Formulation and evaluation of a topical niosomal gel containing a combination of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin for antiacne activity

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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EKbkQ9BWaC2WKAJEdinFYkjkEwafvZzw7ovua8op29mGBEGDjlhpgB2IstLKhs9z"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EKbkQ9BWaC2WKAJEdinFYkjkEwafvZzw7ovua8op29mGBEGDjlhpgB2IstLKhs9z"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EKbkQ9BWaC2WKAJEdinFYkjkEwafvZzw7ovua8op29mGBEGDjlhpgB2IstLKhs9z"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EKbkQ9BWaC2WKAJEdinFYkjkEwafvZzw7ovua8op29mGBEGDjlhpgB2IstLKhs9z"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="25565812"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 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Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Singh+S&cauthor_id=25565812" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sima Singh">Sima Singh</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kotla+NG&cauthor_id=25565812" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Niranjan G Kotla">Niranjan G Kotla</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span 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class="publication-type" >Comparative Study</div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Formulation and evaluation of a topical niosomal gel containing a combination of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin for antiacne activity </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Ankush Gupta</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Int J Nanomedicine<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2014">2014</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/25565812/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> 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Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Gupta+A&cauthor_id=25565812" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ankush Gupta">Ankush Gupta</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Singh+S&cauthor_id=25565812" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sima Singh">Sima Singh</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kotla+NG&cauthor_id=25565812" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Niranjan G Kotla">Niranjan G Kotla</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Webster+TJ&cauthor_id=25565812" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Thomas J Webster">Thomas J Webster</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier 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class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="linked-articles" id="linked-retraction-forward"> <h2 class="title"> Retraction in </h2> <ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/34168452/" ref="article_id=34168452&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-retraction-forward"> Formulation and Evaluation of a Topical Niosomal Gel Containing a Combination of Benzoyl Peroxide and Tretinoin for Antiacne Activity [Retraction]. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">[No authors listed]</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">[No authors listed]</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Int J Nanomedicine. 2021 Jun 18;16:4195. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S320896. eCollection 2021.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Int J Nanomedicine. 2021.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">34168452</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> A skin disease, like acne, is very common and normally happens to everyone at least once in their lifetime. The structure of the stratum corneum is often compared with a brick wall, with corneocytes surrounded by the mortar of the intercellular lipid lamellae. One of the best options for successful drug delivery to the affected area of skin is the use of elastic vesicles (niosomes) which can be transported through the skin through channel-like structures. In this study, a combination of tretinoin (keratolytic agent) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (a potent antibacterial) was given by using niosomes as promising carriers for the effective treatment of acne by acting on a pathogenic site. In this section, niosomal gel formulation encapsulated drugs have been evaluated for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, for their predetermined characteristics; and finally the stability of the niosome gel was tested at different temperature conditions for understanding of the storage conditions required for maintaining the quality of formulation attributes. The prepared niosome was found to be in the range of 531 nm with a zeta potential of -43 mV; the entrapment efficiencies of tretinoin (TRA) and BPO niosomes were found to be 96.25%±0.56% and 98.75%±1.25%, respectively. The permeated amount of TRA and BPO from the niosomal gel after 24 hours was calculated as 6.25±0.14 μg/cm(2) and 5.04±0.014 μg/cm(2), respectively. A comparative drug retention study in Wistar rat skin using cream, an alcoholic solution, and a niosomal gel showed 11.54 μg, 2.68 μg, and 15.54 μg amounts of TRA and 68.85 μg, 59.98 μg, and 143.78 μg amounts of BPO were retained in the layers of skin, respectively. In vivo studies of the niosomal gel and antiacne cream of TRA and BPO showed that the niosomal gel was more efficacious than the antiacne cream because niosomal gels with a 4.16-fold lower dose of BPO provided the same therapeutic index at targeted sites in comparison to the antiacne cream. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> antiacne combination therapy; rabbit ear pinna model; retention efficiency; therapeutic index. </p> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/2296edff8274/ijn-10-171Fig1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="641" data-image-height="328" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f1-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/218b2f8c6de8/ijn-10-171Fig1.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="641"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="328"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> IR spectra of BPO, tretinoin,… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> IR spectra of BPO, tretinoin, and the mixture of BPO and tretinoin. <b> Notes:… </b> </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">IR spectra of BPO, tretinoin, and the mixture of BPO and tretinoin. <b>Notes:</b> (<b>A</b>) BPO; (<b>B</b>) tretinoin; (<b>C</b>) mixture of BPO and tretinoin. <b>Abbreviations:</b> BPO, benzoyl peroxide; IR, infrared spectroscopy; T, transmittance.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/15d7444a9b81/ijn-10-171Fig2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="589" data-image-height="341" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f2-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/4938da9fe3b3/ijn-10-171Fig2.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="589"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="341"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> UV scan of the BPO… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> UV scan of the BPO and tretinoin mixture. <b> Abbreviations: </b> BPO, benzoyl peroxide; max,… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">UV scan of the BPO and tretinoin mixture. <b>Abbreviations:</b> BPO, benzoyl peroxide; max, maximum; UV, ultraviolet.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/4903e6d55aaa/ijn-10-171Fig3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="622" data-image-height="306" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f3-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/f0280d184241/ijn-10-171Fig3.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="622"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="306"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility testing graph: BPO concentration… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility testing graph: BPO concentration versus zone of inhibition. <b> Abbreviation: </b> BPO, benzoyl peroxide. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Susceptibility testing graph: BPO concentration versus zone of inhibition. <b>Abbreviation:</b> BPO, benzoyl peroxide.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/63d71fafcc68/ijn-10-171Fig4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="642" data-image-height="342" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f4-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/70bc67d3e905/ijn-10-171Fig4.