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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Otto Kumm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ото Кум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ото Кум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85" title="اتو کوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتو کوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%EC%BF%B0" title="오토 쿰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토 쿰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אוטו קום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטו קום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوتو كوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتو كوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A0" title="オットー・クム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オットー・クム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC,_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Кумм, Отто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кумм, Отто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ото Кум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ото Кум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otto Kumm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC" title="Отто Кумм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отто Кумм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86" title="奥托·库姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥托·库姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Otto Kumm</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21,_Otto_Kumm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21%2C_Otto_Kumm.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21%2C_Otto_Kumm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21%2C_Otto_Kumm.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21%2C_Otto_Kumm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21%2C_Otto_Kumm.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Zschaeckel-195-21%2C_Otto_Kumm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1909-10-01</span>)</span>1 October 1909<br /><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-03-23)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><img alt="Schutzstaffel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1934–45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SS-Brigadef%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Brigadeführer">SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Prinz_Eugen" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Prinz Eugen">SS Division Prinz Eugen</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Leibstandarte" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Leibstandarte">SS Division Leibstandarte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Otto Kumm</b> (1 October 1909 – 23 March 2004) commanded two <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> divisions in the latter stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords</a>. At the post-war <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, the Waffen-SS – of which Kumm was a senior officer – was declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity. After the war, Kumm became one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a>, a lobby group and a revisionist organization of former Waffen-SS members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SS_career">SS career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: SS career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in 1909 into a family of a merchant in Hamburg, Kumm trained as a typesetter and worked at a newspaper. On 1 June 1934, Kumm joined the <a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">SS-<i>Verfügungstruppe</i></a> (SS Dispositional Troops) and on 1 July received his first training with the SS-Standarte "Germania" in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert199770_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockert199770-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumm commanded the Der Führer Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Das_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Das Reich">SS Division Das Reich</a> from July 1941 to April 1943. This regiment was nearly destroyed in the Soviet offensive of January 1942, when it was reduced to 35 men out of the 2,000 that had started the campaign in June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004168_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumm was a commander of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Prinz_Eugen" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Prinz Eugen">SS Division Prinz Eugen</a> from 30 January 1944 until 20 January 1945 and then was appointed the new division commander of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Leibstandarte" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Leibstandarte">SS Division Leibstandarte</a> (LSSAH) as of 15 February 1945, after the division's commander <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke" title="Wilhelm Mohnke">Wilhelm Mohnke</a> was wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200841_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200841-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the division commander, Kumm and the LSSAH took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a> (6 March 1945 – 16 March 1945), the last major German offensive launched during World War II. The Germans launched attacks in Hungary near the Lake Balaton area on the Eastern Front. Soviet intelligence identified large German tank formations in western Hungary and developed a successful counterattack strategy. After the failure of Operation Spring Awakening, <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army" title="6th Panzer Army">6th SS Panzer Army</a> and the LSSAH retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollinger1968199_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1968199-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Vienna fell to the Red Army in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Offensive">Vienna Offensive</a>, the bulk of the LSSAH division surrendered to U.S. forces in the <a href="/wiki/Steyr" title="Steyr">Steyr</a> area on 8 May 1945. Kumm was held at the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp#After_liberation" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau internment camp</a> administered by the US Army. Kumm avoided extradition to Yugoslavia to stand trial for war crimes by fleeing over the wall of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumm1995273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumm1995273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_within_HIAG">Activities within HIAG</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities within HIAG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299,_KZ-Mauthausen,_Himmlervisite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-299%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Otto Kumm (front row, left), <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> with other SS officers and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> leaders during a tour of <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp</a>, June 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Otto Kumm was "denazified" and became a businessman. Kumm was a founder and the first head of the Waffen-SS veterans' organization <a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a>, established in 1951 to lobby for the cause of the Waffen-SS historical rehabilitation and restoration of their rights to post-war pensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge198782_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge198782-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the organization's chairman and its first spokesperson, Kumm set the tone for the rhetoric that was reflected in its publications and public discourse. In 1952, Otto Kumm published an editorial in the in-house magazine <i>Wiking-Ruf</i> ("Viking Call") outlining the organization's grievances:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner1975278_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner1975278-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Even during the war, and especially after the war, infamous and lying propagandists have been able to make use of all the unfortunate events connected to the Third Reich and also with the SS to destroy and drag through the mud all of what was and is sacred to us. [...] Let us be clear about it: the [Allied] battle was directed not only against the authoritarian regime of the Third Reich, but, above all, against the resurgence of the strength of the German people.