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aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Workforce </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Workforce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Workforce subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epidemic_Intelligence_Service_(EIS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemic_Intelligence_Service_(EIS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemic_Intelligence_Service_(EIS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Health_Associates_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Health_Associates_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Public Health Associates Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Health_Associates_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datasets_and_survey_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datasets_and_survey_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Datasets and survey systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datasets_and_survey_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_of_focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Areas of focus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Areas_of_focus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Areas of focus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communicable_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communicable_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Communicable diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communicable_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influenza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influenza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Influenza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influenza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_Select_Agents_and_Toxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_Select_Agents_and_Toxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Division of Select Agents and Toxins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_Select_Agents_and_Toxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-communicable_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-communicable_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Non-communicable diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-communicable_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotic_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Antibiotic resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Global health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travelers'_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travelers'_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Travelers' health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travelers'_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccine_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Vaccine safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CDC_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDC_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 CDC Foundation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-CDC_Foundation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle CDC Foundation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-CDC_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuskegee_study_of_untreated_syphilis_in_Black_men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuskegee_study_of_untreated_syphilis_in_Black_men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in Black men </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuskegee_study_of_untreated_syphilis_in_Black_men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Gun control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ebola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ebola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Ebola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ebola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_the_Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_the_Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Controversy over the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_the_Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eroding_trust_in_the_CDC_as_a_result_of_COVID-19_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eroding_trust_in_the_CDC_as_a_result_of_COVID-19_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.2 Eroding trust in the CDC as a result of COVID-19 controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eroding_trust_in_the_CDC_as_a_result_of_COVID-19_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Gender censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zombie_Apocalypse_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zombie_Apocalypse_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Zombie Apocalypse campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zombie_Apocalypse_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CDC_Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDC_Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 CDC Departments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CDC_Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_US_Executive_Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_US_Executive_Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Other US Executive Departments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_US_Executive_Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centros_pal_Control_y_Prevenci%C3%B3n_d%27Enfermedaes" title="Centros pal Control y Prevención d'Enfermedaes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Centros pal Control y Prevención d'Enfermedaes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Chi%CC%8Dt-p%C4%93%E2%81%BF_K%C3%B3an-ch%C3%A8_kah_%C4%AA-h%C3%B4ng_Tiong-sim" title="Bí-kok Chi̍t-pēⁿ Kóan-chè kah Ī-hông Tiong-sim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Chi̍t-pēⁿ Kóan-chè kah Ī-hông Tiong-sim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Център за контрол и превенция на заболяванията – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Център за контрол и превенция на заболяванията" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centres_per_al_Control_i_Prevenci%C3%B3_de_Malalties" title="Centres per al Control i Prevenció de Malalties – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centres per al Control i Prevenció de Malalties" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiguste_Kontrolli_ja_T%C3%B5rje_Keskus" title="Haiguste Kontrolli ja Tõrje Keskus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haiguste Kontrolli ja Tõrje Keskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κέντρα Ελέγχου και Πρόληψης Ασθενειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέντρα Ελέγχου και Πρόληψης Ασθενειών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centros_para_el_Control_y_Prevenci%C3%B3n_de_Enfermedades" title="Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroj_por_Kontrolo_kaj_Preventado_de_Malsanoj" title="Centroj por Kontrolo kaj Preventado de Malsanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centroj por Kontrolo kaj Preventado de Malsanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="مرکز کنترل و پیشگیری از بیماری (ایالات متحده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز کنترل و پیشگیری از بیماری (ایالات متحده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centres_pour_le_contr%C3%B4le_et_la_pr%C3%A9vention_des_maladies" title="Centres pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centres pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%CC%8Dt-phiang_Kh%C3%BAng-ch%E1%B9%B3_l%C3%A2u_Yi-f%C3%B2ng_Ch%C3%BBng-s%C3%AEm" title="Chhi̍t-phiang Khúng-chṳ lâu Yi-fòng Chûng-sîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhi̍t-phiang Khúng-chṳ lâu Yi-fòng Chûng-sîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C%EC%98%88%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="미국 질병통제예방센터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 질병통제예방센터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Pengendalian_dan_Pencegahan_Penyakit_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="המרכזים לבקרת מחלות ומניעתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרכזים לבקרת מחלות ומניעתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="സെന്റേർസ് ഫോർ ഡിസീസ് കൺട്രോൾ ആൻഡ് പ്രിവൻഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെന്റേർസ് ഫോർ ഡിസീസ് കൺട്രോൾ ആൻഡ് പ്രിവൻഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Kawalan_dan_Pencegahan_Penyakit" title="Pusat Kawalan dan Pencegahan Penyakit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pusat Kawalan dan Pencegahan Penyakit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရောဂါထိန်းချုပ်ရေးနှင့်ကာကွယ်ရေးစင်တာများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဂါထိန်းချုပ်ရေးနှင့်ကာကွယ်ရေးစင်တာများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E4%BA%88%E9%98%B2%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="アメリカ疾病予防管理センター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ疾病予防管理センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centros_de_Controle_e_Preven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Doen%C3%A7as" title="Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrul_pentru_Prevenirea_%C8%99i_Controlul_Bolilor_(SUA)" title="Centrul pentru Prevenirea și Controlul Bolilor (SUA) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centrul pentru Prevenirea și Controlul Bolilor (SUA)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macluumaadka_Dhibaatooyinka_iyo_Halista_Sare_ee_Cudurada" title="Macluumaadka Dhibaatooyinka iyo Halista Sare ee Cudurada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macluumaadka Dhibaatooyinka iyo Halista Sare ee Cudurada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_tautikeskus" title="Yhdysvaltain tautikeskus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain tautikeskus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammasen_i_wsen%C9%A3ed_d_tes%C9%A3ilt_%C9%A3ef_wa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADanen" title="Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ศูนย์ควบคุมโรคติดต่อสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศูนย์ควบคุมโรคติดต่อสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastal%C4%B1k_Kontrol_ve_Korunma_Merkezleri" title="Hastalık Kontrol ve Korunma Merkezleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hastalık Kontrol ve Korunma Merkezleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Центри з контролю та профілактики захворювань у США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центри з контролю та профілактики захворювань у США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="مراکز برائے ضبط و انسداد امراض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مراکز برائے ضبط و انسداد امراض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_t%C3%A2m_ki%E1%BB%83m_so%C3%A1t_v%C3%A0_ph%C3%B2ng_ng%E1%BB%ABa_d%E1%BB%8Bch_b%E1%BB%87nh_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Trung tâm kiểm soát và phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung tâm kiểm soát và phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8A%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美國疾病控制及預防中心 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國疾病控制及預防中心" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国疾病控制与预防中心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q583725#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&params=33_47_58_N_84_19_42_W_region:US-GA_type:landmark">33°47′58″N 84°19′42″W / 33.79944°N 84.32833°W / 33.79944; -84.32833</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States government public health agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CDC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CDC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CDC (disambiguation)">CDC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Centers for Disease Control" redirects here. For affiliated agencies outside the US, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">List of national public health agencies</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_logo_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CDC_logo_2024.svg/180px-CDC_logo_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CDC_logo_2024.svg/270px-CDC_logo_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CDC_logo_2024.svg/360px-CDC_logo_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="264" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities (1942)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (1942–46)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Communicable Disease Center (1946–67)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">National Communicable Disease Center (1967–70)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Center for Disease Control (1970–80)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Centers for Disease Control (1980–92)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal Government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, U.S. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&params=33_47_58_N_84_19_42_W_region:US-GA_type:landmark">33°47′58″N 84°19′42″W / 33.79944°N 84.32833°W / 33.79944; -84.32833</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">11,814 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583725?uselang=en#P1128" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">US$11.581 billion (FY24)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Monarez" title="Susan Monarez">Susan Monarez</a>, Acting Director</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Nirav_D._Shah" title="Nirav D. Shah">Nirav D. Shah</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583725?uselang=en#P2098" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>, Acting Principal Deputy Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov">www.cdc.gov</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583725#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the <a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">national public health agency</a> of the United States. It is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_agencies_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal agencies of the United States">United States federal agency</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>, and is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NiesseEmoryannexed-3">[3]</a> The agency's main goal is the protection of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> in the US and worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">food borne pathogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational safety and health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">health promotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">injury prevention</a>, and educational activities designed to improve the health of <a href="/wiki/United_States_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="United States citizens">United States citizens</a>. The CDC also conducts research and provides information on <a href="/wiki/Non-infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-infectious diseases">non-infectious diseases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_National_Public_Health_Institutes" title="International Association of National Public Health Institutes">International Association of National Public Health Institutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cdcoffwebsite-5">[5]</a> The CDC's current acting director is <a href="/wiki/Susan_Monarez" title="Susan Monarez">Susan Monarez</a> who assumed the role on January 23, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-:22-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_timeline" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1, 1946, as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Malaria_Eradication_Program#History" title="National Malaria Eradication Program">Malaria Control in War Areas</a> program<a href="#cite_note-pmid8955706-7">[7]</a> of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities.<a href="#cite_note-NARA-8">[8]</a> Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> control were the Malaria Commission of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Najera-9">[9]</a> The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control,<a href="#cite_note-Najera-9">[9]</a> sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency.<a href="#cite_note-Stapelton-10">[10]</a> The new agency was a branch of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Public Health Service">U.S. Public Health Service</a> and Atlanta was chosen as the location because <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> was endemic in the Southern United States.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/National_Malaria_Eradication_Program" title="National Malaria Eradication Program">National Malaria Eradication Program</a>). Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a> and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn. Under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Walter_Mountin" title="Joseph Walter Mountin">Joseph Walter Mountin</a>, the CDC continued to be an advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">communicable diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $10 to <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> for 15 acres (61,000 m2) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters as of 2019. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the "gift" was <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Woodruff" title="Robert W. Woodruff">Robert W. Woodruff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the board">chairman of the board</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola Company</a>. Woodruff had a long-time interest in <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8955706-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg/220px-CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg/330px-CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg/440px-CDC_Cifton_Road_campus_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>The Communicable Disease Center moved to its current headquarters in 1960. Building 1 is pictured in 1963.</figcaption></figure> In 1951, Chief Epidemiologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Langmuir" title="Alexander Langmuir">Alexander Langmuir's</a> warnings of potential <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> spurred the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_Intelligence_Service" title="Epidemic Intelligence Service">Epidemic Intelligence Service</a> (EIS) as a two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology. The success of the EIS program led to the launch of <a href="/wiki/Field_Epidemiology_Training_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Epidemiology Training Program">Field Epidemiology Training Programs</a> (FETP) in 1980, training more than 18,000 disease detectives in over 80 countries.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 2020, FETP celebrated the 40th anniversary of the CDC's support for Thailand's Field Epidemiology Training Program. Thailand was the first FETP site created outside of North America and is found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network (<a href="/wiki/TEPHINET" title="TEPHINET">TEPHINET</a>) has graduated 950 students.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The mission of the CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted diseases</a> when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It became the National Communicable Disease Center effective July 1, 1967, and the Center for Disease Control on June 24, 1970. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_reorganizations_of_1966%E2%80%931973" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973">Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973</a>, it was promoted to being a principal operating agency of PHS.<a href="#cite_note-NARA-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Arlen_Specter_Headquarters_Building_PHIL_7971.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Arlen Specter Headquarters and Emergency Operations Center</figcaption></figure>It was renamed to the plural Centers for Disease Control effective October 14, 1980,<a href="#cite_note-NARA-8">[8]</a> as the modern organization of having multiple constituent centers was established. By 1990, it had four centers formed in the 1980s: the Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, and the Center for Prevention Services; as well as two centers that had been absorbed by CDC from outside: the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> in 1973, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-:102-19">[19]</a> An act of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992. However, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Since the 1990s, the CDC focus has broadened to include <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medical)">chronic diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>, injury control, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">workplace hazards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">birth defects</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swine_influenza" title="Swine influenza">swine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemic flu">pandemic flu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a>, to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>. In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent samples of communicable diseases to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989 which were subsequently repurposed for biological warfare, including <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> virus.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On April 21, 2005, then–CDC director <a href="/wiki/Julie_Gerberding" title="Julie Gerberding">Julie Gerberding</a> formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> She established four coordinating centers. In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> re-evaluated this change and ordered them cut as an unnecessary management layer.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As of 2013, the CDC's <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_Level_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosafety Level 4">Biosafety Level 4</a> laboratories were among the few that exist in the world.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They included one of only two official repositories of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in the world, with the other one located at the <a href="/wiki/State_Research_Center_of_Virology_and_Biotechnology_VECTOR" title="State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR</a> in the Russian Federation. In 2014, the CDC revealed they had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples while their lab workers were "potentially infected" with <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The city of Atlanta annexed the property of the CDC headquarters effective January 1, 2018, as a part of the city's largest annexation within a period of 65 years; the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Council</a> had voted to do so the prior December.<a href="#cite_note-NiesseEmoryannexed-3">[3]</a> The CDC and <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> had requested that the Atlanta city government annex the area, paving the way for a <a href="/wiki/MARTA" class="mw-redirect" title="MARTA">MARTA</a> expansion through the Emory campus, funded by city tax dollars.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The headquarters were located in an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> statistically in the <a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills,_Georgia" title="Druid Hills, Georgia">Druid Hills</a> <a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">census-designated place</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On August 17, 2022, Dr. Walensky said the CDC would make drastic changes in the wake of mistakes during the COVID-19 pandemic. She outlined an overhaul of how the CDC would analyze and share data and how they would communicate information to the general public. In her statement to all CDC employees, she said: "For 75 years, CDC and public health have been preparing for COVID-19, and in our big moment, our performance did not reliably meet expectations."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Based on the findings of an internal report, Walensky concluded that "The CDC must refocus itself on public health needs, respond much faster to emergencies and outbreaks of disease, and provide information in a way that ordinary people and state and local health authorities can understand and put to use" (as summarized by the New York Times).<a href="#cite_note-nytreorg-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Trump_administration">Second Trump administration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Trump administration">edit</a>]</div> In January 2025 it was reported that a CDC official had ordered all CDC staff to stop working with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Around January 31, 2025, several CDC websites, pages, and datasets related to HIV and STI prevention, LGBT and youth health <a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_government_data_removals" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 United States government data removals">became unavailable for viewing</a> after the agency was ordered to comply with Donald Trump's executive order to remove all material of "diversity, equity, and inclusion" and "gender identity".