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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Fjord Systems and Archives - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_c5f9cd9e241b1329c3ee374578edd3c4/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_c5f9cd9e241b1329c3ee374578edd3c4__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Fjord_Systems_and_Archives.html?id=rTOvGGUYNokC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Fjord_Systems_and_Archives.html?id=rTOvGGUYNokC"/><meta name="title" content="Fjord Systems and Archives"/><meta name="description" content="Fjords are glacially over-deepened, semi-enclosed marine basins, but are often neglected as a sedimentary realm. They represent the transition from the terrestrial to the marine environment and as such have the potential to preserve evidence of environmental change. Typically most fjords have been glaciated a number of times and some high-latitude fjords still possess a resident glacier. The stratigraphic record in fjords largely preserves a glacialdeglacial cycle of deposition. Sheltered water and high sedimentation rates potentially make fjords ideal depositional environments for preserving continuous records of climate and environmental change with high temporal resolution. Fjords are also referred to as miniature oceans providing the unique opportunity to study marine processes in great detail. With predictions of warming climates, changing ocean circulation and rising sea levels, this volume is a timely look at these environmentally sensitive coastlines."/><meta property="og:title" content="Fjord Systems and Archives"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=rTOvGGUYNokC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE719sXgwh0MOn3RQsVHor-IE1z851gmJuMnVfQi4H9JJx3ur-ovEeCsOwAkwPkAjVYBEBCuqEnCJkOY-KzIZMA6G6iQmF9hArxgFJiSDfYXeRI1jEC8NOzFIJUq_1j190So24xCs"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=rTOvGGUYNokC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE719sXgwh0MOn3RQsVHor-IE1z851gmJuMnVfQi4H9JJx3ur-ovEeCsOwAkwPkAjVYBEBCuqEnCJkOY-KzIZMA6G6iQmF9hArxgFJiSDfYXeRI1jEC8NOzFIJUq_1j190So24xCs"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DrTOvGGUYNokC%26q%3Dsedimentation%2Brates%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC&q=sedimentation+rates&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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Society of London","publication_date":"2010","subject":"Science","num_pages":380,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"Fjords are glacially over-deepened, semi-enclosed marine basins, but are often neglected as a sedimentary realm. They represent the transition from the terrestrial to the marine environment and as such have the potential to preserve evidence of environmental change. Typically most fjords have been glaciated a number of times and some high-latitude fjords still possess a resident glacier. The stratigraphic record in fjords largely preserves a glacialdeglacial cycle of deposition. Sheltered water and high sedimentation rates potentially make fjords ideal depositional environments for preserving continuous records of climate and environmental change with high temporal resolution. Fjords are also referred to as miniature oceans providing the unique opportunity to study marine processes in great detail. With predictions of warming climates, changing ocean circulation and rising sea levels, this volume is a timely look at these environmentally sensitive coastlines.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DrTOvGGUYNokC%26q%3Dsedimentation%2Brates%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA108","highlights":[{"X":82,"Y":441,"W":24,"H":10},{"X":120,"Y":474,"W":21,"H":10},{"X":44,"Y":606,"W":72,"H":11},{"X":120,"Y":606,"W":25,"H":10},{"X":117,"Y":623,"W":25,"H":9},{"X":44,"Y":644,"W":65,"H":11},{"X":115,"Y":644,"W":23,"H":11},{"X":74,"Y":657,"W":22,"H":10},{"X":72,"Y":704,"W":21,"H":13},{"X":44,"Y":767,"W":64,"H":14},{"X":295,"Y":152,"W":64,"H":9},{"X":395,"Y":164,"W":64,"H":9},{"X":325,"Y":200,"W":64,"H":13},{"X":296,"Y":367,"W":63,"H":10},{"X":444,"Y":393,"W":64,"H":11},{"X":429,"Y":691,"W":64,"H":12},{"X":496,"Y":691,"W":21,"H":12},{"X":401,"Y":717,"W":22,"H":13},{"X":483,"Y":731,"W":21,"H":9},{"X":449,"Y":754,"W":21,"H":14},{"X":489,"Y":780,"W":21,"H":13},{"X":458,"Y":795,"W":22,"H":11}],"flags":8,"order":119,"vq":"sedimentation rates"}]},null,{"number_of_results":90,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... sediment sequences within the fjord . Hence the stratigraphic record in fjords largely preserves a glacial- deglacial cycle of deposition over the last 18 ka or so . Sheltered water and high \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e have the potential to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e of utilization of organic matter ( Syvitski \u0026amp;. ( a ) Calving Supra- glacial ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e . In the Svalbard regime , dynamic , grounded and slightly cold glaciers terminate in relatively shallow fjords ( \u0026lt; 200 m ) . The \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"John Allen Howe. the \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e of utilization of organic matter ( Syvitski \u0026amp; detailed mapping of