</p></blockquote> <p>At least through the 1970s, Kumm remained "the ever unreformed Nazi enthusiast" according to researcher Danny S. Parker, who was given access to the previously closed HIAG archives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2014215_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2014215-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perceived by the West German government to be a Nazi organization, HIAG was <a href="/wiki/HIAG#Dissolution" title="HIAG">disbanded</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda2014167_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda2014167-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumm died on 23 March 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Vorwärts, Prinz Eugen! Geschichte der 7. SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen"</i> ("Forward, Prinz Eugen! History of the 7th SS Volunteer Division Prinz Eugen"). (2007) Dresden, Germany: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winkelried_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winkelried Verlag (page does not exist)">Winkelried Verlag</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkelried-Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Winkelried-Verlag">de</a>]</span>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938392-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938392-13-3">978-3-938392-13-3</a>.</li> <li><i>7. SS-Gebirgs-Division "Prinz Eugen" im Bild</i> ("7th SS Mountain Division Prinz Eugen in Action"). (1983) Osnabrück, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munin-Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Munin-Verlag">de</a>]</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921242-54-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-921242-54-1">3-921242-54-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1939) 2nd Class (30 May 1940) & 1st Class (3 June 1940)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997428_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997428-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Cross" title="German Cross">German Cross</a> in Gold on 29 November 1941 as SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a></i> in the SS-Regiment "Der Führer"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatzwallScherzer2001262_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatzwallScherzer2001262-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves_and_Swords" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords</a> <ul><li>Knight's Cross on 16 February 1942 as SS-<i>Obersturmbannführer</i> and commander of SS-Regiment (motorized) "Der Führer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oak Leaves on 6 April 1943 as SS-<i>Obersturmbannführer</i> and commander SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Der Führer"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Swords on 17 March 1945 as SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a></i> of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 7. SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division "Prinz Eugen"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockert199770-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert199770_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockert1997">Stockert 1997</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004168-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004168_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlaherty2004">Flaherty 2004</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200841-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200841_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2008">Fischer 2008</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1968199-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollinger1968199_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDollinger1968">Dollinger 1968</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumm1995273-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumm1995273_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumm1995">Kumm 1995</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge198782-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge198782_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1987">Large 1987</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner1975278-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner1975278_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteiner1975">Steiner 1975</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2014215-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2014215_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2014">Parker 2014</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda2014167-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda2014167_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenda2014">Levenda 2014</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997428-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997428_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas 1997</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatzwallScherzer2001262-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatzwallScherzer2001262_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatzwallScherzer2001">Patzwall & Scherzer 2001</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007484_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherzer2007">Scherzer 2007</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kumm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berger, Florian (1999). <i>Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges</i> [<i>With Oak Leaves and Swords. The Highest Decorated Soldiers of the Second World War</i>] (in German). Vienna, Austria: Selbstverlag Florian Berger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9501307-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9501307-0-6"><bdi>978-3-9501307-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mit+Eichenlaub+und+Schwertern.+Die+h%C3%B6chstdekorierten+Soldaten+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=Selbstverlag+Florian+Berger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-9501307-0-6&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger1968" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, Hans (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/declinefallofnaz00doll"><i>The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan</i></a></span>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712594">712594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Nazi+Germany+and+Imperial+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712594&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeclinefallofnaz00doll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2008" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Thomas (2008). <i>Soldiers of the Leibstandarte</i>. Winnipeg: <a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921991-91-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921991-91-5"><bdi>978-0-921991-91-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+Leibstandarte&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=J.J.