Several people were killed from being run over by a train.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001530-220">[216]</a> On 7 June, students from major Shanghai universities stormed various campus facilities to erect <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">biers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001535-221">[217]</a> Although there were rumors of possible martial law in the city, the situation was gradually brought under control without deadly force. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001535-540-222">[218]</a> The municipal government gained recognition from the top leadership in Beijing for averting a major upheaval. In the interior cities of Xi'an, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Chengdu, many students continued protests after 4 June, often erecting roadblocks. In Xi'an, students stopped workers from entering factories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001399,_404-223">[219]</a> In Wuhan, students blocked the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Bridge" title="Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge">Yangtze River Railway bridge</a> and another 4,000 gathered at the railway station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001400-224">[220]</a> About one thousand students staged a railroad "sit-in", and rail traffic on the Beijing-Guangzhou and Wuhan-Dalian lines was interrupted. The students also urged employees of major state-owned enterprises to go on strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001405-225">[221]</a> In Wuhan, the situation was so tense that residents reportedly began a <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank run</a> and resorted to <a href="/wiki/Panic_buying" title="Panic buying">panic buying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001408-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government's_pronouncements">Government's pronouncements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></div> At a news conference on 6 June, State Council spokesperson Yuan Mu announced that based on "preliminary statistics", "nearly 300 people died ... includ[ing] soldiers", 23 students, "bad elements who deserve[d] this because of their crimes, and people who were killed by mistake."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksenbergSullivanLambert1990364-227">[223]</a> He said the wounded included "5,000 [police] officers and [soldiers]" and over "2,000 civilians, including the handful of lawless ruffians and the onlooking masses who do understand the situation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksenbergSullivanLambert1990364-227">[223]</a> Military spokesperson Zhang Gong stated that no one was killed in Tiananmen Square and no one was run over by tanks in the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksenbergSullivanLambert1990361–367-228">[224]</a> On 9 June, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, appearing in public for the first time since the protests began, delivered a speech praising the "martyrs" (PLA soldiers who had died).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiLiMark201167-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng_Xiaoping1989-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng's_9_June_Speech1989-231">[227]</a> Deng stated that the goal of the student movement was to overthrow the party and the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinDeng1989154–158-232">[228]</a> Of the protesters, Deng said: "Their goal is to establish a totally Western-dependent bourgeois republic." Deng argued that protesters had complained about corruption to cover their real motive, replacing the socialist system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksenbergSullivanLambert1990378-233">[229]</a> He said that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFewsmith200142-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre#Casualties" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre § Casualties</a></div> The number of deaths and the extent of bloodshed in the square itself have been in dispute since the events. The government actively suppressed discussion of casualty figures immediately after the events, and estimates rely heavily on eyewitness testimony, hospital records, and organized efforts by victims' relatives. As a result, large discrepancies exist among various casualty estimates. Initial estimates ranged from the official figure of a few hundred to several thousand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998151–169-235">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_figures">Official figures</h3></div> Official government announcements shortly after the event put the number who died at around 300. At the State Council press conference on 6 June, spokesman <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a> said that "preliminary tallies" by the government showed that about 300 civilians and soldiers died, including 23 students from universities in Beijing, along with some people he described as "ruffians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksenbergSullivanLambert1990364-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998167-236">[232]</a> Yuan also said some 5,000 soldiers and police were wounded, along with 2,000 civilians. On 19 June, Beijing Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a> reported to the Politburo that the government's confirmed death toll was 241, including 218 civilians (of which 36 were students), 10 PLA soldiers, and 13 People's Armed Police, along with 7,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001436-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontline:_Memory_of_Tiananmen2006-238">[234]</a> On 30 June, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing#List_of_Mayors" title="Politics of Beijing">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a> said that the number of injured was around 6,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998167-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksenbergSullivanLambert1990364-227">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_estimates">Other estimates</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg/220px-Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg/330px-Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg/440px-Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5099" data-file-height="3227" /></a><figcaption>A burned-out vehicle on a Beijing street a few days after 6 June</figcaption></figure> On the morning of 4 June, many estimates of deaths were reported, including from government-affiliated sources. Peking University leaflets circulated on campus suggested a death toll of between two and three thousand. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_Society_of_China" title="Red Cross Society of China">Chinese Red Cross</a> had given a figure of 2,600 deaths but later denied having given such a figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHow_Many_Died1990-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sino-American_relations''1991445-20">[17]</a> The Swiss Ambassador had estimated 2,700.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998154-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_D._Kristof" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas D. Kristof">Nicholas D. Kristof</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote on 21 June that "it seems plausible that about a dozen soldiers and policemen were killed, along with 400 to 800 civilians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Reassessing_Casualties-22">[19]</a> United States ambassador <a href="/wiki/James_Lilley" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lilley">James Lilley</a> said that, based on visits to hospitals around Beijing, a minimum of several hundred had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> A declassified <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> cable filed on the same day estimated 180–500 deaths up to the morning of 4 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelsonEvans1999b-180">[176]</a> Beijing hospital records compiled shortly after the events recorded at least 478 dead and 920 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998161-240">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>'s estimates put the number of deaths at between several hundred and close to 1,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHow_Many_Died1990-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalls_for_Justice2004-24">[21]</a> while a Western diplomat who compiled estimates put the number at 300 to 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Reassessing_Casualties-22">[19]</a> In a disputed cable sent in the aftermath of the events at Tiananmen, British Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Alan_Donald" title="Alan Donald">Alan Donald</a> initially claimed, based on information from a "good friend" in the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">China State Council</a>, that a minimum of 10,000 civilians died,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELusher2017-241">[237]</a> claims which were repeated in a speech by Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> but which is an estimated number much higher than other sources provided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998169-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> After the declassification, former student protest leader <a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a> pointed out that Donald later revised his estimate to 2,700–3,400 deaths, a number closer to, but still much higher than, other estimates.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifying_the_dead">Identifying the dead</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a>, a victims' advocacy group co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xianling" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Xianling">Zhang Xianling</a>, whose children were killed by the government during the crackdown, have identified 202 victims as of August 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre&action=edit">[update]</a>. In the face of government interference, the group has worked painstakingly to locate victims' families and collect information about the victims. Their tally had grown from 155 in 1999 to 202 in 2011. The list includes four individuals who committed suicide on or after 4 June for reasons related to their involvement in the demonstrations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-246">[e]</a> Former protester <a href="/wiki/Wu_Renhua" title="Wu Renhua">Wu Renhua</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Alliance_for_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Alliance for Democracy (page does not exist)">Chinese Alliance for Democracy</a>, an overseas group agitating for democratic reform in China, said that he was only able to identify and verify 15 military deaths. Wu asserts that if deaths from events unrelated to demonstrators were removed from the count, only seven deaths among military personnel might be counted as from being "<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>" by rioters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu:_PLA_casualties-247">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths_around_and_in_Tiananmen_Square_itself">Deaths around and in Tiananmen Square itself</h3></div> Government officials have long asserted that no one died in the square in the early morning hours of 4 June, during the "hold-out" of students' last batch in the south part of the square. Initially, foreign media reports of a "massacre" on the square were prevalent, though subsequently, journalists have acknowledged that most of the deaths occurred outside of the square in western Beijing. Several people who were situated around the square that night, including former Beijing bureau chief of The Washington Post <a href="/wiki/Jay_Mathews" title="Jay Mathews">Jay Mathews</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[f]</a> and CBS correspondent Richard Roth<a href="#cite_note-251">[g]</a> reported that while they had heard sporadic gunfire, they could not find enough evidence to suggest that a massacre took place on the square. Student leader <a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a> claimed in a speech broadcast on Hong Kong television that she witnessed tanks arrive at the square and crush students who were sleeping in their tents, and added that between 200 and 4000 students died at the square.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> Ling was joined by fellow student leader <a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'er Kaixi</a> who said he had witnessed 200 students being cut down by gunfire; however, according to Mathews, it was later proven that he had already left the square several hours before the events he claimed to have happened.<a href="#cite_note-cjr-196">[192]</a> Taiwan-born <a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a> was present in the square to show solidarity with the students and said that he did not see any massacre occurring in the square. He was quoted by Xiaoping Li, a former China dissident to have stated: "Some people said 200 died in the square, and others claimed that as many as 2,000 died. There were also stories of tanks running over students who were trying to leave. I have to say I did not see any of that. I was in the square until 6:30 in the morning."<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> In 2011, three secret cables from the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United States, Beijing">United States embassy in Beijing</a> agreed there was no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square.<a href="#cite_note-wikileaksnobloodshed-254">[247]</a> Instead, they said Chinese soldiers opened fire on protesters outside the square as they fought their way from the west towards the center.<a href="#cite_note-wikileaksnobloodshed-254">[247]</a> A Chilean diplomat who had been positioned next to a Red Cross station inside the square told his US counterparts that he did not observe any mass firing of weapons into the crowds in the square itself, although sporadic gunfire was heard. He said that most of the troops who entered the square were armed only with anti-riot gear.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilley1989-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests,_punishments,_and_evacuations">Arrests, punishments, and evacuations </h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dissidents_in_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Dissidents in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dissidents in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_roles_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Women's roles during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Women's roles during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> On 13 June 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Public_Security_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Public Security Bureau">Beijing Public Security Bureau</a> released an order for the arrest of 21 students they identified as the protest leaders. These 21 most-wanted student leaders were part of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students Autonomous Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._Cheng2012-256">[249]</a> which had been instrumental in the Tiananmen Square protests. Though decades have passed, this most-wanted list has never been retracted by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a74-257">[250]</a> On 17 June, two individuals were captured after exchanging gunfire with soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberger1989-207">[203]</a> The same day, a woman who had been visiting a Western diplomat at Jianguomenwai diplomatic compound was observed being arrested by plainclothes policemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberger1989-207">[203]</a> The 21 most-wanted student leaders' faces and descriptions were often broadcast on television.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a39-258">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Moderates_Appear-259">[252]</a> Photographs with biographies of the leaders followed in this order: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wuer Kaixi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fengsuo" title="Zhou Fengsuo">Zhou Fengsuo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Weimin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Weimin (page does not exist)">Zhai Weimin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Qingdun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Qingdun (page does not exist)">Liang Qingdun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zhengyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Zhengyun (page does not exist)">Wang Zhengyun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Xuguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheng Xuguang (page does not exist)">Zheng Xuguang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Shaofang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Shaofang (page does not exist)">Ma Shaofang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Tao_(dissident)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Tao (dissident) (page does not exist)">Yang Tao</a>, Wang Zhixing, <a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Chaohua" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Chaohua">Wang Chaohua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a>, Zhang Zhiqing, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Ming_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Ming (activist) (page does not exist)">Zhang Ming</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiong_Wei_(dissident)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiong Wei (dissident) (page does not exist)">Xiong Wei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a>. Each of the 21 students faced diverse experiences after their arrests or escapes; while some remain abroad with no intent to return, others have chosen to stay indefinitely, such as Zhang Ming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a70–71-260">[253]</a> Only 7 of the 21 were able to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosher2004-261">[254]</a> Some student leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuer_Kaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuer Kaixi">Wuer Kaixi</a>, were able to escape to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and other Western nations under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a>, which was organized by Western intelligence agencies such as <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, a British territory at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1996-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a70–71-260">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosher2004-261">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, the operation involved more than 40 people and had its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Alliance in Support of Democratic Movements in China</a> formed in May 1989. After the Beijing protest crackdown, this group drew up an initial list of 40 dissidents they believed could form the nucleus of a "Chinese democracy movement in exile".