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href="#Austria_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Austria (Holy Roman Empire)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria_(Holy_Roman_Empire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Red Terror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Reform War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cristero_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cristero_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Cristero War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cristero_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>State atheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certain_branches_of_Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certain_branches_of_Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Certain branches of Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certain_branches_of_Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-clericalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="العداء لرجال الدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العداء لرجال الدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismu" title="Anticlericalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anticlericalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizm" title="Antiklerikalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antiklerikalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиклерикализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антиклерикализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalisme" title="Anticlericalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anticlericalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismus" title="Antiklerikalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiklerikalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthglerigiaeth" title="Gwrthglerigiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthglerigiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismus" title="Antiklerikalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiklerikalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismo" title="Antiklerikalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antiklerikalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismo" title="Antiklerikalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antiklerikalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="روحانی‌ستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روحانی‌ستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticl%C3%A9ricalisme" title="Anticléricalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anticléricalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B5%90%EA%B6%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반교권주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반교권주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizam" title="Antiklerikalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antiklerikalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-rohaniwan" title="Anti-rohaniwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anti-rohaniwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антиклерикализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismus" title="Anticlericalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anticlericalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismus" title="Antiklerikalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antiklerikalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmas" title="Antiklerikalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antiklerikalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmus" title="Antiklerikalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antiklerikalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%81%96%E8%81%B7%E8%80%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反聖職者主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反聖職者主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizm" title="Antiklerikalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antiklerikalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyklerykalizm" title="Antyklerykalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyklerykalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalism" title="Anticlericalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anticlericalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиклерикализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmi" title="Antiklerikalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antiklerikalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-clericalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmus" title="Antiklerikalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antiklerikalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizem" title="Antiklerikalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antiklerikalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizam" title="Antiklerikalizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antiklerikalizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismi" title="Antiklerikalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiklerikalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalism" title="Antiklerikalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiklerikalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizm" title="Antiklerikalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antiklerikalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиклерикалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Opposition to religious authority</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Irreligion" title="Category:Irreligion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li>Anti-clericalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> Forms and variations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Relationship between atheism and religion</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">List of agnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">Agnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_humanists" title="List of secular humanists">Humanists</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_an_Atheist" title="Why I Am an Atheist">Why I Am an Atheist</a></i></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_irreligious_organizations" title="List of irreligious organizations">List of irreligious organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Response_Squad" title="Rational Response Squad">Rational Response Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Association_of_Atheists_and_Agnostics" title="Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics">Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Countries by irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li></ul> }}</div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Irreligion by country</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:160%;font-weight:normal; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Catholic priests in public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_state" title="Confessional state">Confessional state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Atheist state</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_by_country" title="Freedom of religion by country">Status by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Angola" title="Freedom of religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Benin" title="Freedom of religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Botswana" title="Freedom of religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Freedom of religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burundi" title="Freedom of religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cameroon" title="Freedom of religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Freedom of religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Freedom of religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Freedom of religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mauritania" title="Freedom of religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Morocco" title="Freedom of religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Africa" title="Freedom of religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan" title="Freedom of religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tanzania" title="Freedom of religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in North America by country">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in South America by country">South America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ecuador" title="Freedom of religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Guyana" title="Freedom of religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Panama" title="Freedom of religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Paraguay" title="Freedom of religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Asia_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Asia by country">Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Freedom of religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brunei" title="Freedom of religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Indonesia" title="Freedom of religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Laos" title="Freedom of religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Malaysia" title="Freedom of religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mongolia" title="Freedom of religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nepal" title="Freedom of religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Singapore" title="Freedom of religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Freedom of religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Taiwan" title="Freedom of religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Freedom of religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Thailand" title="Freedom of religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Vietnam" title="Freedom of religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Europe_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Europe by country">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Andorra" title="Freedom of religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belarus" title="Freedom of religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belgium" title="Freedom of religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Freedom of religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Croatia" title="Freedom of religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Hungary" title="Freedom of religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Italy" title="Freedom of religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freedom of religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Norway" title="Freedom of religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Romania" title="Freedom of religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Serbia" title="Freedom of religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovakia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovakia">Slovakia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovenia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East#Freedom_of_religion" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kuwait" title="Freedom of religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Lebanon" title="Freedom of religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oman" title="Freedom of religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Freedom of religion in the State of Palestine">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Qatar" title="Freedom of religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Syria" title="Freedom of religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Yemen" title="Freedom of religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oceania_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Oceania by country">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_laws_by_country" title="Female genital mutilation laws by country">Female genital mutilation laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">New religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_freedom" title="Template talk:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-clericalism</b> is opposition to <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">religious authority</a>, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> traditions has been opposed to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. Anti-clericalism is related to <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, which seeks to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separate the church from public and political life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have opposed clergy on the basis of moral corruption, institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Anti-clericalism became extremely violent during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, because revolutionaries claimed the church played a pivotal role in the systems of oppression which led to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many clerics were killed, and French revolutionary governments tried to put priests under the control of the state by making them employees. </p><p>Anti-clericalism appeared in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Europe">Catholic Europe</a> throughout the 19th century, in various forms, and later in Canada, Cuba, and Latin America. According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> several communist and post-communist states are current practitioners of political anti-clericalism, including <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Protestant Reformation, anti-clericalism resulted from opposition to the political and economic privileges of the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_2013_p._41_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand_2013_p._41-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poperob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/300px-Poperob.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/450px-Poperob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/600px-Poperob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>"Shall he be allowed to rule America?"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution">Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> was passed on July 12, 1790, requiring all clerics to swear allegiance to the French government and, by extension, to the increasingly anti-clerical <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a>. All but seven of the 160 bishops refused the oath, as did about half of the parish priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Joes-51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joes-51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persecution of the clergy and <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">of the faithful</a> was the first trigger of the rebellion; the second being conscription. Nonjuring priests were exiled or imprisoned and women on their way to Mass were beaten in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Joes-51_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joes-51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-clericalism during the French Revolution initially began with attacks on church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> could identify, since the Catholic Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. During a two-year period known as the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, the episodes of anti-clericalism grew more violent than Europe would see until the rise of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> in communist Eastern Europe. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the church; abolished the Catholic monarchy; nationalized church property; exiled 30,000 priests and killed hundreds more.