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<span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sustainable development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_origins_of_cultural_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد ثقافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد ثقافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99ni_iqtisadiyyat" title="Mədəni iqtisadiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəni iqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Икономика на културата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Икономика на културата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur%C3%B6konomik" title="Kulturökonomik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kulturökonomik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_la_cultura" title="Economía de la cultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía de la cultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_culture" title="Économie de la culture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie de la culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="문화경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_ekonomi" title="Budaya ekonomi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="文化経済学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਆਰਥਿਕਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਆਰਥਿਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_da_cultura" title="Economia da cultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia da cultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie_cultural%C4%83" title="Economie culturală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Economie culturală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturna_ekonomika" title="Kulturna ekonomika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kulturna ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Културна економија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Културна економија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Культурна економіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культурна економіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" title="Kinh tế học văn hóa – 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vlist; align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="JEL classification codes">Categorization codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Tools and <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">methodology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical economics">Economic theory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_agent_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational agent model">Rational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Economic equilibrium</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">Empirical</a> methods</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_series_econometrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Time series econometrics">Time series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_econometrics" title="Spatial econometrics">Spatial</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Normative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative economics">Prescriptive</a> and policy</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="JEL classification codes">Branches and subfields</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mech. design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial org.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_design" title="Market design">Market design</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cultural economics</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> that studies the relation of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> to economic outcomes. Here, 'culture' is defined by shared beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">preferences</a> of respective groups. Programmatic issues include whether and how much culture matters as to economic outcomes and what its relation is to institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a growing field in <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">behavioral economics</a>, the role of culture in economic behavior is increasingly being demonstrated to cause significant differentials in decision-making and the management and valuation of assets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applications include the study of <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_religion" title="Economics of religion">religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_identity#Social_identity_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">social identity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution (economics)">redistributive justice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">ideology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hatred,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)#Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">trust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> family ties,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long-term orientation,<sup id="cite_ref-Galor_2016_3064–3103_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galor_2016_3064–3103-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the culture of economics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general analytical theme is how ideas and behaviors are spread among individuals through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and processes such as <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">social learning</a>, as in the theory of <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">social evolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">information cascades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods include case studies and theoretical and <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_model" title="Economic model">modeling</a> of cultural transmission within and across social groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_E._Dawlabani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said E. Dawlabani (page does not exist)">Said E. Dawlabani</a> added the <a href="/wiki/Value_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Value systems">value systems</a> approach to the cultural emergence aspect of macroeconomics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural economics develops from how wants and tastes are formed in society. This is partly due to nurture aspects, or what type of environment one is raised in, as it is the internalization of one's upbringing that shapes their future wants and tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acquired tastes can be thought of as an example of this, as they demonstrate how preferences can be shaped socially.