<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> The remaining student leaders were apprehended and incarcerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosher2004-261">[254]</a> Those who escaped, whether in 1989 or after, generally have had difficulty re-entering China up to this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a73–76-265">[258]</a> The Chinese government has preferred to leave the dissidents in exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraywick2013-266">[259]</a> Those who attempt to re-enter, such as Wu'er Kaixi, have been simply sent back but not arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraywick2013-266">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_Trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and Trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao were arrested</a> in late 1989 for their involvement in the protests. Chinese authorities alleged they were the "black hands" behind the movement. Both Chen and Wang rejected the allegations made against them. They were put on trial in 1990 and sentenced to 13 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2014-267">[260]</a> Others, such as Zhang Zhiqing, have essentially disappeared. After his initial arrest in January 1991 and subsequent release, nothing further is known about his situation and where he lives now.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosher2004-261">[254]</a> Zhang Zhiqing's role and reason for being listed on the 21 most wanted is generally unknown; this is the case for many others on the list, such as Wang Chaohua. According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)">Dui Hua Foundation</a>, citing a provincial government, 1,602 individuals were imprisoned for protest-related activities in early 1989. As of May 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre&action=edit">[update]</a>, at least two remain incarcerated in Beijing, and five others remain unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELess_Than_a_Dozen2012-268">[261]</a> In June 2014, it was reported that Miao Deshun was believed to be the last known prisoner incarcerated for their participation in the protests; he was last heard from a decade ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarron2014-269">[262]</a> All are reported to have mental illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELess_Than_a_Dozen2012-268">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_changes">Leadership changes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_purges_during_and_after_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jiang_Zemin1.png/220px-Jiang_Zemin1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Jiang_Zemin1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, the party secretary of Shanghai, where student protests were subdued largely without violence, was promoted to succeed <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> as the party <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> in 1989.</figcaption></figure> The party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a> (PSC). <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a>, another PSC member who opposed martial law but abstained from voting, was also removed from the committee. However, he was able to retain his party membership, and after "changing his opinion", he was reassigned as deputy minister in the Ministry for Machinery and Electronics Industry. Another reform-minded Chinese leader, <a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a>, was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital Airport</a> upon returning from a shortened trip abroad; the authorities declared his detention to be on health grounds. When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally "changed his opinion", he, like <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a>, was transferred to a different position with equal rank but a mostly ceremonial role. Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1989b-270">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, the Party Secretary of Shanghai, was promoted to <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a>. Jiang's decisive actions in Shanghai involving the World Economic Herald and his having prevented deadly violence in the city won him support from party elders in Beijing. Having put the new leadership team in place and recognizing his weakened position, Deng Xiaoping himself also bowed out of the party leadership—at least officially—by resigning his last leadership position as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> later that year. He kept a low profile until 1992. According to diplomatic cables de-classified by Canada, the Swiss ambassador informed Canadian diplomats in confidence that over several months following the massacre, "every member of the Politburo Standing Committee has approached him about transferring very significant amounts of money to Swiss bank accounts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2015-271">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a>, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of "revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to "deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the "political reliability" of more than one million government officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199727–30-272">[265]</a> The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199730-273">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_narrative">Official narrative</h4></div> The official narrative constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> on 4 June Incident states that the use of force was necessary to control "political turmoil",<a href="#cite_note-:0-274">[267]</a> and this also ensures the stable society that is necessary for successful economic development.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> Chinese leaders—including <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, who were general secretaries of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party—consistently reiterated the official narrative of the Chinese Communist Party when being asked about the protests by foreign journalists.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> Print media were required to be consistent with the Chinese government's account of the 4 June Incident.<a href="#cite_note-:0-274">[267]</a> The Chinese government prepared a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> to explain the government's views on the protests. Later, anonymous people within the Chinese government shipped the files overseas and published the "<a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">Tiananmen Papers</a>" in 2001. At the 30th anniversary of the 4 June Incident, <a href="/wiki/Wei_Fenghe" title="Wei Fenghe">Wei Fenghe</a>, a general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, said in the <a href="/wiki/Shangri-La_Dialogue" title="Shangri-La Dialogue">Shangri-La Dialogue</a>: "The 4 June Incident was a turmoil and unrest. The Central Government took decisive measures to calm the unrest and stop the turmoil, and it is because of this decision that the stability within the country can be established. For the past three decades, China has undergone tremendous changes under the leadership of the Communist Party."<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_media">Chinese media</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily_during_the_1989_Student_Movement" title="People's Daily during the 1989 Student Movement">People's Daily during the 1989 Student Movement</a></div> The suppression of 4 June marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China, and media workers—both foreign and domestic—faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown. State media reports in the immediate aftermath were sympathetic to the students. As a result, those responsible were all later removed from their posts. Two news anchors, <a href="/wiki/Du_Xian_(news_anchor)" title="Du Xian (news anchor)">Du Xian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xue_Fei_(host)" title="Xue Fei (host)">Xue Fei</a>, who reported this event on 4 and 5 June, respectively in the daily <a href="/wiki/Xinwen_Lianbo" title="Xinwen Lianbo">Xinwen Lianbo</a> broadcast on <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a>, were fired because they openly emoted in sympathy with the protesters. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of the former foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a>, was removed from the English Program Department of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Radio_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Radio International">Chinese Radio International</a>, ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters. Editors and other staff at the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a>, including director <a href="/wiki/Qian_Liren" title="Qian Liren">Qian Liren</a> and Editor-in-Chief Tan Wenrui, were also sacked because of reports in the paper that were sympathetic towards the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWudunn1989-280">[273]</a> The restrictions were loosened after a few years had passed, especially after <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010195-281">[274]</a> Privately run print media then again flourished. Private newspapers increased from 250 in the 1980s to over 7,000 by 2003. Provincially-run, satellite TV stations sprang up all over the country and challenged the market share of state-run CCTV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200350-282">[275]</a> The leadership also stepped away from promoting communism as an all-encompassing belief system. State-approved religious organizations increased their membership significantly, and traditional beliefs suppressed during the Mao era re-appeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200350-282">[275]</a> This state-sanctioned plurality also created an environment for unsanctioned forms of spirituality and worship to grow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200352-283">[276]</a> To reduce the need for controversial methods of state control, Protestants, Buddhists, and Taoists were often used by the state as "approved" denominations to "fight against cults" such as <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>, playing the sects against each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200352-283">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_media">Foreign media</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_media_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Foreign media at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Foreign media at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> With the imposition of martial law, the Chinese government cut off Western broadcasters' satellite transmissions such as CNN and CBS. Broadcasters tried to defy these orders by reporting via telephone. Video footage was smuggled out of the country, although the only network that was able to record video during the night of 4 June was <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">Televisión Española</a> of Spain (TVE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregolat2007-284">[277]</a> During the military action, some foreign journalists faced harassment from authorities. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> correspondent <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roth_(journalist)" title="Richard Roth (journalist)">Richard Roth</a> and his cameraman were taken into custody while filing a report from the square via mobile phone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2009a-285">[278]</a> Several foreign journalists who had covered the crackdown were expelled in the weeks that followed, while others were harassed by authorities or blacklisted from reentering the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Beijing_Ousts_Correspondents-286">[279]</a> Some were reportedly beaten.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> Some Western outlets withheld certain images from viewers;<a href="#cite_note-jptimes-289">[282]</a> Graham Earnshaw, a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> correspondent at the time, stated that a photo of a soldier who was "burnt to a crisp" was not sent to subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-earnshaw-290">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg/270px-Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg/405px-Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg/540px-Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_in_Memory_of_Chinese_from_Tiananmen" title="Monument in Memory of Chinese from Tiananmen">Monument in Memory of Chinese from Tiananmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> The Chinese government's response was widely denounced by Western governments and media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiananmen_Square_Document_351989-291">[284]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a>, Asian countries generally remained silent throughout the protests;<a href="#cite_note-:62-292">[285]</a> India's government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to offer only the absolute minimum coverage of the incident so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China and to empathize with the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2009-293">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> was the only political party in the world to pass a resolution supporting the crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests, calling them "an imperialist attempt to internally subvert socialism, [which] was successfully thwarted by the CPC and the PLA."<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor_2013-295">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> Former United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a> expressed great sadness over the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiananmen_Square_Document_35198911-298">[291]</a> In 1992, he however stated that the crackdown had been exaggerated, and that he received no convincing evidence of widespread killing.<a href="#cite_note-independent-299">[292]</a> Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, under the Soviet sphere of influence at the time, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiananmen_Square_Document_351989-291">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Longer-term_impact">Longer-term impact</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_purges_during_and_after_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> As the party departed from the orthodox communism it was founded upon, much of its attention was focused on the cultivation of nationalism as an alternative ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199-300">[293]</a> This policy largely succeeded in tying the party's legitimacy to China's "national pride", turning domestic public opinion back in its favor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010201-301">[294]</a> The protests highlighted severe inadequacies in <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> equipment and training among both the Chinese military and police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1999-302">[295]</a> The PLA was not trained or equipped to handle riots, and the few PAP riot control units that were dispatched were insufficient in crowd control.<a href="#cite_note-Scobell2-303">[296]</a> Since 1989, efforts have been made to create effective riot control units in Chinese cities increased spending on internal security and to an expanded role for the People's Armed Police in handling protests.