the morphology of the fjord Shaw 1995 ) . increases the residence time of freshwater in the dominant \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e. Importance of fjords Fjords\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... sedimentation . Deforestation of the fjord hinterland can increase runoff and hence the volume of sediment entering the fjord . Typical modern \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e can be of the order millimetres to centimetres per year , depending on\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e and depositional geometry Glaciated fjords : role of ice and glaciomarine environments Polar fjords ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e are usually high enough to enable ultrahigh - resolution sampling sometimes close to a daily frequency\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e and impact of present global warming , Holocene fjord records can be a valuable predictive tool through the ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e pro- cesses from sewage deposition ( Nordåsvannet Paetzel \u0026amp; Schrader 1995 ) ; the \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e in a temperate glacial fjord , southeastern Alaska . In : ANDERSON , J. B. \u0026amp; ASHLEY , G. M. ( eds ) Glacial Marine \u003cb\u003eSedimentation\u003c/b\u003e ; Paleocli- matic Significance . Geological Society of America , Special Paper , 261 , 61–73 . COWAN\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e . Manganese and iron contents , sulphate reduction and oxygen uptake \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e . Oceanologica Acta , 19 , 41–55 . PAETZEL , M. \u0026amp; SCHRADER , H. 1991. Heavy metal ( Zn , Cu , Pb ) accumulation in the Barsnesfjord , Western Norway\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e of vertical mixing below the sill depth , to which both of the above contribute , which has important ... \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e resuspension induced by these currents will simi- larly vary from system to system . It is only with detailed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA60","page_number":"60","snippet_text":"... Sedimentation is therefore expected to take place on both sides of wide fjords . Cross - fjord differences in \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e are likely and will depend upon the wind conditions in the fjord . References ASPLIN , L. 1995\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... sediments , with high \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e and , in some cases high pro- ductivity , can produce high - resolution dinocyst archives . Harland et al . ( 2004a , b ) reported on the dinocyst record from Koljö Fjord , Sweden , which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; load because during summers the organic compo- nent is relatively very small ( Svendsen et al . 2002 ) . \u003cb\u003eSediment\u003c/b\u003e traps were used as the primary measure of \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e flux and consequent \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e of sedimen- tation from the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA92","page_number":"92","snippet_text":"... sediment from these traps was weighed and used to calculate \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e per unit time . A Coulter LS - 200 laser particle size analyser was used for particle size measurements . Annual \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e were linearly extrap\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSediment\u003c/b\u003e yields and erosion \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e calculated from grounding. OBS value 120 100 80 60 Kongsvegen r2 = 0.9844 40 20 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Satellite , aerial and time - lapse imagery ( Sund 2007 ) document the dynamic switching of sub\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e equates to a \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e yield of 1.40 × 103 tonnes km 2 a ̄1 , equivalent to 0.56 mm a bedrock denudation ( Table ... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e during winter , when calving is minimized and glacial flow results in net terminus advance ( e.g.\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e vary greatly both with distance from the Kronebreen upwelling and vertically through the water ... rates occurred in the bottom traps of these moorings . In order to quantify the volume of sediment being\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e for ST5a , the middle trap data are used . Using the methods outline above , the minimum annual \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e for sediment traps ST5a and ST4a , respectively , were 7.54 × 104 g m m - 2 a ̄1 ( 69.38 mm a ̄1 )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA97","page_number":"97","snippet_text":"... sediment concentrations for the Kongsvegen delta area Table 4. \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e measured from inner Kongsfjorden , July. - Collection depth ( m ) Number of samples Average concentration ( kg m ̄3 ) -3- Minimum concentration ( kg m\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e were