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key thought area that separates the development of cultural economics from traditional economics is a difference in how individuals arrive at their decisions. While a traditional economist will view decision making as having both implicit and explicit consequences, a cultural economist would argue that an individual will not only arrive at their decision based on these implicit and explicit decisions but based on trajectories. These trajectories consist of regularities, which have been built up throughout the years and guide individuals in their decision-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combining_value_systems_and_systems_thinking">Combining value systems and systems thinking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Combining value systems and systems thinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economists have also started to look at cultural economics with a <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> approach. In this approach, the economy and culture are each viewed as a single system where "interaction and feedback effects were acknowledged, and where in particular the dynamic were made explicit".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, the interdependencies of culture and the economy can be combined and better understood by following this approach. </p><p>Said E. Dawlabani's book <i>MEMEnomics: The Next-Generation Economic System</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combines the ideas of value systems (see <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">value (ethics)</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> to provide one of the first frameworks that explores the effect of economic policies on culture. The book explores the intersections of multiple disciplines such as cultural development, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">organizational behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">memetics</a> all in an attempt to explore the roots of cultural economics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advancing pace of new technology is transforming how the public consumes and shares culture. The cultural economic field has seen great growth with the advent of online social networking which has created productivity improvements in how culture is consumed. New technologies have also led to cultural convergence where all kinds of culture can be accessed on a single device. Throughout their upbringing, younger persons of the current generation are consuming culture faster than their parents ever did, and through new mediums. The smartphone is a blossoming example of this where books, music, talk, artwork and more can all be accessed on a single device in a matter of seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This medium and the culture surrounding it is beginning to have an effect on the economy, whether it be increasing communication while lowering costs, lowering the barriers of entry to the technology economy, or making use of excess capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg/220px-Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg/330px-Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg/440px-Bridge-gadget-hand-iPhone-macro-1845364_1280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>An example of culture being consumed via smartphone.</figcaption></figure> <p>This field has also seen growth through the advent of new economic studies that have put on a cultural lens. </p><p>For example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147596721000214">Kafka and Kostis (2021)</a> at a recent study published in the Journal of Comparative Economics, use an unbalanced panel dataset comprised from 34 OECD countries from 1981 to 2019, conclude that the cultural background during the overall period under consideration is characterized as post-materialistic and harms economic growth. Moreover, they highlight both theoretically and empirically the cultural backlash hypothesis since the cultural background of the countries under analysis presents a shift from traditional/materialistic (from 1981 up to 1998) to post-materialist values (from 1999 up to 2019). Doing so, they conclude on a positive effect of cultural background on economic growth when traditional / materialistic values prevail, and a negative effect when post-materialistic values prevail. These results highlight culture as a crucial factor for economic growth and indicate that economic policy makers should take it seriously into account before designing economic policy and in order to explain the effectiveness of economic policies implemented. </p><p>Another study on Europeans living with their families into adulthood was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Paola_Giuliano" title="Paola Giuliano">Paola Giuliano</a>, a professor at UCLA. The study found that those of Southern European descent tend to live at home with their families longer than those of Northern European descent. Giuliano added cultural critique to her analysis of the research, revealing that it is Southern European culture to stay at home longer and then related this to how those who live at home longer have fewer children and start families later, thus contributing to Europe's falling birthrates.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giuliano's work is an example of how the growth of cultural economics is beginning to spread across the field.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_development">Sustainable development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sustainable development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></div> <p>An area that cultural economics has a strong presence in is sustainable development. Sustainable development has been defined as "...development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs...".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culture plays an important role in this as it can determine how people view preparing for these future generations. <a href="/wiki/Delayed_gratification" title="Delayed gratification">Delayed gratification</a> is a cultural economic issue that developed countries are currently dealing with. Economists argue that to ensure that the future is better than today, certain measures must be taken such as collecting taxes or "going green" to protect the environment. Policies such as these are hard for today's politicians to promote who want to win the vote of today's voters who are concerned with the present and not the future. People want to see the benefits now, not in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/David_Throsby" title="David Throsby">David Throsby</a> has proposed the idea of culturally sustainable development which compasses both the cultural industries (such as the arts) and culture (in the societal sense). He has created a set of criteria in regards to for which policy prescriptions can be compared to in order to ensure growth for future generations. The criteria are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Advancement of material and non-material well-being: implies balance amongst economic, social, and cultural forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a> and the maintenance of cultural capital: current generation must recognize their responsibility to future generations</li> <li>Equity within the present generation: distribution of cultural resources must be fair</li> <li>Recognition of interdependence: policy must understand the connections between economic, cultural and other variables within an overall system.