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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Relative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mandarin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semitic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semitic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Semitic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semitic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semitic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semitic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akkadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Akkadian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slavic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Possessives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_express_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_express_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>To express negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_express_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_direct_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_direct_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Partial direct object</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_direct_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositional_constructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositional_constructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Prepositional constructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositional_constructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Albanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravidian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Dravidian languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dravidian_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dravidian languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genitive case</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitief" title="Genitief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genitief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="حالة إضافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة إضافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenitivo" title="Chenitivo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenitivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu_xenitivu" title="Casu xenitivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Casu xenitivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiy%C9%99lik_hal" title="Yiyəlik hal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yiyəlik hal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Родны склон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Родны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Родны склон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Родны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Родителен падеж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Родителен падеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivel_(Troad)" title="Genitivel (Troad) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Genitivel (Troad)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_genitiu" title="Cas genitiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas genitiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiiva" title="Genetiiva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Genetiiva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiw" title="Genitiw – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Genitiw" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omastav_k%C3%A4%C3%A4ne" title="Omastav kääne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Omastav kääne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_genitivo" title="Caso genitivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso genitivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivo" title="Genitivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genitivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitibo" title="Genitibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genitibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="حالت اضافه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت اضافه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nitif" title="Génitif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génitif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tuiseal_ginideach" title="An tuiseal ginideach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An tuiseal ginideach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenitivo" title="Xenitivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenitivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EA%B2%A9" title="속격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սեռական հոլով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեռական հոլով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiw" title="Genitiw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Genitiw" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivo" title="Genitivo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genitivo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivus" title="Genitivus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genitivus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eignarfall" title="Eignarfall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eignarfall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivo" title="Genitivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genitivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_g%C3%A9nitif" title="Kasus génitif – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasus génitif" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ნათესაობითი ბრუნვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნათესაობითი ბრუნვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodz%C3%B4cz" title="Rodzôcz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rodzôcz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhusika_milikishi" title="Uhusika milikishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhusika milikishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetivus" title="Genetivus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genetivus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2enit%C4%ABvs" title="Ģenitīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenitīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmininkas" title="Kilmininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilmininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitief" title="Genitief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Genitief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtokos_eset" title="Birtokos eset – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Birtokos eset" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Генитив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генитив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_genitif" title="Kasus genitif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kasus genitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causo_genitibo" title="Causo genitibo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Causo genitibo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitief" title="Genitief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genitief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitief" title="Genitief – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Genitief" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="属格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Доланиг дожар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Доланиг дожар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geenitiif" title="Geenitiif – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Geenitiif" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_genitivo" title="Caso genitivo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Caso genitivo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dope%C5%82niacz_(przypadek)" title="Dopełniacz (przypadek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dopełniacz (przypadek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_genitivo" title="Caso genitivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso genitivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazul_genitiv" title="Cazul genitiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cazul genitiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Родительный падеж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родительный падеж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_gjinore" title="Rasa gjinore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rasa gjinore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genitive case" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genit%C3%ADv" title="Genitív – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genitív" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodilnik" title="Rodilnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rodilnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Генитив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генитив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiivi" title="Genetiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Genetiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genitiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitif" title="Genitif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genitif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Хамаарыштырарының падежи – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хамаарыштырарының падежи" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Родовий відмінок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Родовий відмінок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivo" title="Genitivo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Genitivo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umas%C3%BCtlej%C3%A4_k%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%BCs" title="Umasütlejä käänüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Umasütlejä käänüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="属格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%AC%E6%A0%BC" title="屬格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屬格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="属格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146233#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For broader category, see <a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Genitive_case" title="Special:EditPage/Genitive case">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Genitive+case%22">"Genitive case"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Genitive+case%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Genitive+case%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Genitive+case%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Genitive+case%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Genitive+case%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri,_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad,_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg/170px-Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg/255px-Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg/340px-Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> inscription <i>Lugal Kiengi Kiuri</i> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵</span>, "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a>", on a seal of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> (r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2094</span>–2047 BCE). The final <i>ke<sub>4</sub></i> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒆤</span> is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (<a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>genitive case</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><b>gen</b></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> that marks a word, usually a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an <a href="/wiki/Attributive_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive noun">attributive</a> relationship of one noun to the other noun.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genitive can also serve purposes indicating other relationships. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> may feature <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">arguments</a> in the genitive case; and the genitive case may also have <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbial</a> uses (see <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">adverbial genitive</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">genitive construction</a> includes the genitive case, but is a broader category. Placing a modifying noun in the genitive case is one way of indicating that it is related to a <a href="/wiki/Head_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Head noun">head noun</a>, in a genitive construction. However, there are other ways to indicate a genitive construction. For example, many <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> place the head noun (rather than the modifying noun) in the <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a> grammatical constructions, including the possessive case, may be regarded as subsets of the genitive construction. For example, the genitive construction "pack of dogs” is similar, but not identical in meaning to the possessive case "dogs' pack" (and neither of these is entirely interchangeable with "dog pack", which is neither genitive nor possessive). <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> is an example of a language that has a possessive case rather than a <i>conventional</i> genitive case. That is, Modern English indicates a genitive construction with either the possessive <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> suffix "<a href="/wiki/Saxon_genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon genitive">-<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span></a>", or a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositional</a> genitive construction such as "x of y". However, some irregular English pronouns do have possessive forms which may more commonly be described as genitive (see <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">English possessive</a>). The names of the astronomical constellations have genitive forms which are used in star names, for example the star <a href="/wiki/Mintaka" title="Mintaka">Mintaka</a> in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> (genitive Orionis) is also known as Delta Orionis or 34 Orionis. </p><p>Many languages have a genitive case, including <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> except <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the language, specific varieties of genitive-noun–main-noun relationships may include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a> (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> case, <a href="/wiki/Possessed_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessed case">possessed case</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable possession</a> ("<i>Janet's</i> height", "<i>Janet's</i> existence", "<i>Janet's</i> long fingers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienable_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienable possession">alienable possession</a> ("<i>Janet's</i> jacket", "<i>Janet's</i> drink")</li> <li>relationship indicated by the noun being modified ("<i>Janet's</i> husband")</li></ul></li> <li>composition (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">Partitive</a>): <ul><li>substance ("a wheel <i>of cheese</i>")</li> <li>elements ("a group <i>of men</i>")</li> <li>source ("a portion <i>of the food</i>")</li></ul></li> <li>participation in an action: <ul><li>as an <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> ("She benefited from <i>her father's</i> love") – this is called the <i>subjective genitive</i> (Compare "Her father loved her", where <i>Her father</i> is the <i>subject</i>.)