calculated using data from bottom traps , except for ST5A where the middle trap data were used . \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e were calculated using dried sediment weights . Annual numbers were determined assuming a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... sediment concentrations and less variance in that parameter over time in the upper 12 m of water compared to ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e because of increased discharge . Sediment flux spatial variation The interplay and dynamics of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA100","page_number":"100","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e at ST4a indicate it is influenced by both sources ( Table 4 ) . Local and global sediment flux perspectives Daily sediment flux recorded as dry weights and accumulation thicknesses in this study are higher than those\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA101","page_number":"101","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e trap data collected farther from the ter- mini produce \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e accumulation \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e similar to the longer term averages of nearby studies . Due to their close glacier proximity , these yields are therefore very rare and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e produced by fluctuations in meltwater discharge , tides and marine productivity in an Alaskan fjord ... \u003cb\u003eRates\u003c/b\u003e of erosion and \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e evacuation by glaciers : a review of field data and their implications . Global and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e and fine particle size . According to Hedges \u0026amp; Keil ( 1995 ) , 45 % of OC accumulates in the coastal margin due to high \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e and adsorption of the more labile organic matter onto mineral surfaces . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA106","page_number":"106","snippet_text":"... Sediment trap A sediment trap was deployed at 10 m water depth near site LC1 and serviced monthly at the same time as the sediment sampling ( Loh et al . 2008c ) . \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e were determined from December 2001 to October 2002\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e . Accumulation rate Sediment accumulation rate ( ws , cm a ̄1 ) was calcu- lated from the formula : ws = r / [ ( 1 – ф ) ps ] S 1 -3 where r is \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e ( gcm ̄2a ̄1 ) , ¢ = 0.7 is sediment porosity and ps\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA108","page_number":"108","snippet_text":"... sediments ( except for LC1 ) are all based on tripli- cate measurements of a single sample ( Loh 2005 ) . \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e , fluxes and accumulation rates \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e . The monthly total sedimen- tation rates obtained from the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":"... rates -2 d ̄1 ) Note : The results in this table have been presented elsewhere ( Loh et al . 2008c ) . The OC , lignin and labile and refractory OM ( organic matter ) results in this table multiplied by the \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 11.11 and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA110","page_number":"110","snippet_text":"... rate * 0 × 10-3 0.11 0.28 0.39 0.11 % buried 100 89.91 65.43 79.47 79.25 % oxidized 0 10.09 34.57 20.53 20.75 LC1 ... rates . The OC \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e obtained in this study ( 0.67 g m -2 d ̄1 ) is higher than values obtained in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e of 0.14 g m ̄2 d ̄1 ( or 50 g m 1-2 a ̄1 ) given by Cronin \u0026amp; Tyler ( 1980 ) for the main basin of ... rate was determined in the upper basin which receives a higher input of materials from the river . There is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e ( 11.11 g m®2 d®1 and 4.42 g m 2 d ̄1 ) were used to determine ( i ) the sedimentary fluxes of OC , lignin and organic matter and ( ii ) sediment accumulation rates ( in terms of cma ̄1 ) for the upper and main\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA114","page_number":"114","snippet_text":"... sediments can cause some of the labile organic matter to be unavailable for oxidation by micro - organisms . Factors which facilitate OC accu- mulation include high \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e and adsorption of organic matter onto mineral\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA115","page_number":"115","snippet_text":"... rates in the upper basin of Loch Creran ranged from 11.8 to 27.8 mmol m ̄2 d ̄1 . Rates from LC2 to LC6 ranged from ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e ) ; the OC oxidation rates in LC3 , 5 and 6 are higher than the OC fluxes , how- ever\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e . The mean oxygen uptake \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e at LC5 ( 15.1 mmol m ̄2 d ̄1 ) as well as all other locations in this study are similar to those locations not located directly under the cages ( Nickell et al . 