<a href="#cite_note-Scobell2-303">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></div> After the Tiananmen Square protests, many business analysts downgraded their outlook for China's economic future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton2007-44">[41]</a> The violent response to the protests was one of the factors that led to a delay in China's acceptance in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, which was not completed until twelve years later, in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton2007-44">[41]</a> Furthermore, bilateral aid to China decreased from $3.4 billion in 1988 to $700 million in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000-304">[297]</a> Loans to China were suspended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, and foreign governments;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakurBurtonSrivastava1997404–405-305">[298]</a> China's credit rating was lowered;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000-304">[297]</a> tourism revenue decreased from US$2.2 billion to US$1.8 billion; and foreign direct investment commitments were canceled. However, there was a rise in government defense spending from 8.6% in 1986, to 15.5% in 1990, reversing a previous 10-year decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelleyShenkar1993120–122-306">[299]</a> In the aftermath of the protests, the government sought again to centralize control over the economy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton2010-307">[300]</a> though the changes were short-lived. Sensing that conservative policies had again taken a foothold within the party, Deng, now retired from all of his official positions, launched his southern tour in 1992, visiting various cities in the country's most prosperous regions while advocating for further economic reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2015-29">[26]</a> Partly in response to Deng, by the mid-1990s the country was again pursuing market liberalization on a scale even greater than those seen in the initial stages of the reforms in the 1980s. Although political liberals were purged from within the party, many of those who were economically liberal remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton2010-307">[300]</a> The economic shocks caused by the events of 1989, in retrospect, had only a minor and temporary effect on China's economic growth. Indeed, with many previously aggrieved groups now regarding political liberalization as a lost cause, more of their energy was spent on economic activities. The economy would quickly regain momentum into the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaughton2010-307">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009candlevigil1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2009candlevigil1.jpg/220px-2009candlevigil1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2009candlevigil1.jpg/330px-2009candlevigil1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2009candlevigil1.jpg/440px-2009candlevigil1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Candlelight_vigil" title="Candlelight vigil">Candlelight vigil</a> in Hong Kong in 2009 on the 20th anniversary of the June 4th incident</figcaption></figure> In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen Square protests led to fears that China would renege on its commitments under <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>, following the impending handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997. In response, Governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> tried to expand the <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong</a>, which led to friction with Beijing. For many <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a>, Tiananmen served as the turning point when they lost trust in the Beijing government. The event, coupled with general uncertainty about the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty, led to <a href="/wiki/Waves_of_mass_migrations_from_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Waves of mass migrations from Hong Kong">a sizable exodus of Hong Kongers</a> to Western countries such as Canada and Australia before 1997. There have been <a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989</a>, even after the transfer of power to China in 1997. Despite that, the <a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a> closed in July 2016, after only two years in its location. The group that runs the museum, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China">Hong Kong Alliance</a>, has started to crowdfund money to open the museum in a new location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam2016-308">[301]</a> A virtual version of the museum released online in August 2021 has also been blocked by Chinese telecom companies.<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKU_20200604_DSC01848_(49969869487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HKU_20200604_DSC01848_%2849969869487%29.jpg/180px-HKU_20200604_DSC01848_%2849969869487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HKU_20200604_DSC01848_%2849969869487%29.jpg/270px-HKU_20200604_DSC01848_%2849969869487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HKU_20200604_DSC01848_%2849969869487%29.jpg/360px-HKU_20200604_DSC01848_%2849969869487%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="7952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a> in the University of Hong Kong in 2020</figcaption></figure> The events continue to strongly impact perceptions of China, its government, attitudes towards democracy, and the extent to which Hong Kongers should identify as "Chinese". The events of 4 June are seen as representative of the Chinese brand of authoritarianism, and they are often invoked by pro-democracy politicians in Hong Kong, especially in relation to democratic reform in Hong Kong and the territory's relationship with Beijing. Academic studies indicate that those who supported the Tiananmen Square movement's rehabilitation had a tendency to support democratization in the territory and the election of pro-democracy parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2012152,_155-310">[303]</a> In memory of the events among other monuments at 1997 <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a> with height of 8 meters performed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jens_Galschi%C3%B8t" title="Jens Galschiøt">Jens Galschiøt</a> was placed in <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Hong Kong">the University of Hong Kong</a>. On 22 December 2021, it was removed by the university authorities,<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> a move that was condemned by survivors of the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China's_image_internationally">China's image internationally</h3></div> The Chinese government drew widespread condemnation for its suppression of the protests. In the immediate aftermath, China seemed to be becoming a <a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">pariah state</a>, increasingly isolated internationally. This was a significant setback for the leadership, who had courted international investment for much of the 1980s, as the country emerged from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution; however, Deng Xiaoping and the core leadership vowed to continue economic liberalization policies after 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL._Zhang2001424-313">[306]</a> From there on, China would work domestically and internationally to reshape its national image from that of a repressive regime to that of a benign global economic and military partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010194-314">[307]</a> Although the crackdown hurt relations with Western countries, it had relatively little impact on China's relations with its Asian neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-:62-292">[285]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a>, Director of the Center for China-US Cooperation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a>, attributes the slight impact to the fact that "the human rights records in most of these countries were not better than China's. To a certain extent, they were sympathetic to China's struggle against pressures from Western countries."<a href="#cite_note-:62-292">[285]</a> Even in the wake of the crackdown, China's foreign relations with its neighbors generally improved.<a href="#cite_note-:62-292">[285]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_(49970228988).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_%2849970228988%29.jpg/220px-Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_%2849970228988%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_%2849970228988%29.jpg/330px-Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_%2849970228988%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_%2849970228988%29.jpg/440px-Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_%2849970228988%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5255" data-file-height="3503" /></a><figcaption>Protest in Hong Kong, 2020</figcaption></figure> The government signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> in 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Convention on Chemical Weapons</a> in 1993, and the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink201019-315">[308]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199-300">[293]</a> Whereas China had been a member of only 30 international organizations in 1986, it was a member of over 50 by 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010198-316">[309]</a> China also sought to diversify its external partnerships, establishing good diplomatic relations with post-Soviet Russia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010196-317">[310]</a> and welcoming Taiwanese business in lieu of Western investment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010196-317">[310]</a> China expedited negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and established relations with Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, and others in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199-300">[293]</a> Furthermore, the government has successfully promoted China as an attractive destination for investment by emphasizing its skilled workers, comparatively low wages, established infrastructure, and sizable consumer base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200355-318">[311]</a> At the same time, the explosion of commercial interest in the country opened the way for multinational corporations to turn a blind eye to politics and human rights in favor of focusing on business interests. Since then, Western leaders who were previously critical of China have sometimes paid lip service to the legacy of Tiananmen in bilateral meetings, but the substance of discussions revolved around business and trade interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200356-319">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_and_the_United_States_arms_embargo">European Union and the United States arms embargo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_arms_embargo_on_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China">European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China</a></div> The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to China, put in place due to the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests, remains in place today. China has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from European Union members. Since 2004, China has portrayed the ban as "outdated" and damaging to China–European Union relations. In early 2004, French President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> spearheaded a movement within the European Union to lift the ban, his efforts being supported by German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>. However, the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China">Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China</a>, in March 2005, increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, damaging attempts to lift the ban; and several European Union Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban. Moreover, Schröder's successor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> opposed lifting the ban. Members of the United States Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the European Union if the latter lifted the ban. The United Kingdom also opposed the embargo lifting when it took charge of the European Union presidency in July 2005. The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to China. Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body. The arms embargo has limited China's options in seeking military hardware. Among the sources that were sought included the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>. Other willing suppliers have previously included Israel and South Africa, but American pressure has restricted this co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJapan_Concerned-320">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_issues">Contemporary issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_in_China">Censorship in China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China#Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship of the protest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Chinese censorship abroad</a></div> The Chinese government continues to forbid discussions about the Tiananmen Square protests<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaiget2009-321">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> and has taken measures to block or censor related information, in an attempt to suppress the public's memory of the Tiananmen Square protests.<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> Textbooks contain little, if any, information about the protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlesen2009-324">[317]</a> After the protests, officials banned controversial films and books and shut down many newspapers. Within a year, 12% of all newspapers, 8% of all publishing companies, 13% of all social science periodicals, and more than 150 films were either banned or shut down. The government also announced that it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPei1994152-325">[318]</a> Access to media and Internet resources about the subject are either restricted or blocked by censors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetter2009-326">[319]</a> Banned literature and films include <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace_(2006_film)" title="Summer Palace (2006 film)">Summer Palace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins2006-327">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City_(novel)" title="Forbidden City (novel)">Forbidden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment</a>: Li Peng diaries and any writings of Zhao Ziyang or his aide <a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State:_The_Secret_Journal_of_Premier_Zhao_Ziyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang">Zhao's memoirs</a>. Print media that contain references to the protests must be consistent with the government's version of events.<a href="#cite_note-:0-274">[267]</a> Domestic and foreign journalists are detained, harassed, or threatened, as are their Chinese colleagues and any Chinese citizens who they interview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenslade2014-328">[321]</a> Thus, Chinese citizens are typically reluctant to speak about the protests because of potentially negative repercussions. Many young people who were born after 1980 are unfamiliar with the events and are therefore apathetic about politics. Youth in China are sometimes unaware of the events, the symbols which are associated with them such as the <a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2014-329">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApathy-330">[323]</a> or the significance of the date of the massacre 4 June itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung_clerk_let2007-331">[324]</a> Some older intellectuals no longer aspire to implement political change. Instead, they focus on economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford2007167–168-332">[325]</a> Some political prisoners have refused to talk to their children about their involvement in the protests out of fear of putting them at risk.<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> While public discussions about the events have become socially taboo, private discussions about them continue to occur despite frequent interference and harassment by the authorities. Nobel Peace Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> remained in China in order to speak out about Tiananmen in the 1990s despite the fact that he received offers of asylum; he faced constant surveillance. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xianling" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Xianling">Zhang Xianling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a>, the mothers of victims who died in 1989, founded the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a> organization and were particularly outspoken about the humanitarian aspects of the protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReferences_Censored2009-334">[327]</a> The authorities mobilize security forces, including members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a>, every year on 4 June in order to prevent public displays of remembrance, with an especially heavy security presence on the anniversaries of major events such as the <a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th anniversary of the protests in 2009</a> and the 25th anniversary of the protests in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBristow2009-335">[328]</a> On the 30th anniversary of the protests in 2019, the renowned Chinese artist <a href="/wiki/Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai Weiwei</a> wrote that "<a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regimes fear facts because they have built their power on unjust foundations" and he also wrote that memory is important: "without it there is no such thing as a civilised society or nation" because "our past is all we have."<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> Journalists have frequently been denied entry to the square on the anniversaries of the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBristow2009-335">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> Also, the authorities are known to have detained foreign journalists and increase surveillance of prominent human rights activists during this time of year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2009-339">[332]</a> Internet searches on "4 June Tiananmen Square" made within China return censored results or result in temporarily severed server connections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReferences_Censored2009-334">[327]</a> Specific web pages with select keywords are censored while other websites, such as those which support the overseas Chinese democracy movement, are blocked wholesale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlesen2009-324">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReferences_Censored2009-334">[327]</a> The policy is much more stringent with regard to Chinese-language sites than it is with regard to foreign-language ones. Social media censorship is more stringent in the weeks leading up to the anniversaries of the massacre; even oblique references to the protests and seemingly unrelated terms are usually very aggressively patrolled and censored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuang2016-340">[333]</a> In January 2006, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google agreed to censor</a> their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects which are considered sensitive by the authorities. Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWines2010-341">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_for_the_government_to_reassess">Calls for the government to reassess</h3></div> Zhang Shijun, a former soldier who was involved in the military crackdown, published an open letter to President Hu Jintao that sought to have the government reevaluate its position on the protests. He was subsequently arrested and taken from his home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2009-342">[335]</a> Although the Chinese government never officially acknowledged relevant accusations when it came to the incident, in 2005 a payment was made to one of the victims' mothers, the first publicized case of the government offering redress to a Tiananmen-related victim's family. The payment was termed a "hardship assistance" and was given to Tang Deying (唐德英), whose son Zhou Guocong (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 周国聪; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 周國聰) died at age 15 while in police custody in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> on 6 June 1989, two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen protesters. She was reportedly paid CNY70,000 (approximately US$10,250).