</li> <li>as a <a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">patient</a> ("the love <i>of music</i>")  – this is called the <i>objective genitive</i> (Compare "She loves music", where <i>music</i> is the <i>object</i>.)</li></ul></li> <li>origin ("men <i>of Rome</i>")</li> <li>reference ("the capital <i>of the Republic</i>" <b>or</b> "<i>the Republic's</i> capital")</li> <li>description ("man <i>of honour</i>", "day <i>of reckoning</i>")</li> <li>compounds ("<i>dooms</i>day" ("doom's day"), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> "<i>ball coise</i>" = "football", where "<i>coise</i>" = gen. of "<i>cas</i>", "foot")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apposition#Appositive_genitive" title="Apposition">apposition</a> (the city of Rome)</li></ul> <p>Depending on the language, some of the relationships mentioned above have their own distinct cases different from the genitive. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">Possessive pronouns</a> are distinct pronouns, found in Indo-European languages such as English, that function like pronouns inflected in the genitive. They are considered separate pronouns if contrasting to languages where pronouns are regularly inflected in the genitive. For example, English <i>my</i> is either a separate <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive adjective</a> or an irregular genitive of <i>I</i>, while in Finnish, for example, <i>minun</i> is regularly <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinated</a> from <i>minu-</i> "I" and <i>-n</i> (genitive). </p><p>In some languages, nouns in the genitive case also <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> in case with the nouns they modify (that is, it is marked for two cases). This phenomenon is called <a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">suffixaufnahme</a>. </p><p>In some languages, nouns in the genitive case may be found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inclusio_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inclusio (linguistics) (page does not exist)">inclusio</a> – that is, between the main noun's <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> and the noun itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">English possessive</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a> had a genitive case, which has left its mark in modern English in the form of the possessive ending '<i>s</i> (now sometimes referred to as the "Saxon genitive"), as well as possessive adjective forms such as <i>his</i>, <i>their</i>, etc., and in certain words derived from <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">adverbial genitives</a> such as <i>once</i> and <i>afterwards</i>. (Other Old English case markers have generally disappeared completely.) The modern English possessive forms are not normally considered to represent a grammatical case, although they are sometimes referred to as genitives or as belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">possessive case</a>. One of the reasons that the status of <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s</i> as a case ending is often rejected is that it does not behave as such, but rather as a clitic marking that indicates that a dependency relationship exists between phrases. One can say <i>the King's war</i>, but also <i>the King of France's war</i>, where the genitive marker is attached to the full noun phrase <i>the King of France</i>, whereas case markers are normally attached to the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> of a phrase. In languages having a true genitive case, such as Old English, this example may be expressed as <i>þes cynges wyrre of France</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally "the King's war of France", with the <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s</i> attaching to <i>the King</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnic_genitives_and_accusatives">Finnic genitives and accusatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finnic genitives and accusatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, etc.) have genitive cases. </p><p>In Finnish, prototypically the genitive is marked with <i>-n</i>, e.g. <i>maa – maan</i> "country – of the country". The stem may change, however, with <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a> and other reasons. For example, in certain words ending in consonants, <i>-e-</i> is added, e.g. <i>mies – miehen</i> "man – of the man", and in some, but not all words ending in <i>-i</i>, the <i>-i</i> is changed to an <i>-e-</i>, to give <i>-en</i>, e.g. <i>lumi – lumen</i> "snow – of the snow". The genitive is used extensively, with animate and inanimate possessors. In addition to the genitive, there is also a <a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">partitive case</a> (marked <i>-ta/-tä</i> or <i>-a/-ä</i>) used for expressing that something is a part of a larger mass, e.g. <i>joukko miehiä</i> "a group of men". </p><p>In Estonian, the genitive marker <i>-n</i> has elided with respect to Finnish. Thus, the genitive always ends with a vowel, and the singular genitive is sometimes (in a subset of words ending with a vocal in nominative) identical in form to nominative. </p><p>In Finnish, in addition to the uses mentioned above, there is a construct where the genitive is used to mark a surname. For example, <i>Juhani Virtanen</i> can be also expressed <i>Virtasen Juhani</i> ("Juhani of the Virtanens"). </p><p>A complication in Finnic languages is that the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> <i>-(e)n</i> is homophonic to the genitive case. This case does not indicate possession, but is a syntactic marker for the object, additionally indicating that the action is <a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">telic</a> (completed). In <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, it is often said that only a "genitive" exists. However, the cases have completely different functions, and the form of the accusative has developed from *<i>-(e)m</i>. (The same sound change has developed into a synchronic mutation of a final <i>m</i> into <i>n</i> in Finnish, e.g. genitive <i>sydämen</i> vs. nominative <i>sydän</i>.) This homophony has exceptions in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, where a separate accusative <i>-(e)t</i> is found in pronouns, e.g. <i>kenet</i> "who (telic object)", vs. <i>kenen</i> "whose". </p><p>A difference is also observed in some of the related <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sámi languages</a>, where the pronouns and the plural of nouns in the genitive and accusative are easily distinguishable from each other, e.g., <i>kuä'cǩǩmi</i> "eagles' (genitive plural)" and <i>kuä'cǩǩmid</i> "eagles (accusative plural)" in <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Sami</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German">German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Genitive_case" title="Special:EditPage/Genitive case">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive singular definite article for masculine and neuter nouns is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des</i></span>, while the feminine and plural definite article