2003 ) . -2 1 Loch Creran and its\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... sediment porosity = 0.7 ; ps = density = 2.65 g cm 3 ; and r = \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e = 11.11 g / m2 / d = 0.41 g / cm2 / a . Where a = annum . Table A1 . \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e Date Weight of dry particle CARBON BUDGETS IN LOCH CRERAN 117."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e = 11.11 g / m2 / d . Experimental exploration of the stratigraphy of fjords fed by glaciofluvial. Table A1 . \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e Date Weight of dry particle Days \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e collected in the collecting tubes ( g )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA119","page_number":"119","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e across the loch ( from LC0 to LC5 : see Table 2 ) × total depositional area of the loch 2 = 0.26 g / m2 ... \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e of passage of TOC to the sea and found that the net flow of water from the loch is equal to the river flow\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e ( i.e. , LC2 , LC3 , LC5 ) = 24.08 × 106 kg / a × 0.12 mg / g = 2890 kg / a Calculations for the labile organic matter budget Mean River Creran flow \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e = 0.58 x 106 m3 / d - 1 Particulate concentration of River Creran water\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA121","page_number":"121","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e in marine \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e . Journal of Marine Research , 56 , 905-936 . ANSELL , A. D. 1974. \u003cb\u003eSedimentation\u003c/b\u003e of organic detritus in Lochs Etive and Creran , Argyll , Scotland . Marine Biology , 27 , 263-273 . BERNER , R. A. 1982. Burial\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA123","page_number":"123","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSediment\u003c/b\u003e fluxes , re - suspension and accumu- lation \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e at two wind - exposed coastal sites and in a sheltered bay . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science , 44 , 521-531 . MACKENZIE , F. T. , BEWERS , J. M. ET AL . 1991. Group report\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e . International Journal of Earth Science , 88 , 599-606 . SKOOG , D. A. , WEST , D. M. , HOLLER , F. J. ... \u003cb\u003eSedimentation\u003c/b\u003e and benthic mineraliz- ation of organic detritus in a Norwegian fjord . Marine Biology , 83 , 83-94\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e consistently cause rapid progradation of the rivermouth over tens of kilometres . Thick packages of ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e in an attempt to isolate the SL in m a.s.l. ( a ) mean sea - \u003cb\u003eSediments\u003c/b\u003e and depositional architecture\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e supply as long as it lingers in the fjordhead region . Timing of ice retreat from the fjordhead region ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e . Total uplift for each of the fjord locations has been derived from the detailed grids of topography and ice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e . Numerical modelling methodology Model description Sedflux 2.0 is a process - based forward model , which ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e , river erosion and generation of hypopycnal plumes upon entering the marine fjord basin . Sedflux\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"John Allen Howe. representing the potential escape of \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e This \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e distribution is kept constant over the ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e directly after degla- ciation and a short half - life of 1 ka , as derived from the ICE - 5G data . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e fill the locally overdeepened valley sections and the oldest marine \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e outcrop on the present ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e due to glacio - isostatic adjust- ments , which initially easily outpace eustatic sea - level rise . However\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e . ( c ) HUNTEC seismic profile at 110 m water depth from Baie des Chaleurs , Canada ( Syvitski 1992 ) ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e at the end of the simulation . All simulations show this reduction of deposited \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e thickness in deeper\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e with failure , turbidity current and debris flow processes active . Many slope failures occur and ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e for different fjords have a large range . Simulations with 25 % less or 25 % more uplift have been run , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e and sim- plify complex \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e supply signals to isolate the effects of sea - level change and ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e and the timing of deglaciation and uplift result in distinctly different fjord emergence curves and stra\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA141","page_number":"141","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRates\u003c/b\u003e of erosion and \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e evacuation by glaciers : a review of field data and their implications . Global and ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e using 2D- sedflux : application to the northern Adriatic Sea . Marine Geology , 234 , 233-243 , doi\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e concentrations and deposition \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e from satellite imagery based on the physics of plumes . Computers \u0026amp; Geosciences , 34 , 1198-1222 . PELTIER , W. R. 2002. Global glacial isostatic adjustment : paleogeodetic and space\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e input from snowmelt and glacier runoff in spring and summer . By contrast , the inlets on Vancouver ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e and critical thresholds , of climate change in timescales of human interest ( Chang et al . 2003 ; Hay et al\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... sediment traps and has the capability for interactive user controlled experiments . Real - time data over the ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e and seismic events related to tectonic activity ( Syvitski \u0026amp; Shaw 1995 ) . -1 Hundreds of small\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA155","page_number":"155","snippet_text":"... sediment record of Effingham Inlet is indicating that the natural climate system in the region experiences ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e , for example about 300 mm a ̄1 in Bute Inlet ( Syvitski \u0026amp; Shaw 1995 ) compared to about 2.5 mm\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA163","page_number":"163","snippet_text":"... sediment sources , fjords are characterized by high \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e so that they act as climate archives with high temporal resolution . Because sea ice is absent during the summers , fjords on Spitsbergen are of particular interest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA165","page_number":"165","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e . They were retrieved in 2002 , 2003 and 2006 ( Fig . 2b ; Table 1 ) . Both corers comprised a lead bomb of 1600 kg weight . Their core barrels were 6m ( GC ) and 12 m ( PC ) long , respectively . The inner diameter\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA180","page_number":"180","snippet_text":"... sediment creep . Lobate features on the northern slope of Tem- pelfjorden reflect mass - transport activity ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e ( cm ka ̄1 ) 3800 1700 1600. varves . 9-10 99.35 0.51 0.14 9-10 98.73 1.27 0.00 49-50 99.88 180 M\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"... with the black dots to the right of the lithological log indicates the occurrence of reddish - brown patches . ( For legend , see Fig . 9. ) Fig . 11. \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e . The rates for the. SEDIMENTATION SASSEN- AND TEMPELFJORDEN 181."},{"page_id":"PA182","page_number":"182","snippet_text":"John Allen Howe. Fig . 11. \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e . The rates for the cores JM02-982 - GC to JM02-988 - GC and JM02-977 - PC are based on radiocarbon dates . The value for core JM02-977 - PC shows the average \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e from the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA184","page_number":"184","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e from the overlying interval . -1 The \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e vary between 27 cm ka ̄1 in the outer parts of the study area and 3800 cm ka ̄1 in the vicinity of the present glacier front ( Fig . 11 ) . They increase in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e along the trans- ect ( compare with Fig . 12 ) . The high rates in the inner parts of the fjord mask the dead organisms by quickly removing them from the upper parts of the sediment column . On the other hand , low\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA207","page_number":"207","snippet_text":"... sediment core were used to improve the understanding of the Late Weichselian and Holocene glacier activity in ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e during the early and mid Holocene , Svendsen \u0026amp; Billefjorden is a tributary of Isfjorden , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA217","page_number":"217","snippet_text":"... sediment sources The dominating minerals in core JM97-943 - GC are illite / mica , ankerite / dolomite and ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e between the dates ( Fig . 7 ) . The basal till comprising unit 943 - A was deposited before c\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA225","page_number":"225","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e of \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e and commonly exceptional \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e of isostatic uplift ( Syvitski \u0026amp; Shaw 1995 ; Hampton et al . 