<sup id="cite_ref-StoryChr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoryChr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which atheistical services were held.<sup id="cite_ref-HorneDavidson2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorneDavidson2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallet,_Frank_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallet,_Frank-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">campaign to dechristianize France</a>, in October 1793 the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoning from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason and the Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a> and France's first established <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state sponsored</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGowan2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fremont-Barnes2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all churches not devoted to these being closed.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April and May 1794, the government mandated the observance of a festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When anti-clericalism became a clear goal of French revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolutionaries">counter-revolutionaries</a> seeking to restore tradition and the Ancien Régime took up arms, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a> (1793 to 1796). Local people often resisted dechristianization and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> denounced the dechristianization campaign and tried to establish their own religion, without the superstitions of Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> took sides against the revolution in the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a> (1792–1797), <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (1796).<sup id="cite_ref-SandS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French troops imprisoned the Pope in 1797, and he died after six weeks of captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-SandS_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a change of heart, Napoleon then re-established the Catholic Church in France with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SandS_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and banned the Cult of the Supreme Being. Many anti-clerical policies continued. When Napoleonic armies entered a territory, monasteries were often sacked, and church property secularized.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Republic">Third Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further phase of anti-clericalism occurred in the context of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> and its dissensions with the Catholic Church. After the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a> the Catholic Church enjoyed preferential treatment from the French state (formally along with the Jewish, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> minority religions, but in practice with much more influence than those). During the 19th century, public schools employed primarily priests as teachers, and religion was taught in schools (teachers also lead the class to <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>). This changed during the 1880s as several anti-clerical international gatherings took place in Paris, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_de_la_libre_pens%C3%A9e" title="Fédération nationale de la libre pensée">Fédération nationale de la libre pensée</a>, a strongly anti-clerical society regrouping socialists, anarchists and liberals. In 1881–1882 <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a>'s government passed the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Jules Ferry laws</a>, establishing free education (1881) and excluded clerics and religious education from schools (1882). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/220px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/330px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/440px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Forcible closure of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Chartreuse" title="Grande Chartreuse">Grande Chartreuse</a> monastery in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1880 and 1882 <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> teaching monks were effectively exiled. This was not completed until 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A law of 7 July 1904 preventing religious congregations from teaching any longer, and the so-called <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">Law on the separation of the Churches and the State</a> of 1905, were enacted under the government of <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical-Socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Émile Combes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> was not subjected to these laws as it was part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> then. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Affaire_des_Fiches" class="mw-redirect" title="Affaire des Fiches">Affaire des Fiches</a></i> (1904-1905), it was discovered that the anti-clerical War Minister of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a> government, General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9" title="Louis André">Louis André</a>, was determining promotions based on the French <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism and Freemasonry">Masonic</a> Grand Orient's card index on public officials, detailing which were Catholic and who attended Mass, with a view to preventing their promotions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following their relocations, boarding schools of congregants were accused by some senators of trying to "recruit" French youth from abroad, supposedly placing the French Republic "in jeopardy".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Republicans</a>' anti-clericalism softened after the First World War as the Catholic right-wing began to accept the Republic and secularism, which aimed to prevent socialist parties. However, the issue of subsidized <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">private schools in France</a>, which are overwhelmingly Catholic but whose teachers draw pay from the state, remains a sensitive issue in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">French politics</a> and the <i>Fédération Nationale de la Libre-Pensée</i>, now commonly associated with the anti-clerical far-left, maintains its strongly anti-clerical stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"><span id="Austria_.28Holy_Roman_Empire.29"></span>Austria (Holy Roman Empire)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria (Holy Roman Empire)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> (emperor 1765–1790) opposed what he called "contemplative" religious institutions – reclusive Catholic institutions that he perceived as doing nothing positive for the community.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policy towards them is included in what is called <a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a>. </p><p>Joseph decreed that Austrian bishops could not communicate directly with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a>. More than 500 of 1,188 monasteries in Austro-Slav lands (and a hundred more in Hungary) were dissolved, and 60 million florins taken by the state. This wealth was used to create 1,700 new parishes and welfare institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkey200244_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkey200244-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The education of priests was taken from the Church as well. Joseph established six state-run "General Seminaries". In 1783, a Marriage Patent treated marriage as a civil contract rather than a religious institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerenger1990102_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger1990102-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic historians have claimed that there was an alliance between Joseph and anti-clerical Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/220px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/330px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/440px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>"Between Berlin and Rome", with Bismarck on the left and the Pope on the right. <i><a href="/wiki/Kladderadatsch" title="Kladderadatsch">Kladderadatsch</a></i>, 1875.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> (literally "culture struggle") refers to German policies in reducing the role and power of the Catholic Church in Prussia, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. </p><p>Bismarck accelerated the <i>Kulturkampf</i>, which did not extend to the other German states such as <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (where Catholics were in a majority). As one scholar put it, "the attack on the church included a series of Prussian, discriminatory laws that made Catholics feel understandably persecuted within a predominantly Protestant nation." <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> and other orders were expelled in the culmination of twenty years of anti-Jesuit and antimonastic hysteria.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871, the Catholic Church comprised 36.5% of the population of the German Empire, including millions of Germans in the west and South, as well as the vast majority of Poles. In this newly founded Empire, Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and Protestants (62% of the population) by reducing the political and social influence of the Catholic Church. </p><p>Priests and bishops who resisted the <i>Kulturkampf</i> were arrested or removed from their positions. By the height of anti-Catholic measures, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, a quarter of the parishes had no priest, half the monks and nuns had left Prussia, a third of the monasteries and convents were closed, 1800 parish priests were imprisoned or exiled, and thousands of laypeople were imprisoned for helping the priests.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kulturkampf backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force in the Centre party and revitalized Polish resistance. The <i>Kulturkampf</i> ended about 1880 with a new pope Leo XIII willing to negotiate with Bismarck. Bismarck broke with the Liberals over religion and over their opposition to tariffs; He won Centre party support on most of his conservative policy positions, especially his attacks against <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-clericalism in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is connected with reaction against the absolutism of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, overthrown in 1870. For a long time, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> required Catholics not to participate in the public life of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> that had invaded the Papal States to complete the unification of Italy, prompting the pope to declare himself a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">"prisoner" in the Vatican</a>. Some politicians that had played important roles in this process, such as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_conte_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour">Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour</a>, were known to be hostile to the temporal and political power of the Church. Throughout the history of Liberal Italy, relations between the Italian government and the Church remained acrimonious, and anti-clericals maintained a prominent position in the ideological and political debates of the era. Tensions eased between church and state in the 1890s and early 1900s as a result of both sides' mutual hostility toward the burgeoning Socialist movement. Initially also anticlerical, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> tempered such rhetoric to win support from Catholics and later as dictator, official hostility between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the Italian state was finally settled by Pope Pius XI and him: the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Accords">Lateran Accords</a> were finalised in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, anti-clericalism was embodied by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist</a> (PCI) and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist</a> (PSI) parties, in opposition to the Vatican-backed party <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC). Since the PSI joined DC-led coalition governments, the DC under <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> turned centre-left. In 1978, with support of the PSI, the DC-led coalition government legalized <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">abortion</a> despite strong opposition from the Catholic Church and DC conservative factions. </p><p>The revision of the Lateran treaties during the 1980s by the PSI <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a>, removed the status of "<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a>" of the Catholic Church, but still granted a series of provisions in favour of the Church, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">eight per thousand</a> law, the teaching of religion in schools, and other privileges. </p><p>In recent years, the Italian society has got increasingly secularized and many contest the intervention of the Catholic Church in Italian politics, usually through voting instructions to the faithful and to Catholic parliamentarians on the legislative and regulatory action of the State. For example, the positions of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Camillo Ruini</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Italian_fertility_laws_referendum" title="2005 Italian fertility laws referendum">2005 Italian fertility laws referendum</a> attracted criticism, and so did his opposition to a 2007 bill that would have provided <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Italy" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy">recognition of same-sex unions in Italy</a>. From the side of the Church, a right to express its opinions and a moral duty in guiding Christians on ethical questions is claimed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Your_Movement" title="Your Movement">Your Movement</a> is an anti-clerical party founded in 2011 by politician <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Palikot" title="Janusz Palikot">Janusz Palikot</a>. Palikot's Movement won 10% of the national vote at the <a href="/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Polish parliamentary election">2011 Polish parliamentary election</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">modern Polish</a> media anti-clericalism is/was promoted by magazine <a href="/wiki/Nie_(magazine)" title="Nie (magazine)">NIE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kotli%C5%84ski" title="Roman Kotliński">Roman Kotliński</a>'s newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakty_i_Mity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakty i Mity (page does not exist)">Fakty i Mity</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakty_i_Mity" class="extiw" title="pl:Fakty i Mity">pl</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fall of the Monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican revolution of 1910</a> led to another wave of anti-clerical activity. Most church property was put under State control, and the church was not allowed to inherit property. The revolution and the republic allegedly took a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation</a>, like that of the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Spanish Constitution of 1931</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Constitution of 1917">Mexican Constitution of 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the anti-clerical revolution, the bishops were driven from their dioceses, the property of clerics was seized by the state, wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> was banned, all minor <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a> were closed and all but five major seminaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A law of February 22, 1918, permitted only two seminaries in the country, but they had not been given their property back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">Religious orders</a> were expelled from the country, including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses (in 1917 some orders were permitted to form again).