is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span>. The indefinite articles are <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">eines</i></span> for masculine and neuter nouns, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">einer</i></span> for feminine and plural nouns (although the bare form cannot be used in the plural, it manifests in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">keiner</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">meiner</i></span>, etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singular masculine and neuter nouns of the strong declension in the genitive case are marked with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-(e)s</i></span>. Generally, one-syllable nouns favour the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-es</i></span> ending, and it is obligatory with nouns ending with a sibilant such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">s</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">z</i></span>. Otherwise, a simple <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-s</i></span> ending is usual. Feminine and plural nouns remain uninflected: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Beitrag<b>s</b></i></span> (of the contribution) – masculine</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Blume</i></span> (of the flower) – feminine</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Land<b>es</b></i></span> (of the country) – neuter</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Bäume</i></span> (of the trees) – plural</li></ul> <p>Singular masculine nouns (and one neuter noun) of the weak declension are marked with an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-(e)n</i></span> (or rarely <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-(e)ns</i></span>) ending in the genitive case: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Rabe<b>n</b></i></span> (of the raven) – masculine</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Herz<b>ens</b></i></span> (of the heart) – neuter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The declension of adjectives in the genitive case is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Masculine & Neuter </th> <th>Feminine & Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>With article </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-en</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>With no article </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-er</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive personal pronouns are quite rare and either very formal, literary or outdated. They are as follows (with comparison to the nominative pronouns): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominative </th> <th>Genitive </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich</i></span> (I) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">meiner</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">du</i></span> (you sg.) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">deiner</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">er</i></span> (he) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">seiner</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">es</i></span> (it) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wir</i></span> (we) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">unser</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ihr</i></span> (you pl.) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">euer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sie</i></span> (you formal sg./pl.) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ihrer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sie</i></span> (she/they) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ihrer</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würden Sie statt <b>meiner</b> gehen?</i></span> (Would you go instead <i>of me</i>?)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wir sind <b>ihrer</b> nicht würdig</i></span> (We are not worthy <i>of her/them</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich werde <b>euer</b> gedenken</i></span> (I will commemorate <i>you</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative_pronouns">Relative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the personal ones, the genitive relative pronouns are in regular use and are as follows (with comparison to the nominative relative pronouns): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Nominative </th> <th>Genitive </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dessen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feminine & Plural </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">deren</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kennst du den Schüler, <b>dessen</b> Mutter eine Hexe ist?</i></span> (Do you know the student <i>whose</i> mother is a witch?) – masculine</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sie ist die Frau, <b>deren</b> Mann Rennfahrer ist</i></span> (She is the woman <i>whose</i> husband is a racer) – feminine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns_2">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case is often used to show possession or the relation between nouns: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">die Farbe</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Himmels</i></span> (the colour <i>of the</i> <i>sky</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Deutschland liegt im Herzen</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Europas</i></span> (Germany lies in the heart <i>of Europe</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">der Tod</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">seiner Frau</i></span> (the death <i>of his wife</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">die Entwicklung</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dieser Länder</i></span> (the development <i>of these countries</i>)</li></ul> <p>A simple <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">s</i></span> is added to the end of a name: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Claudias</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Buch</span></span> (<i>Claudia's</i> book)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case is also commonly found after certain prepositions: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">innerhalb</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">eines Tages</i></span> (within <i>a day</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">statt</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hemdes</i></span> (instead <i>of the shirt</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">während</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">unserer</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Abwesenheit</i></span> (during <i>our absence</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">jenseits</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Berge</i></span> (beyond <i>the mountains</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives_2">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case can sometimes be found in connection with certain adjectives: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Wir sind uns</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dessen</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">bewusst</span></span> (We are aware <i>of that</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Er ist</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Diebstahls</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">schuldig</span></span> (He is guilty <i>of theft</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Das Kind