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="642"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="342"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Minimum inhibitory concentration of benzoyl… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Minimum inhibitory concentration of benzoyl peroxide against <i> Staphylococcus epidermidis </i> . </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Minimum inhibitory concentration of benzoyl peroxide against <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/c402ad3dc25f/ijn-10-171Fig5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="600" data-image-height="677" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f5-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/77a433141278/ijn-10-171Fig5.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="600"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="677"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Transmission electron microscopy photograph of… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Transmission electron microscopy photograph of niosomes (negative staining). </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Transmission electron microscopy photograph of niosomes (negative staining).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/2a80a0c7e16b/ijn-10-171Fig6.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="600" data-image-height="675" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f6-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/c1770133a60a/ijn-10-171Fig6.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="600"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="675"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Transmission electron microscopy photograph of… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Transmission electron microscopy photograph of niosomes. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Transmission electron microscopy photograph of niosomes.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="figure-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/e8a15e2afd4a/ijn-10-171Fig7.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="600" data-image-height="398" data-image-alt="Figure 7" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f7-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/4934781d2bad/ijn-10-171Fig7.gif" alt="Figure 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="600"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="398"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Photograph of benzoyl peroxide drug… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Photograph of benzoyl peroxide drug niosomes using a photomicroscope: 100× magnification. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 7 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Photograph of benzoyl peroxide drug niosomes using a photomicroscope: 100× magnification.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="7" data-label-slug="figure-8"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/a33ee8ef09fc/ijn-10-171Fig8.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-7" role="button" data-image-width="600" data-image-height="349" data-image-alt="Figure 8" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f8-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-7" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/3b77dea0da5f/ijn-10-171Fig8.gif" alt="Figure 8" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="600"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="349"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 8 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Photograph of tretinoin drug niosomes… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 8 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Photograph of tretinoin drug niosomes using a photomicroscope: 100× magnification. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 8 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Photograph of tretinoin drug niosomes using a photomicroscope: 100× magnification.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="8" data-label-slug="figure-9"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/077ddf885a01/ijn-10-171Fig9.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-8" role="button" data-image-width="793" data-image-height="400" data-image-alt="Figure 9" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f9-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-8" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/7c77f3d76d94/ijn-10-171Fig9.gif" alt="Figure 9" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="793"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="400"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 9 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Statistical bar graph of particle… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 9 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Statistical bar graph of particle size distribution in niosomal suspensions. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-8" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 9 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Statistical bar graph of particle size distribution in niosomal suspensions.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="9" data-label-slug="figure-10"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/a9fa4b4cd792/ijn-10-171Fig10.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-9" role="button" data-image-width="630" data-image-height="275" data-image-alt="Figure 10" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f10-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-9" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/05be3b4a9c2d/ijn-10-171Fig10.gif" alt="Figure 10" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="630"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="275"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 10 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Zeta potential of niosomal suspensions. </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 10 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Zeta potential of niosomal suspensions. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-9" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 10 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Zeta potential of niosomal suspensions.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="10" data-label-slug="figure-11"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/0edbe1ea1156/ijn-10-171Fig11.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-10" role="button" data-image-width="635" data-image-height="384" data-image-alt="Figure 11" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f11-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-10" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/e1508be2fdd7/ijn-10-171Fig11.gif" alt="Figure 11" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="635"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="384"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 11 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 11 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of the niosomal preparation. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-10" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 11 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of the niosomal preparation.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="11" data-label-slug="figure-12"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/89f3011d9804/ijn-10-171Fig12.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-11" role="button" data-image-width="632" data-image-height="433" data-image-alt="Figure 12" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f12-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-11" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/11b0a85d8c42/ijn-10-171Fig12.gif" alt="Figure 12" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="632"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="433"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 12 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Drug (benzoyl peroxide) retained in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 12 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Drug (benzoyl peroxide) retained in niosomes at various temperature conditions for 30 days. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-11" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 12 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Drug (benzoyl peroxide) retained in niosomes at various temperature conditions for 30 days.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="12" data-label-slug="figure-13"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/db796b2b34aa/ijn-10-171Fig13.