{"title":"Decision Support System for a Pilot Flash Flood Early Warning System in Central Chile","authors":"D. Pinto, L. Castro, M.L. Cruzat, S. Barros, J. Giron\u00e1s, C. Oberli, M. Torres, C. Escauriaza, A. Cipriano","volume":99,"journal":"International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering","pagesStart":990,"pagesEnd":998,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10001109","abstract":"<p>Flash Floods, together with landslides, are a common<br \/>\r\nnatural threat for people living in mountainous regions and foothills.<br \/>\r\nOne way to deal with this constant menace is the use of Early<br \/>\r\nWarning Systems, which have become a very important mitigation<br \/>\r\nstrategy for natural disasters.<br \/>\r\nIn this work we present our proposal for a pilot Flash Flood Early<br \/>\r\nWarning System for Santiago, Chile, the first stage of a more<br \/>\r\nambitious project that in a future stage shall also include early<br \/>\r\nwarning of landslides.<br \/>\r\nTo give a context for our approach, we first analyze three existing<br \/>\r\nFlash Flood Early Warning Systems, focusing on their general<br \/>\r\narchitectures. We then present our proposed system, with main focus<br \/>\r\non the decision support system, a system that integrates empirical<br \/>\r\nmodels and fuzzy expert systems to achieve reliable risk estimations.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis, Risk: natural hazards,\r\npeople's vulnerability and disasters. London: Routledge, 2004.\r\n[2] S.L. Cutter, and C. Emrich, \u201cAre natural hazards and disaster losses in\r\nthe US increasing?,\u201d Eos, Trans. American Geophysical Union, vol. 86,\r\nno. 41, pp. 381-389, 2005.\r\n[3] W. Hanka, J. Saul, B. Weber, J. Becker, and P. Harjadi, \u201cReal-time\r\nearthquake monitoring for tsunami warning in the Indian Ocean and\r\nbeyond,\u201d Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 2611-2622, 2010.\r\n[4] World Meteorological Organization, \u201cNatural Hazard,\u201d online article\r\nhttp:\/\/www.wmo.int\/pages\/themes\/hazards\/index_en.html Accessed July\r\n2014.\r\n[5] C.D. Hill, F. Verjee, and C. Barrett, Flash Flood Early Warning System\r\nReference Guide. USA: University Corporation for Atmospheric\r\nResearch, 2010.\r\n[6] World Meteorological Organization \u201cFlash Flood Guidance System\r\n(FFGS),\u201d Paper for the CBS Management Group, World Meteorological\r\nOrganization, Commission for Basic Systems Management Group,\r\nseventh session, Geneva, Switzerland, June 2007.\r\n[7] E. Aristiz\u00e1bal, M.F. Gamboa, and F.J. Leoz, \u201cEarly Warning System for\r\nrainfall-induced landslides in the Aburr\u00e1 valley, Colombia,\u201d Revista\r\nEIA, no 13, pp. 155-169, July 2010.\r\n[8] O. Krol, and T. Bernard \u201cELDEWAS - Online early warning system for\r\nlandslide detection by means of dynamic weather nowcasts and\r\nknowledge based assessment,\u201d in International Environmental\r\nModelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 2012 International Congress\r\non Environmental Modelling and Software Managing Resources of a\r\nLimited Planet: Pathways and Visions under Uncertainty, Sixth Biennial\r\nMeeting, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 212-219.\r\n[9] D. Pinto, and A. Cipriano \u201cTsunami Early Warning System architecture\r\nbased on automation technologies,\u201d in ICT-DM 2014: The First IEEE\r\nInternational Conference on Information and Communication\r\nTechnologies for Disaster Management, Algiers, March 2014. To be\r\npublished.\r\n[10] F.N. Correia, F.C. Rego, M.D.G. Saraiva, and I. Ramos, \u201cCoupling GIS\r\nwith hydrologic and hydraulic flood modelling,\u201d Water Resour.