ist</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Ruhe</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">bedürftig</span></span> (The child is in need <i>of calmness</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Ich werde</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dieses Lebens</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">überdrüssig</span></span> (I am growing weary <i>of this life</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case is occasionally found in connection with certain verbs (some of which require an accusative before the genitive); they are mostly either formal or legal: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Die Stadt erfreut sich</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">eines günstigen Klimas</i></span> (The city enjoys <i>a favourable climate</i>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Gedenken Sie</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Toten</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">des Krieges</span></span> (Remember <i>those who died</i> in (the) war)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Wer klagte ihn</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Mordes</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">an?</span></span> (Who accused him <i>of murder</i>?)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Man verdächtigt euch</span></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des Betrugs</i></span> (Someone suspects you <i>of (committing) fraud</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek">Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative case</a> of Indo-European was absorbed into the genitive in Classical Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This added to the usages of the "genitive proper", the usages of the "ablatival genitive". The genitive occurs with verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. See also <a href="/wiki/Genitive_absolute" title="Genitive absolute">Genitive absolute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> genitive is constructed using the suffix <i>-é</i>. </p> <ul><li><i>madár</i> ('bird'); <i>madáré</i> ('bird's')</li></ul> <p>The genitive <i>-é</i> suffix is only used with the predicate of a sentence: it serves the role of mine, yours, hers, etc. The possessed object is left in the nominative case. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>A csőr a madáré</i> ('The beak is the bird's').</li></ul> <p>If the possessor is not the predicate of the sentence, the genitive is not used. Instead, the possessive suffixes (<i>-(j)e</i> or <i>-(j)a</i> in the third person singular, depending on <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>) mark the possessed object. The possessor is left in the nominative if it directly precedes the possessed object (otherwise it takes a dative <i>-nak/-nek</i> suffix). For example: </p> <ul><li><i>csőr</i> ('beak'); <i>csőre</i> ('its beak')</li> <li><i>a madár csőre</i>/<i>csőre a madárnak</i> ('the bird's beak')</li></ul> <p>In addition, the suffix <i>-i</i> ('of') is also used. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>madár</i> ('bird'); <i>madári</i> ('avian', 'of bird(s)')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese">Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> construes the genitive by using the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particle</a> <i>no</i> の. It can be used to show a number of relationships to the head noun. For example: </p> <dl><dd>猫の手 <i>neko-no te</i> ("cat's paw")</dd> <dd>学生の一人 <i>gakusei-no hitori</i> ("one of the students)</dd> <dd>金の指輪 <i>kin-no yubiwa</i> ("a ring of gold")</dd> <dd>京都のどこ <i>Kyouto-no doko</i> ("where of (in) Kyoto")</dd> <dd>富士の山 <i>Fuji-no yama</i> ("the mountain of Fuji" [Mt. Fuji])</dd></dl> <p>The archaic genitive case particle <i>-ga</i> ～が is still retained in certain expressions, place names, and dialects. Possessive <i>ga</i> can also be written as a <a href="/wiki/Small_ke" title="Small ke">small ke</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ヶ</span></span>), for example in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kasumigaoka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">霞ヶ丘</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, languages have nominative case nouns converting into genitive case. It has been found, however, that the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai dialect</a> of Japanese will in rare cases allow accusative case to convert to genitive, if specific conditions are met in the clause in which the conversion appears. This is referred to as "Accusative-Genitive conversion."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin">Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive is one of the cases of nouns and pronouns in <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a>. Latin genitives still have certain modern scientific uses: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Scientific names</a> of living things sometimes contain genitives, as in the plant name <i><a href="/wiki/Buddleja_davidii" title="Buddleja davidii">Buddleja davidii</a></i>, meaning "David's buddleia". Here <i>davidii</i> is the genitive of <i>Davidius</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinized</a> version of the Hebrew name. It is not capitalized because it is the second part of a binomial name.</li> <li>Names of astronomical constellations are Latin, and the genitives of their names are used in naming objects in those constellations, as in the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a> of stars. For example, the brightest star in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a> is called <i>Alpha Virginis</i>, which is to say "Alpha of Virgo", as <i>virginis</i> is the genitive of <i>virgō</i>. Plural forms and adjectives also decline accordingly: plural <i>Alpha Piscium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a>) and <i>Alpha Canum Venaticorum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Canes_Venatici" title="Canes Venatici">Canes Venatici</a>) versus singular <i>Alpha Piscis Austrini</i> (<a href="/wiki/Piscis_Austrinus" title="Piscis Austrinus">Piscis Austrinus</a>) and <i>Alpha Canis Majoris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Canis_Major" title="Canis Major">Canis Major</a>). Astronomy manuals often list the genitive forms, as some are easy to get wrong even with a basic knowledge of Latin, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vela_(constellation)" title="Vela (constellation)">Vela</a>, which is a neuter plural not a feminine singular: <i>Delta Velorum</i> not *<i>Delta Velae</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">Modus operandi</a></i>, which can be translated to English as "mode of operation", in which <i>operandi</i> is a singular genitive <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> (i.e. "of operation"), not a plural of <i>operandus</i> as is sometimes mistakenly assumed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish">Irish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Misleading plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may have misleading content</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit">clarify the content</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> also uses a genitive case (<i>tuiseal ginideach</i>). For example, in the phrase <i>bean an tí</i> (woman of the house), <i>tí</i> is the genitive case of <i>teach</i>, meaning "house". Another example is <i>barr an chnoic</i>, "top of the hill", where <i>cnoc</i> means "hill", but is changed to <i>chnoic</i>, which also incorporates <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandarin">Mandarin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mandarin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, the genitive case is made by use of the particle 的 (de).