<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> This has been welcomed by various Chinese activists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_leaders_voicing_regret">Chinese leaders voicing regret</h3></div> Before his death in 1998, Yang Shangkun told army doctor <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yanyong" title="Jiang Yanyong">Jiang Yanyong</a> that 4 June was the most serious mistake committed by the Communist Party in its history, a mistake that Yang himself could not correct, but one that certainly will eventually be corrected.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> Zhao Ziyang remained under house arrest until his death in 2005. Zhao's aide <a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a> has repeatedly called on the government to reverse its verdict on the demonstrations. Chen Xitong, the mayor of Beijing, who read the martial law order and was later disgraced by a political scandal, expressed regret in 2012, a year before his death, for the death of innocent civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2013-345">[338]</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> reportedly suggested reversing the government's position on Tiananmen in party meetings before he departed from politics in 2013, only to be rebuffed by his colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderlini2013-346">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_report">United Nations report</h3></div> During its 41st session, from 3–21 November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Committee_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Committee Against Torture">UN Committee Against Torture</a> expressed concern over the lack of investigations into the reports of people "killed, arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression." It stated that the Chinese government had also failed to inform relatives of those individuals' fate, despite relatives' numerous requests. Meanwhile, those responsible for the use of excessive force had not "faced any sanction, administrative or criminal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee_Against_Torture20088-347">[340]</a> The Committee recommended that the Chinese government should take all of those steps, plus "offer apologies and reparation as appropriate and prosecute those found responsible for excessive use of force, torture and other ill-treatment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee_Against_Torture20088-347">[340]</a> In December 2009, the Chinese government responded to the committee's recommendations by saying that the government had closed the case concerning the "political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee_Against_Torture200813-348">[341]</a> It also stated that the "practice of the past 20 years has made it clear that the timely and decisive measures taken by the Chinese Government at the time were necessary and correct". It said that the labeling of the "incident as 'the Democracy Movement'" is a "distortion in the nature of the incident". According to the Chinese government, such observations were "inconsistent with the Committee's responsibilities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee_Against_Torture200813-348">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A banner in support of the June Fourth Student Movement in Shanghai Fashion Store (formerly the Xianshi Company Building)"><img alt="A banner in support of the June Fourth Student Movement in Shanghai Fashion Store (formerly the Xianshi Company Building)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg/82px-%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg/123px-%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg/164px-%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%AA%E5%B9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1445" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A banner in support of the June Fourth Student Movement in Shanghai Fashion Store (formerly the Xianshi Company Building)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mourning banners hung near the South Gate of Beijing University taken a few days after the crackdown"><img alt="Mourning banners hung near the South Gate of Beijing University taken a few days after the crackdown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg/120px-Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg/180px-Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg/240px-Porch_of_the_south_gate_of_Beijing_university_in_the_aftermath_of_the_1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5099" data-file-height="3227" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mourning banners hung near the South Gate of <a href="/wiki/Beijing_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing University">Beijing University</a> taken a few days after the crackdown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goddess of Democracy inside of the University of Calgary in Canada"><img alt="Goddess of Democracy inside of the University of Calgary in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary%2C_Canada.jpg/67px-Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary%2C_Canada.jpg/101px-Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary%2C_Canada.jpg/135px-Goddess_of_Democracy_inside_of_the_University_of_Calgary_in_Calgary%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1334" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Goddess of Democracy inside of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> in Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A replica of Goddess of Democracy outside of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada"><img alt="A replica of Goddess of Democracy outside of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg/53px-Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg/80px-Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg/106px-Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1584" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A replica of <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a> outside of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canada</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Inner_Mongolia_student_protest" title="1981 Inner Mongolia student protest">1981 Inner Mongolia student protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Student_Protection_Act_of_1992" title="Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992">Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12711" title="Executive Order 12711">Executive Order 12711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">List of massacres in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_incidents_in_China" title="Mass incidents in China">Mass incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest and dissent in China</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other protests in the 1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangju uprising">Gwangju uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="June Struggle">June Struggle</a>, South Korea, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, 1986</li></ul> <dl><dt>Similar student killings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 六四事件; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: liùsì shìjiàn </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 八九民运; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Bājiǔ mínyùn </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 天安门事件; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Analyst <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baum" title="Richard Baum">Richard Baum</a> described their actions as "...a mock-ceremonial remonstrance... presenting their scrolled-up demands on hands and knees in the stylized, obsequious manner of an imperial petition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum1996248-94">[91]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Lucian Pye</a> similarly described the act as "...in line with the classic Chinese tradition of aggrieved parties wailing before the Yamen door, of publicly dramatizing their unhappiness by petitioning officialdom... [they] sincerely believed that the officials would have to respond by meeting with them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPye1990337-95">[92]</a>  </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Ren Jianmin (Victim No. 106), was a farmer from Hebei who was passing through the city and wounded by gunfire in the stomach on 4 June. He was unable to afford medical bills and hanged himself in August because of unbearable pain. Zou Bing (Victim No. 51), a 19-year-old student at the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Broadcasting_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Broadcasting Institute">Beijing Broadcasting Institute</a>, hanged herself in September 1989 because of her inability to endure interrogation into her involvement in the protest. Qi Li, (Victim No. 162), a student at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Academy_of_Drama" title="Central Academy of Drama">Central Academy of Drama</a>, hanged himself for escaping the pressure of post-protest investigations at his school. Wei Wumin (Victim No. 163), also a student at the Central Academy of Drama, who participated in the hunger strike, committed suicide by standing in front of an oncoming train. List of casualties, <a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2007. (in Chinese) </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Jay Mathews, former Beijing bureau chief for The Washington Post said that "as far as can be determined from the available evidence, no one died that night in Tiananmen Square". He goes on to conclude: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A few people may have been killed by random shooting on streets near the square, but all verified eyewitness accounts say that the students who remained in the square when troops arrived were allowed to leave peacefully. Hundreds of people, most of them workers and passersby, did die that night, but in a different place and under other circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1998-248">[243]</a></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Richard Roth reported that he was held captive by troops in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square on the night of 3 June and could hear but not see into the square until dawn when they were driven through the square. He heard a "volley of gunfire" to silence the students' loudspeakers. He added that there is no doubt that many people were killed in the area on the way to and around the square, mostly in western Beijing, which the Communist Party denies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2009b-250">[244]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Quartz_Sonnad_20190603-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Quartz_Sonnad_20190603_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSonnad2019" class="citation news cs1">Sonnad, Nikhil (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/698990/261-ways-to-refer-to-the-tiananmen-square-massacre-in-china/">"261 ways to refer to the Tiananmen Square massacre in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709060753/https://qz.com/698990/261-ways-to-refer-to-the-tiananmen-square-massacre-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=261+ways+to+refer+to+the+Tiananmen+Square+massacre+in+China&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Sonnad&rft.aufirst=Nikhil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F698990%2F261-ways-to-refer-to-the-tiananmen-square-massacre-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_Erase_History_–_LA_Times_JUNE_24,_2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-China_Erase_History_–_LA_Times_JUNE_24,_2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu2021" class="citation web cs1">Su, Alice (24 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-06-24/china-world-history-erasure-youth-censorship">"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720120122/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-06-24/china-world-history-erasure-youth-censorship">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=He+tried+to+commemorate+erased+history.+China+detained+him%2C+then+erased+that+too&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2021-06-24%2Fchina-world-history-erasure-youth-censorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-tiananmen-looking-back-20190530-story.html">"I watched the 1989 Tiananmen uprising"</a>. LA Times. 30 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723102421/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-tiananmen-looking-back-20190530-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I+watched+the+1989+Tiananmen+uprising&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-china-tiananmen-looking-back-20190530-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usnews-7"><a href="#cite_ref-usnews_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2023-06-01/as-china-cracks-down-on-dissent-new-york-city-gives-refuge-to-exhibit-remembering-tiananmen-square">"As China Cracks Down on Dissent, New York City Gives Refuge to Exhibit Remembering Tiananmen Square"</a>. US News & World Report. 1 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723102421/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2023-06-01/as-china-cracks-down-on-dissent-new-york-city-gives-refuge-to-exhibit-remembering-tiananmen-square">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As+China+Cracks+Down+on+Dissent%2C+New+York+City+Gives+Refuge+to+Exhibit+Remembering+Tiananmen+Square&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Fnew-york%2Farticles%2F2023-06-01%2Fas-china-cracks-down-on-dissent-new-york-city-gives-refuge-to-exhibit-remembering-tiananmen-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998216-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998216_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrook1998">Brook 1998</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014a34–35-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2014a34–35_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2014a">Lim 2014a</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan2001-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan2001_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNathan2001">Nathan 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Chun (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961">The transformation of Chinese socialism</a>. Durham [N.C.]: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822337850" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822337850"><bdi>978-0822337850</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961">63178961</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307022310/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. 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The New York Times (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021030735/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140224/cc24wuwei/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019. 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The New York Times (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030740/https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20150603/cc03bao/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019. 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791412695" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791412695"><bdi>978-0791412695</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001094843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bcl8jLxcXboC&q=Zhao+Ziyang%2C+Hu+Qili%2C+Tian+Jiyun%2C+Bo+Yibo+and+Peng+Chong&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. 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New York Times (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021030736/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20141215/cc15wuwei41/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019. 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The New York Times. 29 May 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145022/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/29/world/asia/29iht-china.1839321.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Relatives+of+dead+at+Tiananmen+seek+review+%E2%80%93+Asia+%E2%80%93+Pacific+%E2%80%93+International+Herald+Tribune&rft.date=2006-05-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F29iht-china.1839321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=228397&rel_no=1&isSerial=&sort_name=&ip_sort=221.154.106.74&page=1">"Hong Kong's 'Long-Haired' Provocateurs International"</a>. english.ohmynews.com – OhmyNew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629190126/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=228397&rel_no=1&isSerial=&sort_name=&ip_sort=221.154.106.74&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.ohmynews.com+%E2%80%93+OhmyNew&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+%27Long-Haired%27+Provocateurs+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ohmynews.com%2Farticleview%2Farticle_view.asp%3Fmenu%3Dc10400%26no%3D228397%26rel_no%3D1%26isSerial%3D%26sort_name%3D%26ip_sort%3D221.154.106.74%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF朱加樟2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">朱加樟 (2 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk01.com/議事廳/335905/六四三十-國防部長魏鳳和-中央果斷平息動亂-屬正確決定"><bdi lang="zh">【六四三十】國防部長魏鳳和：中央果斷平息動亂屬正確決定</bdi></a>. 