1996 ) . These factors make them ideal environments for all kinds of \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e deformation , either due to gravitational\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA247","page_number":"247","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e ( LSR , Bruns \u0026amp; Hass 1999 ) and to construct an age model ( Fig . 3 ) . The core spans the past 1750 years with an average linear sedi- mentation rate of 0.74 cm a ̄1 ( range is between 0.34 and 1.70 cm a ̄1 )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA248","page_number":"248","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e v . year AD of cores PS 69 / 335-1 and 2 according to 210Pb dating method ( see also Fig . 4 ) ... rates are calculated between AD 1967 and AD 1982 ( 17 and 32 a AP ) ( 0.017 cm a ̄1 ) , AD 1996 and AD 2005 ( 46\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA257","page_number":"257","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esediments\u003c/b\u003e from the tributary fjords entering Maxwell Bay , namely Potter and Marian coves and Collins Harbor . We ... \u003cb\u003erate\u003c/b\u003e of supply of unsupported 210 Pb to the \u003cb\u003esediment\u003c/b\u003e . Catena , 5 , 1–8 . ATKINSON , A. , SIEGEL , V. , PAKHOMOV\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA261","page_number":"261","snippet_text":"... sediments and negligible tidal activity . Modern \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e in the deepest part of the fjord are exceptionally high , of the order 0.7– 1.4 cm a ̄1 ( Filipsson \u0026amp; Nordberg 2004 ) . The fjord acts as a large sediment trap\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA263","page_number":"263","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e for GA113 2A is 0.7 cm a ̄1 ( Filipsson \u0026amp; Nordberg 2004 ) and the core represents the time between 1999 and approximately 1915 . The age model for core GA113 2A was estab- lished by a combination of 210Pb methodology\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA271","page_number":"271","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e are 0.85 , 0.75 and 0.45 cm a ̄1 , respectively . Sediment slices are taken of 0.3-0.5 cm ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e of 0.5-1.0 cm a ̄1 ( Paetzel \u0026amp; Schrader 1991 ) . These fjord sediments provide the opportunity to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA273","page_number":"273","snippet_text":"... sediment anoxia in the Inner Barsnesfjord ( Paetzel \u0026amp; Schrader 1991 ; Dale \u0026amp; Hovgaard 1993 ) . Similarly , seasonal ... \u003cb\u003eSedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e were determined for the 1988 cores BC - 74-2 ( Outer Barsnesfjord ) and BC - 74-6 ( Inner\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA278","page_number":"278","snippet_text":"... sediments . Both sets of sediment correlate well with each other , taking the compaction of the 2007 sediments into account . This correlation is used to transfer \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e gained during the 1988 research ( Paetzel \u0026amp; Schrader\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA282","page_number":"282","snippet_text":"... sediment depths . -1 The clay content has been transferred from a depth graph into a time graph using the location 1 averaged \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e of 0.85 cm a ̄1 . The time graph is added to the precipitation graph as a dashed red line\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA291","page_number":"291","snippet_text":"... sediment density and \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e . Grains larger than 500 μm are regarded as IRD . For faunal diversity , the Walton ( 1964 ) diversity index was used . It is a count of the number of species that constitutes 95 % of a fauna . A\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA293","page_number":"293","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e Unit A ( 515-475 cm ) was deposited during c . 12-11.5 ka BP ( Fig . 3 ) . It consists of dark ... rates between the dated levels . The average \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e is 114 cm ka ̄1 before 10 ka BP and 32 cm ka ̄1\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA299","page_number":"299","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e recorded in the basin , par- ticularly from 11.5-10 ka BP , might be related to the deposition of winnowed material from the flanks of the trough ( Vorren et al . 1983 ) . The decline in \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e at c . 10\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA307","page_number":"307","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e mean that over much of the Scottish coastline , the Blairdrummond Shoreline is at a higher level than the ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e ( Pantin 1991 ) . The shelf break itself demarcates the maximum limit of the last ( Devensian )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA311","page_number":"311","snippet_text":"... sediment cover is generally thinner and coarser ( Pearson 1970 ; Gage 1972b ; Green 1995 ; Howe et al . 