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdriányi1981612-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious oaths and church taxes were also abolished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1834_massacre_of_friars_in_Madrid" title="1834 massacre of friars in Madrid">1834 massacre of friars in Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical_riots_of_1835#Exclaustion_and_confiscation" title="Anti-clerical riots of 1835">Anti-clerical riots of 1835 § Exclaustion and confiscation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_confiscation" title="Spanish confiscation">Spanish confiscation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/220px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/330px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/440px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Anti-clerical cover of a magazine published in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> in <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first instance of anti-clerical violence due to political conflict in 19th-century Spain occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a> (Spanish Civil War of 1820–1823). During <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical_riots_of_1835" title="Anti-clerical riots of 1835">riots in Catalonia</a>, 20 clergymen were killed by members of the liberal movement in retaliation for the Church's siding with absolutist supporters of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a>. </p><p>In 1836 following the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Confiscations_of_Mendiz%C3%A1bal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal">Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Desamortización</i>) promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal" title="Juan Álvarez Mendizábal">Juan Álvarez Mendizábal</a>, prime minister of the new regime abolished the major Spanish Convents and Monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many years later the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> would distinguish himself by his inflammatory pieces of opinion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Terror">Red Terror</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Red Terror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> which came to power in Spain in 1931 was based on secular principles. In the first years some laws were passed secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> from the country. On <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> 1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a>. He asked the Catholics of Spain to fight with all legal means against the injustices. June 3, 1933, he issued the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a>, in which he described the expropriation of all Church buildings, episcopal residences, parish houses, seminaries and monasteries. </p><p>By law, they were now property of the Spanish State, to which the Church had to pay rent and taxes continuously in order to use these properties. "Thus the Catholic Church is compelled to pay taxes on what was violently taken from her".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious vestments, liturgical instruments, statues, pictures, vases, gems and other valuable objects were expropriated as well.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936–1939, Catholics largely supported Franco and the Nationalist forces. Anti-clerical assaults called the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a> by Nationalists, included sacking and burning monasteries and churches and killing 6,832 members of the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-cueva355_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cueva355-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This number comprises: </p> <ul><li>13 bishops (from the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbastro" title="Barbastro">Barbastro</a> <a href="/wiki/Segorbe" title="Segorbe">Segorbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> and the auxiliary of <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJedinRepgenDolan1999617_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinRepgenDolan1999617-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4,172 diocesan priests;</li> <li>2,364 monks and friars, among them 259 Clarentians, 226 <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, 204 <a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a>, 176 Brothers of Mary, 165 <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers</a>, 155 <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, 132 <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, and 114 <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>283 nuns, according to one source, some of whom were badly tortured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJedinRepgenDolan1999617_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinRepgenDolan1999617-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are accounts of Catholic faithful being forced to swallow rosary beads, thrown down mine shafts and priests being forced to dig their own graves before being buried alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961174_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961174-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church has <a href="/wiki/Canonize" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonize">canonized</a> several <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> hundreds more. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falangists</a> joining Francisco Franco's unified alliance of right-wing parties, the party exhibited anti-clerical tendencies, and saw the Catholic Church as an elite institution that presented an obstacle to the Falangist's full control the state. Despite this, the Falangists had not been involved in any <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">massacres of Catholics</a>, and it went on to support the Church as a result of their alliance to monarchists and other <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">nationalist movements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Law" title="Rizal Law">Rizal Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012" title="Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012">Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012</a></div> <p>Philippine anti-clericalism is rooted in the anti-clericalism of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a></i> class during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> and one of the most prominent of the Philippines' <a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">national heroes</a> held anti-clerical views until his eventual recantation before his <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">day of execution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meyer1971_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer1971-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-montes2018_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montes2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, the secret society that spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> after Rizal's execution, was also noted for its anti-clericalism.<sup id="cite_ref-lópez2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lópez2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Philippine independence <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">was recognized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Law" title="Rizal Law">inclusion</a> of Rizal's novels <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli me tangere</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i> in the country's <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">formal-education curricula</a> was strongly opposed by the domestic <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, the country's previous <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a>, has adopted a combative verbal stance toward the Church hierarchy and its <a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">staunchest supporters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tan2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, he blamed and cursed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> for the traffic congestion in the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">national capital</a>; he later apologized and clarified that it was the <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino III administration">government</a>'s fault and not the pope's.<sup id="cite_ref-gonzales2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzales2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, he predicted the Church's temporal demise in 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-acidre2020_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acidre2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duterte, however, has underscored that his animosity toward the Church was purely personal and warned the otherwise uninvolved public against taking unethical action against the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-corrales2019_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrales2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French Canada following the Conquest, much like in Ireland or Poland under foreign rule, the Catholic Church was the sole national institution not under the direct control of the British colonial government. It was also a major marker of social difference from the incoming Anglo-Protestant settlers. French Canadian identity was almost entirely centred around Catholicism, and to a much lesser extent the French language. However, there was a small anti-clerical movement in French Canada in the early nineteenth drawing inspiration from American and French liberal revolutions. This group was one current (but by no means the dominant) one in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a></span></span> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> of 1837. In the more democratic politics that followed the rebellions, the more radical and anti-clerical tendency eventually formed the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></span></span> in 1848. </p><p>At the same time in English Canada, a related phenomenon occurred where the primarily <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> (mostly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presbyterianism_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presbyterianism in Canada (page does not exist)">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodism in Canada (page does not exist)">Methodist</a>) <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reform movement</a> conflicted with an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> establishment. In Upper Canada, <a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Movement_(Upper_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)">The Reform Movement</a> began as protest against the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">"establishment"</a> of the Anglican church.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vastly different religious backgrounds of the Reformers and rouges was one of the factors which prevented them from working together well during the era of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-premiers of the Province of Canada (page does not exist)">two-party coalition government</a> in Canada (1840–1867). By 1861, however, the two groups fused to create a united Liberal block.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1867, this party added like-minded reformers from the Maritime provinces, but struggled to win power, especially in still strongly-Catholic Quebec. </p><p>Once <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> became party leader, however, the party dropped its anti-clerical stance and went on to dominate Canadian politics throughout most of the 20th century. Since that time, Liberal prime ministers have been overwhelmingly Catholic (St. Laurent, both Pierre and Justin Trudeau, Chrétien, Martin), but since the 1960s Liberals have again had a strained relationship with the Catholic church, and have increasingly parted with the Catholic church's teachings on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual morality">sexual morality</a>, as when Pierre Trudeau legalized homosexuality and streamlined divorce (as justice minister under Pearson), and Martin legalized same-sex marriage. </p><p>In Quebec itself, the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s broke the hold of the church on provincial politics. The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> embraced formerly taboo <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> ideas, and the state intervened in fields once dominated by the church, especially health and education, which were taken over by the provincial government. Quebec is now considered<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's most secular province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_River_Ganges_(Thomas_Nast_cartoon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/300px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/450px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/600px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>A famous 1876 editorial cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> which portrays bishops as <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> who are attacking <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians</figcaption></figure> <p>Although anti-clericalism is more often spoken of regarding the history or current politics of Latin countries where the Catholic Church was established and where the clergy had privileges, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Philip Jenkins</a> notes in his 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Anti-Catholicism" title="The New Anti-Catholicism">The New Anti-Catholicism</a></i> that the U.S., despite the lack of Catholic establishments, has always had anti-clericals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Latin_America" title="Anti-clericalism in Latin America">Anti-clericalism in Latin America</a></div> <p>Of the population of Latin America, about 71% acknowledge allegiance to the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, about 43% of the world's Catholics inhabit the 'Latin' countries of South, Central and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slowness to embrace religious freedom in Latin America is related to its colonial heritage and to its post-colonial history. The <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> cultures made substantial use of religious leaders to ideologically support governing authority and power. This pre-existing role of religion as ideological adjunct to the state in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> culture made it relatively easy for the Spanish conquistadors to replace native religious structures with those of a Catholicism that was closely linked to the Spanish throne.