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<!doctype html><html><head><title>محقق Google</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="Y8J1_s45IeTudoUMT5t7AB5kel7unVEK-WjxXG4nPkQ"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.co.in/"><meta name="description" content="Google Scholar روشی ساده برای جستجوی گسترده در میان متون پژوهشی ارائه می‌دهد. در طیف گسترده‌ای از رشته‌ها و منابع جستجو کنید: مقاله‌ها، پایان‌نامه‌ها، کتاب‌ها، چکیده‌ها، و نظرهای 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button:last-child{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">در حال بارکردن…</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">سیستم در حال حاضر قادر به انجام عملکرد نیست. بعداً دوباره امتحان کنید.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_asd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_asd-t" data-ifc="gs_asd_q" data-wfc="gs_asd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_asd-x" role="button" aria-label="لغو" data-mdx="gs_asd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_asd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">جستجوی پیشرفته</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_asd_psb" aria-label="جستجو" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_asd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_asd{width:80%;max-width:552px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_asd_tr{clear:both;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr:first-child{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_asd_dt{float:right;width:190px;padding:6px 2px 2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dt{float:none;width:auto;padding:0 0 4px 0;}.gs_asd_dd{margin-right:194px;padding:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dd{margin-right:0;padding:0;}.gs_asd_yri .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd input,.gs_el_ph #gs_asd label{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}.gs_asd_occtr{padding:5px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_occtr{padding:0;}</style><form id="gs_asd_frm" class="gs_scl" action="/scholar"><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt" id="gs_asd_dt_t"><b>مقالات را پیدا کنید</b></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_q">با<b>همه</b> کلمات</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_q" value="" id="gs_asd_q" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_epq">با <b>عبارت دقیق</b></label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_epq" value="" id="gs_asd_epq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_oq">با <b>حداقل یکی</b> از کلمات</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_oq" value="" id="gs_asd_oq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_eq"><b>بدون</b> کلمات</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_eq" value="" id="gs_asd_eq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_occt">جایی که کلمات من قرار دارند</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="any" id="gs_asd_occt_a" checked><label for="gs_asd_occt_a">هر جا در مقاله</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="title" id="gs_asd_occt_t"><label for="gs_asd_occt_t">در عنوان مقاله</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_sau">بازگرداندن مقاله‌های <b>نوشته شده</b> توسط</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_sauthors" value="" id="gs_asd_sau" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>به‌عنوان مثال، <i>"PJ Hayes"</i> یا <i>مک کارتی</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_pub">بازگرداندن مقاله‌های <b>منتشر شده</b> در</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_publication" value="" id="gs_asd_pub" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>به‌عنوان مثال، <i>J Biol Chem</i> یا <i>Nature</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_ylo">بازگرداندن مقاله‌های <b>مورخ</b> بین</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_yri"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_asd_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div> — <div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" id="gs_asd_yhi" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div>به‌عنوان مثال، <i>1996</i></div></div></div><input type=hidden name="hl" value="fa"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"></form></div></div></div><div data-h="367" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_albl-d-t" data-wfc="gs_md_albl-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_albl-d-x" role="button" aria-label="لغو" data-mdx="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_albl-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">در «کتابخانه من» ذخیره شد</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_md_albl-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"></div><div class="gs_md_ftr"><div class="gs_lbl_btns"><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_apl" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">تمام</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_trash" class=" gs_btn_olact gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">حذف مقاله</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="گزینه‌ها" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=fa&as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="صفحهٔ اصلی"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=fa" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">نمایه من</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=fa&as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">کتابخانه من</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=fa" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">هشدارها</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=fa" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">معیارها</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hp_drw_adv" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnADV gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">جستجوی پیشرفته</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?sciifh=1&hl=fa&as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">تنظیمات</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=fa&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/%3Fhl%3Dfa%26as_sdt%3D0,5" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">ورود</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=fa&as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="صفحهٔ اصلی"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_hpl"><a href="/citations?hl=fa" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">نمایه من</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=fa&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_mylib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">کتابخانه من</span></a></div><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><div id="gs_hdr_hp_lgow"><img id="gs_hdr_hp_lgo" src="/intl/fa/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_64dp.png" srcset="/intl/fa/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_64dp.png 1.5x"></div><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/scholar"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="fa"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="q" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="جستجو"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="جستجو" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=fa&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/%3Fhl%3Dfa%26as_sdt%3D0,5">ورود</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;right:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:right;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;right:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 -8px 0 8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_hp_main"><div id="gs_hp_data" style="display:none" data-nrla="-1"></div><form id="gs_hp_frm" action="javascript:void(0)" role="presentation"></form><div><style>#gs_hp_ra{margin:26px auto 48px auto;max-width:579px;text-align:right;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hp_ra{margin:14px auto 48px auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hp_ra{margin:26px auto;}</style><div id="gs_hp_ra"></div><div><div id="gs_hp_giants" class="gs_grn gs_med">ایستادن بر شانه غول</div></div></div><noscript><div style="margin:1em 0"><div class="gs_wrn gs_alrt"><div>متأسفیم، وقتی جاوااسکریپت غیرفعال است، ممکن است برخی از ویژگی‌ها کار نکنند.