ADW: Lampetra tridentata: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Lampetra tridentata: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lampetra_tridentata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lampetra_tridentata/" /> <meta content="Lampetra tridentata (Pacific lamprey)" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Lampetra tridentata (Pacific lamprey)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Lampetra tridentata (Pacific lamprey) on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lampetra_tridentata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Lampetra tridentata&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Lampetra tridentata<span class="vernacular-name">Pacific lamprey</span></h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="byline">By Sophie("Zosia") Lynch</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The Pacific lamprey, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</span>, is an anadromous species. They spend the middle of their lives in the Pacific Ocean and their first and last years in freshwater habitats. Pacific lampreys are found throughout the Pacific Rim, from Hokkaido Island, Japan to Baja California, Mexico. They have been captured up to 100 miles off the West Coast of North America. Within their range, they inhabit most major river systems that flow into the Pacific Ocean. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>; <a href="#4BC2A838-0D51-11E8-BEF0-A820662394EA" class="citation">Streif, 2007</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915001330">palearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020917114731">pacific ocean</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</span> spawns in the shallow, fast-moving headwaters of gravel-bottomed streams, at depths of 0.3-4 meters. The larvae, called ammocoetes, drift downstream after hatching and burrow into fine sediments. Ammocoetes are most successful in slow-moving reaches with an open riparian canopy. After reaching their adult stage, they migrate to the open ocean, where they have been found at depths of 90-800 meters. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#41704DA8-0D5A-11E8-9188-A820662394EA" class="citation">Mayfield, et al., 2014</a>; <a href="#D082044F-0D54-11E8-8695-A820662394EA" class="citation">Stone and Barndt, 2005</a>; <a href="#4BC2A838-0D51-11E8-BEF0-A820662394EA" class="citation">Streif, 2007</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145582">saltwater or marine</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145747">freshwater</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145836">pelagic</a> </li> <li> <span>rivers and streams</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range depth</dt> <dd>0.3 to 800 m</dd> <dd class="english">0.98 to 2624.67 ft</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</span> is distinguished from other lamprey species by its three large, sharp anterior teeth, located on the supraoral bar. Like all lampreys, they have seven breathing pores on each side of their body and a large sucking disc as a mouth. They are usually 381-635 millimeters long by the time they migrate to the ocean. Once in the ocean, they can grow up to 700 millimeters long. On average, they weigh one pound, or 453 grams. However, individuals in coastal populations tend to be smaller than those that spawn further inland. They are dark blue on top and silver or white underneath. During breeding season, Pacific lampreys turn reddish-brown, and the sexes begin to differ in appearance as a pseudo-anal fin develops on the female. Their larvae are difficult to distinguish from those of other lamprey species. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#BA1D3F51-181A-11E8-BE8B-A820662394EA" class="citation">Amiotte, 2013</a>; <a href="#FBC8337D-1820-11E8-9412-A820662394EA" class="citation">McPhail, 2007</a>; <a href="#BBF200DC-181D-11E8-8D3B-A820662394EA" class="citation">Morrow, 1980</a>; <a href="#4BC2A838-0D51-11E8-BEF0-A820662394EA" class="citation">Streif, 2007</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>sexes alike</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Average mass</dt> <dd>453 g</dd> <dd class="english">15.96 oz</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>381 to 700 mm</dd> <dd class="english">15.00 to 27.56 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lamprey ammocoetes have no eyes, teeth, or swimming ability. After 4-7 years, they enter metamorphosis, or macropthalmia. In addition to developing eyes and teeth, their fins become more defined, and their heads and naso-pineal organs enlarge. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA" class="citation">"Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues", 2002</a>; <a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145364">metamorphosis</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</span> ammocoetes produce at least three different bile acid compounds. Adult <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</span> can smell these compounds and are attracted to the odor, which guides them upstream to their spawning grounds. Males and females cooperate to construct a shallow nest out of pebbles, which the female positions herself across. The male coils around her, and they release their eggs and sperm simultaneously. Pacific lampreys often construct multiple nests and spawn several times during the breeding season, and several pairs may spawn in the same nest. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#41704DA8-0D5A-11E8-9188-A820662394EA" class="citation">Mayfield, et al., 2014</a>; <a href="#21553F3A-1D9F-11E8-A8B8-A820662394EA" class="citation">Stone, 2006</a>; <a href="#6783C9BA-0D4C-11E8-A934-A820662394EA" class="citation">Yun, et al., 2011</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145483">polygynandrous (promiscuous)</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lampreys spend 3-7 years as larvae before entering macropthalmia, or metamorphosis, from July to November. During macropthalmia, Pacific lampreys grow into their free-swimming, parasitic adult form over the course of several months. Sometime between fall and spring, when macropthalmia has been completed, they begin their migration to the Pacific Ocean. Pacific lampreys spend 1-3 years in their marine life stage before returning to freshwater between February and June. They remain in freshwater habitat for approximately one year before spawning and die 3-36 days after reproduction. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>; <a href="#4BC2A838-0D51-11E8-BEF0-A820662394EA" class="citation">Streif, 2007</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145784">semelparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145726">external</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Pacific lampreys breed once during their lifetime and die soon afterwards.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>Pacific lampreys breed from March through July, with the specific time depending on their geographic region.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range number of offspring</dt> <dd>98,000 (low) </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average number of offspring</dt> <dd>238,400</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average gestation period</dt> <dd>19 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average time to independence</dt> <dd>0 minutes</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>5 to 11 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>5 to 11 years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lampreys construct their nests, called redds, by moving small stones with their mouthparts. A male and female cooperate to build a redd. The redd may be anywhere from 29-80 cm long and 30-85 cm wide, and is usually located 24-99 cm below the water鈥檚 surface. Individual Pacific lampreys will usually construct multiple redds. After spawning, adults have no involvement with their eggs or larvae. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#41704DA8-0D5A-11E8-9188-A820662394EA" class="citation">Mayfield, et al., 2014</a>; <a href="#4BC2A838-0D51-11E8-BEF0-A820662394EA" class="citation">Streif, 2007</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>no parental involvement</span> </li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>male</span> </li> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Typical lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>5 (low) years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>11 years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lamprey ammocoetes often cluster together at high densities. Until metamorphosis, they are unable to swim. However, they can detach from the stream bed and drift downstream, usually when the current is at high velocity. Larger ammocoetes typically drift during fall, and smaller ammocoetes typically drift during spring. In freshwater habitats, Pacific lampreys are generally nocturnal. Adults are solitary outside of spawning season. During spawning season, either the male or the female may initiate courtship by rubbing up and down a potential mate's body. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA" class="citation">"Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues", 2002</a>; <a href="#D082044F-0D54-11E8-8695-A820662394EA" class="citation">Stone and Barndt, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914213156">natatorial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145503">nocturnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145313">migratory</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145381">solitary</a> </li> </ul> <h4>Home Range</h4> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</span> does not have a fixed home range and is not territorial. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lampreys rely most heavily on their olfactory and visual systems. Adults navigate to their spawning grounds by following the trail of pheromones released by ammocoetes. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#2BDB7EF3-331A-11E8-BE33-A820662394EA" class="citation">Braun, 1996</a>; <a href="#6783C9BA-0D4C-11E8-A934-A820662394EA" class="citation">Yun, et al., 2011</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Communication Modes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145769">pheromones</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">During their larval stage, Pacific lampreys are filter feeders, consuming algae and detritus. Adults are parasitic, latching onto prey with their oral discs and consuming their blood and other bodily fluids. They feed on salmonids and a variety of other fishes, as well as several species of whale. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA" class="citation">"Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues", 2002</a>; <a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145838">piscivore</a> </li> <li> <span>eats body fluids</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145426">herbivore</a> <ul> <li> <span>algivore</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145349">detritivore</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>mammals</span> </li> <li> <span>fish</span> </li> <li> <span>blood</span> </li> <li> <span>body fluids</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Plant Foods</li> <li> <span>algae</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Foods</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145342">detritus</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Foraging Behavior</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145660">filter-feeding</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Ammocoetes stay hidden from predators by sheltering under substrate and only emerging at night. As they grow, they develop tougher skin that makes them less palatable. Adult cryptic coloration- dark on their dorsal side, light on their ventral side- disguises them from predators. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>; <a href="#FBC8337D-1820-11E8-9412-A820662394EA" class="citation">McPhail, 2007</a>; <a href="#7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA" class="citation">"Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues", 2002</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lamprey are prey for many species of fish, birds, and mammals. Eggs that overflow the nest are eaten by fish. Ammocoetes are particularly vulnerable to predators when emerging from their burrows and when dislodged by runoff. Adult Pacific lamprey are heavily preyed upon during the migration to their spawning grounds. After spawning, their carcasses also provide food for many species. