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[2405.17385] Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator
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Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@arxiv"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators. 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type="text/javascript"></script><meta name="citation_title" content="Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Andersen, Trond I." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Astrakhantsev, Nikita" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Karamlou, Amir H." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Berndtsson, Julia" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Motruk, Johannes" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Szasz, Aaron" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Gross, Jonathan A." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Schuckert, Alexander" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Westerhout, Tom" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Zhang, Yaxing" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Forati, Ebrahim" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Rossi, Dario" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kobrin, Bryce" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Di Paolo, Agustin" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Klots, 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Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics." /> </head> <body class="with-cu-identity"> <div class="flex-wrap-footer"> <header> <a href="#content" class="is-sr-only">Skip to main content</a> <!-- start desktop header --> <div class="columns is-vcentered is-hidden-mobile" id="cu-identity"> <div class="column" id="cu-logo"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/"><img src="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/cu/cornell-reduced-white-SMALL.svg" alt="Cornell University" /></a> </div><div class="column" id="support-ack"> <span id="support-ack-url">We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/ourmembers.html">member institutions</a>, and all contributors.</span> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/donate.html" class="btn-header-donate">Donate</a> </div> </div> <div id="header" class="is-hidden-mobile"> <a 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<strong>arXiv:2405.17385</strong> (quant-ph) </div> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/base/1.0.1/css/abs.css"> <div id="content-inner"> <div id="abs"> <div class="dateline"> [Submitted on 27 May 2024 (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17385v1">v1</a>), last revised 8 Jul 2024 (this version, v2)]</div> <h1 class="title mathjax"><span class="descriptor">Title:</span>Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator</h1> <div class="authors"><span class="descriptor">Authors:</span><a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Andersen,+T+I" rel="nofollow">Trond I. Andersen</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Astrakhantsev,+N" rel="nofollow">Nikita Astrakhantsev</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Karamlou,+A+H" rel="nofollow">Amir H. Karamlou</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Berndtsson,+J" rel="nofollow">Julia Berndtsson</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Motruk,+J" rel="nofollow">Johannes Motruk</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Szasz,+A" rel="nofollow">Aaron Szasz</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gross,+J+A" rel="nofollow">Jonathan A. Gross</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Schuckert,+A" rel="nofollow">Alexander Schuckert</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Westerhout,+T" rel="nofollow">Tom Westerhout</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Zhang,+Y" rel="nofollow">Yaxing Zhang</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Forati,+E" rel="nofollow">Ebrahim Forati</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rossi,+D" rel="nofollow">Dario Rossi</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kobrin,+B" rel="nofollow">Bryce Kobrin</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Di+Paolo,+A" rel="nofollow">Agustin Di Paolo</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Klots,+A+R" rel="nofollow">Andrey R. Klots</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Drozdov,+I" rel="nofollow">Ilya Drozdov</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kurilovich,+V+D" rel="nofollow">Vladislav D. Kurilovich</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Petukhov,+A" rel="nofollow">Andre Petukhov</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ioffe,+L+B" rel="nofollow">Lev B. Ioffe</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Elben,+A" rel="nofollow">Andreas Elben</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rath,+A" rel="nofollow">Aniket Rath</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Vitale,+V" rel="nofollow">Vittorio Vitale</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Vermersch,+B" rel="nofollow">Benoit Vermersch</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Acharya,+R" rel="nofollow">Rajeev Acharya</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Beni,+L+A" rel="nofollow">Laleh Aghababaie Beni</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Anderson,+K" rel="nofollow">Kyle Anderson</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ansmann,+M" rel="nofollow">Markus Ansmann</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Arute,+F" rel="nofollow">Frank Arute</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Arya,+K" rel="nofollow">Kunal Arya</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Asfaw,+A" rel="nofollow">Abraham Asfaw</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Atalaya,+J" rel="nofollow">Juan Atalaya</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ballard,+B" rel="nofollow">Brian Ballard</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bardin,+J+C" rel="nofollow">Joseph C. Bardin</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bengtsson,+A" rel="nofollow">Andreas Bengtsson</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bilmes,+A" rel="nofollow">Alexander Bilmes</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bortoli,+G" rel="nofollow">Gina Bortoli</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bourassa,+A" rel="nofollow">Alexandre Bourassa</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bovaird,+J" rel="nofollow">Jenna Bovaird</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Brill,+L" rel="nofollow">Leon Brill</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Broughton,+M" rel="nofollow">Michael Broughton</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Browne,+D+A" rel="nofollow">David