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510210717/https://www.hk01.com/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BA%8B%E5%BB%B3/335905/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81-%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E9%AD%8F%E9%B3%B3%E5%92%8C-%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%9E%9C%E6%96%B7%E5%B9%B3%E6%81%AF%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82-%E5%B1%AC%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF01&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E3%80%91%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E9%AD%8F%E9%B3%B3%E5%92%8C%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%9E%9C%E6%96%B7%E5%B9%B3%E6%81%AF%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82+%E5%B1%AC%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E5%8A%A0%E6%A8%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk01.com%2F%E8%AD%B0%E4%BA%8B%E5%BB%B3%2F335905%2F%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81-%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E9%AD%8F%E9%B3%B3%E5%92%8C-%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%9E%9C%E6%96%B7%E5%B9%B3%E6%81%AF%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82-%E5%B1%AC%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWudunn1989-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWudunn1989_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWudunn1989">Wudunn 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010195-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabestan2010195_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCabestan2010">Cabestan 2010</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200350-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200350_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200350_282-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurlantzick2003">Kurlantzick 2003</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200352-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200352_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick200352_283-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurlantzick2003">Kurlantzick 2003</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregolat2007-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregolat2007_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregolat2007">Bregolat 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2009a-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2009a_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoth2009a">Roth 2009a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Beijing_Ousts_Correspondents-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristof:_Beijing_Ousts_Correspondents_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristof:_Beijing_Ousts_Correspondents">Kristof: Beijing Ousts Correspondents</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> 11. 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Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tiananmen&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F06%2F03%2Fcommentary%2Fworld-commentary%2Freally-happened-tiananmen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-earnshaw-290"><a href="#cite_ref-earnshaw_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarnshaw2019" class="citation web cs1">Earnshaw, Graham (20 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earnshaw.com/writings/memoirs/tiananmen-story">"Tiananmen Story"</a>. earnshaw.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606024114/https://earnshaw.com/writings/memoirs/tiananmen-story">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. 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Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503634152" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503634152"><bdi>978-1503634152</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413153307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503634152/html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leadership+and+the+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1503634152&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan2009-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan2009_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohan2009">Mohan 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/04/indi-a06.html">"India's Communist Party (Marxist): Defender of Stalin and capitalist restoration"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=India%27s+Communist+Party+%28Marxist%29%3A+Defender+of+Stalin+and+capitalist+restoration&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2012%2F04%2Findi-a06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tharoor_2013-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor_2013_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Tharoor, Shashi</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URqYQxNYHBIC&q=The+leading+Indian+communist+party%2C+the+Communist+Party+of+India+%28Marxist%29%2C+which+had+been+the+only+party+in+the+world+to+pass+a+resolution+hailing+the+Tiananmen+Square+massacre+in+1989%2C&pg=PT177">Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184756937" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184756937"><bdi>978-8184756937</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604185138/https://books.google.com/books?id=URqYQxNYHBIC&q=The+leading+Indian+communist+party%2C+the+Communist+Party+of+India+%28Marxist%29%2C+which+had+been+the+only+party+in+the+world+to+pass+a+resolution+hailing+the+Tiananmen+Square+massacre+in+1989%2C&pg=PT177">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Indica%3A+India+and+the+World+of+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8184756937&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURqYQxNYHBIC%26q%3DThe%2Bleading%2BIndian%2Bcommunist%2Bparty%252C%2Bthe%2BCommunist%2BParty%2Bof%2BIndia%2B%2528Marxist%2529%252C%2Bwhich%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Bparty%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Bto%2Bpass%2Ba%2Bresolution%2Bhailing%2Bthe%2BTiananmen%2BSquare%2Bmassacre%2Bin%2B1989%252C%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCPI(M)1992" class="citation journal cs1">CPI(M) (9 January 1992) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpim.org/documents/1992-14-Cong--ideological-issues.pdf">"Resolution Adopted at the 14th Congress of the CPI(M) Madras, January 3–9, 1992, 4.0(xvii), p. 12"</a> (PDF). cpim.org: 12, 4.0(xvii). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925075444/https://www.cpim.org/documents/1992-14-Cong--ideological-issues.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cpim.org&rft.atitle=Resolution+Adopted+at+the+14th+Congress+of+the+CPI%28M%29+Madras%2C+January+3%E2%80%939%2C+1992%2C+4.0%28xvii%29%2C+p.+12&rft.pages=12%2C+4.0%28xvii%29&rft.date=1992-01-09&rft.au=CPI%28M%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpim.org%2Fdocuments%2F1992-14-Cong--ideological-issues.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Chengappa1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Raj Chengappa (15 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19910915-cpi-m-assailed-for-welcoming-hardliners-coup-but-refuses-to-budge-from-orthodox-marxist-dogmas-814822-1991-09-15">"CPI(M) assailed for welcoming hardliners' coup, but refuses to budge from Marxist dogmas"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605062446/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19910915-cpi-m-assailed-for-welcoming-hardliners-coup-but-refuses-to-budge-from-orthodox-marxist-dogmas-814822-1991-09-15">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=CPI%28M%29+assailed+for+welcoming+hardliners%27+coup%2C+but+refuses+to+budge+from+Marxist+dogmas&rft.date=1991-09-15&rft.au=Raj+Chengappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fcover-story%2Fstory%2F19910915-cpi-m-assailed-for-welcoming-hardliners-coup-but-refuses-to-budge-from-orthodox-marxist-dogmas-814822-1991-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiananmen_Square_Document_35198911-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiananmen_Square_Document_35198911_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiananmen_Square_Document_351989">Tiananmen Square Document 35 1989</a>, pp. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-299"><a href="#cite_ref-independent_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/tiananmen-toll-exaggerated-1533135.html">"Tiananmen toll 'exaggerated'"</a>. The Independent. 13 July 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725070007/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/tiananmen-toll-exaggerated-1533135.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tiananmen+toll+%27exaggerated%27&rft.date=1992-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftiananmen-toll-exaggerated-1533135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabestan2010199_300-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCabestan2010">Cabestan 2010</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabestan2010201-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabestan2010201_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCabestan2010">Cabestan 2010</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1999-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1999_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon1999">MacKinnon 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scobell2-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scobell2_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scobell2_303-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305304">Why the People's Army Fired</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305304">45305304</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624051728/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305304">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2023. 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Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604185246/https://hongkongfp.com/2021/12/23/breaking-fears-for-condemned-tiananmen-massacre-monument-as-university-of-hong-kong-erects-barricades-around-statue-overnight/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press+HKFP&rft.atitle=University+of+Hong+Kong+removes+Tiananmen+Massacre+monument+in+dead+of+night&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2021%2F12%2F23%2Fbreaking-fears-for-condemned-tiananmen-massacre-monument-as-university-of-hong-kong-erects-barricades-around-statue-overnight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-59764029">"Pillar of Shame: Hong Kong's Tiananmen Square statue removed"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+App%2C+Two+Systems&rft.pages=figure+9&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Ruan&rft.aufirst=Lotus&rft.au=Knockel%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Ng%2C+Jason+Q.&rft.au=Crete-Nishihata%2C+Masashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitizenlab.ca%2F2016%2F11%2Fwechat-china-censorship-one-app-two-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu2021" class="citation web cs1">Su, Alice (24 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-06-24/china-world-history-erasure-youth-censorship">"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720120122/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-06-24/china-world-history-erasure-youth-censorship">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022. 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Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Taiwan%2C+Sympathies+Lean+Toward+Home&rft.date=1989-06-04&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F04%2Fworld%2Fin-taiwan-sympathies-lean-toward-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1989b" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Richard (29 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/world/beijing-orders-its-ambassadors-home-for-a-meeting.html">"Beijing Orders Its Ambassadors Home for a Meeting"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042720/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/world/beijing-orders-its-ambassadors-home-for-a-meeting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beijing+Orders+Its+Ambassadors+Home+for+a+Meeting&rft.date=1989-06-29&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F29%2Fworld%2Fbeijing-orders-its-ambassadors-home-for-a-meeting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan2009" class="citation news cs1">Branigan, Tania (20 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/tiananmen-square-china-zhang-shijun">"Chinese detain Zhang Shijun, soldier who spoke out against Tiananmen Square massacre"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/tiananmen-square-china-zhang-shijun">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chinese+detain+Zhang+Shijun%2C+soldier+who+spoke+out+against+Tiananmen+Square+massacre&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmar%2F20%2Ftiananmen-square-china-zhang-shijun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregolat2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bregolat, Eugenio (4 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090625051206/http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica?COMPID=51357369255&ID_PAGINA=3746&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false">"TVE in Tiananmen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica?COMPID=51357369255&ID_PAGINA=3746&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false">the original</a> on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=TVE+in+Tiananmen&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.aulast=Bregolat&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.es%2Fpremium%2Fpublica%2Fpublica%3FCOMPID%3D51357369255%26ID_PAGINA%3D3746%26ID_FORMATO%3D9%26turbourl%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow2009" class="citation news cs1">Bristow, Michael (4 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm">"Journalists banned from Tiananmen"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331031628/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Journalists+banned+from+Tiananmen&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8082407.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Brook_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Brook (historian)">Brook, Timothy</a> (1998). Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804736381" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804736381"><bdi>978-0804736381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quelling+the+People%3A+The+Military+Suppression+of+the+Beijing+Democracy+Movement&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0804736381&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2013" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/world/asia/chen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html">"Chen Xitong, Beijing Mayor During Tiananmen Protests, Dies at 82"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224309/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/world/asia/chen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chen+Xitong%2C+Beijing+Mayor+During+Tiananmen+Protests%2C+Dies+at+82&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabestan2010" class="citation book cs1">Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgXGBQAAQBAJ">"How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself on the International Stage and Re-Engage the World after Tiananmen"</a>. In Béja, Jean-Philippe (ed.). The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136906848" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136906848"><bdi>978-1136906848</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715052303/https://books.google.com/books?id=tgXGBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+China+Managed+to+De-Isolate+Itself+on+the+International+Stage+and+Re-Engage+the+World+after+Tiananmen&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+China%27s+1989+Tiananmen+Massacre&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1136906848&rft.aulast=Cabestan&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgXGBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1989" class="citation journal cs1">Calhoun, Craig (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42467/1/Calhoun_Revolution_repression_Tianmen_1989.pdf">"Revolution and repression in Tiananmen square"</a> (PDF). Society. 26 (6): 21–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02700237">10.1007/BF02700237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145014593">145014593</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517014016/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42467/1/Calhoun_Revolution_repression_Tianmen_1989.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018 – via LSE Research Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Revolution+and+repression+in+Tiananmen+square&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=21-38&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02700237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145014593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F42467%2F1%2FCalhoun_Revolution_repression_Tianmen_1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai, Ling</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartforfreedomr00ling">A Heart for Freedom: The Remarkable Journey of a Young Dissident, Her Daring Escape, and Her Quest to Free China's Daughters</a>. Tyndale House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1414362465" title="Special:BookSources/978-1414362465"><bdi>978-1414362465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Heart+for+Freedom%3A+The+Remarkable+Journey+of+a+Young+Dissident%2C+Her+Daring+Escape%2C+and+Her+Quest+to+Free+China%27s+Daughters&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1414362465&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartforfreedomr00ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Cheng2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Eddie (2009). Standoff at Tiananmen. Sensys Corp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standoff+at+Tiananmen&rft.pub=Sensys+Corp&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Cheng2012" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Eddie (13 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413065416/http://www.standoffattiananmen.com/2012/06/document-of-1989-21-most-wanted-student.html">"Document of 1989: 21 Most Wanted Student Leaders"</a>. Standoff at Tiananmen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standoffattiananmen.com/2012/06/document-of-1989-21-most-wanted-student.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standoff+at+Tiananmen&rft.atitle=Document+of+1989%3A+21+Most+Wanted+Student+Leaders&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standoffattiananmen.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fdocument-of-1989-21-most-wanted-student.