\r\nManage., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 229-249, 1998.\r\n[11] Y. Lian, I. Chan, J. Singh, M. Demissie, V. Knapp, and H. Xie,\r\n\u201cCoupling of hydrologic and hydraulic models for the Illinois River\r\nBasin,\u201d J. Hydrol., vol. 344, no. 3, pp. 210-222, 2007.\r\n[12] M. Staudinger, \u201cMETEOALARM-EF, Final Report.\u201d March, 2011.\r\nAvailable at\r\nhttp:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/echo\/civil_protection\/civil\/prote\/pdfdocs\/meteoalarm\r\n_final_report_en.pdf\r\n[13] J. Behrens, A. Androsov, A.Y. Babeyko, S. Harig, F. Klaschka, and L.\r\nMentrup \u201cA new multi-sensor approach to simulation assisted tsunami\r\nearly warning,\u201d Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1085-\r\n1100, 2010.\r\n[14] K.P. Georgakakos, \u201cAnalytical results for operational flash flood\r\nguidance,\u201d J. Hydrol., vol. 317, no. 1, pp. 81-103, 2006.\r\n[15] T. Terano, K. Asai, M. Sugeno, and C. Aschmann, Applied fuzzy\r\nsystems. San Diego, CA: Academic Press Professional, Inc., 1994.\r\n[16] S. Martinis, A. Twele, C. Strobl, J. Kersten, and E. Stein, \u201cA Multi-\r\nScale Flood Monitoring System Based on Fully Automatic MODIS and\r\nTerraSAR-X Processing Chains,\u201d Remote Sens., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 5598-\r\n5619, 2013.\r\n[17] H. Karl and A. Willig, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor\r\nNetworks. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.\r\n[18] K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, and T. Znati, Wireless Sensor Networks:\r\nTechnology, Protocols, and Applications. New Jersey: Wiley-\r\nInterscience, 2007.\r\n[19] G. Barrenetxea, F. Ingelrest, G. Schaefer, M. Vetterli, O. Couach, and\r\nM. Parlange, \u201cSensorscope: Out- of-the-box environmental monitoring,\u201d\r\nin Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2008. IPSN \u201908.\r\nInternational Conference on, St. Louis, MO, Apr. 2008, pp. 332\u2013343.\r\n[20] F. Ingelrest, G. Barrenetxea, G. Schaefer, M. Vetterli, O. Couach, and\r\nM. Parlange, \u201cSensorscope: Application-specific sensor network for\r\nenvironmental monitoring,\u201d ACM Trans. Sen. Netw., vol. 6, no. 2, pp.\r\n17:1\u201317:32, Mar. 2010.\r\n[21] S. Simoni, S. Padoan, D. F. Nadeau, M. Diebold, A. Porporato, G.\r\nBarrenetxea, F. Ingelrest, M. Vetterli, and M. B. Parlange, \u201cHydrologic\r\nresponse of an alpine watershed: Application of a meteorological\r\nwireless sensor network to understand streamflow generation,\u201d Water\r\nResour. Res., vol. 47, no. 10, 2011.\r\n[22] B. Kerkez, S. D. Glaser, R. C. Bales, and M. W. Meadows, \u201cDesign and\r\nperformance of a wireless sensor network for catchment-scale snow and\r\nsoil moisture measurements,\u201d Water Resour. Res., vol. 48, no. 9, 2012.\r\n[23] M. Berti, M.L.V. Martina, S. Franceschini, S. Pignone, A. Simoni, M.\r\nPizziolo, \u201cProbabilistic rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using\r\na Bayesian approach,\u201d J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. (2003\u20132012), vol.\r\n117, no. F4, 2012.\r\n[24] V. Montesarchio, E. Ridolfi, F. Russo, F. Napolitano,\u201cRainfall threshold\r\ndefinition using an entropy decision approach and radar data,\u201d Nat.\r\nHazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 2061-2074, 2011.\r\n[25] S.A. Sep\u00falveda, C. Padilla, \u201cRain-induced debris and mudflow\r\ntriggering factors assessment in the Santiago cordilleran foothills,\r\nCentral Chile,\u201d Nat. Hazards, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 201-215, 2008.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 99, 2015"}