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">我</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wǒ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>的</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>de</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">猫</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">māo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">[<span lang="zh-Hant">我的貓</span>]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">我 <b>的</b> 猫</p><p style="display: none;">wǒ <b>de</b> māo</p><p style="clear: left;">my cat</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, about persons in relation to oneself, 的 is often dropped when the context allows for it to be easily understood. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">我</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wǒ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>的</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>de</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">妈妈</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">māmā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">→</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">我</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wǒ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">妈妈</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">māmā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">[<span lang="zh-Hant">我媽媽</span>]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">我 <b>的</b> 妈妈 → 我妈妈</p><p style="display: none;">wǒ <b>de</b> māmā {} wǒ māmā</p><p style="clear: left;">both mean "my mother"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian">Persian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> had a true genitive case inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, the genitive case had been lost and replaced by an analytical construction which is now called <a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a>. This construction was inherited by <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>, and was also later borrowed into numerous other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Languages">Iranic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Languages">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> languages of Western and South Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Semitic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genitive case marking existed in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a>. It indicated possession, and it is preserved today only in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akkadian">Akkadian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Akkadian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Nominative: <i>šarrum</i> (king)</dd> <dd>Genitive: <i>aššat šarrim</i> (wife of king = king's wife)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Called المجرور <i>al-majrūr</i> (meaning "dragged") or المخفوض <i>al-makhfūḍ</i> (meaning "lowered") in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, the genitive case functions both as an indication of ownership (ex. the door <b>of the house</b>) and for nouns following a preposition. </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: ٌبيت <i>baytun</i> (a house)</dd> <dd>Genitive: ٍبابُ بيت <i>bābu baytin</i> (door of a house) ِبابُ البيت <i>bābu l-bayti</i> (door of the house)</dd></dl> <p>The Arabic genitive marking also appears after prepositions. </p> <dl><dd>e.g. ٍبابٌ لبيت <i>bābun li-baytin</i> (a door <b>for</b> a house)</dd></dl> <p>The Semitic genitive should not be confused with the pronominal possessive suffixes that exist in all the Semitic languages </p> <dl><dd>e.g. Arabic بيتي <i>bayt-ī</i> (my house) َكتابُك <i>kitābu-ka</i> (your [masc.] book).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavic_languages">Slavic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slavic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the exception of Bulgarian and Macedonian, all <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> decline the nouns and adjectives in accordance with the genitive case using a variety of endings depending on the word's <a href="/wiki/Word_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Word class">lexical category</a>, its gender, number (singular or plural) and in some cases meaning. For instance, in Russian <a href="/wiki/Broutona" title="Broutona">Broutona</a> (lit. <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Broughton" title="William Robert Broughton">Broughton</a>'s) island name, its genitive/possessive case is created by adding <i>a</i> <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> to the explorer's name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessives">Possessives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Possessives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To indicate possession the ending of the noun indicating the possessor changes depending on the word's ending in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>. For example, to <i>a, u, i</i>, or <i>y</i> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <i>а, я, ы</i>, or <i>и</i> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <i>а, я, y, ю, і, и</i> or <i>ей</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and similar cases in other Slavic languages. </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Anton" / (rus.) "Вот Антон" / (ukr.) "Ось Антон" ("Here is Anton").</dd> <dd>Genitive: (pol.) "Oto obiad Anton<b>а</b>" / (rus.) "Вот обед Антон<b>а</b>" / (ukr.) "Ось oбід Антон<b>а</b>" ("Here is Anton's lunch").</dd></dl> <p>Possessives can also be formed by the construction (pol.) "u [subject] jest [object]" / (rus.) "У [subject] есть [object]"/ (ukr.) "у(в) [subject] є [object]" </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Anton" / (rus.) "Вот Антон" / (ukr.) "Ось Антон" ("Here is Anton").</dd> <dd>Genitive: (pol.) "u Anton<b>а</b> jest obiad / (rus.) "У Антон<b>а</b> есть обед" / (ukr.) "У(В) Антон<b>а</b> є обід" ("Anton has a lunch", literally: "(There) is a lunch at Anton's").</dd></dl> <p>In sentences where the possessor includes an associated pronoun, the pronoun also changes: </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: (pol.) Oto mój brat / (rus.) "Вот мой брат"/ (ukr.) "От мій брат" ("Here is my brother").</dd> <dd>Genitive: (pol.) "u moj<b>ego</b> brat<b>а</b> jest obiad / (rus.) "У мо<b>его</b> брат<b>а</b> есть обед" / (ukr.) "У мо<b>го</b> брат<b>а</b> є обід" ("My brother has a lunch", literally: "(There) is a lunch at my_brother's").</dd></dl> <p>And in sentences denoting negative possession, the ending of the object noun also changes: </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Irena/Kornelia" / (rus.) "Вот Ирена/Корнелия" / (ukr.) "От Ірена/Корнелія" ("Here is Irene/Kornelia").</dd> <dd>Genitive: (pol.) "Irena/Kornelia nie ma obiad<b>u</b> ("Irene/Kornelia does not have a lunch") or (pol.) "u Iren<b>y</b>/Korneli<b>i</b> nie ma obiad<b>u</b> ("(There) is no lunch at Irene's/Kornelia's")</dd></dl> <p>The Polish phrase "nie ma [object]" can work both as a negation of having [object] or a negation of an existence of [object], but the meaning of the two sentences and its structure is different. (In the first case [subject] is Irene, and in the second case [subject] is virtual, it is "the space" at Irene's place, not Irene herself) </p> <dl><dd>Genitive: (rus.) "У Ирен<b>ы</b>/Корнели<b>и</b> нет обед<b>а</b>" ("Irene/Kornelia does not have a lunch", literally: "(There) is no lunch at Irene's/Kornelia's").