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengZheng1990" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Chu-yüan; Zheng, Zhuyuan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oK66AAAAIAAJ">Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813310473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813310473"><bdi>978-0813310473</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628051208/https://books.google.com/books?id=oK66AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Tiananmen+Massacre%3A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Economic+Ferment+in+China&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0813310473&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Chu-y%C3%BCan&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Zhuyuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoK66AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassacre_and_aftermath1990" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=asa17%2f009%2f1990&language=en">"China: The massacre of June 1989 and its aftermath"</a>. Amnesty International. 31 March 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100247/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=asa17%2f009%2f1990&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+The+massacre+of+June+1989+and+its+aftermath&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1990-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument%2F%3FindexNumber%3Dasa17%252f009%252f1990%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_tightens_information" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/china-tightens-information-controls-for-tiananmen-anniversary-20090604-bvxf.html">"China tightens information controls for Tiananmen anniversary"</a>. The Age. Australia. Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512101400/http://www.theage.com.au/world/china-tightens-information-controls-for-tiananmen-anniversary-20090604-bvxf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=China+tightens+information+controls+for+Tiananmen+anniversary&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchina-tightens-information-controls-for-tiananmen-anniversary-20090604-bvxf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalls_for_Justice2004" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/020/2004/en/">"China: 15 years after Tiananmen, calls for justice continue and the arrests go on"</a>. Amnesty International. 2 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131093456/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/020/2004/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+15+years+after+Tiananmen%2C+calls+for+justice+continue+and+the+arrests+go+on&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2004-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fasa17%2F020%2F2004%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCommittee_Against_Torture2008"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee Against Torture">United Nations Committee Against Torture</a> Session 41 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=CAT/C/CHN/CO/4">CAT/C/CHN/CO/4</a> 21 November 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2019.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonan2008" class="citation news cs1">Coonan, Clifford (6 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympic-hopeful-who-lost-his-legs-in-tiananmen-square-886088.html">"Olympic hopeful who lost his legs in Tiananmen Square"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701123851/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympic-hopeful-who-lost-his-legs-in-tiananmen-square-886088.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Olympic+hopeful+who+lost+his+legs+in+Tiananmen+Square&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Folympics%2Folympic-hopeful-who-lost-his-legs-in-tiananmen-square-886088.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay_China_trampled2009" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/opinion/the-day-china-trampled-on-freedom-20090530-ge7wej.html">"The Day China trampled on freedom"</a>. The Age. Australia. 30 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042728/https://www.theage.com.au/opinion/the-day-china-trampled-on-freedom-20090530-ge7wej.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=The+Day+China+trampled+on+freedom&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fthe-day-china-trampled-on-freedom-20090530-ge7wej.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclassified_British_cable" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ffbeb4845c323b8ced32-3f1b7070c0761ad2dcac8b7012ff4945.r73.cf2.rackcdn.com/890520%20UKE%20Peking%20to%20FCO%20PROTESTS%20PREM19-2597%20f148.pdf">"Declassified British cable"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105153411/http://ffbeb4845c323b8ced32-3f1b7070c0761ad2dcac8b7012ff4945.r73.cf2.rackcdn.com/890520%20UKE%20Peking%20to%20FCO%20PROTESTS%20PREM19-2597%20f148.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declassified+British+cable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fffbeb4845c323b8ced32-3f1b7070c0761ad2dcac8b7012ff4945.r73.cf2.rackcdn.com%2F890520%2520UKE%2520Peking%2520to%2520FCO%2520PROTESTS%2520PREM19-2597%2520f148.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng's_9_June_Speech1989" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/30/world/deng-s-june-9-speech-we-faced-a-rebellious-clique-and-dregs-of-society.html">"Deng's June 9 Speech: 'We Faced a Rebellious Clique' and 'Dregs of Society'"</a>. The New York Times. 30 June 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113053419/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/30/world/deng-s-june-9-speech-we-faced-a-rebellious-clique-and-dregs-of-society.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deng%27s+June+9+Speech%3A+%27We+Faced+a+Rebellious+Clique%27+and+%27Dregs+of+Society%27&rft.date=1989-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F30%2Fworld%2Fdeng-s-june-9-speech-we-faced-a-rebellious-clique-and-dregs-of-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng_Xiaoping1989" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng, Xiaoping</a> (9 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080827013407/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-02/23/content_2608913.htm"><bdi lang="zh">在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时的讲话</bdi></a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-02/23/content_2608913.htm">the original</a> on 27 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%A8%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E6%88%92%E4%B8%A5%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F%E5%86%9B%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D&rft.date=1989-06-09&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fziliao%2F2005-02%2F23%2Fcontent_2608913.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube2014" class="citation web cs1">Dube, Clayton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.usc.edu/talking-points-june-3-18-2014">"Talking Points, June 3–18"</a>. China.usc.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027140054/http://china.usc.edu/talking-points-june-3-18-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talking+Points%2C+June+3%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=China.usc.edu&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dube&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.usc.edu%2Ftalking-points-june-3-18-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFewsmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Fewsmith, Joseph (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPEUcmwIEbwC">China Since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521001052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521001052"><bdi>978-0521001052</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629000435/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPEUcmwIEbwC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Since+Tiananmen%3A+The+Politics+of+Transition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521001052&rft.aulast=Fewsmith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPEUcmwIEbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2014" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Max (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/6/3/5775918/25-years-after-tiananmen-most-chinese-univeristy-students-have-never">"Most Chinese students have never heard of Tank Man"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330045413/https://www.vox.com/2014/6/3/5775918/25-years-after-tiananmen-most-chinese-univeristy-students-have-never">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Most+Chinese+students+have+never+heard+of+Tank+Man&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F6%2F3%2F5775918%2F25-years-after-tiananmen-most-chinese-univeristy-students-have-never&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2000" class="citation book cs1">Foot, Rosemary (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightsbeyondbord00rose">Rights beyond borders : the global community and the struggle over human rights in China</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198297765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198297765"><bdi>978-0198297765</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47008462">47008462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+beyond+borders+%3A+the+global+community+and+the+struggle+over+human+rights+in+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47008462&rft.isbn=978-0198297765&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightsbeyondbord00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford2007" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, Rob (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eq4HT-0rwsC">China Road: A Journey into the Future of a Rising Power</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588366344" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588366344"><bdi>978-1588366344</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718180211/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eq4HT-0rwsC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Road%3A+A+Journey+into+the+Future+of+a+Rising+Power&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1588366344&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eq4HT-0rwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1994" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, David S. G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Or0s-iMCqjcC">Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415112536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415112536"><bdi>978-0415112536</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713135421/https://books.google.com/books?id=Or0s-iMCqjcC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Chinese+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0415112536&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=David+S.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOr0s-iMCqjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenslade2014" class="citation web cs1">Greenslade, Roy (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/03/press-freedom-tiananmen-square-protests-1989">"Foreign journalists in China harassed over Tiananmen Square anniversary"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330105157/https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/03/press-freedom-tiananmen-square-protests-1989">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Foreign+journalists+in+China+harassed+over+Tiananmen+Square+anniversary&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Greenslade&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fgreenslade%2F2014%2Fjun%2F03%2Fpress-freedom-tiananmen-square-protests-1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanHua1990" class="citation book cs1">Han, Minzhu; Hua, Sheng (1990). Cries for Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cries+for+Democracy&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Minzhu&rft.au=Hua%2C+Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarron2014" class="citation news cs1">Harron, Celia (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27659475">"Miao Deshun: China's last Tiananmen prisoner?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416234942/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27659475">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Miao+Deshun%3A+China%27s+last+Tiananmen+prisoner%3F&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Harron&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-27659475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2006" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Charlotte (5 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/05/film.china">"Director hailed at Cannes faces five-year film ban in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305032222/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/05/film.china">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Director+hailed+at+Cannes+faces+five-year+film+ban+in+China&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fsep%2F05%2Ffilm.china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHow_Many_Died1990" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970278,00.html">"How Many Really Died? Tiananmen Square Fatalities"</a>. Time. 4 June 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013154/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970278,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Many+Really+Died%3F+Tiananmen+Square+Fatalities&rft.date=1990-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C970278%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatius2009" class="citation book cs1">Ignatius, Adi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prisonerofstates00zhao/page/">"Preface"</a>. In Pu, Bao; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi (eds.). 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Hong Kong: Au Ya Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1921815003" title="Special:BookSources/978-1921815003"><bdi>978-1921815003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%8E%E9%B5%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Au+Ya+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1921815003&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Peng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiMark2011" class="citation book cs1">Li, Peter; Li, Marjorie H.; Mark, Steven (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHIFd83YkWEC">Culture and Politics in China: An Anatomy of Tiananmen Square</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412811996" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412811996"><bdi>978-1412811996</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904043256/https://books.google.com/books?id=dHIFd83YkWEC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Politics+in+China%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Tiananmen+Square&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1412811996&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Li%2C+Marjorie+H.&rft.au=Mark%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHIFd83YkWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lilley, James (12 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/89BEIJING18828_a.html">"Latin American Diplomat Eyewitness Account of June 3–4 Events on Tiananmen Square"</a>. WikiLeaks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033409/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/89BEIJING18828_a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiLeaks&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Diplomat+Eyewitness+Account+of+June+3%E2%80%934+Events+on+Tiananmen+Square&rft.date=1989-07-12&rft.aulast=Lilley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikileaks.org%2Fplusd%2Fcables%2F89BEIJING18828_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2014a" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Louisa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXVYAwAAQBAJ">The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199347704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199347704"><bdi>978-0199347704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719075927/https://books.google.com/books?id=MXVYAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Republic+of+Amnesia%3A+Tiananmen+Revisited&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199347704&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXVYAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2014b" class="citation news cs1">Lim, Louisa (15 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/04/15/301433547/after-25-years-of-amnesia-remembering-a-forgotten-tiananmen">"After 25 Years of Amnesia"</a>. NPR.org. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927175353/https://www.npr.org/2014/04/15/301433547/after-25-years-of-amnesia-remembering-a-forgotten-tiananmen">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=After+25+Years+of+Amnesia&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2014%2F04%2F15%2F301433547%2Fafter-25-years-of-amnesia-remembering-a-forgotten-tiananmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinDeng1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Chong-Pin; Deng, Xiaoping (28 June 1989). "Deng's 9 June Speech". World Affairs. 3. 152 (3): 154–158. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20672226">20672226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Deng%27s+9+June+Speech&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=154-158&rft.date=1989-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20672226%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Chong-Pin&rft.au=Deng%2C+Xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2010" class="citation book cs1">Link, Perry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgXGBQAAQBAJ">"June Fourth: Memory and ethics"</a>. In Béja, Jean-Philippe (ed.). The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136906848" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136906848"><bdi>978-1136906848</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715052303/https://books.google.com/books?id=tgXGBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=June+Fourth%3A+Memory+and+ethics&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+China%27s+1989+Tiananmen+Massacre&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1136906848&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgXGBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1990" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Alan P.L. (May 1990). "Aspects of Beijing's Crisis Management: The Tiananmen Square Demonstration". Asian Survey. 5. 