</div><div>لطفاً برای کسب بهترین تجربه در مرورگر خود <a href="//support.google.com/answer/23852">جاوااسکریپت را فعال کنید</a>.</div></div></div></noscript></div><iframe src="//scholar.google.com/gen_nid" style="display:none"></iframe></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><style>#gs_lp{margin:0 8px;padding:12px 8px;}#gs_lp .gs_ico{right:auto;top:9px;}#gs_lp .gs_lbl{color:#666;}#gs_lp .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_lp_d{bottom:100%;position:absolute;top:auto;transition:all 0s;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_lp_d .gs_md_ulr{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;bottom:0;box-shadow:2px -2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);position:absolute;width:100%;}#gs_lp_d .gs_md_ul{width:20%;}#gs_lp_d .gs_md_li{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;padding:8px 24px 8px 0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d{height:100%;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-index:1200;right:0;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_lp_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_lbl{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;color:#666;font-size:20px;font-weight:normal;line-height:24px;padding:16px 24px 16px 0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d .gs_md_ul{display:block;width:100%;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d .gs_md_li{padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:16px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_lp_shd{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_lp_shd.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_md_s.gs_lp_shd{display:none;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d{background:#fff;box-shadow:-2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;overflow-y:scroll;transform:translate(100%,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;width:300px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;visibility:visible;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_lp_bb{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-top:-1px;}</style><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_lp" role="button" aria-controls="gs_lp_d" class="gs_btnPBL gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">FA</span></a><div id="gs_lp_d" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="gs_lp_lbl" data-shd="gs_lp_shd" data-ifc="gs_lp_cur" data-wfc="gs_lp_d" data-cfc="gs_lp" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div class="gs_md_ul_tb gs_md_ulr"><h3 id="gs_lp_lbl">زبان‌ها</h3><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li gs_sel" id="gs_lp_cur" aria-selected="true" role="menuitem" href="javascript:void(0)">ﻑﺍﺮﺳی</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=en"><span dir=ltr>English</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li gs_lp_bb" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=zh-CN"><span dir=ltr>中文 (简体)</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=ar">ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=ca"><span dir=ltr>Català</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=cs"><span dir=ltr>Čeština</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=da"><span dir=ltr>Dansk</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=de"><span dir=ltr>Deutsch</span>‏</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=es"><span dir=ltr>Español</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=tl"><span dir=ltr>Filipino</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=fr"><span dir=ltr>Français</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=hr"><span dir=ltr>Hrvatski</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=id"><span dir=ltr>Indonesia</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=it"><span dir=ltr>Italiano</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=lv"><span dir=ltr>Latviešu</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=lt"><span dir=ltr>Lietuvių</span>‏</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=hu"><span dir=ltr>Magyar</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=nl"><span dir=ltr>Nederlands</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=no"><span dir=ltr>Norsk</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=pl"><span dir=ltr>Polski</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=pt-BR"><span dir=ltr>Português (Brasil)</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=pt-PT"><span dir=ltr>Português (Portugal)</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=ro"><span dir=ltr>Română</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=sk"><span dir=ltr>Slovenčina</span>‏</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=sl"><span dir=ltr>Slovenščina</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=fi"><span dir=ltr>Suomi</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=sv"><span dir=ltr>Svenska</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=vi"><span dir=ltr>Tiếng Việt</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=tr"><span dir=ltr>Türkçe</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=el"><span dir=ltr>Ελληνικά</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=bg"><span dir=ltr>Български</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=ru"><span dir=ltr>Русский</span>‏</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=sr"><span dir=ltr>Српски</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=uk"><span dir=ltr>Українська</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=iw">עברית</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=hi"><span dir=ltr>हिन्दी</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=th"><span dir=ltr>ไทย</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=ko"><span dir=ltr>한국어</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=zh-TW"><span dir=ltr>中文 (繁體)</span>‏</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1EU6ucoOLmnU_nSDkQR2H98JOY&as_sdt=0,5&hl=ja"><span dir=ltr>日本語</span>‏</a></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/fa/policies/privacy/">حریم خصوصی</a><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/fa/policies/terms/">شرایط</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">راهنما</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/fa/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">درباره Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=fa" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">راهنمای جستجو</a></div></div></div></body></html>