</dd></dl> <p>The Russian word "нет" is a contraction of "не" + "есть". In Russian there is no distinction between [subject] not having an [object] and [object] not being present at [subject]'s. </p> <dl><dd>Genitive: (ukr.) "Ірена/Корнелія не має обід<b>у</b> ("Irene does not have a lunch") or (ukr.) "y Ірен<b>и</b>/Корнелі<b>ї</b> нема(є) обід<b>у</b> ("At Irene's does not have a lunch")</dd></dl> <p>Note the difference between the spelling "не має [object]" and "нема(є) [object]" in both cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_express_negation">To express negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: To express negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case is also used in sentences expressing negation, even when no possessive relationship is involved. The ending of the subject noun changes just as it does in possessive sentences. The genitive, in this sense, can only be used to negate nominative, accusative and genitive sentences, and not other cases. </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: (pol.) "(Czy) Maria jest w domu?" / (rus.) "Мария дома?" / (Чи) Марія (є) вдома? ("Is Maria at home?").</dd> <dd>Genitive: (pol.) "Mari<b>i</b> nie ma w domu" ("Maria is not at home", literally: "[virtual subject] has no Maria at home")</dd> <dd>Genitive: (rus.) "Мари<b>и</b> нет дома" ("Maria is not at home", literally: "Of Maria there is none at home.").</dd> <dd>Genitive: (ukr.) "Марі<b>ї</b> нема(є) вдома" ("Maria is not at home", literally: "[virtual subject] has no Maria at home.")</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Accusative: (pol.) "Mogę rozczytać twoje pismo" / (rus.) Могу (про)читать твой почерк / (ukr.) Можу (про)читати твій почерк ("I can read your handwriting")</dd> <dd>Genitive: (pol.) "Nie mogę rozczytać twoj<b>ego</b> pism<b>a</b>" / (rus.) "Не могу (про)читать тво<b>его</b> почерк<b>а</b>" / (ukr.) "Не можу (про)читати тво<b>го</b> почерк<b>у</b>" ("I can't read your handwriting")</dd></dl> <p>Use of genitive for negation is obligatory in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>. Some East Slavic languages ( e.g. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>) employ either the accusative or genitive for negation, although the genitive is more commonly used. In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>, negating with the genitive case is perceived as rather archaic and the accusative is preferred, but genitive negation in these languages is still not uncommon, especially in music and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_direct_object">Partial direct object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Partial direct object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case is used with some verbs and <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass nouns</a> to indicate that the action covers only a part of the direct object (having a function of non-existing partitive case), whereas similar constructions using the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative case</a> denote full coverage. Compare the sentences: </p> <dl><dd>Genitive: (pol.) "Napiłem się wod<b>y</b>" / (rus.) "Я напился вод<b>ы</b>" / (ukr.) "Я напився вод<b>и</b>" ("I drank water," i.e. "I drank some water, part of the water available")</dd> <dd>Accusative: (pol.) "Wypiłem wod<b>ę</b>" / (rus.) "Я выпил вод<b>у</b> / (ukr.) "Я випив вод<b>у</b> ("I drank <b>the</b> water," i.e. "I drank all the water, all the water in question")</dd></dl> <p>In Russian, special <a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">partitive case</a> or sub-case is observed for some uncountable nouns which in some contexts have preferred alternative form on -у/ю instead of standard genitive on -а/я: выпил ча<b>ю</b> ('drank some tea'), but сорта ча<b>я</b> ('sorts of tea'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositional_constructions">Prepositional constructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Prepositional constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive case is also used in many prepositional constructions. (Usually when some movement or change of state is involved, and when describing the source / destination of the movement. Sometimes also when describing the manner of acting.) </p> <ul><li>Czech prepositions using genitive case: od (from), z, ze (from), do (into), bez (without), kromě (excepting), místo (instead of), podle (after, according to), podél (along), okolo (around), u (near, by), vedle (beside), během (during), pomocí (using, by the help of), stran (as regards) etc.</li> <li>Polish prepositions using genitive case: od (from), z, ze (from), do, w (into), na (onto), bez (without), zamiast (instead of), wedle (after, according to), wzdłuż (along), około (around), u (near, by), koło (beside), podczas (during), etc.</li> <li>Russian prepositions using genitive case: от (from), с, со (from), до (before, up to), без (without), кроме (excepting), вместо (instead of), после (after), вдоль (along), около (around), у (near, by), во время (during), насчёт (regarding), etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish">Turkish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> genitive, formed with a genitive suffix for the possessor, is used in combination with a possessive for the possessed entity, formed with a <a href="/wiki/Possessive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive suffix">possessive suffix</a>. For example, in "my mother's mother", the possessor is "my mother", and the possessed entity is "[her] mother". In Turkish: </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: <i>anne</i> ("mother");</dd> <dd>First-person possessive: <i>annem</i> ("my mother");</dd> <dd>Third-person possessive: <i>annesi</i> ("[someone]'s mother");</dd> <dd>Genitive of <i>annem</i>: <i>annemin</i> ("my mother's");</dd> <dd>Genitive and possessive combined: <i>annemin annesi</i> ("my mother's mother", i.e., "my maternal grandmother").</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Albanian">Albanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> is formed with the help of clitics. For example: </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: <i>libër</i> ('book'); <i>vajzë</i> ('girl');</dd> <dd>Genitive: <i>libri i vajzës</i> (the girl's book)</dd></dl> <p>If the possessed object is masculine, the clitic is <i>i</i>. If the possessed object is feminine, the clitic is <i>e</i>. If the possessed object is plural, the clitic is <i>e</i> regardless of the gender. </p><p>The genitive is used with some prepositions: <i>me anë</i> ('by means of'), <i>nga ana</i> ('on behalf of', 'from the side of'), <i>për arsye</i> ('due to'), <i>për shkak</i> ('because of'), <i>me përjashtim</i> ('with the exception of'), <i>në vend</i> ('instead of'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armenian">Armenian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive in Armenian is generally formed by adding "-ի": </p><p>Nominative: աղջիկ ('girl'); գիրք ('book'); </p><p>Genitive: աղջիկի գիրքը ("the girl's book"). </p><p>However, there are certain words that are not formed this way. For example, words with ուն change to ան: </p><p>Nominative: տուն ('house'), Genitive: տան ("house's"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dravidian_languages">Dravidian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dravidian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannada">Kannada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kannada, the genitive case-endings are: </p><p>for masculine or feminine nouns ending in "ಅ" (a): ನ (na) </p> <ul><li>Examples: <i>sūrya-na</i> ('of the sun')</li></ul> <p>for neuter nouns ending in "ಅ" (a): ದ (da) </p> <ul><li>Examples: <i>mara-da</i> ('of the tree')</li></ul> <p>for all nouns ending in "ಇ" (i), "ಈ" (ī), "ಎ" (e), or "ಏ" (ē): ಅ (a) </p> <ul><li>Examples: <i>mane-y-a</i> ('of the house'; a linking "y" is added between the stem and the suffix)</li></ul> <p>for all nouns ending in "ಉ" (u), "ಊ" (ū), "ಋ" (r̥), or "ೠ" (r̥̄): ಇನ (ina) </p> <ul><li>Examples; <i>guru-v-ina</i> ('of the teacher'; a linking "v" is added between the stem and the suffix)</li></ul> <p>Most postpositions in Kannada take the genitive case.