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Anti-predator Adaptations</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913232730">cryptic</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>Great blue heron (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Ardea_herodias/">Ardea herodias</a>)</li> <li>Steller's sea lion (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Eumetopias_jubatus/">Eumetopias jubatus</a>)</li> <li>Channel catfish (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Ictalurus_punctatus/">Ictalurus punctatus</a>)</li> <li>California gull (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Larus_californicus/">Larus californicus</a>)</li> <li>Ringbill gull (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Larus_delawarensis/">Larus delawarensis</a>)</li> <li>Western gull (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Larus_occidentalis/">Larus occidentalis</a>)</li> <li>Harbor seal (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Phoca_vitulina/">Phoca vitulina</a>)</li> <li>Northern pikeminnow (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Ptychocheilus_oregonensis/">Ptychocheilus oregonensis</a>)</li> <li>Foster's tern (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sterna_forsteri/">Sterna forsteri</a>)</li> <li>California sea lion (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Zalophus_californianus/">Zalophus californianus</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The burrowing of Pacific lamprey ammocoetes aerates the streambed and softens the substrate. Ammocoetes may digest less than half of the food they consume, excreting the rest as fine particles that can be consumed by aquatic insects and other species. Pacific lampreys are higher in fats and calories than salmon, making them a valuable food source. Steller sea lions, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Eumetopias_jubatus/">Eumetopias jubatus</a>, harbor seals, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Phoca_vitulina/">Phoca vitulina</a>, and California sea lions, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Zalophus_californianus/">Zalophus californianus</a>, have been found to consume more Pacific lamprey than salmon when both are available. This suggests Pacific lampreys may reduce the impact of predation on salmon. They supply high-calorie meals for many additional species, and their decomposing bodies provide nutrients to the freshwater and riparian ecosystems in which they spawn. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>; <a href="#6AD4F4C0-330C-11E8-BDD8-A820662394EA" class="citation">Roffe and Mate, 1984</a>; <a href="#12624BE1-0D5C-11E8-9EAF-A820662394EA" class="citation">Shirakawa, et al., 2012</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145493">soil aeration</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> </ul> <div class="note"> <strong>Species Used as Host</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>Sablefish (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Anoplopoma_fimbria/">Anoplopoma fimbria</a>)</li> <li>Arrowtooth flounder (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Atheresthes_stomias/">Atheresthes stomias</a>)</li> <li>Kamchatka flounder (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Atheresthes_evermanni/">Atheresthes evermanni</a>)</li> <li>Sei whale (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Balaenoptera_borealis/">Balaenoptera borealis</a>)</li> <li>Finback whale (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Balaenoptera_physalus/">Balaenoptera physalus</a>)</li> <li>Pacific cod (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Gadus_macrocephalus/">Gadus macrocephalus</a>)</li> <li>Pacific halibut (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Hippoglossus_stenolepis/">Hippoglossus stenolepis</a>)</li> <li>Humpback whale (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Megaptera nodosa</span>)</li> <li>Pink salmon (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha/">Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</a>)</li> <li>Coho salmon (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Oncorhynchus_kisutch/">Oncorhynchus kisutch</a>)</li> <li>Steelhead trout <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Onchorhynchus mykiss</span>)</li> <li>Sockeye salmon (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Oncorhynchus_nerka/">Oncorhynchus nerka</a>)</li> <li>Chinook salmon (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Onchorhynchus tshawytscha</span>)</li> <li>Sperm whale (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Physeter_catodon/">Physeter catodon</a>)</li> <li>Greenland turbot (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Reinhardtius_hippoglossoides/">Reinhardtius hippoglossoides</a>)</li> <li>Pacific ocean perch (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sebastes_alutus/">Sebastes alutus</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Pacific lampreys were historically a major food source for indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest. Oil harvested from Pacific lampreys was used as food, hair conditioner, and treatment for ear aches. Pacific lampreys still hold great cultural and religious significance to many native peoples, and are harvested on special occasions. During the 1800's, Pacific lampreys were used to feed livestock and farmed fish. By potentially acting as a buffer between salmon and their natural predators, Pacific lampreys may increase the available harvest for fishermen. The anticoagulants in their saliva have made them a subject of medical research. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA" class="citation">"Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues", 2002</a>; <a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145418">food</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145447">source of medicine or drug</a> </li> <li> <span>research and education</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">While Pacific lampreys may kill their hosts on rare occasions, there is no evidence that they have a significant negative impact on salmon populations. Pacific lampreys are often viewed negatively because they are mistakenly associated with sea lampreys, a pest species in the Great Lakes region. Unlike sea lampreys, which are an invasive species in the Great Lakes, Pacific lampreys are native to northwestern America and play an important role in its ecosystems. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA" class="citation">Close, et al., 2002</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Dams and other artificial barriers have restricted Pacific lampreys' access to large portions of their freshwater range, contributing to their decline in river systems such as the upper Columbia Basin. Pacific lampreys are not strong swimmers and are unable to jump. These traits make it difficult for them to use the conventional fish ladders that help other fishes traverse dams. Dams with gratings appear to be especially difficult, since they impede Pacific lampreys' climbing ability. Adding rough surfaces to fish ladders could make climbing easier and increase the number of Pacific lampreys that cross the dams successfully. Although lampreys generally have a high tolerance for pollutants, chemical spills in river systems can kill large numbers of lampreys. Lamprey ammocoetes are especially vulnerable to pollution, since the sediments they inhabit can easily accumulate chemicals. Dredging also threatens ammocoetes. Among river lampreys (a close relative of Pacific lampreys), less than a third survived a dredging event. Pacific lamprey adults rely on the pheromones released by ammocoetes to find their way to their spawning grounds. If the ammocoete population near a spawning ground decreases enough, adults will not be able to locate the habitat and will disappear entirely from that area. Scientists are attempting to create synthetic versions of these pheromones, which could be used to guide Pacific lampreys to suitable spawning habitat. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA" class="citation">"Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues", 2002</a>; <a href="#6783C9BA-0D4C-11E8-A934-A820662394EA" class="citation">Yun, et al., 2011</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Not Evaluated</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Sophie("Zosia") Lynch (author), Colorado State University, Peter Leipzig (editor), Colorado State University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020917114731"> <dl> <dt>Pacific Ocean</dt> <dd> <p>body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001330"> <dl> <dt>Palearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913232730"> <dl> <dt>cryptic</dt> <dd> <p>having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145349"> <dl> <dt>detritivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats decomposed plants and/or animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145342"> <dl> <dt>detritus</dt> <dd> <p>particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms. Detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers (organisms that decompose organic material).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145447"> <dl> <dt>drug</dt> <dd> <p>a substance used for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145726"> <dl> <dt>external fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place outside the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145660"> <dl> <dt>filter-feeding</dt> <dd> <p>a method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms. Used mainly by aquatic invertebrates, especially plankton, but also by baleen whales.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145418"> <dl> <dt>food</dt> <dd> <p>A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145747"> <dl> <dt>freshwater</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in water that is not salty.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145426"> <dl> <dt>herbivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145364"> <dl> <dt>metamorphosis</dt> <dd> <p>A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145313"> <dl> <dt>migratory</dt> <dd> <p>makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914213156"> <dl> <dt>natatorial</dt> <dd> <p>specialized for swimming</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145503"> <dl> <dt>nocturnal</dt> <dd> <p>active during the night</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145767"> <dl> <dt>parasite</dt> <dd> <p>an organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms in a harmful way that doesn't cause immediate death</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145836"> <dl> <dt>pelagic</dt> <dd> <p>An aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean, far from land, does not include sea bottom (benthic zone).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145769"> <dl> <dt>pheromones</dt> <dd> <p>chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145838"> <dl> <dt>piscivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats fish</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145483"> <dl> <dt>polygynandrous</dt> <dd> <p>the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145582"> <dl> <dt>saltwater or marine</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145784"> <dl> <dt>semelparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145493"> <dl> <dt>soil aeration</dt> <dd> <p>digs and breaks up soil so air and water can get in</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145381"> <dl> <dt>solitary</dt> <dd> <p>lives alone</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="7DB5FB21-32D8-11E8-8D88-A820662394EA">Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Oregon Lampreys: Natural History, Status, and Analysis of Management Issues. 635000. Portland, Oregon: Fish Division, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2002. </p> <p id="BA1D3F51-181A-11E8-BE8B-A820662394EA">Amiotte, L. 2013. ""Pacific Lamprey- Lampetra Tridentata"" (On-line). Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Accessed February 22, 2018 at <tt><a href="http://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/em_fs13_018.pdf">http://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/em_fs13_018.