</li></ol> <p>With these guidelines, Throsby hopes to spur the recognition between culture and economics, which is something he believes has been lacking from popular economic discussions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_finance">Cultural finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural finance a growing field in <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">behavioral economics</a> that studies the impact of cultural differences on individual financial decisions and on financial markets. Probably the first paper in this area was "The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Guiso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Guiso (page does not exist)">Luigi Guiso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Sapienza" title="Paola Sapienza">Paola Sapienza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Zingales" title="Luigi Zingales">Luigi Zingales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper studied how well-known differences in <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> affected the use and availability of financial contracts across different parts of Italy. In areas of the country with high levels of social capital, households invest less in cash and more in stock, use more checks, have higher access to institutional credit, and make less use of informal credit. Few years later, the same authors published another paper "Trusting the Stock Market" where they show that a general lack of trust can limit stock market participation. Since trust has a strong cultural component, these two papers represent important contribution in cultural economics. </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Thorsten_Hens" title="Thorsten Hens">Thorsten Hens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mei_Wang" title="Mei Wang">Mei Wang</a> pointed out that indeed many areas of finance are influenced by cultural differences.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of culture in financial behavior is also increasingly being demonstrated to have highly significant effects on the management and valuation of assets. Using the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensions_of_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensions of culture (page does not exist)">dimensions of culture</a> identified by <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalom Schwartz">Shalom Schwartz</a>, it has been proved that corporate dividend payments are determined largely by the dimensions of Mastery and Conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, higher degrees of conservatism are associated with greater volumes and values of dividend payments, and higher degrees of mastery are associated with the total opposite. The effect of culture on dividend payouts has been further shown to be closely related to cultural differences in risk and time preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different study assessed the role of culture on earnings management using <a href="/wiki/Geert_Hofstede" title="Geert Hofstede">Geert Hofstede</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_dimensions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural dimensions (page does not exist)">cultural dimensions</a> and the index of <a href="/wiki/Earnings_management" title="Earnings management">earnings management</a> developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Leutz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Leutz (page does not exist)">Christian Leutz</a>; which includes the use of accrual alteration to reduce volatility in reported earnings, the use of accrual alteration to reduce volatility in reported <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operating_cash_flows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operating cash flows (page does not exist)">operating cash flows</a>, use of accounting discretion to mitigate the reporting of small losses, and the use of accounting discretion when reporting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operating_earnings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operating earnings (page does not exist)">operating earnings</a>. It was found that <a href="/wiki/Hofstede" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofstede">Hofstede</a>'s dimension of Individualism was negatively correlated with earnings management, and that uncertainty avoidance was positively correlated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral economist">Behavioral economist</a> Michael Taillard demonstrated that investment behaviors are caused primarily by behavioral factors, largely attributed to the influence of culture on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_frame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychological frame (page does not exist)">psychological frame</a> of the investors in different nations, rather than rational ones by comparing the cultural dimensions used both by <a href="/wiki/Geert_Hofstede" title="Geert Hofstede">Geert Hofstede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert House">Robert House</a>, identifying strong and specific influences in <a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">risk aversion</a> behavior resulting from the overlapping <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_dimensions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural dimensions (page does not exist)">cultural dimensions</a> between them that remained constant over a 20-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In regards to <a href="/wiki/Investing" class="mw-redirect" title="Investing">investing</a>, it has been confirmed by multiple studies that greater differences between the cultures of various nations reduces the amount of investment between those countries. It was proven that both cultural differences between nations as well as the amount of unfamiliarity investors have with a culture not their own greatly reduces their willingness to invest in those nations, and that these factors have a negative impact with future returns, resulting in a cost premium on the degree of foreignness of an investment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, equity markets continue to integrate as indicated by equity price comovements, of which the two largest contributing factors are the ratio of trade between nations and the ratio of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> resulting from <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even these factors are the result of behavioral sources, however.