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil">Tamil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tamil, the genitive case ending is the word உடைய or இன், which signifies possession. Depending on the last letter of the noun, the genitive case endings may vary. </p><p>If the last letter is a consonant (மெய் எழுத்து), like க், ங், ச், ஞ், ட், ண், த், ந், ப், ம், ய், ர், ல், வ், ழ், then the suffix உடைய/இன் gets added. *Examples: His: அவன் + உடைய = அவனுடைய, Doctor's: மருத்துவர் + உடைய = மருத்துவருடைய, மருத்துவர் + இன் = மருத்துவரின் Kumar's: குமார் + உடைய = குமாருடைய, குமார்+ இன் = குமாரின் </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">Possessive case</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdzard2003" class="citation book cs1">Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Sumerian Grammar</i></a>. BRILL. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0340-1"><bdi>978-90-474-0340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Grammar&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0340-1&rft.aulast=Edzard&rft.aufirst=Dietz+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOx5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php">Glossing Rules</a>. Department of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. Leipzig.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary.com, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Thorpe1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Benjamin Thorpe</a>, ed. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PXStRMJiDMC&dq=%22%E2%88%9A%C3%A6es+cynges+wyrre+of+France%22&pg=PA372"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i></a>. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores. Vol. 23. Longman and Co. p. 372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.series=Rerum+Britannicarum+Medii+Aevi+Scriptores&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Longman+and+Co.&rft.date=1861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PXStRMJiDMC%26dq%3D%2522%25E2%2588%259A%25C3%25A6es%2Bcynges%2Bwyrre%2Bof%2BFrance%2522%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Weir_Smyth1956" class="citation book cs1">Herbert Weir Smyth (1956). <i>Greek Grammar</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Herbert+Weir+Smyth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span>, page 313 and elsewhere</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/small-ke.html">"What is the small katakana ke in 霞ヶ丘 and 一ヶ月?"</a>. <i>sci.lang.japan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sci.lang.japan&rft.atitle=What+is+the+small+katakana+ke+in+%E9%9C%9E%E3%83%B6%E4%B8%98+and+%E4%B8%80%E3%83%B6%E6%9C%88%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sljfaq.org%2Fafaq%2Fsmall-ke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin'yaHiroyuki_Una2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shin'ya, Asano; Hiroyuki Una (February 2010). "Mood and Case: with special reference to genitive Case conversion in Kansai Japanese". <i>Journal of East Asian Linguistics</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10831-009-9055-y">10.1007/s10831-009-9055-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123519063">123519063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Mood+and+Case%3A+with+special+reference+to+genitive+Case+conversion+in+Kansai+Japanese.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10831-009-9055-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123519063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shin%27ya&rft.aufirst=Asano&rft.au=Hiroyuki+Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2014" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Yong (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-14331-6_44">"Generalized Case Theory and the Argument-Omission Structure in Mandarin Chinese"</a>. <i>Chinese Lexical Semantics</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8922. pp. <span class="nowrap">441–</span>447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-14331-6_44">10.1007/978-3-319-14331-6_44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14330-9"><bdi>978-3-319-14330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generalized+Case+Theory+and+the+Argument-Omission+Structure+in+Mandarin+Chinese&rft.btitle=Chinese+Lexical+Semantics&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-14331-6_44&rft.isbn=978-3-319-14330-9&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-14331-6_44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlga_Kagan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Olga Kagan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/11298/1/salt_17_kagan.pdf">"Property-Denoting NPs and Non-Canonical Genitive Case"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 17th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference</i>. CLC Publications, Cornell University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719195031/http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/11298/1/salt_17_kagan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+17th+Semantics+and+Linguistic+Theory+Conference&rft.atitle=Property-Denoting+NPs+and+Non-Canonical+Genitive+Case&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Olga+Kagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1813%2F11298%2F1%2Fsalt_17_kagan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridhar2007" class="citation book cs1">Sridhar, S. N. (2007). <i>Modern Kannada Grammar</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173047671" title="Special:BookSources/9788173047671"><bdi>9788173047671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Kannada+Grammar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788173047671&rft.aulast=Sridhar&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Fred (2018). <i>Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0"><bdi>978-1-138-82104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+-+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82104-0&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnhava2015" class="citation web cs1">Anhava, Jaakko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242">"Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars"</a>. <i>journal.fi</i>. Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journal.fi&rft.atitle=Criteria+For+Case+Forms+in+Finnish+and+Hungarian+Grammars&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Anhava&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F52392%2F16242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenitive+case" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive_case&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genitive_case" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:genitive case">genitive case</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genitive" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:genitive">genitive</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsched.com/Grammar/Lessons/0205genitive.php">German genitive case</a> A lesson covering the genitive case in the German language</li> <li>Russian genitive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326035743/http://www.russian-plus.com/Cases/genitive-case.html">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.russianlessons.net/grammar/nouns_genative.php">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226014532/http://www.learnrussian.net/learn-russian-genitive-case.html">[3]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabic.tripod.com/GenitiveConstruction.htm">Genitive Case In Arabic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative 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