+Fedorowicz+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-921991-91-5&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Flaherty, T. H. (2004) [1988]. <i>The Third Reich: The SS</i>. Time-Life. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84447-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84447-073-3"><bdi>1-84447-073-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+The+SS&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84447-073-3&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumm1995" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumm, Otto</a> (1995). <i>Prinz Eugen: The history of the 7. SS-Mountain Division "Prinz Eugen"</i>. Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921991-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-921991-29-0"><bdi>0-921991-29-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prinz+Eugen%3A+The+history+of+the+7.+SS-Mountain+Division+%22Prinz+Eugen%22&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=J.J.+Fedorowicz+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-921991-29-0&rft.aulast=Kumm&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1987" class="citation journal cs1">Large, David C. (1987). "Reckoning without the Past: The HIAG of the Waffen-SS and the Politics of Rehabilitation in the Bonn Republic, 1950–1961". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>59</b> (1). University of Chicago Press: 79–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F243161">10.1086/243161</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1880378">1880378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144592069">144592069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Reckoning+without+the+Past%3A+The+HIAG+of+the+Waffen-SS+and+the+Politics+of+Rehabilitation+in+the+Bonn+Republic%2C+1950%E2%80%931961&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-113&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144592069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1880378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F243161&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenda2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Levenda" title="Peter Levenda">Levenda, Peter</a> (2014). <i>The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora: How it was Organized, How it was Funded, and Why it Remains a Threat to Global Security in the Age of Terrorism</i>. Ibis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892542109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892542109"><bdi>978-0892542109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+Legacy%3A+The+Nazi+Cult+in+Diaspora%3A+How+it+was+Organized%2C+How+it+was+Funded%2C+and+Why+it+Remains+a+Threat+to+Global+Security+in+the+Age+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Ibis+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0892542109&rft.aulast=Levenda&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2014" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Danny S. (2014). <i>Hitler's Warrior: The Life and Wars of SS Colonel Jochen Peiper</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306821547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306821547"><bdi>978-0306821547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Warrior%3A+The+Life+and+Wars+of+SS+Colonel+Jochen+Peiper&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0306821547&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatzwallScherzer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). <i>Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II</i> [<i>The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2</i>] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-45-8"><bdi>978-3-931533-45-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Deutsche+Kreuz+1941+%E2%80%93+1945+Geschichte+und+Inhaber+Band+II&rft.place=Norderstedt%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Verlag+Klaus+D.+Patzwall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-931533-45-8&rft.aulast=Patzwall&rft.aufirst=Klaus+D.&rft.au=Scherzer%2C+Veit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherzer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scherzer, Veit (2007). <i>Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives</i> [<i>The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives</i>] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2"><bdi>978-3-938845-17-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger+1939%E2%80%931945+Die+Inhaber+des+Ritterkreuzes+des+Eisernen+Kreuzes+1939+von+Heer%2C+Luftwaffe%2C+Kriegsmarine%2C+Waffen-SS%2C+Volkssturm+sowie+mit+Deutschland+verb%C3%BCndeter+Streitkr%C3%A4fte+nach+den+Unterlagen+des+Bundesarchives&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Scherzers+Militaer-Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-938845-17-2&rft.aulast=Scherzer&rft.aufirst=Veit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1975" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, John Michael (1975). <i>Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation Into Mass Destruction</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027976512" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027976512"><bdi>978-9027976512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Politics+and+Social+Change+in+National+Socialist+Germany%3A+A+Process+of+Escalation+Into+Mass+Destruction&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-9027976512&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockert1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stockert, Peter (1997). <i>Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 3</i> [<i>The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 3</i>] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-932915-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-932915-01-7"><bdi>978-3-932915-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Eichenlaubtr%C3%A4ger+1939%E2%80%931945+Band+3&rft.place=Bad+Friedrichshall%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Friedrichshaller+Rundblick&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-932915-01-7&rft.aulast=Stockert&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Franz (1997). <i>Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K</i> [<i>The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K</i>] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2299-6"><bdi>978-3-7648-2299-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Eichenlaubtr%C3%A4ger+1939%E2%80%931945+Band+1%3A+A%E2%80%93K&rft.place=Osnabr%C3%BCck%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Biblio-Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+Kumm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">SS-Brigadeführer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Reichsritter_von_Oberkamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Reichsritter von Oberkamp">Karl Reichsritter von Oberkamp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of <a href="/wiki/7th_SS_Volunteer_Mountain_Division_Prinz_Eugen" title="7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen">7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division <i>Prinz Eugen</i></a> </b><br />30 January 1944 – 20 January 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">SS-Brigadeführer <a href="/wiki/August_Schmidthuber" class="mw-redirect" title="August Schmidthuber">August Schmidthuber</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">SS-Brigadeführer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke" title="Wilhelm Mohnke">Wilhelm Mohnke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Division <i>Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</i></a> </b><br />6 February 1945 – 8 May 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444534405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1024565033.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otto_Kumm" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Otto Kumm">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img 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