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=UN_World_Investment_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UN World Investment Report (page does not exist)">UN World Investment Report</a> (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that regional integration is occurring at a more rapid rate than distant <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations">foreign relations</a>, confirming an earlier study concluding that nations closer to each other tend to be more integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since increased cultural distance reduces the amount of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, this results in an accelerating curvilinear correlation between financial behavior and cultural distance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culture also influences which factors are useful when predicting stock valuations. In <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, it was found that 84% of variability in stock returns were accounted for by using <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a> term structure, industry <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> growth, and <a href="/wiki/Risk_premium" title="Risk premium">risk premium</a>; but were not influenced at all by <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> rates or <a href="/wiki/Dividend_yield" title="Dividend yield">dividend yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, both real <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Price Index">Consumer Price Index</a> were both useful predictive factors, but <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange rate">foreign exchange rate</a> was not.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> prices were found to be useful predictors of stock market valuations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India identified <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wholesale_price_index" title="Wholesale price index">wholesale price index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> prices, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Market index (page does not exist)">market index</a> as being useful factors.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive global study out of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> attempted to identify if any factors of <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> valuation were culturally universal, identifying <a href="/wiki/Interest_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest rates">interest rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, and industrial production, but found that <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a>, currency exchange volume, and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> were all unique to <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_origins_of_cultural_traits">Geographical origins of cultural traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographical origins of cultural traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geographical characteristics were linked recently to the emergence of cultural traits and differences in the intensity of these cultural traits across regions, countries and ethnic group. Geographical characteristics that were favorable for the usage of the plow in agriculture contributed to a gender gap in productivity, and to the emergence of gender roles in society.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural characteristics that led to a higher return to agricultural investment generated a process of selection, adaptation, and learning, that increase the level of long-term orientation in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Galor_2016_3064–3103_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galor_2016_3064–3103-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of economics">Critique of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_theory_of_museums" title="Economic theory of museums">Economic theory of museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_schools_of_economic_thought_on_arts_and_culture" title="History of schools of economic thought on arts and culture">History of schools of economic thought on arts and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural cognition">Cultural cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_imperialism_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic imperialism (economics)">Economic imperialism (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of the arts and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Organizational behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Social economics">Social economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press <b>+</b> button or <b>ctrl +</b> for small-font links below.<br />   • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Guiso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Guiso (page does not exist)">Luigi Guiso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Sapienza" title="Paola Sapienza">Paola Sapienza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Zingales" title="Luigi Zingales">Luigi Zingales</a>, 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.20.2.23">Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes?</a>," <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, 20(2), pp. 23-48.<br />  • Mark Casson (2006). "Culture and Economic Performance," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S157406760601012X?via%3Dihub"><i>Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture</i></a>, V. 1, Chap. 12, pp. 359–97. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1574-0676%2806%2901012-X">10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01012-X</a><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a><span>:</span><a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01012-X" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01012-X">10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01012-X</a><br />  <span>• Paul Streeten (2006}. "Culture and Economic Development", V. 1 Chap. 13, pp. 399–412. </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1574-0676%2806%2901013-1">10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01013-1</a><br />  <span>• Jeanette D. Snowball, 2008. </span><i>Measuring the Value of Culture</i><span>, Springer. [https://www.springer.com/economics/microeconomics/book/978-3-540-74355-2 Description</span> and Arrow-page searchable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJjLOjHmz6AC">chapter links.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a> et al., 2005. "'Economic Man' in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-scale Societies," <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>, 28(6), pp. 795–815. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X05000142">10.1017/S0140525X05000142</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a>, 1998. "Endogenous Preferences: The Cultural Consequences of Markets and Other Economic Institutions," <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 36(1), pp. 75–111. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2564952">2564952</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a>, 2008. "Institutions and Culture," <i>Journal of the European Economic Association</i>, 6(2/3),2008), pp. 255–94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJEEA.2008.6.2-3.255">10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.255</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_2192-1">   •</a> <a href="/wiki/Raquel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Raquel Fernández">Raquel Fernández</a>, 2016. "Culture and Economics." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2nd Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Laurence_R._Iannaccone" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence R. Iannaccone">Laurence R. Iannaccone</a>, 1998. "Introduction to the Economics of Religion," <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 36(3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171833/http://www.religionomics.com/old/erel/S2-Archives/Iannaccone%20-%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf">pp. 1465–95.