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Shortly thereafter, the CDC ordered its scientists to retract or pause the publication of all research which had been submitted or accepted for publication, but not yet published, which included any of the following banned terms: "Gender, transgender, pregnant person, pregnant people, LGBT, transsexual, non-binary, nonbinary, assigned male at birth, assigned female at birth, biologically male, biologically female”.<a href="#cite_note-Faust-34">[34]</a> In January 2025, due to a pause in communications imposed by the second Trump administration at federal health agencies, publication of the <a href="/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" title="Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</a> (MMWR) was halted, the first time that had happened since its inception in 1960. The president of the <a href="/wiki/Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America" title="Infectious Diseases Society of America">Infectious Diseases Society of America</a> (IDSA) called the pause in publication a "disaster." Attempts to halt publication had been made by the first Trump administration after MMWR published information about COVID-19 that "conflicted with messaging from the White House." The pause in communications also caused the cancellation of a meeting between the CDC and IDSA about threats to public health regarding the <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a> influenza virus.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On February 14, 2025, around 1,300 CDC employees were laid off by the administration, which included all first-year officers of the <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_Intelligence_Service" title="Epidemic Intelligence Service">Epidemic Intelligence Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The cuts also terminated 16 of the 24 Laboratory Leadership Service program fellows, an program designed for early career lab scientist to address laboratory testing shortcomings of the CDC.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Organization of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Organization of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif/lossy-page1-220px-CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif/lossy-page1-330px-CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif/lossy-page1-440px-CDC_Headquarters_PHIL_10693.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>CDC's Roybal campus in Atlanta, Georgia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tom_Harkin_Global_Communications_Center_PHIL_8876.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Tom Harkin Global Communications Center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_HDR_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CDC_HDR_I.jpg/220px-CDC_HDR_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CDC_HDR_I.jpg/330px-CDC_HDR_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CDC_HDR_I.jpg/440px-CDC_HDR_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>CDC Building 17 in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></figcaption></figure> The CDC is organized into centers, institutes, and offices (CIOs), with each organizational unit implementing the agency's activities in a particular area of expertise while also providing intra-agency support and resource-sharing for cross-cutting issues and specific health threats.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8955706-7">[7]</a> As of the most recent reorganization in February 2023, the CIOs are:<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <ul><li>Director <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Immunization_and_Respiratory_Diseases" title="National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases">National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</a></li> <li>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Global_Migration_Health" title="Division of Global Migration Health">Division of Global Migration Health</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_HIV/AIDS,_Viral_Hepatitis,_STD,_and_TB_Prevention" title="National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention">National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention</a></li> <li>National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities</li> <li>National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion</li> <li>National Center for Environmental Health / <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Injury_Prevention_and_Control" title="National Center for Injury Prevention and Control">National Center for Injury Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li> <li>Public Health Infrastructure Center</li> <li>Global Health Center</li> <li>Immediate Office of the Director <ul><li>Chief of Staff</li> <li>Office of the Chief Operating Officer</li> <li>Office of Policy, Performance, and Evaluation</li> <li>Office of Equal Employment Opportunity and Workplace Equity</li> <li>Office of Communications</li> <li>Office of Health Equity</li> <li>Office of Science</li> <li>CDC Washington Office</li> <li>Office of Laboratory Science and Safety</li> <li>Office of Readiness and Response <ul><li>Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics</li></ul></li> <li>Office of Public Health Data, Surveillance, and Technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> The Office of Public Health Preparedness was created during the 2001 anthrax attacks shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Its purpose was to coordinate among the government the response to a range of biological terrorism threats.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a>]</div> Most CDC centers are located in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. Building 18, which opened in 2005 at the CDC's main Roybal campus (named in honor of the late Representative <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Roybal" title="Edward R. Roybal">Edward R. Roybal</a>), contains the premier <a href="/wiki/BSL4" class="mw-redirect" title="BSL4">BSL4</a> laboratory in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-b18ie-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcwcdc-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-ayusa-43">[43]</a> A few of the centers are based in or operate other domestic locations:<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a> is primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Hyattsville,_Maryland" title="Hyattsville, Maryland">Hyattsville, Maryland</a>, with a branch in <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a> in North Carolina.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>'s primary locations are <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>; <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown, West Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, with branches in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>; and Atlanta.</li> <li>The CDC Washington Office is based in Washington, D.C.</li> <li>Two divisions of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Emerging_and_Zoonotic_Infectious_Diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (page does not exist)">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases</a> are based outside Atlanta. The Division of Vector-Borne Diseases is based in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins, Colorado</a>, with a branch in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>. The Arctic Investigations Program is based in Anchorage.</li></ul> In addition, CDC operates quarantine facilities in 20 cities in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> The CDC budget for fiscal year 2024 is $11.581 billion.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workforce">Workforce</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Workforce">edit</a>]</div> As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit">[update]</a> CDC staff numbered approximately 15,000 personnel (including 6,000 contractors and 840 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> officers) in 170 occupations. Eighty percent held bachelor's degrees or higher; almost half had advanced degrees (a master's degree or a doctorate such as a PhD, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">D.O.</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Common CDC job titles include engineer, <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiologist">epidemiologist</a>, biologist, physician, <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioral scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">medical technologist</a>, economist, public health advisor, health communicator, <a href="/wiki/Toxicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicologist">toxicologist</a>, chemist, <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, and statistician.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The CDC also operates a number of notable training and fellowship programs, including those indicated below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemic_Intelligence_Service_(EIS)">Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_Intelligence_Service" title="Epidemic Intelligence Service">Epidemic Intelligence Service</a> (EIS) is composed of "boots-on-the-ground disease detectives" who investigate public health problems domestically and globally.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> When called upon by a governmental body, EIS officers may embark on short-term epidemiological assistance assignments, or "Epi-Aids", to provide technical expertise in containing and investigating disease outbreaks.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The EIS program is a model for the international <a href="/wiki/Field_Epidemiology_Training_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Epidemiology Training Program">Field Epidemiology Training Program</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Health_Associates_Program">Public Health Associates Program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public Health Associates Program">edit</a>]</div> The CDC also operates the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP), a two-year paid fellowship for recent college graduates to work in public health agencies all over the United States. PHAP was founded in 2007 and currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] has 159 associates in 34 states.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_J._Sencer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/David_J._Sencer.png/220px-David_J._Sencer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/David_J._Sencer.png/330px-David_J._Sencer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/David_J._Sencer.png/440px-David_J._Sencer.png 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>David Sencer points to a depiction of Triatomine sp., which transmits <a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Director of CDC is a position that currently <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">requires Senate confirmation</a>. The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time. The CDC Director concurrently serves as the Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Prior to January 20, 2025, it was a <a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a> position<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> that could be filled either by a career employee, or as a <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_in_the_United_States" title="Political appointments in the United States">political appointment</a> that does not <a href="/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation" title="List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation">require Senate confirmation</a>, with the latter method typically being used.<a href="#cite_note-:102-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frieden-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The change to requiring Senate confirmation was due to a provision in the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Twenty directors have[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] served the CDC or its predecessor agencies, including three who have served during the Trump administration (including Anne Schuchat who twice served as acting director)<a href="#cite_note-NARA-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and three who have served during the Carter administration (including one acting director not shown here).