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-12" role="button" data-image-width="622" data-image-height="459" data-image-alt="Figure 13" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f13-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-12" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/23cbf2dd1c59/ijn-10-171Fig13.gif" alt="Figure 13" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="622"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="459"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 13 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Drug (tretinoin) retained in niosomes… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 13 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Drug (tretinoin) retained in niosomes at various temperature conditions for 30 days. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-12" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 13 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Drug (tretinoin) retained in niosomes at various temperature conditions for 30 days.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="13" data-label-slug="figure-14"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/4892dd487414/ijn-10-171Fig14.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-13" role="button" data-image-width="757" data-image-height="342" data-image-alt="Figure 14" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f14-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-13" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/c7c52d5318ea/ijn-10-171Fig14.gif" alt="Figure 14" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="757"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="342"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 14 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Permeation profile of BPO and… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 14 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Permeation profile of BPO and tretinoin from cream, alcoholic solution, and niosomal gel.… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-13" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 14 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Permeation profile of BPO and tretinoin from cream, alcoholic solution, and niosomal gel. <b>Abbreviation:</b> BPO, benzoyl peroxide.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="14" data-label-slug="figure-15"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/7693a42181d3/ijn-10-171Fig15.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-14" role="button" data-image-width="649" data-image-height="437" data-image-alt="Figure 15" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f15-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-14" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/5f86222d2b69/ijn-10-171Fig15.gif" alt="Figure 15" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="649"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="437"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 15 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison of the in vitro… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 15 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparison of the in vitro retention study of antiacne cream, alcoholic solution, and… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-14" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 15 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparison of the in vitro retention study of antiacne cream, alcoholic solution, and niosomal gel.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="15" data-label-slug="figure-16"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/aa67ff4ac16d/ijn-10-171Fig16.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-15" role="button" data-image-width="788" data-image-height="614" data-image-alt="Figure 16" data-pmc-id="PMC4283991" data-figure-id="f16-ijn-10-171"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-15" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f22f/4283991/5c2a7f798332/ijn-10-171Fig16.gif" alt="Figure 16" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="788"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="614"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 16 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparative histopathological examination of control… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 16 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Comparative histopathological examination of control versus acne-induced pinna after treatment with cream for… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-15" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 16 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Comparative histopathological examination of control versus acne-induced pinna after treatment with cream for 14 days and after treatment with niosomal gel.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (16) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" 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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Acne Vulgaris / drug therapy* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Acne Vulgaris / drug therapy*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Acne+Vulgaris%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Acne+Vulgaris%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Acne Vulgaris / drug therapy*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Acne+Vulgaris" 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class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology*"> Search in PubMed 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href="/?term=%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Disease Models, Animal"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Disease+Models%2C+Animal" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Disease Models, Animal"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Drug Delivery Systems" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Drug Delivery Systems </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Drug Delivery Systems"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Drug+Delivery+Systems%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Drug+Delivery+Systems%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Drug Delivery Systems"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Drug Delivery Systems"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" 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aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Liposomes / chemistry* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Liposomes / chemistry*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Liposomes%2Fchemistry%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Liposomes%2Fchemistry%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Liposomes/chemistry"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Liposomes / chemistry*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Liposomes" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Liposomes / chemistry*"> 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href="/?term=%22Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Microbial Sensitivity Tests"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Microbial Sensitivity Tests"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Microbial Sensitivity Tests"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Microbial Sensitivity Tests"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Microbial Sensitivity Tests"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search 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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Particle Size"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Particle Size"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Rabbits" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Rabbits </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Rabbits"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Rabbits%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Rabbits%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Rabbits"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Rabbits"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Rabbits" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Rabbits"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Rabbits"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Rabbits"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Rats" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Rats </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Rats"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Rats%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Rats%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Rats"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Rats"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Rats" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Rats"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Rats"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Rats"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Rats, Wistar" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Rats, Wistar </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Rats, Wistar"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Rats%2C+Wistar%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Rats%2C+Wistar%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Rats, Wistar"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Rats, Wistar"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Rats%2C+Wistar" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Rats, Wistar"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Rats, Wistar"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Rats, Wistar"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Skin / drug effects" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Skin / drug effects </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Skin / drug effects"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Skin%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Skin%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Skin/drug effects"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Skin / drug effects"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Skin" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Skin / drug effects"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Skin/drug effects"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Skin/drug effects"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Skin / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Skin / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Skin / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Skin%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Skin%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Skin/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Skin / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Skin" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Skin / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Skin/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Skin/metabolism"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Staphylococcus epidermidis / drug effects" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Staphylococcus epidermidis / drug effects </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Staphylococcus epidermidis / drug effects"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Staphylococcus+epidermidis%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Staphylococcus+epidermidis%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Staphylococcus epidermidis / drug effects"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Staphylococcus+epidermidis" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Staphylococcus epidermidis / drug effects"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Staphylococcus epidermidis / growth & development" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Staphylococcus epidermidis / growth & development </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Staphylococcus epidermidis / growth & development"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Staphylococcus+epidermidis%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Staphylococcus+epidermidis%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Staphylococcus epidermidis/growth and development"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Staphylococcus epidermidis / growth & development"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Staphylococcus+epidermidis" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Staphylococcus epidermidis / growth & development"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Staphylococcus epidermidis/growth and development"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Staphylococcus epidermidis/growth and development"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Tretinoin / pharmacology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-19" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Tretinoin / pharmacology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-19" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Tretinoin / pharmacology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Tretinoin%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Tretinoin%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Tretinoin/pharmacology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Tretinoin / pharmacology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Tretinoin" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Tretinoin / pharmacology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Tretinoin/pharmacology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Tretinoin/pharmacology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Anti-Bacterial Agents </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Anti-Bacterial Agents"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Anti-Bacterial Agents"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Anti-Bacterial Agents"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Anti-Bacterial Agents"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Anti-Bacterial Agents"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Anti-Bacterial Agents"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Gels" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Gels </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Gels"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Gels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Gels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Gels"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Gels"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Gels%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Gels"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Gels"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Gels"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Liposomes" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Liposomes </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Liposomes"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Liposomes%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Liposomes%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Liposomes"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Liposomes"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Liposomes%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Liposomes"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Liposomes"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Liposomes"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Tretinoin" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Tretinoin </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Tretinoin"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Tretinoin%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Tretinoin%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Tretinoin"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Tretinoin"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Tretinoin%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Tretinoin"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Tretinoin"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Tretinoin"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Benzoyl Peroxide" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Benzoyl Peroxide </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Benzoyl Peroxide"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Benzoyl+Peroxide%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Benzoyl+Peroxide%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Benzoyl Peroxide"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Benzoyl Peroxide"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Benzoyl+Peroxide%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Benzoyl Peroxide"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Benzoyl Peroxide"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Benzoyl Peroxide"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="related-links" class="related-links"> <h2 class="title"> Related information </h2> <ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="Related 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