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-clericalism was a common feature of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> in Latin America. This anti-clericalism was often purportedly based on the idea that the clergy (especially the prelates who ran the administrative offices of the Church) were hindering social progress in areas such as public education and economic development. </p><p>Beginning in the 1820s, a succession of liberal regimes came to power in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of these liberal regimes sought to imitate the Spain of the 1830s (and revolutionary France of a half-century earlier) in expropriating the wealth of the Catholic Church, and in imitating the 18th-century benevolent despots in restricting or prohibiting the religious orders. As a result, a number of these liberal regimes expropriated Church property and tried to bring education, marriage and burial under secular authority. The confiscation of Church properties and changes in the scope of religious liberties (in general, increasing the rights of non-Catholics and non-observant Catholics, while licensing or prohibiting the orders) generally accompanied secularist and governmental reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman172_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman172-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a></div> <p>The Mexican Constitution of 1824 had required the Republic to prohibit the exercise of any religion other than the Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_War">Reform War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reform War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></div> <p>Starting in 1855, President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> issued decrees nationalizing church property, separating church and state, and suppressing religious orders. Church properties were confiscated and basic civil and political rights were denied to religious orders and the clergy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cristero_War">Cristero War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cristero War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></div> <p>More severe laws called <a href="/wiki/Calles_Law" title="Calles Law">Calles Law</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>, an armed peasant rebellion supported by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, against the Mexican government.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick264_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick264-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> of 1910, the new Mexican Constitution of 1917 contained further anti-clerical provisions. Article 3 called for secular education in the schools and prohibited the Church from engaging in primary education; Article 5 outlawed monastic orders; Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of churches; and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Article 130 deprived clergy members of basic political rights. Many of these laws were resisted, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero Rebellion</a> of 1927–1929. The suppression of the Church included the closing of many churches and the killing of priests. The persecution was most severe in Tabasco under the <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governor <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Garrido_Canabal" title="Tomás Garrido Canabal">Tomás Garrido Canabal</a>. </p><p>The church-supported armed rebellion only escalated the violence. US Diplomat <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Morrow" title="Dwight Morrow">Dwight Morrow</a> was brought in to mediate the conflict. But 1928 saw the assassination of President <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Obregón">Alvaro Obregón</a> by Catholic radical <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Le%C3%B3n_Toral" title="José de León Toral">José de León Toral</a>, gravely damaging the peace process. </p><p>The war had a profound effect on the Church. Between 1926 and 1934 at least 40 priests were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1926 and 1934, over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where 4,500 priests served the people before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that ten states were left without any priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cristero rebels committed their share of violence, which continued even after formal hostilities had ended. In some of the worst cases, public school teachers were tortured and murdered by the former Cristero rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-right_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-right-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fire_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is calculated that almost 300 rural teachers were murdered in this way between 1935 and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This issue was one of the bases for the lasting dispute between Conservatives, who represented primarily the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador#La_Sierra_(the_highlands)" title="Geography of Ecuador">Sierra</a> and the church, and the Liberals, who represented those of the Costa and anti-clericalism. Tensions came to a head in 1875 when the conservative President <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Gabriel García Moreno</a>, after being elected to his third term, was allegedly assassinated by anti-clerical Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_of_1876" title="Colombian Civil War of 1876">Colombian Civil War of 1876</a></div> <p>Colombia enacted anti-clerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84). </p><p><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a> refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> countryside between supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a>, a conflict which took place roughly from 1948 to 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the country, militants attacked churches, convents, and monasteries, killing priests and looking for arms, since the conspiracy theory maintained that the religious had guns, and this despite the fact that not a single serviceable weapon was located in the raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When their party came to power in 1930, anti-clerical Liberals pushed for legislation to end Church influence in public schools. These Liberals held that the Church and its intellectual backwardness were responsible for a lack of spiritual and material progress in Colombia. Liberal-controlled local, departmental and national governments ended contracts with religious communities who operated schools in government-owned buildings, and set up secular schools in their place. These actions were sometimes violent, and were met by a strong opposition from clerics, Conservatives, and even a good number of more moderate Liberals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">Argentine Constitution of 1853</a> provided that all Argentine presidents must be Catholic and stated that the duty of the Argentine congress was to convert the Indians to Catholicism. All of these provisions have been eliminated with the exception of the mandate to "sustain" Catholicism. </p><p>Liberal anti-clericalists of the 1880s established a new pattern of church-state relations in which the official constitutional status of the Church was preserved while the state assumed control of many functions formerly the province of the Church. Conservative Catholics, asserting their role as definers of national values and morality, responded in part by joining in the rightist religio-political movement known as Catholic Nationalism which formed successive opposition parties. This began a prolonged period of conflict between church and state that persisted until the 1940s when the Church enjoyed a restoration of its former status under the presidency of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a>. Perón claimed that Peronism was the "true embodiment of Catholic social teaching" – indeed, more the embodiment of Catholicism than the Catholic Church itself. </p><p>In 1954, Argentina saw extensive destruction of churches, denunciations of clergy and confiscation of Catholic schools as Perón attempted to extend state control over national institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman167_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman167-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The renewed rupture in church-state relations was completed when Perón was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a>. However, in 1955, he was overthrown by a military general who was a leading member of the Catholic Nationalist movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Venezuela, the government of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Antonio Guzmán Blanco</a> (in office from 1870 to 1877, from 1879 to 1884, and from 1886 to 1887) virtually crushed the institutional life of the church, even attempting to legalize the marriage of priests. These anti-clerical policies remained in force for decades afterward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuba, under the rule of atheist <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, succeeded in reducing the Church's ability to work by deporting the archbishop and 150 Spanish priests, by discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and by refusing to accept them as members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick266_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick266-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent flight of 300,000 people from the island also helped to diminish the Church there.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick266_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick266-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_atheism">State atheism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State atheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_state_atheism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/400px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/600px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/800px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">World map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F08080; color:black;"> </span> Countries that formerly practiced state atheism</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC143C; color:white;"> </span> Countries that currently practice state atheism</div> </div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War</a></div> <p>A number of countries have practiced <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>. Most of them, though not all, were <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, anti-clericalism was expressed through the state; in the first five years alone after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a>, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostling_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostling-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world">Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In various traditions of Islam, Muslims who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (<i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>) are ought to follow the instructions of an expert, i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a>, (with the exception of "matters of belief" or <i>usulu 'd-din</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-AI_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peter_139_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deference is known as <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> or "imitation” and is meant for experts in a broad range of matters. In practice this means asking a cleric trained in Islamic law for a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> or ‘legal opinion’ on the issue the Muslim is concerned about. This ties into the significance of local customs and practices, known as <a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">urf</a>, in the context of Sunni Islam, which does not have a formal clergy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, on the other hand, has had a doctrine of a centralized clergy in the <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">imamate</a>. Thus, by extension, the practice of taqlid has historically been more systematic. For example, as of the 19th century the Shia <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> taught believers to turn to the highest ranking clerics, known as "sources of <i>taqlid</i>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Marja%27_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marja' (Islamic law)">marja'</a> at-taqlid</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Momen-1985-143_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-1985-143-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Islamic Revolution</a> in Iran—the one Muslim country where Shia form an overwhelming majority—even more systematic power was given to clerics. Under the doctrine of rule by Islamic jurists, or <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">velayat-e faqih</a>, Islamic clerics must rule or Islam will whither away. A cleric is head of state in Iran, and clerics control many powerful governmental positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/220px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/330px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/440px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>Akhund Khurasani is known to be the greatest theorist of Usuli Shi'ism in modern times.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first democratic revolution of Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a>, the Shia Marja <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani" title="Muhammad Kazim Khurasani">Akhund Khurasani</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Tehrani" title="Mirza Husayn Tehrani">colleagues</a> theorized a model of religious <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secularity</a> in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In absence of the ideal ruler, that is <a href="/wiki/Imam_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam al-Mahdi">Imam al-Mahdi</a>, democracy was the best available option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considers opposition to constitutional democracy as hostility towards the twelfth Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared his full support for constitutional democracy and announced that objection to "foundations of constitutionalism" was un-Islamic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Akhund, "a rightful religion imposes conditions on the actions and behavior of human beings", which stem from either holy text or logical reasoning, and these constraints are essentially meant to prevent despotism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes that an Islamic system of governance can not be established without the infallible Imam leading it. Thus the clergy and modern scholars have concluded that a proper legislation can help reduce the state tyranny and maintain peace and security. He said:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان‌ کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق‌ العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور رسی‌ های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر می‌شود و دفع افسد و اقبح به فاسد و به قبیح واجب است.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p></blockquote> <blockquote><p> English: <span lang="en">"According to Shia doctrine, only the infallible Imam has the right to govern, to run the affairs of the people, to solve the problems of the Muslim society and to make important decisions. As it was in the time of the prophets or in the time of the caliphate of the commander of the faithful, and as it will be in the time of the reappearance and return of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>. If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil."</span></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Muhammad Kazim Khurasani</cite></div></blockquote><p>As "sanctioned by sacred law and religion", Akhund believes, a theocratic government can only be formed by the infallible Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agha_Bozorg_Tehrani" title="Agha Bozorg Tehrani">Aqa Buzurg Tehrani</a> also quoted Akhund Khurasani saying that if there was a possibility of establishment of a truly legitimate Islamic rule in any age, God must end <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation of the Imam of Age</a>. Hence, he refuted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist#Absolute_Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">absolute guardianship of jurist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, according to Akhund, Shia jurists must support the democratic reform. He prefers collective wisdom (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">عقل جمعی</span>) over individual opinions, and limits the role of jurist to provide religious guidance in personal affairs of a believer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defines democracy as a system of governance that enforces a set of "limitations and conditions" on the head of state and government employees so that they work within "boundaries that the laws and religion of every nation determines". Akhund believes that modern secular laws complement traditional religion. He asserts that both religious rulings and the laws outside the scope of religion confront "state despotism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutionalism is based on the idea of defending the "nation's inherent and natural liberties", and as absolute power corrupts, a democratic distribution of power would make it possible for the nation to live up to its full potential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Khan</a> proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> of the country. As part of his Westernization program, the traditional role of the ruling clergy was minimized; Islamic schools were secularized, women were forbidden to wear the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law was abolished, and men and women were desegregated in educational and religious environments. All this infuriated the ultraconservative clergy as a class. Rezā Khan's son and heir <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> continued such practices. They ultimately contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> of 1978–79, and the Shah's flight from his country. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> took power a month after the revolution, the Shah's anti-clerical measures were largely overturned, replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a> based on the principle of rule by Islamic jurists, <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">velayat-e faqih</a>, where clerics serve as heads of state and judges, veto legislation they consider un-Islamic and control who may run for president or parliament. However, by the late 1990s and 2000s, anti-clericalism was reported to be significant in the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Iran, although an Islamic state, imbued with religion and religious symbolism, is an increasingly anti-clerical country. In a sense it resembles some Catholic countries where religion is taken for granted, without public display, and with ambiguous feelings towards the clergy. Iranians tend to mock their mullahs, making mild jokes about them ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Demonstrators using slogans such as "The clerics live like kings while we live in poverty!" One report claims "Working-class Iranian lamented clerical wealth in the face of their own poverty," and "stories about Swiss bank accounts of leading clerics circulated on <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s rumor mill."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1998_East_Java_ninja_scare" title="1998 East Java ninja scare">1998 East Java ninja scare</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998, a witch hunt in <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a> against alleged sorcerers spiraled into widespread riots and violence. In addition to alleged sorcerers, Islamic clerics were also targeted and killed, <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> members were murdered by rioters.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Certain_branches_of_Freemasonry">Certain branches of Freemasonry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Certain branches of Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism and Freemasonry">Anticlericalism and Freemasonry</a></div> <p>According to the 1913 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> was historically viewed by the Catholic Church as being a principal source of anti-Clericalism<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – especially in, but not limited to,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically Catholic countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">Anti-Christianity</a></li> <li><a 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politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">Nonsectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Jesuits">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luke W. Galen. <i>The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies</i>. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeight" class="citation web cs1">Weight, Alexa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=his#:~:text=The%20French%20King%2C%20Louis%20XVI,the%20official%20religion%20of%20France.">"God and Revolution: Religion and Power from PreRevolutionary France to the Napoleonic Empire"</a>. <i>Department Of History</i>. Western Oregon University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+Of+History&rft.atitle=God+and+Revolution%3A+Religion+and+Power+from+PreRevolutionary+France+to+the+Napoleonic+Empire&rft.aulast=Weight&rft.aufirst=Alexa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wou.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1058%26context%3Dhis%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520French%2520King%252C%2520Louis%2520XVI%2Cthe%2520official%2520religion%2520of%2520France.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2017" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Travis (3 Oct 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/10/03/many-countries-favor-specific-religions-officially-or-unofficially/">"Many Countries Favor Specific Religions"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 Nov</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Many+Countries+Favor+Specific+Religions&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F10%2F03%2Fmany-countries-favor-specific-religions-officially-or-unofficially%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillerbrand_2013_p._41-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_2013_p._41_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2013" class="citation book cs1">Hillerbrand, H.J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXdWFUkzK_YC&pg=PT41"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59677-3"><bdi>978-1-136-59677-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Reformation+and+Counter-Reformation&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59677-3&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXdWFUkzK_YC%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joes-51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joes-51_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joes-51_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joes, Anthony James <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC">Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</a> 2006 University Press of Kentucky <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2339-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2339-9">0-8131-2339-9</a>. p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoryChr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoryChr_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Michael (1999). <i>The Story of Christianity</i>. Mathew A Price. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7513-0467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7513-0467-1"><bdi>978-0-7513-0467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7513-0467-1&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorneDavidson2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HorneDavidson2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneDavidson2013" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Thomas Hartwell; Davidson, Samuel (21 November 2013). <i>An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06772-0"><bdi>978-1-108-06772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Critical+Study+and+Knowledge+of+the+Holy+Scriptures&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-06772-0&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hartwell&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latreille, A. FRENCH REVOLUTION, New Catholic Encyclopedia v. 5, pp. 972–973 (Second Ed. 2002 Thompson/Gale) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4004-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4004-2">0-7876-4004-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). <i>Western Civilization</i>. Wadsworth. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534646028" title="Special:BookSources/9780534646028"><bdi>9780534646028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780534646028&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tallet1991">Tallet (1991)</a>:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tallet,_Frank-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tallet,_Frank_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tallet, Frank <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC">Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789</a> pp. 1-17 1991 Continuum International Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fremont-Barnes, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGowan2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGowan2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2012" class="citation book cs1">McGowan, Dale (7 September 2012). <i>Voices of Unbelief: Documents from Atheists and Agnostics</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598849790" title="Special:BookSources/9781598849790"><bdi>9781598849790</bdi></a>. <q>1793 Establishment of the Cult of Reason, an atheistic alternative to Christianity, during the French Revolution. First state-sponsored atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Unbelief%3A+Documents+from+Atheists+and+Agnostics&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.isbn=9781598849790&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fremont-Barnes2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fremont-Barnes2007_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2007" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815: A-L</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313334467" title="Special:BookSources/9780313334467"><bdi>9780313334467</bdi></a>. <q>The cult was a deliberate attempt to counter the unsuccessful efforts at dechristianization, and the atheistic Cult of Reason, which reached its high point in the winter of the previous year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Age+of+Political+Revolutions+and+New+Ideologies%2C+1760-1815%3A+A-L&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313334467&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmstadter1997" class="citation book cs1">Helmstadter, Richard J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aw_1aaE0Fb4C"><i>Freedom and religion in the nineteenth century</i></a>. Stanford Univ. Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804730877" title="Special:BookSources/9780804730877"><bdi>9780804730877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+religion+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Stanford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780804730877&rft.aulast=Helmstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daw_1aaE0Fb4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Censer and Hunt, <i>Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution</i>, pp. 92–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SandS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SandS_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SandS_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SandS_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Eamon (1997). <i>Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> in association with S4C. 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Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859732496" title="Special:BookSources/9781859732496"><bdi>9781859732496</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Legacy%3A+Problems+of+Government+in+Restoration+Europe+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2000-02&rft.isbn=9781859732496&rft.aulast=Laven&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Riall%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3m1CfZj8ZAC%26q%3Dnapoleon%2Bsacked%2Bmonasteries%2Bclosed%2Bsecularized%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZS3nAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Churchman</i></a>. Churchman Company. 1985-12-29. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZS3nAAAAMAAJ/page/n415">412</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>napoleon sacked monasteries closed secularized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churchman&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Churchman+Company&rft.date=1985-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ZS3nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealesBeales2003" class="citation book cs1">Beales, Derek; Beales, Derek Edward Dawson (2003-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRtWxK42KMgC&q=napoleon+sacked+monasteries+closed+secularized&pg=PA281"><i>Prosperity and Plunder: European Catholic Monasteries in the Age of ... - Derek Edward Dawson Beales - Google Books</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521590907" title="Special:BookSources/9780521590907"><bdi>9780521590907</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosperity+and+Plunder%3A+European+Catholic+Monasteries+in+the+Age+of+...+-+Derek+Edward+Dawson+Beales+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07-24&rft.isbn=9780521590907&rft.aulast=Beales&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Beales%2C+Derek+Edward+Dawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRtWxK42KMgC%26q%3Dnapoleon%2Bsacked%2Bmonasteries%2Bclosed%2Bsecularized%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026155040/https://www.gordon.edu/lettersfromeurope/agneshoward">"Notes On Monastero San Paolo: Reentering The Vestibule of Paradise - Gordon College"</a>. Gordon.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordon.edu/lettersfromeurope/agneshoward">the original</a> on 26 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+On+Monastero+San+Paolo%3A+Reentering+The+Vestibule+of+Paradise+-+Gordon+College&rft.pub=Gordon.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordon.edu%2Flettersfromeurope%2Fagneshoward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1998" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk1KzHS1IagC&q=-wikipedia+benedictines+expelled+from+france+1901&pg=PA495"><i>A History of the Popes: 1830 - 1914 - Owen Chadwick - Google Books</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198269229" title="Special:BookSources/9780198269229"><bdi>9780198269229</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Popes%3A+1830+-+1914+-+Owen+Chadwick+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198269229&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk1KzHS1IagC%26q%3D-wikipedia%2Bbenedictines%2Bexpelled%2Bfrom%2Bfrance%2B1901%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914022448/http://www.ryde.shalfleet.net/wootton_and_quarr.htm">"Wootton and Fishbourne"</a>. <i>www.ryde.shalfleet.