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Two served under Bill Clinton, but only one under the Nixon to Ford terms. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Director </th> <th>Term of office </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_L._Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Louis_L._Williams.jpg/70px-Louis_L._Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Louis_L._Williams.jpg/105px-Louis_L._Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Louis_L._Williams.jpg/140px-Louis_L._Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_L._Williams" title="Louis L. Williams">Louis L. Williams</a> Jr. </td> <td>1942–1943 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_D._Hollis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mark_D._Hollis.jpg/70px-Mark_D._Hollis.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mark_D._Hollis.jpg/105px-Mark_D._Hollis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mark_D._Hollis.jpg/140px-Mark_D._Hollis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Hollis" title="Mark D. Hollis">Mark D. Hollis</a> </td> <td>1944–1946 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg/70px-Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg/105px-Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg/140px-Raymond_A._Vonderlehr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Vonderlehr" title="Raymond A. Vonderlehr">Raymond A. Vonderlehr</a> </td> <td>1947–1951 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_M._Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Justin_M._Andrews.jpg/70px-Justin_M._Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Justin_M._Andrews.jpg/105px-Justin_M._Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Justin_M._Andrews.jpg/140px-Justin_M._Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_M._Andrews" title="Justin M. Andrews">Justin M. Andrews</a> </td> <td>1952–1953 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg/70px-Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg/105px-Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg/140px-Theodore_J._Bauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_J._Bauer" title="Theodore J. Bauer">Theodore J. Bauer</a> </td> <td>1953–1956 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_J_Anderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_J_Anderson.jpg/70px-Robert_J_Anderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_J_Anderson.jpg/105px-Robert_J_Anderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_J_Anderson.jpg/140px-Robert_J_Anderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Anderson_(public_health_administrator)" title="Robert J. Anderson (public health administrator)">Robert J. Anderson</a> </td> <td>October 1, 1956 – June 30, 1960 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_A._Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Clarence_A._Smith.jpg/70px-Clarence_A._Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Clarence_A._Smith.jpg/105px-Clarence_A._Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Clarence_A._Smith.jpg/140px-Clarence_A._Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarence_A._Smith" title="Clarence A. Smith">Clarence A. Smith</a> </td> <td>1960–1962 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_L._Goddard.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/James_L._Goddard.gif/70px-James_L._Goddard.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/James_L._Goddard.gif/105px-James_L._Goddard.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/James_L._Goddard.gif/140px-James_L._Goddard.gif 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="334" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_L._Goddard" title="James L. Goddard">James L. Goddard</a> </td> <td>1962–January 1966 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_Sencer_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/David_Sencer_portrait.png/70px-David_Sencer_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/David_Sencer_portrait.png/105px-David_Sencer_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/David_Sencer_portrait.png/140px-David_Sencer_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Sencer" title="David Sencer">David J. Sencer</a> </td> <td>1966–May 1977 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_H._Foege_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_H._Foege_Color.jpg/70px-William_H._Foege_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_H._Foege_Color.jpg/105px-William_H._Foege_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_H._Foege_Color.jpg/140px-William_H._Foege_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="4200" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Foege" title="William Foege">William H. Foege</a> </td> <td>May 1977 – 1983 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg/70px-James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg/105px-James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg/140px-James_O._Mason_USPHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2932" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_O._Mason" title="James O. Mason">James O. Mason</a> </td> <td>1983–1989 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_L_Roper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/William_L_Roper.jpg/70px-William_L_Roper.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/William_L_Roper.jpg/105px-William_L_Roper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/William_L_Roper.jpg/140px-William_L_Roper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_L._Roper" title="William L. Roper">William L. Roper</a> </td> <td>March 1, 1990 – June 30, 1993 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg/70px-David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg/105px-David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg/140px-David_Satcher_official_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1460" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Satcher" title="David Satcher">David Satcher</a> </td> <td>November 15, 1993 – February 13, 1998 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg/70px-Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg/105px-Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg/140px-Jeffrey_P._Koplan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Koplan" title="Jeffrey Koplan">Jeffrey P. Koplan</a> </td> <td>October 5, 1998 – March 31, 2002 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Noimage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/70px-Noimage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/105px-Noimage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/140px-Noimage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a> </td> <td>David Fleming (acting) </td> <td>April 1, 2002 – June 2, 2002 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg/70px-JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg/105px-JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg/140px-JGerberding_cdc_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1024" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julie_Gerberding" title="Julie Gerberding">Julie Gerberding</a> </td> <td>June 3, 2002 – January 19, 2009 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Noimage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/70px-Noimage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/105px-Noimage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/140px-Noimage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a> </td> <td>William Gimson (interim) </td> <td>January 20, 2009 – January 21, 2009 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Besser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Richard_Besser.jpg/70px-Richard_Besser.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Richard_Besser.jpg/105px-Richard_Besser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Richard_Besser.jpg/140px-Richard_Besser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Besser" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Besser">Richard Besser</a> (acting) </td> <td>January 22, 2009 – June 7, 2009 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg/70px-Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg/105px-Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg/140px-Thomas_Frieden_official_CDC_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="2848" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frieden" title="Tom Frieden">Thomas R. Frieden</a> </td> <td>June 8, 2009 – January 19, 2017 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Frieden-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Schuchat,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg/70px-Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg/105px-Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg/140px-Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="3934" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Schuchat" title="Anne Schuchat">Anne Schuchat</a> (acting) </td> <td>January 20, 2017 – July 6, 2017 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Schuchat-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg/70px-Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg/105px-Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg/140px-Brenda_Fitzgerald_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Fitzgerald" title="Brenda Fitzgerald">Brenda Fitzgerald</a> </td> <td>July 7, 2017 – January 31, 2018 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Schuchat,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg/70px-Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg/105px-Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg/140px-Anne_Schuchat%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="3934" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Schuchat" title="Anne Schuchat">Anne Schuchat</a> (acting) </td> <td>February 1, 2018 – March 25, 2018 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_R._Redfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Robert_R._Redfield.jpg/70px-Robert_R._Redfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Robert_R._Redfield.jpg/105px-Robert_R._Redfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Robert_R._Redfield.jpg/140px-Robert_R._Redfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="579" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield" title="Robert R. Redfield">Robert R. Redfield</a> </td> <td>March 26, 2018 – January 19, 2021 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rochelle_Walensky,_CDC_Director_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rochelle_Walensky%2C_CDC_Director_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Rochelle_Walensky%2C_CDC_Director_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rochelle_Walensky%2C_CDC_Director_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Rochelle_Walensky%2C_CDC_Director_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rochelle_Walensky%2C_CDC_Director_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Rochelle_Walensky%2C_CDC_Director_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Walensky" title="Rochelle Walensky">Rochelle Walensky</a> </td> <td>January 20, 2021 – June 30, 2023 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nirav_D._Shah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nirav_D._Shah.png/70px-Nirav_D._Shah.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nirav_D._Shah.png/105px-Nirav_D._Shah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nirav_D._Shah.png/140px-Nirav_D._Shah.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nirav_D._Shah" title="Nirav D. Shah">Nirav D. Shah</a> (acting) </td> <td>July 1, 2023 – July 9, 2023 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mandy_K._Cohen,_CDC_Director.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mandy_K._Cohen%2C_CDC_Director.jpg/70px-Mandy_K._Cohen%2C_CDC_Director.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mandy_K._Cohen%2C_CDC_Director.jpg/105px-Mandy_K._Cohen%2C_CDC_Director.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mandy_K._Cohen%2C_CDC_Director.jpg/140px-Mandy_K._Cohen%2C_CDC_Director.