</a> • Luigi Guiso, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Sapienza" title="Paola Sapienza">Paola Sapienza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Zingales" title="Luigi Zingales">Luigi Zingales</a>, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393202002027">"People's Opium? Religion and Economic Attitudes"</a>, Journal of Monetary Economics, January 2003.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7</a>    • Laurence R. Iannaccone and <a href="/wiki/Eli_Berman" title="Eli Berman">Eli Berman</a>, 2008. "religion, economics of," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000231&q=religion&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a><br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuisoSapienzaZingales2002" class="citation journal cs1">Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza, Paola; Zingales, Luigi (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w7563">"The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development"</a>. <i>NBER</i>. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw7563">10.3386/w7563</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBER&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Social+Capital+in+Financial+Development&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw7563&rft.aulast=Guiso&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft.au=Sapienza%2C+Paola&rft.au=Zingales%2C+Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw7563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/H._Peyton_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Peyton Young">H. Peyton Young</a>, 2008. "social norms." <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000466&q=%22social%20norms%22&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Binmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Binmore">Kenneth G. Binmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Samuelson" title="Larry Samuelson">Larry Samuelson</a>, 1994. "An Economist's Perspective on the Evolution of Norms," <i>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics</i>, 150(1), pp. 45–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/15628/">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109124759/http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/15628/">Archived</a> 2014-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Posner" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Posner">Richard A. Posner</a>, 1997. "Social Norms and the Law: An Economic Approach," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 87(2), p. 365–69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950947">2950947</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Gary_S._Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary S. Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a>, 2001, <i>Social Economics: Market Behavior in a Social Environment</i>, ch. 10, "The Formation of Norms and Values." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BECSOC.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703040900/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BECSOC.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and table of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=27582&content=toc">contents.</a> Harvard University Press.<br />   • Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew Jackson, ed., 2011. <i>Handbook of Social Economics</i>, Elsevier. Vol. 1A: Part 1. Social Preferences, ch. 1-11; Part 2. Social Actions, ch. 12-17. Description & Contents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/724254/description#description">links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105150850/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/724254/description#description">Archived</a> 2012-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/15706435/1">links</a>.<br />   • Arthur J. Robson, 2008. "group selection," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000195&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Akerlof" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> and Rachel E. Kranton, 2000. "Economics and Identity," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 115(3), pp. 715–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003355300554881">10.1162/003355300554881</a><br />   • _____, 2005. "Identity and the Economics of Organizations," <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, 19(1), pp. 9–32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330053147930">10.1257/0895330053147930</a><br />   • _____, 2010. <i>Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being</i>, Princeton University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9108.html">Description & TOC</a>, "Introduction," pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9108.pdf">3–8</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/p/princeton?id=1gKUpITuf00C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false">preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raquel Fernández and Alessandra Fogli, 2006. "Fertility: The Role of Culture and Family Experience," <i>Journal of the European Economic Association</i>, 4(2/3), pp. 552–61. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005121">40005121</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Bénabou and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a>, 2006. "Belief in a Just World and Redistributive Politics," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 121(2), pp. 699–746. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fqjec.2006.121.2.699">10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.699</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Roland Bénabou, 2008. "Ideology," <i>Journal of the European Economic Association</i>, 6(2-3), pp. 321–52. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJEEA.2008.6.2-3.321">10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.321</a><br />   • Joseph P. Kalt and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zupan_(academic)" title="Mark Zupan (academic)">Mark A. Zupan</a>, 1984. "Capture and Ideology in the Economic Theory of Politics," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 74(3), p. 279–300. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1804008">1804008</a> Reprinted in C. Grafton and A. Permaloff, ed., 2005, <i>The Behavioral Study of Political Ideology and Public Policy Formation</i>, ch. 4, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llxpnD913dUC&pg=PA65">65–104.</a><br />   • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisinVerdier2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bisin, Alberto; Verdier, Thierry (March 2000). "A model of cultural transmission, voting and political ideology". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="European Journal of Political Economy">European Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0176-2680%2899%2900045-2">10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00045-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=A+model+of+cultural+transmission%2C+voting+and+political+ideology&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0176-2680%2899%2900045-2&rft.aulast=Bisin&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Verdier%2C+Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+economics" class="Z3988"></span><br />   • D. Andrew Austin and Nathaniel T. Wilcox, 2007. "Believing in Economic Theories: Sex, Lies, Evidence, Trust, and Ideology," <i>Economic Inquiry</i> 45(3), pp. 502–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1465-7295.2006.00042.x">10.1111/j.1465-7295.2006.00042.x</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Timur_Kuran" title="Timur Kuran">Timur Kuran</a>, 1995. <i>Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification</i>. Harvard University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674707580">Description</a> and scroll to chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&q=private+truths+public+lies">links.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Glaeser" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Glaeser">Edward L. Glaeser</a>, 2005. "The Political Economy of Hatred," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 120(1), pp. 45–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F0033553053327434">10.1162/0033553053327434</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• S. Brock Blomberg and Gregory D. Hess,`2008. "terrorism, economics of," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000268&edition=current&q=ideology&topicid=&result_number=40">Abstract.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Alan_B._Krueger" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan B. Krueger">Alan B. Krueger</a>, 2008. <i>What Makes a Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism</i>, Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8760.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009102351/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8760.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8465.pdf">Introduction</a>, and ch. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/p/princeton?id=5m__Bhty-hQC&printsec=find&pg=PA11=gbs_ViewAPI&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false">preview</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Joyce Berg, John Dickhaut, and Kevin McCabe, 1995. "Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History," <i>Games and Economic Behavior</i>, 10(1), pp. 122–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgame.1995.1027">10.1006/game.1995.1027</a><br />   • Raymond Fisman and Tarun Khanna, 1999. "Is Trust a Historical Residue? Information Flows and Trust Levels." <i>Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</i>, 38(1), pp. 79–92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-2681%2898%2900123-1">10.1016/S0167-2681(98)00123-1</a><br />   • Nava Ashraf, <a href="/wiki/Iris_Bohnet" title="Iris Bohnet">Iris Bohnet</a>, and Nikita Piankov, 2006. "Decomposing Trust and Trustworthiness," <i>Experimental Economics</i>, 9(3), pp. 193–208. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10683-006-9122-4">10.1007/s10683-006-9122-4</a><br />   • Paul J. Zak and Stephen Knack, 2001. "Trust and Growth," <i>Economic Journal</i>, 111(470), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2667866">p. 295–321</a>.<br />   • Patrick Francois and Jan Zabojnik, 2005. "Trust, Social Capital, and Economic Development," <i>Journal of the European Economic Association</i>, 3(1), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/40004943">p. 51–94</a>.<br />   • Sjoerd Beugelsdijk, 2006. "A Note on the Theory and Measurement of Trust in Explaining Differences in Economic Growth," <i>Cambridge Journal of Economics</i>, 30(3), pp. 371–87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcje%2Fbei064">10.1093/cje/bei064</a><br />   • Swee-Hoon Chuah <i>et al</i>., 2007. "Do Cultures Clash? Evidence from Cross-national Ultimatum Game Experiments," <i>Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</i>, 64(1), pp. 35–48. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2006.04.006">10.1016/j.jebo.2006.04.006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlesinaGiuliano2010" class="citation journal cs1">Alesina, Alberto; Giuliano, Paola (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10887-010-9052-z">"The power of the family"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Growth</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10887-010-9052-z">10.1007/s10887-010-9052-z</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Growth&rft.atitle=The+power+of+the+family&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10887-010-9052-z&rft.aulast=Alesina&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10887-010-9052-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galor_2016_3064–3103-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galor_2016_3064–3103_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galor_2016_3064–3103_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalorÖzak2016" class="citation journal cs1">Galor, Oded; Özak, Ömer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541952">"The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference"</a>. <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>106</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">3064–</span>3103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150020">10.1257/aer.20150020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541952">5541952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28781375">28781375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Agricultural+Origins+of+Time+Preference&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3064-%3C%2Fspan%3E3103&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5541952%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28781375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.20150020&rft.aulast=Galor&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft.au=%C3%96zak%2C+%C3%96mer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5541952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstede2001" class="citation book cs1">Hofstede, Geert (2001). <i>Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations</i>. Sage publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%27s+consequences%3A+Comparing+values%2C+behaviors%2C+institutions+and+organizations+across+nations.&rft.pub=Sage+publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hofstede&rft.aufirst=Geert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Melvin W. Reder, 1999. <i>Economics: The Culture of a Controversial Science</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?mode=synopsis&isbn=9780226706108">Description</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> and chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsculture0000rede">links.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a>,1970. "Notes on the International Transmission of Economic Ideas," <i>History of Political Economy</i>, 2(1), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hope.dukejournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/2/1/133">p. 133–51</a>.