30 (5): 505–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644842">10.2307/2644842</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644842">2644842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Beijing%27s+Crisis+Management%3A+The+Tiananmen+Square+Demonstration&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=505-521&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Alan+P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Liu, Melinda (1 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-18141489">"Article: Still on the wing; inside Operation Yellowbird, the daring plot to help dissidents escape"</a>. Newsweek. Vol. 127, no. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001094819/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-18141489/still-on-the-wing-inside-operation-yellowbird-the">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Article%3A+Still+on+the+wing%3B+inside+Operation+Yellowbird%2C+the+daring+plot+to+help+dissidents+escape&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=14&rft.date=1996-04-01&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-18141489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusher2017" class="citation news cs1">Lusher, Adam (24 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html">"At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable from the time alleged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">the Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604075338/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Independent&rft.atitle=At+least+10%2C000+people+died+in+Tiananmen+Square+massacre%2C+secret+British+cable+from+the+time+alleged&rft.date=2017-12-24&rft.aulast=Lusher&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2011" class="citation book cs1">MacFarquhar, Roderick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay8Gqjob20oC">The Politics of China: Sixty Years of The People's Republic of China</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139498227" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139498227"><bdi>978-1139498227</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628170401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay8Gqjob20oC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+China%3A+Sixty+Years+of+The+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1139498227&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAy8Gqjob20oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1999" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Rebecca (2 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/02/tiananmen/MacKinnon/zhu.muzhi.html">"Chinese human rights official says the crackdown 'completely correct'"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329051022/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/02/tiananmen/MacKinnon/zhu.muzhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+human+rights+official+says+the+crackdown+%27completely+correct%27&rft.date=1999-06-02&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F9906%2F02%2Ftiananmen%2FMacKinnon%2Fzhu.muzhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel2006" class="citation news cs1">Martel, Ed (11 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/arts/television/the-tank-man-a-frontline-documentary-examines-one-mans-act.html">"'The Tank Man,' a 'Frontline' Documentary, Examines One Man's Act in Tiananmen Square"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022517/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/arts/television/the-tank-man-a-frontline-documentary-examines-one-mans-act.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Tank+Man%2C%27+a+%27Frontline%27+Documentary%2C+Examines+One+Man%27s+Act+in+Tiananmen+Square&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F11%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2Fthe-tank-man-a-frontline-documentary-examines-one-mans-act.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1989" class="citation news cs1">Mathews, Jay (2 June 1989). "Chinese Army Moving Closer to Protesters: Finances, Leadership Split Student Ranks". The Washington Post. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/734005592">734005592</a> – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877–1994).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chinese+Army+Moving+Closer+to+Protesters%3A+Finances%2C+Leadership+Split+Student+Ranks&rft.date=1989-06-02&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1998" class="citation web cs1">Mathews, Jay (September–October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_myth_of_tiananmen.php">"The Myth of Tiananmen"</a>. Columbia Journalism Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223020700/http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_myth_of_tiananmen.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Tiananmen&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fbehind_the_news%2Fthe_myth_of_tiananmen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrontline:_Memory_of_Tiananmen2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/cron/">"The Memory Of Tiananmen – The Tank Man"</a>. Frontline. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223107/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/cron/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Memory+Of+Tiananmen+%E2%80%93+The+Tank+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Ftankman%2Fcron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1997" class="citation book cs1">Miles, James A. R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DE7syixcxpcC">The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472084517" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472084517"><bdi>978-0472084517</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709153551/https://books.google.com/books?id=DE7syixcxpcC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tiananmen%3A+China+in+Disarray&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0472084517&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=James+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDE7syixcxpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2009" class="citation news cs1">Miles, James (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8057762.stm">"Tiananmen killings: Were the media right?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709013223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8057762.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tiananmen+killings%3A+Were+the+media+right%3F&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8057762.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2009" class="citation web cs1">Mohan, Raja (4 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/places-20-years-apart/470938/0">"Places 20 years apart – Indian Express"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227230440/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/places-20-years-apart/470938/0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/3747">the original</a> on 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRI+China&rft.atitle=Tiananmen%27s+Most+Wanted+%E2%80%93+Where+Are+They+Now%3F&rft.date=2004-05-26&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrichina.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F3747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2001" class="citation web cs1">Nathan, Andrew J. (January–February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040706113745/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html">"The Tiananmen Papers"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2004. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Tiananmen+Papers&rft.date=2001-01%2F2001-02&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20010101faessay4257-p0%2Fandrew-j-nathan%2Fthe-tiananmen-papers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nathan, Andrew (2002). "On the Tiananmen Papers". Foreign Affairs. 80 (1): 2–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20050041">10.2307/20050041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20050041">20050041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=On+the+Tiananmen+Papers&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-48&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20050041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20050041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2009" class="citation interview cs1">Nathan, Andrew J. (3 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000001371">"The Consequences of Tiananmen"</a>. Reset Dialogues (Interview). Interviewed by Maria Elena Viggiano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629215429/http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000001371">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reset+Dialogues&rft.atitle=The+Consequences+of+Tiananmen&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resetdoc.org%2Fstory%2F00000001371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2007" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, Barry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZv6AQAAQBAJ">The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262640640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262640640"><bdi>978-0262640640</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629011131/https://books.google.com/books?id=BZv6AQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jilcH_Zaqk4C&q=yuan+mu+%22June+6%22">Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents</a>. Qiao Li. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765640574" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765640574"><bdi>978-0765640574</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604191220/https://books.google.com/books?id=jilcH_Zaqk4C&q=yuan+mu+%22June+6%22#v=snippet&q=yuan%20mu%20%22June%206%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing+Spring%2C+1989%3A+Confrontation+and+Conflict%3A+The+Basic+Documents&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0765640574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjilcH_Zaqk4C%26q%3Dyuan%2Bmu%2B%2522June%2B6%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlesen2009" class="citation news cs1">Olesen, Alexa (30 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173914/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009280577_apchinabornonthefourth.html">"Web-savvy & cynical: China's youth since Tiananmen"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009280577_apchinabornonthefourth.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Web-savvy+%26+cynical%3A+China%27s+youth+since+Tiananmen&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft.aulast=Olesen&rft.aufirst=Alexa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fnationworld%2F2009280577_apchinabornonthefourth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan2008" class="citation book cs1">Pan, Philip P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac897TVPPBIC">Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China</a>. 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The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231335/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11372052/Fresh-details-of-savage-Tiananmen-massacre-emerge-in-embassy-cables.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fresh+details+of+%27savage%27+Tiananmen+massacre+emerge+in+embassy+cables&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F11372052%2FFresh-details-of-savage-Tiananmen-massacre-emerge-in-embassy-cables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPye1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Pye, Lucian W.</a> (1990). "Tiananmen and Chinese Political Culture: The Escalation of Confrontation from Moralizing to Revenge". 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Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022519/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201006/wurenhua/5_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxun+blog&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%A3%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%BD%E8%BD%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%92%A4%E9%80%80%E9%98%9F%E4%BC%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Renhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.boxun.com%2Fhero%2F201006%2Fwurenhua%2F5_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(1)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wu, Renhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_1.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">天安门事件的最后一幕</bdi></a> [Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 1)]. Boxun blog. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094607/http://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxun+blog&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%95&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Renhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.boxun.com%2Fhero%2F64%2F27_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(2)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wu, Renhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_2.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">天安门事件的最后一幕</bdi></a> [Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 2)]. Boxun blog. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503004325/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxun+blog&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%95&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Renhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.boxun.com%2Fhero%2F64%2F27_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(3)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wu, Renhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_3.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">天安门事件的最后一幕</bdi></a> [Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 3)]. Boxun blog. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115454/http://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_3.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxun+blog&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%95&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Renhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.boxun.com%2Fhero%2F64%2F27_3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(4)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wu, Renhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_4.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">天安门事件的最后一幕</bdi></a> [Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 4)]. Boxun blog. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503053658/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_4.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxun+blog&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%95&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Renhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.boxun.com%2Fhero%2F64%2F27_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu:_Sunday_4_June_2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wu, Renhua (4 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201106/wurenhua/4_1.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">89天安门事件大事记：6月4日星期日</bdi></a> [1989 Tiananmen Events: Sunday, June 4]. Boxun blog. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022520/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201106/wurenhua/4_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boxun+blog&rft.atitle=89%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%B0%EF%BC%9A6%E6%9C%884%E6%97%A5+%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%9F%E6%97%A5&rft.date=2011-06-04&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Renhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.boxun.com%2Fhero%2F201106%2Fwurenhua%2F4_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2015" class="citation news cs1">Wu, Wei (4 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/">"Why China's Political Reforms Failed"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710153352/https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Why+China%27s+Political+Reforms+Failed&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fwhy-chinas-political-reforms-failed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWudunn1989" class="citation news cs1">Wudunn, Sheryl (22 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/22/world/china-s-newspapers-after-crackdown-by-beijing-revert-to-a-single-voice.html">"China's Newspapers, After Crackdown by Beijing, Revert to a Single Voice"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042735/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/22/world/china-s-newspapers-after-crackdown-by-beijing-revert-to-a-single-voice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Newspapers%2C+After+Crackdown+by+Beijing%2C+Revert+to+a+Single+Voice&rft.date=1989-06-22&rft.aulast=Wudunn&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F22%2Fworld%2Fchina-s-newspapers-after-crackdown-by-beijing-revert-to-a-single-voice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung_clerk_let2007" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSHKG14616220070606">"Young clerk let Tiananmen ad slip past censors: paper"</a>. Reuters. 6 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516131309/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSHKG14616220070606">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Young+clerk+let+Tiananmen+ad+slip+past+censors%3A+paper&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSHKG14616220070606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetter2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Zetter, Kim (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/06/china-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary/">"China Censors: The Tiananmen Square Anniversary Will Not Be Tweeted"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042644/https://www.wired.com/2009/06/china-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=China+Censors%3A+The+Tiananmen+Square+Anniversary+Will+Not+Be+Tweeted&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.aulast=Zetter&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F06%2Fchina-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Zhang2001" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Liang (2001). <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Nathan">Nathan, Andrew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Perry_Link" title="Perry Link">Link, Perry</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force, in Their Own Words</a>. Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586481223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586481223"><bdi>978-1586481223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiananmen+Papers%3A+The+Chinese+Leadership%27s+Decision+to+Use+Force%2C+in+Their+Own+Words&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1586481223&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Liang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Zhao2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dingxin_Zhao" title="Dingxin Zhao">Zhao, Dingxin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyXLygAACAAJ">The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226982601" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226982601"><bdi>978-0226982601</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624155436/https://books.google.com/books?id=AyXLygAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tiananmen%3A+State-Society+Relations+and+the+1989+Beijing+Student+Movement&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0226982601&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Dingxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyXLygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZ._Zhao2009" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Ziyang (2009). Pu, Bao; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prisonerofstates00zhao">Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439149386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439149386"><bdi>978-1439149386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoner+of+the+State%3A+The+Secret+Journal+of+Premier+Zhao+Ziyang&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1439149386&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Ziyang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprisonerofstates00zhao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre">in your library</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre&library=0CHOOSE0">in other libraries</a> about 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://china.usc.edu/assignment-china-tiananmen-square">"Assignment: China – Tiananmen Square – US-China Institute"</a>. china.usc.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.usc.edu&rft.atitle=Assignment%3A+China+%E2%80%93+Tiananmen+Square+%E2%80%93+US-China+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchina.usc.edu%2Fassignment-china-tiananmen-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989+Tiananmen+Square+protests+and+massacre" class="Z3988"> Includes footage of the shutting down of CNN, and interviews with Al Pessin (VOA) and John Pomfret (AP), both of whom were expelled soon after the protests.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template talk:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PRC_conflicts" title="Template:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PRC_conflicts" title="Template talk:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PRC_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927–50)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang_insurgency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuomintang insurgency (page does not exist)">Kuomintang insurgency</a> (1949–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a> (1950–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">Tibetan uprising</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> (1980–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Taiwan Strait</a> (vs <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) (after 1 Oct 1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuningtou" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kuningtou">Kuningtou</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dengbu_Island" title="Battle of Dengbu Island">Dengbu Island</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Operation_on_Hainan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Operation on Hainan Island">Hainan Island</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanri_Island" title="Battle of Nanri Island">Nanri Island</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Island_Campaign" title="Dongshan Island Campaign">Dongshan Island</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yijiangshan_Islands" title="Battle of Yijiangshan Islands">Yijiangshan Islands</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dachen_Archipelago" title="Battle of Dachen Archipelago">Dachen Archipelago</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border" class="mw-redirect" title="1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border">Burmese border</a> (1960–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dong-Yin" title="Battle of Dong-Yin">Dong-Yin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> (1995–96)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1965–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola incident">Chola incident</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sino-Indian_skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sino-Indian skirmish">Sino-Indian skirmish</a> (1986-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daulat_Beg_Oldi_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Daulat Beg Oldi incident">Daulat Beg Oldi incident</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_India_China_border_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 India China border standoff">Sino-Indian Standoff</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 China–India skirmishes">Sino-Indian skirmishes</a> (2020-2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands" title="Battle of the Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts</a> (1979–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fakashan" title="Battle of Fakashan">Battle of Fakashan</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laoshan" title="Battle of Laoshan">Battle of Laoshan</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Sword-B" title="Project Blue Sword-B">Project Blue Sword-B</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_South_Reef_Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson South Reef Skirmish">Johnson South Reef Skirmish</a> (1988)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_security_and_law_enforcement_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_national_security" title="Template:China national security"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_national_security" title="Template talk:China national security"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_national_security" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China national security"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_security_and_law_enforcement_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">law enforcement</a> in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">NDMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">Supervisory Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Public Security PP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">provincial Public Security Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">city/county Public Security Bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Internet_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Immigration_Inspection" title="China Immigration Inspection">Inspection</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">State Security PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Judicial Administrative PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">State Secrets Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Admin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Administrative_and_Law_Enforcement_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau">Urban Admin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Committee for Safeguarding National Security">Committee for Safeguarding National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">PLA Hong Kong Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">National Security Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department" title="Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Macau">Macau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">PLA Macau Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Commission Against Corruption">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Service (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Service</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a> (including Migration Service)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judicial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judicial Police (page does not exist)">Judicial Police</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門司法警察局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Services_Bureau" title="Fire Services Bureau">Fire Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Correctional Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Customs_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Customs Service (page does not exist)">Macau Customs Service</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門海關">zh</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a> (1950–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a> (1955–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> (1957–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign">1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a> (1983–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6521_Project" title="6521 Project">6521 Project</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fox_Hunt" title="Operation Fox Hunt">Operation Fox Hunt</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China" title="2011 crackdown on dissidents in China">2011 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_jails" title="Black jails">Black jails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-style_social_management_in_China" title="Grid-style social management in China">Grid-style social management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law"> Hong Kong national security law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases" title="List of Hong Kong national security cases">List of Hong Kong national security cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a 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hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99717#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021781v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021781v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576926">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph249600&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2005017856">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553605405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028368134">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646520">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre&oldid=1258760159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre&oldid=1258760159</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Category:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCPI(M)1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabestan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalls_for_Justice2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengZheng1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChina_tightens_information\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommittee_Against_Torture2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoonan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._Zhao2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay_China_trampled2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeclassified_British_cable\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng\u0026#039;s_9_June_Speech1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng_Xiaoping1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDube2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Cheng2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Cheng2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarnshaw2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFewsmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoot2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrontline:_Memory_of_Tiananmen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenbergerIgnatiusSterba1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenslade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrundy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanHua1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarron2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHow_Many_Died1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnatius2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Wong_interview2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJapan_Concerned\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Pomfret_interview2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleyShenkar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_D._Haggerty2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof:_Beijing_Ousts_Correspondents\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof:_Moderates_Appear\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof:_Reassessing_Casualties\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof:_Residents_Block_Army\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof:_Units_Clash\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurlantzick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Zhang2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeWestcott2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLess_Than_a_Dozen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiLiMark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinDeng1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLink2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLusher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquhar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacklinTang1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassacre_and_aftermath1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFadden1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanLinkLiang2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg-Quinn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNing1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOksenbergSullivanLambert1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlesen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPye1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Chengappa1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReferences_Censored2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichelsonEvans1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichelsonEvans1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuanKnockelNgCrete-Nishihata2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaich1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaiget2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarotte2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberger1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShigong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSino-American_relations1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonnad2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSu2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSuettinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakurBurtonSrivastava1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Gate_of_Heavenly1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiananmen_Square_Document_351989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_Brook_interview2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Phillips2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraywick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsuiPang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalderGong1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcott2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyte1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorden1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_3_June\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Clear_the_Square\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(1)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(2)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(3)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Last_Act_(4)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_PLA_casualties\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Sunday_4_June_2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Tanks_Ran_Over_Students\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Troop_Estimate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu:_Troop_Movements\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWudunn1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeung1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung_clerk_let2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZ._Zhao2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZetter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdragonmui\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFhermes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF朱加樟2019\"] = 1,\n [\"List_of_21_most_wanted_student_leaders\"] = 1,\n [\"Obscure_dissidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Student_leaders\"] = 1,\n [\"wortzel\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"1989 Tiananmen protests\"] = 1,\n [\"Age\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"China national security\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese democracy movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 75,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 79,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Tiananmen Square Protests Of 1989\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Fall of Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 4,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox civil conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources about\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"PRC conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 2,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 360,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 3,\n [\"UN doc\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","580","23.6"],["?","300","12.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","7.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","4.9"],["dataWrapper 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