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1051" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandy_Cohen" title="Mandy Cohen">Mandy Cohen</a> </td> <td>July 10, 2023 – January 20, 2025 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e6e6aa"> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Monarez_2024_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Susan_Monarez_2024_%28cropped%29.png/70px-Susan_Monarez_2024_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Susan_Monarez_2024_%28cropped%29.png/105px-Susan_Monarez_2024_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Susan_Monarez_2024_%28cropped%29.png/140px-Susan_Monarez_2024_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1121" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Monarez" title="Susan Monarez">Susan Monarez</a> (acting) </td> <td>January 23, 2025–present </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Past Directors<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datasets_and_survey_systems">Datasets and survey systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Datasets and survey systems">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>CDC Scientific Data, Surveillance, Health Statistics, and Laboratory Information.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Risk_Factor_Surveillance_System" title="Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System">Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System</a> (BRFSS), the world's largest, ongoing telephone health-survey system.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm">Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System</a> (PRAMS), a surveillance system on maternal and infant health with telephone and mail questionnaires in English and Spanish<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> in 50 US jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_Medical_Data_System" title="Mortality Medical Data System">Mortality Medical Data System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_statistics_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion statistics in the United States">Abortion statistics in the United States</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>CDC WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Data systems of the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_focus">Areas of focus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Areas of focus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg/220px-Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg/330px-Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg/440px-Smallpox_eradication_team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a> as part of the CDC's smallpox eradication team in 1966</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communicable_diseases">Communicable diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Communicable diseases">edit</a>]</div> The CDC's programs address more than 400 diseases, health threats, and conditions that are major causes of death, disease, and disability. The CDC's website has information on various infectious (and noninfectious) diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influenza">Influenza</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influenza">edit</a>]</div> The CDC targets the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/H1N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> swine flu, and launched websites to educate people about hygiene.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Division_of_Select_Agents_and_Toxins">Division of Select Agents and Toxins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Division of Select Agents and Toxins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg/190px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg/285px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg/380px-Preparing_to_enter_Ebola_treatment_unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>CDC and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">MSF</a> staff preparing to enter an <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a> treatment unit in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, August 2014</figcaption></figure> Within the division are two programs: the Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) and the Import Permit Program. The FSAP is run jointly with an office within the U.S. Department of Agriculture, regulating agents that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. The Import Permit Program regulates the importation of "infectious biological materials."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus">Ebola virus</a>. The program, called the Federal <a href="/wiki/Select_agent" title="Select agent">Select Agent</a> Program, calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa">2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa</a>, the CDC helped coordinate the return of two infected American aid workers for treatment at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University_Hospital" title="Emory University Hospital">Emory University Hospital</a>, the home of a special unit to handle highly infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As a response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Congress passed a Continuing Appropriations Resolution allocating $30,000,000 towards CDC's efforts to fight the virus.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-communicable_diseases">Non-communicable diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-communicable diseases">edit</a>]</div> The CDC also works on non-communicable diseases, including chronic diseases caused by <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The work of the Division for Cancer Prevention and Control, led from 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Lisa_C._Richardson" title="Lisa C. Richardson">Lisa C. Richardson</a>, is also within this remit.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_-_organisational_chart_2021-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-DCPC2020-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotic_resistance">Antibiotic resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antibiotic resistance">edit</a>]</div> The CDC implemented their National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as a measure against the spread of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> in the United States. This initiative has a budget of $161 million and includes the development of the <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_Resistance_Lab_Network" title="Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network">Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_health">Global health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Global health">edit</a>]</div> Globally, the CDC works with other organizations to address global health challenges and contain disease threats at their source. They work with many international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) as well as ministries of health and other groups on the front lines of outbreaks. The agency maintains staff in more than 60 countries, including some from the U.S. but more from the countries in which they operate.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The agency's global divisions include the Division of Global HIV and TB (DGHT), the Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (DPDM), the Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), and the Global Immunization Division (GID).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The CDC has been working with the WHO to implement the <a href="/wiki/International_Health_Regulations" title="International Health Regulations">International Health Regulations (IHR)</a>, an agreement between 196 countries to prevent, control, and report on the international spread of disease, through initiatives including the Global Disease Detection Program (GDD).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The CDC has also been involved in implementing the U.S. global health initiatives <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a> (PEPFAR) and <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Malaria_Initiative" title="President's Malaria Initiative">President's Malaria Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travelers'_health">Travelers' health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Travelers' health">edit</a>]</div> The CDC collects and publishes health information for travelers in a comprehensive book, CDC Health Information for International Travel, which is commonly known as the "yellow book."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The book is available online and in print as a new edition every other year and includes current travel health guidelines, vaccine recommendations, and information on specific <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">travel destinations</a>. The CDC also issues travel health notices on its website, consisting of three levels: <ul><li>"Watch": Level 1 (practice usual precautions)</li> <li>"Alert": Level 2 (practice enhanced precautions)</li> <li>"Warning": Level 3 (avoid nonessential travel)<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccine_safety">Vaccine safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vaccine safety">edit</a>]</div> The CDC uses a number of tools to monitor the safety of vaccines. The <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System</a> (VAERS), a national vaccine safety surveillance program run by CDC and the FDA. "VAERS detects possible safety issues with U.S. vaccines by collecting information about adverse events (possible side effects or health problems) after vaccination."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The CDC's Safety Information by Vaccine page provides a list of the latest safety information, side effects, and answers to common questions about CDC recommended vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">Vaccine Safety Datalink</a> (VSD) works with a network of healthcare organizations to share data on vaccine safety and adverse events.<a href="#cite_note-datalink-108">[108]</a> The Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) project is a network of vaccine experts and health centers that research and assist the CDC in the area of vaccine safety.<a href="#cite_note-CISA-109">[109]</a> CDC also runs a program called V-safe, a smartphone web application that allows COVID-19 vaccine recipients to be surveyed in detail about their health in response to getting the shot.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CDC_Foundation">CDC Foundation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CDC Foundation">edit</a>]</div> The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> organization incorporated in the State of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a> to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> From 1995 to 2022, the foundation raised over $1.6 billion and launched more than 1,200 health programs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> formerly served as a member of the foundation's Board of Directors, continuing as an honorary member after completing his term.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Activities">edit</a>]</div> The foundation engages in research projects and health programs in more than 160 countries every year, including in focus areas such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response">emergency response</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">infectious diseases</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-113">[113]</a> <ul><li>EmPOWERED Health Program: Launched in November 2019 with funding from <a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a>, the program works to empower cancer patients to become actively involved in the decision making around their treatments.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Fries Prize for Improving Health: An annual prize first awarded in 1992 that "recognizes an individual who has made major accomplishments in health improvement and with the general criteria of the greatest good for the greatest number".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a> associate editor Jeanne Lenzer raised concerns that the CDC's recommendations and publications may be influenced by donations received through the Foundation, which includes pharmaceutical companies.