<br />   • Yuval Yonay and Daniel Breslau, 2006. "Marketing Models: The Culture of Mathematical Economics," <i>Sociological Forum</i>, 21(3), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/4540948">p. 345–86</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.com/scholar?q=cache:M85S9oBc2BcJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=80000000000000">HTMl</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As at <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i> category <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#Other_special_topics_(economics)_JEL:_Z_Subcategories" class="mw-redirect" title="JEL classification codes">JEL: Z1</a> Cultural Economics,....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta" title="Partha Dasgupta">Partha Dasgupta</a>, 2008. "social capital," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000451&q=social%20capital&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a><br />   • Joel Sobel, 2002. "Can We Trust Social Capital?" <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 40(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.ucsd.edu/~jsobel/Papers/soccap.pdf">139–54</a> (close Bookmarks tab).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Moody and Martina Morris. "social networks, economic relevance of," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000511&q=social%20networks&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Paul Seabright, 2008. "hunters, gatherers, cities and evolution," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000163&q=hunter&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a>  • Alberto Bisin and Thierry Verdier, 2008. "cultural transmission," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000549&edition=all&field=content&q=&topicid=Z1&result_number=12">Abstract.</a><br />   • Joel M. Guttman, 2003. "Repeated Interaction and the Evolution of Preferences for Reciprocity," <i>Economic Journal</i>, 113(489), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3590192">p. 631–56</a>.<br />   • Alberto Bisin et al., 2004. "Cooperation as a Transmitted Cultural Trait," <i>Rationality and Society</i>, 16(4), 477–507. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/477">Abstract.</a> <br />   • Oded Galor and Omer Moav, 2002. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1133–1191.<br />  </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Sushil Bikhchandani, <a href="/wiki/David_Hirshleifer" title="David Hirshleifer">David Hirshleifer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Welch" title="Ivo Welch">Ivo Welch</a>, 1992. "A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades." <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 100(5), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irvinehousingblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/atheoryoffads.pdf">pp. 992–1026.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713060849/http://www.irvinehousingblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/atheoryoffads.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer, and Ivo Welch, 1998. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+gender+roles%3A+Women+and+the+plough&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F51568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjt005&rft.aulast=Alesina&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+Paola&rft.au=Nunn%2C+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_economics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_and_Cultural_Change" title="Economic Development and Cultural Change">Economic Development and Cultural Change</a></i></li> <li><i>Journal of Cultural Economics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100503153804/http://culturaleconomics.org/journal.html">Description</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/economics/microeconomics/journal/10824?detailsPage=aimsAndScopes">scope</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105005143/http://www.springerlink.com/content/100284/?p=bba8473bc70a4a009db38311c4f2cd87&pi=0">links</a> to volume contents.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instecon" title="Template:Instecon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instecon" title="Template talk:Instecon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instecon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instecon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Institutional_economics237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional economists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Abelshauser" title="Werner Abelshauser">Werner Abelshauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Edwin_Ayres" title="Clarence Edwin Ayres">Clarence Edwin Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_S._Bain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe S. Bain">Joe S. Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Bichler" title="Shimshon Bichler">Shimshon Bichler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Brady" title="Robert A. Brady">Robert A. Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bromley" title="Daniel Bromley">Daniel Bromley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John Maurice Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Robert H. Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Hale_Hamilton" title="Walton Hale Hamilton">Walton Hale Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orris_C._Herfindahl" title="Orris C. Herfindahl">Orris C. Herfindahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_O._Hirschman" title="Albert O. Hirschman">Albert O. Hirschman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodgson" title="Geoffrey Hodgson">Geoffrey Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Lewis" title="Hunter Lewis">Hunter Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_W._Markham" title="Jesse W. Markham">Jesse W. Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nitzan" title="Jonathan Nitzan">Jonathan Nitzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Samuels" title="Warren Samuels">Warren Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Simiand" title="François Simiand">François Simiand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stilwell_(economist)" title="Frank Stilwell (economist)">Frank Stilwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_P%C3%A5lsson_Syll" title="Lars Pålsson Syll">Lars Pålsson Syll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrence_Wheelwright" title="Edward Lawrence Wheelwright">Edward Lawrence Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Zimmermann" title="Erich Zimmermann">Erich Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional economists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armen_Alchian" title="Armen Alchian">Armen Alchian </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahiko_Aoki" title="Masahiko Aoki">Masahiko Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_N._S._Cheung" title="Steven N. S. Cheung">Steven N. S. Cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Demsetz" title="Harold Demsetz">Harold Demsetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avner_Greif" title="Avner Greif">Avner Greif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_M%C3%A9nard_(economist)" title="Claude Ménard (economist)">Claude Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancur_Olson" title="Mancur Olson">Mancur Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Ainslie_(psychologist)" title="George