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="2BDB7EF3-331A-11E8-BE33-A820662394EA">Braun, C. 1996. The Sensory Biology of the Jawless Fishes: a Phylogenetic Assessment. <span style="font-style: italic">Brain Behavior and Evolution</span>, Volume 48, Issue 5: 262-276. </p> <p id="55F40619-0D50-11E8-AA6B-A820662394EA">Clemens, B., L. Wyss, R. McCoun, I. Courter, L. Schwabe, C. Peery, C. Schreck, E. Spice, M. Docker. 2017. Temporal genetic population structure and interannual variation in migration behavior of Pacific Lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus. <span style="font-style: italic">Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences</span>, Vol. 794, Issue 1: 223-240. </p> <p id="7C62E719-0D55-11E8-BC31-A820662394EA">Clemens, B., S. van de Wetering, S. Sower, C. Schreck. 2013. Maturation characteristics and life-history strategies of the Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus. <span style="font-style: italic">Canadian Journal of Zoology</span>, Vol. 91, Issue 11: 775-788. </p> <p id="5AB5890F-0D4B-11E8-9060-A820662394EA">Close, D., M. Fitzpatrick, H. Li. 2002. The Ecological and Cultural Importance of a Species at Risk of Extinction, Pacific Lamprey. <span style="font-style: italic">North American Journal of Fisheries Management</span>, Vol. 27, Issue 7: 19-25. </p> <p id="41704DA8-0D5A-11E8-9188-A820662394EA">Mayfield, M., L. Schultz, L. Wyss, B. Clemens, C. Schreck. 2014. Spawning Patterns of Pacific Lamprey in Tributaries to the Willamette River, Oregon. <span style="font-style: italic">Transactions of the American Fisheries Society</span>, Vol. 143, Issue 6: 1544-1554. </p> <p id="FBC8337D-1820-11E8-9412-A820662394EA">McPhail, J. 2007. <span style="font-style: italic">The Freshwater Fishes of British Columbia</span>. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. </p> <p id="BBF200DC-181D-11E8-8D3B-A820662394EA">Morrow, J. 1980. <span style="font-style: italic">The Freshwater Fishes of Alaska</span>. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Northwest Publishing Company. </p> <p id="51C1B19C-0D57-11E8-B83C-A820662394EA">Murasakas, J., A. Orlov, K. Siwicke. 2013. Relationships between the Abundance of Pacific Lamprey in the Columbia River and their Common Hosts in the Marine Environment. <span style="font-style: italic">Transactions of the American Fisheries Society</span>, Vol. 142, Issue 1: 143-155. </p> <p id="6AD4F4C0-330C-11E8-BDD8-A820662394EA">Roffe, T., B. Mate. 1984. Abundances and Feeding Habits of Pinnipeds in the Rogue River, Oregon. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Wildlife Management</span>, Volume 48, Issue 4: 1262-1274. </p> <p id="12624BE1-0D5C-11E8-9EAF-A820662394EA">Shirakawa, H., A. Goto, S. Yanai. 2012. Lamprey larvae as ecosystem engineers: Physical and geochemical impact on the streambed by their burrowing behavior. <span style="font-style: italic">Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences</span>, Vol. 701, Issue 1: 313-322. </p> <p id="21553F3A-1D9F-11E8-A8B8-A820662394EA">Stone, J. 2006. Observations on Nest Characteristics, Spawning Habitat, and Spawning Behavior of Pacific and Western Brook Lamprey in a Washington Stream. <span style="font-style: italic">Northwest Naturalist</span>, Volume 87, Issue 3: 225-232. </p> <p id="D082044F-0D54-11E8-8695-A820662394EA">Stone, J., S. Barndt. 2005. Spatial Distribution and Habitat Use of Pacific Lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) Ammocoetes in a Western Washington Stream. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Freshwater Ecology</span>, Vol. 20, Issue 1: 171-185. </p> <p id="4BC2A838-0D51-11E8-BEF0-A820662394EA">Streif, B. 2007. "Pacific Lamprey- Lampetra tridentata" (On-line). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessed February 08, 2018 at <tt><a href="https://www.fws.gov/pacificlamprey/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/111407%20PL%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">https://www.fws.gov/pacificlamprey/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/111407%20PL%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="6783C9BA-0D4C-11E8-A934-A820662394EA">Yun, S., A. Wildbill, A. Dittman, S. Corbett, W. Li, D. Close. 2011. Identification of putative migratory pheromones from Pacific lamprey(Lampetra tridentata). <span style="font-style: italic">Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</span>, Vol. 68, Issue 12: 2194-2203. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span 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class="taxon-name rank-order">Petromyzontiformes</a> <span class="vernacular-name">lampreys</span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Petromyzontiformes/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Petromyzontiformes: pictures (5)" data-delay="250">Petromyzontiformes: pictures (5)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Petromyzontidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Petromyzontidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">lampreys</span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Petromyzontidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Petromyzontidae: pictures (4)" data-delay="250">Petromyzontidae: pictures (4)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Genus</span> <a href="/accounts/Lampetra/" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Lampetra</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Lampetra_tridentata/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Lampetra tridentata</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Pacific lamprey</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Lampetra_tridentata/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Lampetra tridentata: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Lampetra tridentata: information (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Lynch, S. 2019. "Lampetra tridentata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed December 03, 2024 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lampetra_tridentata/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> 漏 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. </p> <p> The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. </p> </div> </div> </div> <script></script> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/pica.information.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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ADW: Lampetra tridentata: INFORMATION