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuskegee_study_of_untreated_syphilis_in_Black_men">Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in Black men</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in Black men">edit</a>]</div> For 15 years, the CDC had direct oversight over the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee syphilis experiment">Tuskegee syphilis experiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tuskegee-119">[119]</a> In the study, which lasted from 1932 to 1972, a group of Black men (nearly 400 of whom had syphilis) were studied to learn more about the disease. The disease was left untreated in the men, who had not given their <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> to serve as research subjects. The Tuskegee Study was <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee syphilis experiment">initiated in 1932</a> by the Public Health Service, with the CDC taking over the Tuskegee Health Benefit Program in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-tuskegee-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_control">Gun control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gun control">edit</a>]</div> An area of partisan dispute related to CDC funding is studying firearms effectiveness. Although the CDC was one of the first government agencies to study gun related data, in 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Dickey_Amendment" title="Dickey Amendment">Dickey Amendment</a>, passed with the support of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>, states "none of the funds available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control".<a href="#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> Advocates for <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a> oppose the amendment and have tried to overturn it.<a href="#cite_note-PRI-121">[121]</a> Looking at the history of the passage of the Dickey Amendment, in 1992, <a href="/wiki/Mark_L._Rosenberg" title="Mark L. Rosenberg">Mark L. Rosenberg</a> and five CDC colleagues founded the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, with an annual budget of approximately $260,000. They focused on "identifying causes of firearm deaths, and methods to prevent them".<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_Masters_2016-122">[122]</a> Their first report, published in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a> in 1993 entitled "Guns are a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home", reported "mere presence of a gun in a home increased the risk of a firearm-related death by 2.7 percent, and suicide fivefold – a "huge" increase."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_Masters_2016-122">[122]</a> In response, the NRA launched a "campaign to shut down the Injury Center." Two conservative pro-gun groups, <a href="/wiki/Doctors_for_Responsible_Gun_Ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors for Responsible Gun Ownership">Doctors for Responsible Gun Ownership</a> and Doctors for Integrity and Policy Research joined the pro-gun effort, and, by 1995, politicians also supported the pro-gun initiative. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Dickey" title="Jay Dickey">Jay Dickey</a> (R) Arkansas introduced the Dickey Amendment statement stating "none of the funds available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control" as a rider.<a href="#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> in the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">appropriations bill</a>."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_Masters_2016-122">[122]</a> In 1997, "Congress re-directed all of the money for gun research to the study of traumatic brain injury."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_Masters_2016-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Satcher" title="David Satcher">David Satcher</a>, CDC head 1993–98<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> advocated for firearms research.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_Masters_2016-122">[122]</a> In 2016 over a dozen "public health insiders, including current and former CDC senior leaders" told <a href="/wiki/The_Trace_(website)" title="The Trace (website)">The Trace</a> interviewers that CDC senior leaders took a cautious stance in their interpretation of the Dickey Amendment and that they could do more but were afraid of political and personal retribution.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_Masters_2016-122">[122]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> sent a letter to the leaders of the Senate Appropriations Committee asking them "to support at least $10 million within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in FY 2014 along with sufficient new taxes at the National Institutes of Health to support research into the causes and prevention of violence. Furthermore, we urge Members to oppose any efforts to reduce, eliminate, or condition CDC funding related to violence prevention research."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Congress maintained the ban in subsequent budgets.<a href="#cite_note-PRI-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ebola">Ebola</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ebola">edit</a>]</div> In October 2014, the CDC gave a nurse with a fever who was later diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a> permission to board a commercial flight to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_communication_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic">Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic § Testing</a></div> The CDC has been widely criticized for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, CDC director <a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Walensky" title="Rochelle Walensky">Rochelle Walensky</a> acknowledged "some pretty dramatic, pretty public mistakes, from testing to data to communications", based on the findings of an internal examination.<a href="#cite_note-nytreorg-30">[30]</a> The first confirmed case of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19</a> was discovered in the U.S. on January 20, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, widespread COVID-19 testing in the United States was effectively stalled until February 28, when federal officials revised a faulty CDC test, and days afterward, when the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> began loosening rules that had restricted other labs from developing tests.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In February 2020, as the CDC's early <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">coronavirus test</a> malfunctioned nationwide,<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[128]</a> CDC Director <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield" title="Robert R. Redfield">Robert R. Redfield</a> reassured fellow officials on the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a> that the problem would be quickly solved, according to White House officials. It took about three weeks to sort out the failed test kits, which may have been contaminated during their processing in a CDC lab. Later investigations by the FDA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> found that the CDC had violated its own protocols in developing its tests.<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In November 2020, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> reported that an internal review document they obtained revealed that the CDC was aware that the first batch of tests which were issued in early January had a chance of being wrong 33 percent of the time, but they released them anyway.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In May 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> reported that the CDC was conflating the results of two different types of coronavirus tests – tests that diagnose current coronavirus infections, and tests that measure whether someone has ever had the virus. The magazine said this distorted several important metrics, provided the country with an inaccurate picture of the state of the pandemic, and overstated the country's testing ability.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In July 2020, the Trump administration ordered hospitals to bypass the CDC and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>. Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On July 15, the CDC alarmed health care groups by temporarily removing COVID-19 dashboards from its website. It restored the data a day later.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In August 2020, the CDC recommended that people showing no COVID-19 symptoms do not need testing. The new guidelines alarmed many public health experts.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The guidelines were crafted by the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a> without the sign-off of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> of the NIH.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Objections by other experts at the CDC went unheard. Officials said that a CDC document in July arguing for "the importance of reopening schools" was also crafted outside the CDC.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On August 16, the chief of staff, Kyle McGowan, and his deputy, Amanda Campbell, resigned from the agency.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-140">[140]</a> The testing guidelines were reversed on September 18, 2020, after public controversy.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In September 2020, the CDC drafted an order requiring masks on all public transportation in the United States, but the White House Coronavirus Task Force blocked the order, refusing to discuss it, according to two federal health officials.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In October 2020, it was disclosed that White House advisers had repeatedly altered the writings of CDC scientists about COVID-19, including recommendations on church choirs, social distancing in bars and restaurants, and summaries of public-health reports.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the lead up to 2020 <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a>, the CDC advised Americans not to travel for the holiday saying, "It's not a requirement. It's a recommendation for the American public to consider." The White House coronavirus task force had its first public briefing in months on that date but travel was not mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The New York Times later concluded that the CDC's decisions to "ben[d] to political pressure from the Trump White House to alter key public health guidance or withhold it from the public [...] cost it a measure of public trust that experts say it still has not recaptured" as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-nytreorg-30">[30]</a> In May 2021, following criticism by scientists, the CDC updated its COVID-19 guidance to acknowledge airborne transmission of COVID-19, after having previously claimed that the majority of infections occurred via "close contact, not airborne transmission".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In December 2021, following a request from the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, CDC shortened its recommended isolation period for asymptomatic individuals infected with COVID-19 from 10 days to five.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Until 2022, the CDC withheld critical data about COVID-19 vaccine boosters, hospitalizations and wastewater data.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On June 10, 2022, the Biden Administration ordered the CDC to remove the COVID-19 testing requirement for air travelers entering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_over_the_Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report">Controversy over the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Controversy over the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">edit</a>]</div> During the pandemic, the CDC <a href="/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" title="Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</a> (MMWR) came under pressure from political appointees at the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS) to modify its reporting so as not to conflict with what Trump was saying about the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-151">[151]</a> Starting in June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caputo" title="Michael Caputo">Michael Caputo</a>, the HHS assistant secretary for public affairs, and his chief advisor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Elias_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Elias Alexander">Paul Alexander</a> tried to delay, suppress, change, and retroactively edit MMR releases about the effectiveness of potential treatments for COVID-19, the transmissibility of the virus, and other issues where the president had taken a public stance.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-151">[151]</a> Alexander tried unsuccessfully to get personal approval of all issues of MMWR before they went out.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-152">[152]</a> Caputo claimed this oversight was necessary because MMWR reports were being tainted by "political content"; he demanded to know the political leanings of the scientists who reported that <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a> had little benefit as a treatment while Trump was saying the opposite.