Ainslie (psychologist)">George Ainslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Ariely" title="Dan Ariely">Dan Ariely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Ashraf" title="Nava Ashraf">Nava Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofer_Azar" title="Ofer Azar">Ofer Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bernheim" title="Douglas Bernheim">Douglas Bernheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brosnan" title="Sarah Brosnan">Sarah Brosnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Camerer" title="Colin Camerer">Colin Camerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarini" title="David Cesarini">David Cesarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay-Yut_Chen" title="Kay-Yut Chen">Kay-Yut Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Croson" title="Rachel Croson">Rachel Croson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_De_Bondt" title="Werner De Bondt">Werner De Bondt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dolan_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Dolan (academic)">Paul Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Duneier" title="Stephen Duneier">Stephen Duneier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_C._Eckel" title="Catherine C. Eckel">Catherine C. Eckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Falk" title="Armin Falk">Armin Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_Fischbacher" title="Urs Fischbacher">Urs Fischbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Gneezy" title="Uri Gneezy">Uri Gneezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halpern_(psychologist)" title="David Halpern (psychologist)">David Halpern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Holt" title="Charles A. Holt">Charles A. Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ryan_Just" title="David Ryan Just">David Ryan Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djuradj_Caranovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djuradj Caranovic (page does not exist)">Djuradj Caranovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Kalil" title="Ariel Kalil">Ariel Kalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Katona" title="George Katona">George Katona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Kling" title="Jeffrey R. Kling">Jeffrey R. Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Loewenstein" title="George Loewenstein">George Loewenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Loomes" title="Graham Loomes">Graham Loomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_C._Madrian" title="Brigitte C. Madrian">Brigitte C. Madrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_McClelland" title="Gary McClelland">Gary McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Motterlini" title="Matteo Motterlini">Matteo Motterlini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendhil_Mullainathan" title="Sendhil Mullainathan">Sendhil Mullainathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Norton_(professor)" title="Michael Norton (professor)">Michael Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rachlin" title="Howard Rachlin">Howard Rachlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_M._Schmidt" title="Klaus M. Schmidt">Klaus M. Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldar_Shafir" title="Eldar Shafir">Eldar Shafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersh_Shefrin" title="Hersh Shefrin">Hersh Shefrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Sunde" title="Uwe Sunde">Uwe Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Vishny" title="Robert W. Vishny">Robert W. Vishny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Georg Weizsäcker">Georg Weizsäcker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Beckert" title="Jens Beckert">Jens Beckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Block" title="Fred L. Block">Fred L. Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smoot_Coleman" title="James Smoot Coleman">James S. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_DiMaggio" title="Paul DiMaggio">Paul DiMaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Angus_MacKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Angus MacKenzie">Donald Angus MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_M._Podolny" title="Joel M. Podolny">Joel M. Podolny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_Spillman" title="Lynette Spillman">Lynette Spillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swedberg" title="Richard Swedberg">Richard Swedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Laurent Thévenot">Laurent Thévenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Trigilia" title="Carlo Trigilia">Carlo Trigilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_White" title="Harrison White">Harrison White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviana_Zelizer" title="Viviana Zelizer">Viviana Zelizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administered_prices" title="Administered prices">Administered prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countervailing_power" title="Countervailing power">Countervailing power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_competition" title="Effective competition">Effective competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfindahl_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Herfindahl index">Herfindahl index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiding_hand_principle" title="Hiding hand principle">Hiding hand principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschman_cycle" title="Hirschman cycle">Hirschman cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuznets_swing" title="Kuznets swing">Kuznets cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_structure" title="Market structure">Market structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness" title="Backwardness">Penalty of taking the lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisficing" title="Satisficing">Satisficing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93conduct%E2%80%93performance_paradigm" title="Structure–conduct–performance paradigm">Structure–conduct–performance paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostructure" title="Technostructure">Technostructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_two-level_planning" title="Theory of two-level planning">Theory of two-level planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblenian_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Veblenian dichotomy">Veblenian dichotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought#French_historical_school" title="Schools of economic thought">French historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture577" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture577" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Culture" title="Wikipedia:Culture">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture">Changes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics681" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service 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<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> 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