A. Browne</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Buchea,+B" rel="nofollow">Brett Buchea</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Buckley,+B+B" rel="nofollow">Bob B. Buckley</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Buell,+D+A" rel="nofollow">David A. Buell</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Burger,+T" rel="nofollow">Tim Burger</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Burkett,+B" rel="nofollow">Brian Burkett</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bushnell,+N" rel="nofollow">Nicholas Bushnell</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cabrera,+A" rel="nofollow">Anthony Cabrera</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Campero,+J" rel="nofollow">Juan Campero</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Chang,+H" rel="nofollow">Hung-Shen Chang</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Chen,+Z" rel="nofollow">Zijun Chen</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Chiaro,+B" rel="nofollow">Ben Chiaro</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Claes,+J" rel="nofollow">Jahan Claes</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cleland,+A+Y" rel="nofollow">Agnetta Y. Cleland</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cogan,+J" rel="nofollow">Josh Cogan</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Collins,+R" rel="nofollow">Roberto Collins</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Conner,+P" rel="nofollow">Paul Conner</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Courtney,+W" rel="nofollow">William Courtney</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Crook,+A+L" rel="nofollow">Alexander L. Crook</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Das,+S" rel="nofollow">Sayan Das</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Debroy,+D+M" rel="nofollow">Dripto M. Debroy</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Lorenzo,+L" rel="nofollow">Laura De Lorenzo</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Del+Toro+Barba,+A" rel="nofollow">Alexander Del Toro Barba</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Demura,+S" rel="nofollow">Sean Demura</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Donohoe,+P" rel="nofollow">Paul Donohoe</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Dunsworth,+A" rel="nofollow">Andrew Dunsworth</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Earle,+C" rel="nofollow">Clint Earle</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Eickbusch,+A" rel="nofollow">Alec Eickbusch</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Elbag,+A+M" rel="nofollow">Aviv Moshe Elbag</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Elzouka,+M" rel="nofollow">Mahmoud Elzouka</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Erickson,+C" rel="nofollow">Catherine Erickson</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Faoro,+L" rel="nofollow">Lara Faoro</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Fatemi,+R" rel="nofollow">Reza Fatemi</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ferreira,+V+S" rel="nofollow">Vinicius S. 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Lauchli</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Abanin,+D+A" rel="nofollow">Dmitry A. Abanin</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mi,+X" rel="nofollow">Xiao Mi</a> </div> <a href="javascript:toggleAuthorList('long-author-list','et al. (127 additional authors not shown)');" title="Show Entire Author List" id="toggle"> et al. (127 additional authors not shown)</a> <noscript> You must enable JavaScript to view entire author list.</noscript></div> <div id="download-button-info" hidden>View a PDF of the paper titled Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator, by Trond I. Andersen and 226 other authors</div> <a class="mobile-submission-download" href="/pdf/2405.17385">View PDF</a> <a class="mobile-submission-download" href="https://arxiv.org/html/2405.17385v2">HTML (experimental)</a> <blockquote class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="descriptor">Abstract:</span>Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators. Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics. </blockquote> <!--CONTEXT--> <div class="metatable"> <table summary="Additional metadata"><tr> <td class="tablecell label">Subjects:</td> <td class="tablecell subjects"> <span class="primary-subject">Quantum Physics (quant-ph)</span>; Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)</td> </tr><tr> <td class="tablecell label">Cite as:</td> <td class="tablecell arxivid"><span class="arxivid"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17385">arXiv:2405.17385</a> [quant-ph]</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> </td> <td class="tablecell arxividv">(or <span class="arxivid"> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17385v2">arXiv:2405.17385v2</a> [quant-ph]</span> for this version) </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> </td> <td class="tablecell arxivdoi"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.17385" id="arxiv-doi-link">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.17385</a><div class="button-and-tooltip"> <button class="more-info" aria-describedby="more-info-desc-1"> <svg height="15" role="presentation" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 8C119.043 8 8 119.083 8 256c0 136.997 111.043 248 248 248s248-111.003 248-248C504 119.083 392.957 8 256 8zm0 110c23.196 0 42 18.804 42 42s-18.804 42-42 42-42-18.804-42-42 18.804-42 42-42zm56 254c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12h-88c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h12v-64h-12c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h64c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v100h12c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v24z" class=""></path></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Focus to learn more</span> </button> <!-- tooltip description --> <div role="tooltip" id="more-info-desc-1"> <span class="left-corner"></span> arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite</div> </div> </td> </tr></table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="submission-history"> <h2>Submission history</h2> From: Trond Andersen [<a href="/show-email/41f57485/2405.17385" rel="nofollow">view email</a>] <br/> <strong><a href="/abs/2405.17385v1" rel="nofollow">[v1]</a></strong> Mon, 27 May 2024 17:40:39 UTC (14,951 KB)<br/> <strong>[v2]</strong> Mon, 8 Jul 2024 18:10:27 UTC (14,945 KB)<br/> </div> </div> <!--end leftcolumn--> <div class="extra-services"> <div class="full-text"> <a name="other"></a> <span class="descriptor">Full-text links:</span> <h2>Access Paper:</h2> <ul> <div id="download-button-info" hidden> View a PDF of the paper titled Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator, by Trond I. 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