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-151">[151]</a> In emails Alexander accused CDC scientists of attempting to "hurt the president" and writing "hit pieces on the administration".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In October 2020, emails obtained by Politico showed that Alexander requested multiple alterations in a report. The published alterations included a title being changed from "Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults" to "Persons." One current and two former CDC officials who reviewed the email exchanges said they were troubled by the "intervention to alter scientific reports viewed as untouchable prior to the Trump administration" that "appeared to minimize the risks of the coronavirus to children by making the report's focus on children less clear."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eroding_trust_in_the_CDC_as_a_result_of_COVID-19_controversies">Eroding trust in the CDC as a result of COVID-19 controversies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Eroding trust in the CDC as a result of COVID-19 controversies">edit</a>]</div> A poll conducted in September 2020 found that nearly 8 in 10 Americans trusted the CDC, a decrease from 87 percent in April 2020. Another poll showed an even larger drop in trust with the results dropping 16 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-:2-155">[155]</a> By January 2022, according to an <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> poll, only 44% of Americans trusted the CDC compared to 69% at the beginning of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> As the trustworthiness eroded, so too did the information it disseminates.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-140">[140]</a> The diminishing level of trust in the CDC and the information releases also incited "<a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">vaccine hesitancy</a>" with the result that "just 53 percent of Americans said they would be somewhat or extremely likely to get a vaccine."<a href="#cite_note-:2-155">[155]</a> In September 2020, amid the accusations and the faltering image of the CDC, the agency's leadership was called into question. Former acting director at the CDC, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Besser" title="Richard E. Besser">Richard Besser</a>, said of Redfield that "I find it concerning that the CDC director has not been outspoken when there have been instances of clear political interference in the interpretation of science."<a href="#cite_note-:3-157">[157]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Mark_L._Rosenberg" title="Mark L. Rosenberg">Mark Rosenberg</a>, the first director of CDC's <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Injury_Prevention_and_Control" title="National Center for Injury Prevention and Control">National Center for Injury Prevention and Control</a>, also questioned Redfield's leadership and his lack of defense of the science.<a href="#cite_note-:3-157">[157]</a> Historically, the CDC has not been a political agency; however, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and specifically the Trump administration's handling of the pandemic, resulted in a "dangerous shift" according to a previous CDC director and others. Four previous directors claim that the agency's voice was "muted for political reasons."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Politicization of the agency has continued into the Biden administration as COVID-19 guidance is contradicted by State guidance<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and the agency is criticized as "CDC's credibility is eroding".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In 2021, the CDC, then under the leadership of the Biden administration, received criticism for its mixed messaging surrounding COVID-19 vaccines, <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">mask-wearing guidance</a>, and the state of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_censorship">Gender censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gender censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14168" title="Executive Order 14168">Executive Order 14168</a></div> On February 1, 2025, the CDC ordered its scientists to retract any not yet published research they had produced which included any of the following banned terms: "Gender, transgender, pregnant person, pregnant people, LGBT, transsexual, non-binary, nonbinary, assigned male at birth, assigned female at birth, biologically male, biologically female”.<a href="#cite_note-Faust-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Gostin" title="Larry Gostin">Larry Gostin</a>, director of the World Health Organization Center on Global Health Law, said that the directive amounted to censorship of not only government employees, but private citizens as well. For example, if the lead author of a submitted paper works for the CDC and withdraws their name from the submission, that kills the submission even if coauthors who are private scientists remain on it.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-163">[163]</a> Other censored topics include <a href="/wiki/DEI" class="mw-redirect" title="DEI">DEI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Following extensive public backlash, some, but not all, of the removed pages were reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The CDC's censorship led to many researchers and journalists to preserve databases themselves, with many removed articles being uploaded to archival sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> On February 4, <a href="/wiki/Doctors_for_America" title="Doctors for America">Doctors for America</a> filed a federal lawsuit against the CDC, Food and Drug Administration, and Department of Health and Human Services, asking the removed websites to be put back online.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> On February 11, a judge ordered removed pages to be restored temporarily while the suit is being considered, citing doctors who said the removed materials were "vital for real-time clinical decision-making".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>CDC publications<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li>State of CDC report<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>CDC Programs in Brief<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" title="Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_Infectious_Diseases" title="Emerging Infectious Diseases">Emerging Infectious Diseases</a> (monthly journal)<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventing_Chronic_Disease" title="Preventing Chronic Disease">Preventing Chronic Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vital_statistics_(government_records)" title="Vital statistics (government records)">Vital statistics</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zombie_Apocalypse_campaign">Zombie Apocalypse campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Zombie Apocalypse campaign">edit</a>]</div> On May 16, 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's blog <a href="/wiki/Preparedness_101:_Zombie_Apocalypse" title="Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse">published an article instructing the public on</a> what to do to prepare for a <a href="/wiki/Zombie_(fictional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie (fictional)">zombie</a> invasion. While the article did not claim that such a scenario was possible, it did use the popular culture appeal as a means of urging citizens to prepare for all potential hazards, such as earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> According to David Daigle, the associate director for communications, public health preparedness and response, the idea arose when his team was discussing their upcoming hurricane-information campaign and Daigle mused that "we say pretty much the same things every year, in the same way, and I just wonder how many people are paying attention." A social-media employee mentioned that the subject of zombies had come up a lot on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> when she had been tweeting about the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>. The team realized that a campaign like this would most likely reach a different audience from the one that normally pays attention to hurricane-preparedness warnings and went to work on the zombie campaign, launching it right before hurricane season began. "The whole idea was, if you're prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you're prepared for pretty much anything," said Daigle.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Once the blog article was posted, the CDC announced an open contest for <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> submissions of the most creative and effective videos covering preparedness for a <a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">zombie apocalypse</a> (or apocalypse of any kind), to be judged by the "CDC Zombie Task Force". Submissions were open until October 11, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> They also released a zombie-themed graphic novella available on their website.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Zombie-themed educational materials for teachers are available on the site.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">Gun violence in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddon_Matrix" title="Haddon Matrix">Haddon Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">List of national public health agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Kids_Worldwide" title="Safe Kids Worldwide">Safe Kids Worldwide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CDC_Departments">CDC Departments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: CDC Departments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">ATSDR</a> – CDC department</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> – CDC department <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a> – regulated by NIOSH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Industrial_Hygiene" title="Division of Industrial Hygiene">Division of Industrial Hygiene</a> – predecessor to NIOSH</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_US_Executive_Departments">Other <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">US Executive Departments</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other US Executive Departments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a> – co-regulator of respirators <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#History" title="N95 respirator">prior to 1998</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">Bureau of Mines</a> – predecessor to MSHA</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2931140-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31140-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7255307">7255307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32416772">32416772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Reviving+the+US+CDC&rft.volume=395&rft.issue=10236&rft.pages=1521&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7255307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32416772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2931140-5&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7255307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenters+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Disease Control and Prevention at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Humphrey Building">Hubert H. Humphrey Building</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li>Vacant, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services">Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretariat staff offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services</li> <li>Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General,_U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Office of Inspector General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Coordinator_for_Health_Information_Technology" title="Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology">Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/150px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/225px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/300px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="406" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Assistant_Secretary_for_Health" title="Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Office of the Surgeon