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ryde.shalfleet.net/wootton_and_quarr.htm">the original</a> on September 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ryde.shalfleet.net&rft.atitle=Wootton+and+Fishbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ryde.shalfleet.net%2Fwootton_and_quarr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citeaux.net/assisi2005/delivrance-eng.htm">"RGM 2005 OCSO"</a>. Citeaux.net. 1947-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RGM+2005+OCSO&rft.pub=Citeaux.net&rft.date=1947-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citeaux.net%2Fassisi2005%2Fdelivrance-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin2006">Franklin 2006</a>, p. 9 (footnote 26) cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Maurice. <i>Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair</i>. pp. 138–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+after+the+Dreyfus+Affair&rft.pages=138-41&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Freemasonry in France". <i>Austral Light</i>. <b>6</b>: 164–72, 241–50. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austral+Light&rft.atitle=Freemasonry+in+France&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=164-72%2C+241-50&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6217904w">"Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Sénat: compte rendu in-extenso"</a>. Journal officiel. 4 July 1911 – via gallica.bnf.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+officiel+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+fran%C3%A7aise.+D%C3%A9bats+parlementaires.+S%C3%A9nat%3A+compte+rendu+in-extenso&rft.pub=Journal+officiel&rft.date=1911-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6217904w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Franz, H. (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Joseph II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Joseph_II">"Joseph II" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkey200244-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkey200244_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkey2002">Okey 2002</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger1990102-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerenger1990102_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerenger1990">Berenger 1990</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In Germany and Austria, Freemasonry during the eighteenth century was a powerful ally of the so-called party, of '<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>' (Aufklaerung), and of Josephinism".(<a href="#CITEREFGruber1909">Gruber 1909</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael B. Gross, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnCzk2fI9Z4C">The war against Catholicism: liberalism and the anti-Catholic imagination in nineteenth-century Germany</a>, p. 1, University of Michigan Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Helmstadter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aw_1aaE0Fb4C"><i>Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century</i></a> (1997), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelzell1988" class="citation journal cs1">Delzell, Charles F. (Spring 1988). 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(August 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961174-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961174_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1961">Thomas 1961</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer1971-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meyer1971_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1971" class="citation thesis cs1">Meyer, Lois M. 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Marshall Cavendish. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761474050" title="Special:BookSources/9780761474050"><bdi>9780761474050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780761474050&rft.aulast=Stacy&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman172-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman172_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp. 167–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html">"Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)"</a>. Tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Constitution+of+the+United+Mexican+States+%281824%29&rft.pub=Tarlton.law.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarlton.law.utexas.edu%2Fconstitutions%2Ftext%2F1824index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick264-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick264_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1995" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick (1995). <i>A History of Christianity</i>. Macmillan. pp. 264–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312187231" title="Special:BookSources/9780312187231"><bdi>9780312187231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=264-5&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780312187231&rft.au=Chadwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Godman, "Graham Greene's Vatican Dossier" <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i> 288.1 (July/August 2001): 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Hove, Brian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/blooddrenched-altars-4082">Blood-Drenched Altars</a> Faith & Reason 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo</i> (2003), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Scheina, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed&pg=PA33">M1 Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899</a> p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-452-4">978-1-57488-452-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-right-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-right_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Sherman1997" class="citation book cs1">John W. Sherman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h29VKMtmzzcC&q=%22alleged%20cristeros%22+teachers"><i>The Mexican right: the end of revolutionary reform, 1929–1940</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95736-0"><bdi>978-0-275-95736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+right%3A+the+end+of+revolutionary+reform%2C+1929%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95736-0&rft.au=John+W.+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh29VKMtmzzcC%26q%3D%2522alleged%2520cristeros%2522%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fire-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fire_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjorie_Becker1995" class="citation book cs1">Marjorie Becker (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poCw5DcQF5cC&q=cristeros+teachers"><i>Setting the Virgin on fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán peasants, and the redemption of the Mexican Revolution</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 124–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08419-3"><bdi>978-0-520-08419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+Virgin+on+fire%3A+L%C3%A1zaro+C%C3%A1rdenas%2C+Michoac%C3%A1n+peasants%2C+and+the+redemption+of+the+Mexican+Revolution&rft.pages=124-126&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08419-3&rft.au=Marjorie+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoCw5DcQF5cC%26q%3Dcristeros%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCora_Govers2006" class="citation book cs1">Cora Govers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y4KnORm320C&q=cristeros+teachers"><i>Performing the community: representation, ritual and reciprocity in the Totonac Highlands of Mexico</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9751-2"><bdi>978-3-8258-9751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+the+community%3A+representation%2C+ritual+and+reciprocity+in+the+Totonac+Highlands+of+Mexico&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-9751-2&rft.au=Cora+Govers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y4KnORm320C%26q%3Dcristeros%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathaniel_Weyl,_Mrs._Sylvia_Castleton_Weyl1939" class="citation book cs1">Nathaniel Weyl, Mrs. Sylvia Castleton Weyl (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UkVAAAAYAAJ&q=almost+300+rural+teachers"><i>The reconquest of Mexico: the years of Lázaro Cárdenas</i></a>. Oxford university press. p. 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reconquest+of+Mexico%3A+the+years+of+L%C3%A1zaro+C%C3%A1rdenas&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Nathaniel+Weyl%2C+Mrs.+Sylvia+Castleton+Weyl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UkVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dalmost%2B300%2Brural%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthe, P. Augustine, translated from French by Mary Elizabeth Herbert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Akr838XsIO0C">Garcia Moreno, President of Ecuador, 1821–1875</a> p. 297-300, 1889 Burns and Oates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, Edmund <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wD89Lnx_S_gC">Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for the year 1875</a> p.323 1876 Rivingtons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes,_Doug2005" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Doug (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109132325/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/54324.html"><i>America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-547-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-547-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/54324.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Other+War%3A+Terrorizing+Colombia&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-547-9&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F54324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span> p. 68, <i>Both Livingstone and Stokes quote a figure of 200,000 dead between 1948–1953 (Livingstone) and "a decade war" (Stokes)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzcarate1999" class="citation journal cs1">Azcarate, Camilo A. (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907222242/http://trinstitute.org/ojpcr/2_1columbia.htm">"Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia"</a>. <i>Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/2_1columbia.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Journal+of+Peace+and+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Psychosocial+Dynamics+of+the+Armed+Conflict+in+Colombia&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Azcarate&rft.aufirst=Camilo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinstitute.org%2Fojpcr%2F2_1columbia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gutiérrez, Pedro Ruz (October 31, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060531101025/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/77682.html">"Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots;For Generations, Violence Has Defined Colombia's Turbulent Political History"</a>. <i>Orlando Sentinel (Florida)</i>: G1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/77682.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel+%28Florida%29&rft.atitle=Bullets%2C+Bloodshed+And+Ballots%3BFor+Generations%2C+Violence+Has+Defined+Colombia%27s+Turbulent+Political+History&rft.pages=G1&rft.date=1999-10-31&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Ruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F77682.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span><i>Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the "War of the Thousand Days," a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that claimed nearly 300,000...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergquistDavid_J._Robinson1997–2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bergquist, Charles; David J. Robinson (1997–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111194946/http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">"Colombia"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005</i>. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia+2005&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=1997%2F2005&rft.aulast=Bergquist&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=David+J.+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761564636_10%2FColombia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span><i>On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called </i>La Violencia<i> (the violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman167-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman167_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp. 167–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick266-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick266_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick266_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, <i>A History of Christianity</i> (1995), p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton_2012-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_2012_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanton2012">Stanton 2012</a>, p. 32, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=PR32">Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_1999-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1999_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1999">Hall 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060414"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> - Representations of Place: Albania</a>: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marques_de_Morais_2014-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marques_de_Morais_2014_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques_de_Morais2014">Marques de Morais 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makaangola.org/2014/04/religion-and-the-state-in-angola/">Religion and the State in Angola</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKowalewski1980">Kowalewski 1980</a>, pp. 426–441, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233080413_Protest_for_Religious_Rights_in_the_USSR_Characteristics_and_Consequences"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> - Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_2009-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_2009_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2009">Clarke 2009</a>, p. 94, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBHzparUGz8C&pg=PA94">Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvramović2007">Avramović 2007</a>, p. 599, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Serbia.1.pdf">Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKideckelHalpern2000">Kideckel & Halpern 2000</a>, p. 165, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEBkON-ySQUC&pg=PA165">Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalkandjieva_2015-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalkandjieva_2015_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalkandjieva2015">Kalkandjieva 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.o-re-la.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1243:the-encounter-between-the-religious-and-the-secular-in-post-atheist-bulgaria&Itemid=85">The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessinger_2000-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wessinger_2000_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessinger2000">Wessinger 2000</a>, p. 282, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s8BvgFul4MEC&pg=PA282">Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases</a>: "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were not any direct historical continuities of Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchea era."