2002 ) . -1 Little information is available on modern \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e . Syvitski and Shaw ( 1995 ) des- cribe accumulation rates\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA313","page_number":"313","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e ( 7 mm a ̄1 ) reported by Shim- mield ( 1993 ) that a high - resolution deglacial and Holocene record might be preserved in the sediments of the inner fjord . This is confirmed by the subsequent studies of Howe et al\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA322","page_number":"322","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e . However , the authors attribute this to high glaciofluvial inputs in the early Holocene and suggest that contemporary \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e are probably low in the Ainort basin . It is likely that total Holocene \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e elsewhere is also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA351","page_number":"351","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e in the sea of the Hebrides . Nature , 248 , 751-754 . BLUNDELL , A. \u0026amp; BARBER , K. 2005. A 2800 - year ... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation . Nature , 342 , 637-642 . FEBO , L. A. 1999\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA351\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA367","page_number":"367","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e that they might correspond to the Little Ice Age c . 600 cal a BP . The approach to palaeolandscape reconstruction described in this paper , based on a combination of seismic profiles , sediment and pollen analysis\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA368","page_number":"368","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erates\u003c/b\u003e of vegetational change at two sites in the British Isles . Review of Palaeobotanic . and Palynology , 85 , 263-287 . BINNS , P. E. , HARLAND , R. \u0026amp; HUGHES , M. J. 1974a . Glacial and post glacial \u003cb\u003esedimentation\u003c/b\u003e in the sea of the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA368\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA371","page_number":"371","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 278-279 results discussed 282-283 box model 285-286 cosmic influence 285 northern hemisphere influence 284-285 regional influence 284 bathymetry , Kongsfjorden 94 10Be in marine sediments 285 Bellsund ( Svalbard )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA371\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA372","page_number":"372","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 108-109 results discussed flow rate 113 overall budget 113-114 particulates 113 \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 110-113 summary bioturbation 116 carbon cycling 114-115 global significance 116-117 see also organic carbon carbon\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA372\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA373","page_number":"373","snippet_text":"... rates 117-119 budget labile OM 120 lignin 119-120 organic carbon 118-119 refractory OM 120–121 flow rate 118 organic carbon flux 117 \u003cb\u003esedimentation rate\u003c/b\u003e / flux 117 method of study 105-106 results flow rate 109 overall budget 109-110\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA373\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA374","page_number":"374","snippet_text":"... sediments 11 glaciomarine dynamics Kronebreen - Kongsvegen 95-99 , 99-101 Globobulimina spp . 175 Globulina ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 293 significance of results 295-297 Scottish lochs 314 , 317 , 322-323 methods of analysis 333\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA374\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA375","page_number":"375","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 293 significance of results 295-297 hydrographic survey methods 65 results 65-66 , 67 submarine ... sedimentation 92-94 retreat rate 92 sediment flux 95-99 water column stratification 94-95 results discussed\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA375\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PA378","page_number":"378","snippet_text":"... sediments 307-308 shelf morphology 307 Younger Dryas ice cap 309 see also Clyde Sea ; lochs Broom ; Creran ; Etive ... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e 278-279 results discussed 283 box model 285-286 cosmic influence 285 northern hemisphere\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PA378\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"},{"page_id":"PT2","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esedimentation rates\u003c/b\u003e potentially make fjords ideal depositional environments for preserving continuous records of climate and environmental change with high temporal resolution . Fjords are also referred to as miniature oceans providing\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rTOvGGUYNokC\u0026pg=PT2\u0026vq=sedimentation+rates"}],"search_query_escaped":"sedimentation rates"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>