General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Injury_Prevention_and_Control" title="National Center for Injury Prevention and Control">National Center for Injury Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration" title="Health Resources and Services Administration">Health Resources and Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Behavioral_Health_Statistics_and_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality">Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human services agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Children_and_Families" title="Administration for Children and Families">Administration for Children and Families</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Native_Americans" title="Administration for Native Americans">Administration for Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Community_Living" title="Administration for Community Living">Administration for Community Living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_on_Aging" title="Administration on Aging">Administration on Aging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_%26_Medicaid_Services" title="Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services">Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_Welfare_Information_Gateway" title="Child Welfare Information Gateway">Child Welfare Information Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biological_warfare_and_bioterrorism296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioterrorism" title="Template:Bioterrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioterrorism" title="Template talk:Bioterrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioterrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioterrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biological_warfare_and_bioterrorism296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731#Biological_warfare" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Rajneeshee_bioterror_attack" title="1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack">1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_California_medfly_attack" title="1989 California medfly attack">1989 California medfly attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">Wood Green ricin plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_ricin_letters" title="2003 ricin letters">2003 ricin letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_ricin_letters" title="April 2013 ricin letters">2013 ricin letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention and response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Group" title="Australia Group">Australia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Health_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Health Security">Center for Health Security</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Terrorism" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism">Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency" title="Defense Threat Reduction Agency">Defense Threat Reduction Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Health_Security_Initiative" title="Global Health Security Initiative">Global Health Security Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Threat_Unit_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Threat Unit (European Commission)">Health Threat Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_Response_Network" title="Laboratory Response Network">Laboratory Response Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodefense_Analysis_and_Countermeasures_Center" title="National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center">National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Advisory_Board_for_Biosecurity" title="National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity">National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_Institute_of_Infectious_Diseases" title="United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases">United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydophila psittaci">Chlamydophila psittaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii" title="Coxiella burnetii">Coxiella burnetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a></li> <li>Equine encephalitis (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern equine encephalitis virus">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Western equine encephalitis virus">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Henipavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Salmonella typhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_hoaxes" title="Anthrax hoaxes">Anthrax hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychochemical_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychochemical weapon">Psychochemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocontainment" title="Biocontainment">Biocontainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_decontamination" title="Human decontamination">Decontamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention" title="Biological Weapons Convention">Biological Weapons Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1540" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bioterrorism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Bioterrorism">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bioterrorism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bioterrorism">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Bioterrorism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Bioterrorism">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health650" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's t-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test">Z-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations, education and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of public health in the United Kingdom">History of public health in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">History of public health in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Druid_Hills_neighborhood_of_Atlanta_and_DeKalb_County,_Georgia529" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druid_Hills" title="Template:Druid Hills"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druid_Hills" title="Template talk:Druid Hills"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druid_Hills" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druid Hills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Druid_Hills_neighborhood_of_Atlanta_and_DeKalb_County,_Georgia529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills,_Georgia" title="Druid Hills, Georgia">Druid Hills</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">DeKalb County, Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hurt" title="Joel Hurt">Joel Hurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Olmsted" title="John Charles Olmsted">John Charles Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Briarcliff_(mansion)" title="Briarcliff (mansion)">Briarcliff (mansion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanwolde" class="mw-redirect" title="Callanwolde">Callanwolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_H._Mason_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos H. Mason Mansion">Carlos H. Mason Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills_Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Druid Hills Baptist Church">Druid Hills Baptist Church</a> (Poncey–Highland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullwater_House" title="Lullwater House">Lullwater House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Terrace" title="Rainbow Terrace">Rainbow Terrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills_Historic_District_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" title="Druid Hills Historic District (Atlanta, Georgia)">Druid Hills Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Grove_Historic_District" title="Emory Grove Historic District">Emory Grove Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Park%E2%80%93Emory_Highlands%E2%80%93Emory_Estates_Historic_District" title="University Park–Emory Highlands–Emory Estates Historic District">University Park–Emory Highlands–Emory Estates Historic District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callanwolde_Fine_Arts_Center" title="Callanwolde Fine Arts Center">Callanwolde Fine Arts Center</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills_Golf_Club" title="Druid Hills Golf Club">Druid Hills Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills_High_School" title="Druid Hills High School">Druid Hills High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University_Hospital" title="Emory University Hospital">Emory University Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernbank_Forest" title="Fernbank Forest">Fernbank Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Fernbank Museum of Natural History">Fernbank Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernbank_Science_Center" title="Fernbank Science Center">Fernbank Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Mental_Health_Institute" title="Georgia Mental Health Institute">Georgia Mental Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paideia_School" title="The Paideia School">The Paideia School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Blomberg" title="Ron Blomberg">Ron Blomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Griggs_Candler" title="Asa Griggs Candler">Asa Griggs Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_G._Candler_Jr." title="Asa G. Candler Jr.">Asa G. Candler Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carnes" title="Jimmy Carnes">Jimmy Carnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Leide" title="Enrico Leide">Enrico Leide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_H._Mason" title="Carlos H. Mason">Carlos H. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_De_Votie_Newton" title="Louie De Votie Newton">Louie De Votie Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Beall_Candler_Owens_Heinz_Leide" title="Lucy Beall Candler Owens Heinz Leide">Lucy Beall Candler Owens Heinz Leide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_freeway_revolts" title="Atlanta freeway revolts">Atlanta freeway revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Corridor" title="Clifton Corridor">Clifton Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Parkway">Freedom Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreland_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreland Avenue">Moreland Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(Atlanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="PATH (Atlanta)">PATH trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Avenue" title="Ponce de Leon Avenue">Ponce de Leon Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Freeway" title="Stone Mountain Freeway">Stone Mountain Freeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools" title="Atlanta Public Schools">Atlanta Public Schools</a> (portions in Atlanta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County_School_District" title="DeKalb County School District">DeKalb County School District</a> (CDP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_Miss_Daisy" title="Driving Miss Daisy">Driving Miss Daisy</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Point" title="Emory Point">Emory Point</a> mixed-use development</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inman_Park" title="Template:Inman Park">Inman Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Morningside" title="Template:Morningside">Morningside–Lenox Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_Fourth_Ward" title="Template:Old Fourth Ward">Old Fourth Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Poncey%E2%80%93Highland" title="Template:Poncey–Highland">Poncey–Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Virginia%E2%80%93Highland" title="Template:Virginia–Highland">Virginia–Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlanta_neighborhoods" title="Template:Atlanta neighborhoods">All neighborhoods of Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science1019" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template talk:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science1019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">United States government agencies</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">Global Change Research Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li>Office of Environmental Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratories and Technology Centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li><a 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