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deccanherald_212827-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deccanherald_212827_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdeccanherald.com2011">deccanherald.com 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/212827/no-religion-chinese-communist-party.html">No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark_2012-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2012_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkDecalo2012">Clark & Decalo 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyMgIlcKuFkC">Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo</a> - <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallin_1994-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallin_1994_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallin1994">Mallin 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUGwuKQWXW8C">Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator</a> - <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet_1998-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_1998_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_1998_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 125, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvMi6paTOlcC&pg=PA125">Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellner_2014-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellner_2014_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKellner2014">Kellner 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104025441/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865614351/25-years-after-the-Berlin-Wall-falls-faith-remains-fragile-in-former-East-Germany.html">25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany</a>: "During the decades of state-sponsored atheism in East Germany, more formally known as the German Democratic Republic, the great emphasis was on avoiding religion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethiopia-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopia_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopia_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoulos1986">Doulos 1986</a>, p. 140, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rcl/14-2_134.pdf">Christians in Marxist Ethiopia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckerman_2009-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_2009_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckerman2009">Zuckerman 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC">Atheism and Secularity.</a> - <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiller_2003-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stiller_2003_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiller2013">Stiller 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-c-stiller/laos-a-nation-with-religi_b_3444403.html">Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haas_2000-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2000_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, p. 231, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldKJ_Re6p8AC&pg=PA231">Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations</a>: "Yet the revolutionary leaders managed to score progress toward making the country a rationalized nation-state, as shown in table 5-3. Revolts continued to plague Mexico, some due to continuing rivalries among the leaders. The bloody Cristero Revolt (1926-29), however, was fought by devout peasants against an atheist state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_2003-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders2003">Sanders 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C">Historical Dictionary of Mongolia</a> - <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_den_Bergh-Collier2007">Van den Bergh-Collier 2007</a>, p. 180, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sida.se/contentassets/80caaf7d1aaf48738b7b70386574b59e/towards-gender-equality-in-mozambique_693.pdf">Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temperman_2010_p141-145-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Temperman_2010_p141-145_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTemperman2010">Temperman 2010</a>, pp. 141–145, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA141">State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walaszek_1986_p118-134-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walaszek_1986_p118-134_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalaszek1986">Walaszek 1986</a>, pp. 118–134, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716286483001011"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> - An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean_2009-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_2009_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeustean2009">Leustean 2009</a>, p. 92, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tztaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania</a>: "was to transform Romania into a communist atheist society."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodd_2003_p571-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dodd_2003_p571_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodd2003">Dodd 2003</a>, p. 571, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wImNYmmgcA0C&pg=PT571">The rough guide to Vietnam</a>: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2015-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2015_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2015">Campbell 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/yemen-the-tribal-islamists">Yemen: The Tribal Islamists</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supporting sources listed as of January 22, 2018, for the world map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism: <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_2012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton_2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1999_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1999-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marques_de_Morais_2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marques_de_Morais_2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_2009_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_2009-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kalkandjieva_2015_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalkandjieva_2015-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessinger_2000_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessinger_2000-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-deccanherald_212827_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deccanherald_212827-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2012_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2012-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mallin_1994_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallin_1994-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet_1998_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet_1998-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kellner_2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellner_2014-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopia_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopia_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_2009_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman_2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stiller_2003_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiller_2003-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-Haas_2000_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_2003_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-Temperman_2010_p141-145_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temperman_2010_p141-145-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walaszek_1986_p118-134_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walaszek_1986_p118-134-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leustean_2009_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leustean_2009-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet_1998_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet_1998-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,150718,00.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Cross+meets+Kremlin&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C150718%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AI_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/taqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi">"Taqlid: Meaning and Reality"</a>. <i>al-Islam.org</i>. 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Yale University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4"><bdi>0-300-03531-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Social+Criticism&rft.atitle=Religious+secularity%3A+A+vision+for+revisionist+political+Islam&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1005-1027&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145583418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0191-4537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0191453713507014&rft.aulast=Ghobadzadeh&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0191453713507014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> محسن کدیور، "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kadivar.com/1253/">سیاست نامه خراسانی</a>"، ص ۲۱۴-۲۱۵، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHermann2013">Hermann 2013</a>, pp. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHermann2013">Hermann 2013</a>, pp. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEconomist_staff2000">Economist staff 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molavi, Afshin, <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, Norton, (2005), p.163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insideindonesia.org/the-banyuwangi-murders">"The Banyuwangi murders"</a>. <i>Inside Indonesia: The peoples and cultures of Indonesia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Indonesia%3A+The+peoples+and+cultures+of+Indonesia&rft.atitle=The+Banyuwangi+murders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Fthe-banyuwangi-murders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebhold1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Liebhold, David (19 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053925,00.html">"That New Black Magic"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=That+New+Black+Magic&rft.date=1998-10-19&rft.aulast=Liebhold&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2053925%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From the official documents of French Masonry contained principally in the official 'Bulletin' and 'Compte-rendu' of the Grand Orient it has been proved that all the anti-clerical measures passed in the French Parliament were decreed beforehand in the Masonic lodges and executed under the direction of the Grand Orient, whose avowed aim is to control everything and everybody in France" (<a href="#CITEREFGruber1909">Gruber 1909</a> cites <i>"Que personne ne bougera plus en France en dehors de nous", "Bull. Gr. Or.", 1890, 500 sq.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But in spite of the failure of the official transactions, there are a great many German and not a few American Masons, who evidently favour at least the chief anti-clerical aims of the Grand Orient party" (<a href="#CITEREFGruber1909">Gruber 1909</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvramović2007" class="citation web cs1">Avramović, Sima (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Serbia.1.pdf">"Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Secularism+in+a+Post-Communist+State%3A+Case+of+Serbia&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Avramovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iclrs.org%2Fcontent%2Fblurb%2Ffiles%2FSerbia.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006), <i>The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+For+Spain%3B+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936-1939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenger1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9renger" title="Jean Bérenger">Berenger, Jean</a> (1990), <i>A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1700-1918</i>, Edinburgh: Addison Wesley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%2C+1700-1918&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Berenger&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Leslie (August 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/yemen-the-tribal-islamists">"Yemen: The Tribal Islamists"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+The+Tribal+Islamists&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fyemen-the-tribal-islamists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkDecalo2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John F.; Decalo, Samuel (2012-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyMgIlcKuFkC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879898" title="Special:BookSources/9780810879898"><bdi>9780810879898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=9780810879898&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyMgIlcKuFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2009" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Duncan (February 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBHzparUGz8C"><i>Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize</i></a>. Profile Books. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847654557" title="Special:BookSources/9781847654557"><bdi>9781847654557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crude+Continent%3A+The+Struggle+for+Africa%27s+Oil+Prize&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft.isbn=9781847654557&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBHzparUGz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cueva1998" class="citation cs2">de la Cueva, Julio (1998), "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War", <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>, <b>XXXIII</b> (3): 355–369, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261121">261121</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Religious+Persecution%2C+Anticlerical+Tradition+and+Revolution%3A+On+Atrocities+against+the+Clergy+during+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=XXXIII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-369&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+la+Cueva&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeccanherald.com2011" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/212827/no-religion-chinese-communist-party.html">"No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres"</a>. <i>deccanherald.com</i>. 2011-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deccanherald.com&rft.atitle=No+religion+for+Chinese+Communist+Party+cadres&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F212827%2Fno-religion-chinese-communist-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Jan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wImNYmmgcA0C"><i>The rough guide to Vietnam</i></a> (7th ed.). London: Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405389730" title="Special:BookSources/9781405389730"><bdi>9781405389730</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/762991000">762991000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rough+guide+to+Vietnam&rft.place=London&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F762991000&rft.isbn=9781405389730&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwImNYmmgcA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoulos1986" class="citation web cs1">Doulos, Mikael (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rcl/14-2_134.pdf">"Christians in Marxist Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+in+Marxist+Ethiopia&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Doulos&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Frcl%2F14-2_134.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEconomist_staff2000" class="citation cs2">Economist staff (February 17, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/283148">"The people against the mullahs"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+people+against+the+mullahs&rft.date=2000-02-17&rft.au=Economist+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F283148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2006" class="citation cs2">Franklin, James (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8hnwenTAO4C&pg=PA7">"Freemasonry in Europe"</a>, <i>Catholic Values and Australian Realities</i>, Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd., pp. 7–10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780975801543" title="Special:BookSources/9780975801543"><bdi>9780975801543</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freemasonry+in+Europe&rft.btitle=Catholic+Values+and+Australian+Realities&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Connor+Court+Publishing+Pty+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780975801543&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8hnwenTAO4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gross, Michael B. <i>The War Against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gruber, Hermann (1909). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Masonry (Freemasonry)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Masonry_(Freemasonry)">"Masonry (Freemasonry)" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masonry+%28Freemasonry%29&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas1997" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Ernst B. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalismliber02haas"><i>Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801431098" title="Special:BookSources/9780801431098"><bdi>9780801431098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Liberalism%2C+and+Progress%3A+The+dismal+fate+of+new+nations&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801431098&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Ernst+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalismliber02haas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>165</b> (2): 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeogJ.165..161H">1999GeogJ.165..161H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3060414">10.2307/3060414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060414">3060414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Representations+of+Place%3A+Albania&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3060414&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3060414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeogJ.165..161H&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Derek+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedinDolanAdriányi1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Jedin" title="Hubert Jedin">Jedin, Hubert</a>; Dolan, John; Adriányi, Gabriel (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C"><i>History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century</i></a>, vol. X, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860120926" title="Special:BookSources/9780860120926"><bdi>9780860120926</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church%3A+The+Church+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780860120926&rft.aulast=Jedin&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.au=Dolan%2C+John&rft.au=Adri%C3%A1nyi%2C+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjLQwToInS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedinRepgenDolan1999" class="citation cs2">Jedin, Hubert; Repgen, Konrad; Dolan, John, eds. 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(2014-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104025441/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865614351/25-years-after-the-Berlin-Wall-falls-faith-remains-fragile-in-former-East-Germany.html">"25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany"</a>. <i>DeseretNews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865614351/25-years-after-the-Berlin-Wall-falls-faith-remains-fragile-in-former-East-Germany.html">the original</a> on November 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeseretNews.com&rft.atitle=25+years+after+Berlin+Wall%27s+fall%2C+faith+still+fragile+in+former+East+Germany&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865614351%2F25-years-after-the-Berlin-Wall-falls-faith-remains-fragile-in-former-East-Germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKideckelHalpern2000" class="citation book cs1">Kideckel, David; Halpern, Joel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEBkON-ySQUC"><i>Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271044354" title="Special:BookSources/9780271044354"><bdi>9780271044354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neighbors+at+War%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives+on+Yugoslav+Ethnicity%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780271044354&rft.aulast=Kideckel&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Halpern%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEBkON-ySQUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalewski1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". <i>The Russian Review</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 426–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F128810">10.2307/128810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/128810">128810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Protest+for+Religious+Rights+in+the+USSR%3A+Characteristics+and+Consequences&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=426-441&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F128810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F128810&rft.aulast=Kowalewski&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeustean2009" class="citation book cs1">Leustean, Lucian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tztaCwAAQBAJ"><i>Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania, 1947-65</i></a>. la University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230594944" title="Special:BookSources/9780230594944"><bdi>9780230594944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+the+Cold+War%3A+Religion+and+Political+Power+in+Romania%2C+1947-65&rft.pub=la+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780230594944&rft.aulast=Leustean&rft.aufirst=Lucian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtztaCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallin1994" class="citation book cs1">Mallin, Jay (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUGwuKQWXW8C"><i>Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2053-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-2053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covering+Castro%3A+Rise+and+Decline+of+Cuba%27s+Communist+Dictator&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2053-0&rft.aulast=Mallin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUGwuKQWXW8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarques_de_Morais2014" class="citation web cs1">Marques de Morais, Rafael (April 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makaangola.org/2014/04/religion-and-the-state-in-angola/">"Religion and the State in Angola"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+State+in+Angola&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Marques+de+Morais&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makaangola.org%2F2014%2F04%2Freligion-and-the-state-in-angola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkey2002" class="citation cs2">Okey, Robin (2002), <i>The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918</i>, New York: Palgrave MacMillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy+c.+1765-1918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Okey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvMi6paTOlcC"><i>Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822320708" title="Special:BookSources/9780822320708"><bdi>9780822320708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+Obstat%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Social+Change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780822320708&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvMi6paTOlcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez1972" class="citation book cs1">Sánchez, José Mariano (1972). <i>Anticlericalism: A Brief History</i>. 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Scarecrow Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874527" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874527"><bdi>9780810874527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mongolia&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003-04-09&rft.isbn=9780810874527&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JN83EDDLl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiller2013" class="citation web cs1">Stiller, Brian (June 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-c-stiller/laos-a-nation-with-religi_b_3444403.html">"Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Laos%3A+A+Nation+With+Religious+Contradictions&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.aulast=Stiller&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fbrian-c-stiller%2Flaos-a-nation-with-religi_b_3444403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperman2010" class="citation book cs1">Temperman, Jeroen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C"><i>State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance</i></a>. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004181489" title="Special:BookSources/9789004181489"><bdi>9789004181489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Religion+Relationships+and+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Towards+a+Right+to+Religiously+Neutral+Governance&rft.pub=Brill+Academic%2FMartinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004181489&rft.aulast=Temperman&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhag6tbsIn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1961" class="citation cs2">Thomas, Hugh (1961), <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>, Touchstone, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-75876-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-75876-4"><bdi>0-671-75876-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-671-75876-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Bergh-Collier2007" class="citation web cs1">Van den Bergh-Collier, Edda (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329115932/https://www.sida.se/contentassets/80caaf7d1aaf48738b7b70386574b59e/towards-gender-equality-in-mozambique_693.pdf">"Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 180. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sida.se/contentassets/80caaf7d1aaf48738b7b70386574b59e/towards-gender-equality-in-mozambique_693.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+Gender+Equality+in+Mozambique&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Van+den+Bergh-Collier&rft.aufirst=Edda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sida.se%2Fcontentassets%2F80caaf7d1aaf48738b7b70386574b59e%2Ftowards-gender-equality-in-mozambique_693.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalaszek1986" class="citation journal cs1">Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>483</b> (1): 118–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716286483001011">10.1177/0002716286483001011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145367724">145367724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=An+Open+Issue+of+Legitimacy%3A+The+State+and+the+Church+in+Poland&rft.volume=483&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-134&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145367724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716286483001011&rft.aulast=Walaszek&rft.aufirst=Zdzislawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Wessinger, Catherine (2000). <i>Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815628095" title="Special:BookSources/9780815628095"><bdi>9780815628095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennialism%2C+Persecution%2C+and+Violence%3A+Historical+Cases&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780815628095&rft.aulast=Wessinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliford2005" class="citation cs2">Williford, Thomas J. (2005), <i>Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930–1945</i>, Vanderbilt University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armando+los+espiritus%3A+Political+Rhetoric+in+Colombia+on+the+Eve+of+La+Violencia%2C+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williford&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC"><i>Atheism and Secularity</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313351822" title="Special:BookSources/9780313351822"><bdi>9780313351822</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609858051">609858051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity.&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609858051&rft.isbn=9780313351822&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1hbaAHsAlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/akund-molla-mohammad-kazem-korasani">AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarzaneh2015" class="citation book cs1">Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/467"><i>Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani</i></a>. Syracuse, NY: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815633884" title="Special:BookSources/9780815633884"><bdi>9780815633884</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931494838">931494838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution+and+the+Clerical+Leadership+of+Khurasani&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931494838&rft.isbn=9780815633884&rft.aulast=Farzaneh&rft.aufirst=Mateo+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.syr.edu%2Fsupressbooks%2F467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayej2018" class="citation book cs1">Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornell.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001/upso-9781501715211"><i>Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501715211.001.0001">10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501714856" title="Special:BookSources/9781501714856"><bdi>9781501714856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotic+Ayatollahs%3A+Nationalism+in+Post-Saddam+Iraq&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501715211.001.0001&rft.isbn=9781501714856&rft.aulast=Sayej&rft.aufirst=Caroleen+Marji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornell.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501715211.001.0001%2Fupso-9781501715211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828">"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 430–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828">10.1080/00263206.2013.783828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471080">23471080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143672216">143672216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Akhund+Khurasani+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=430-453&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143672216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23471080%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat1991" class="citation book cs1">Bayat, Mangol (1991). <i>Iran's First Revolution</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506822-1"><bdi>978-0-19-506822-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+First+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506822-1&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Mangol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">Agnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_humanists" title="List of secular humanists">Humanists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_atheism" title="Category:Books about atheism">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_an_Atheist" title="Why I Am an Atheist">Why I Am an Atheist</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secularist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of secularist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Response_Squad" title="Rational Response Squad">Rational Response Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Association_of_Atheists_and_Agnostics" title="Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics">Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Countries by irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In 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href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State 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