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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balloon_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balloon_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Balloon flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balloon_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solitary_confinement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solitary_confinement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Solitary confinement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solitary_confinement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_inmates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_inmates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable inmates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_inmates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Demolished prison in Philadelphia, PA, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Walnut+Street+Prison%22">"Walnut Street Prison"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Walnut+Street+Prison%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Walnut+Street+Prison%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Walnut+Street+Prison%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Walnut+Street+Prison%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Walnut+Street+Prison%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Walnut Street Prison</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Goal_in_Walnut_Street_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_views_plate_24_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="820" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Walnut Street Prison in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, circa 1800</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_d2eaeb51aabc3f4afc24a8de41a638e2fd3e5b88"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Walnut_Street_Prison&revid=1259918281&groups=_d2eaeb51aabc3f4afc24a8de41a638e2fd3e5b88" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Walnut_Street_Prison&revid=1259918281&groups=_d2eaeb51aabc3f4afc24a8de41a638e2fd3e5b88 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">1790<span class="noprint">; 235 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1790</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">1838<span class="noprint">; 187 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1838</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former name</th><td class="infobox-data">Walnut Street Jail</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walnut Street Prison</b> was a city jail and <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">penitentiary house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, from 1790 to 1838. Legislation calling for establishment of the jail was passed in 1773 to relieve overcrowding in the High Street Jail; the first prisoners were admitted in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located at Sixth and <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut</a> Streets, where it acquired its original name <b>Walnut Street Jail</b>. </p><p>The penitentiary house, built in 1790, is considered to be the first in the United States, as it was built to use individual cells and work details. The word "penitentiary" came from the Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers'</a> belief in penitence and self-examination as a means to salvation. This was made a new and permanent form of combating crime through the practice of <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>, which was later adopted at the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_State_Penitentiary" title="Eastern State Penitentiary">Eastern State Penitentiary</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1773, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, a new jail was opened to receive the overcrowded prisoners of High Street Jail. It was located on <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a>, from which its name was based, on a lot bounded by Sixth and Prune at present-day <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A print showing the two-story jail on the left, across the street from a long wall and under a partly cloudy sky. The print is titled "The Jail, Philada."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Walnut_Street_Jail_Print_-_Malcolm.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Peller_Malcolm" title="James Peller Malcolm">James Peller Malcolm</a>'s 1789 illustration of Walnut Street Prison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg/220px-WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg/330px-WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg/440px-WALNUTSTREETPRISON_HISTORICALMARKER_20141014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Walnut Street Prison's Pennsylvania Historical Marker at the corner of South Sixth and <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut</a> Streets in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City, Philadelphia</a>, October 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The jail was designed to hold groups of <a href="/wiki/Inmates" class="mw-redirect" title="Inmates">inmates</a> in large rooms. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(architect)" title="Robert Smith (architect)">Robert Smith</a>, a prominent Philadelphia architect. The building was in the typical U-shape designed to hold large numbers of inmates. There was little regard for their physical well-being, and none for their rehabilitation. The prison was overcrowded and dirty, and inmates attacked each other regularly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balloon_flight">Balloon flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Balloon flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first manned <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon (aircraft)">balloon flight</a> in the Western Hemisphere was made by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blanchard" title="Jean-Pierre Blanchard">Jean-Pierre Blanchard</a> on January 9, 1793. He launched his balloon from the prison yard of the jail, before a crowd of spectators that included President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>. Blanchard crossed the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> and safely landed in <a href="/wiki/Deptford_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Deptford Township, New Jersey">Deptford Township, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solitary_confinement">Solitary confinement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solitary confinement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new cellblock, called the "penitentiary house," was added in 1790. Built within the courtyard of the existing structure, it included a series of small cells for individual prisoners. The cells and the corridors connecting them were arranged to prevent prisoners from communicating with each other. Windows were high up (the cells had 9-foot-high (2.7 m) ceilings) and grated and louvered to prevent prisoners from looking onto the street. Each cell had a mattress, a <a href="/wiki/Water_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Water tap">water tap</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">privy</a> pipe. </p><p>The Walnut Street Jail was to be converted into a penitentiary in 1790. But because of political reasons and the resistance of the jailer, John Reynolds, the transformation did not occur till 1795. As a penitentiary, solitary confinement was the goal, but such facilities were only available for about a third of those admitted. Other prisoners were made to sleep naked in a common room. <a href="/wiki/Overcrowding" title="Overcrowding">Overcrowding</a> undermined the goal of <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> of serious offenders, and more than one inmate was placed in each cell. The isolation had a terrible psychological effect on inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually inmates were given in-cell <a href="/wiki/Piecework" class="mw-redirect" title="Piecework">piecework</a> on which they worked up to eight hours a day. Despite these difficulties, similar institutions were constructed at Newgate Prison in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1797 and in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a> in 1798. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_inmates">Notable inmates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable inmates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Carson" title="Ann Carson">Ann Carson</a> - attempted to kidnap the Governor of Pennsylvania in 1816 to force him to pardon her imprisoned bigamist husband who had killed her first husband.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lyon_(blacksmith)" title="Patrick Lyon (blacksmith)">Patrick Lyon</a> - falsely imprisoned at the jail after the <a href="/wiki/1798_Bank_of_Pennsylvania_heist" title="1798 Bank of Pennsylvania heist">1798 Bank of Pennsylvania heist</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore1948" class="citation web cs1">Skidmore, Rex J. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=3569&context=jclc">"Penological Pioneering in the Walnut Street Jail, 1789-1799"], <i>Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology"</i></a><i>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penological+Pioneering+in+the+Walnut+Street+Jail%2C+1789-1799%22%5D%2C+Journal+of+Criminal+Law+%26+Criminology&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Rex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D3569%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalnut+Street+Prison" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/birch/">"Birch's Views of Philadelphia"</a>. <i>US History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+History&rft.atitle=Birch%27s+Views+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fbirch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalnut+Street+Prison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristan2024" class="citation news cs1">Tristan, David (January 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc27.com/digital-originals/on-this-date-americas-first-balloon-flight/">"On this date: America's first balloon flight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WHTM-TV" title="WHTM-TV">WHTM-TV</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WHTM-TV&rft.atitle=On+this+date%3A+America%E2%80%99s+first+balloon+flight&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.aulast=Tristan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc27.com%2Fdigital-originals%2Fon-this-date-americas-first-balloon-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalnut+Street+Prison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinReiter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Ashley; Reiter, Keramet (Fall 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/Continuity_in_the_Face_of_Penal_Innovation_-_Revisiting_the_History_of_American_Solitary_Confinement_2018.pdf">"Continuity in the Face of Penal Innovation: Revisiting the History of American Solitary Confinement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Social_Inquiry" title="Law and Social Inquiry">Law & Social Inquiry</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Foundation" title="American Bar Foundation">American Bar Foundation</a>: 1615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flsi.12330">10.1111/lsi.12330</a></span>. <q>By the middle of the 1820s, penal reformers and prison administrators alike expressed intense opposition to total solitary confinement . . . . Most centrally, they concluded that the practice was cruel and inhumane and dangerous to mental and physical health.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Social+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Continuity+in+the+Face+of+Penal+Innovation%3A+Revisiting+the+History+of+American+Solitary+Confinement&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1615&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Flsi.12330&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Keramet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonlegalnews.org%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2FContinuity_in_the_Face_of_Penal_Innovation_-_Revisiting_the_History_of_American_Solitary_Confinement_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalnut+Street+Prison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/carson-ann-d-1824">"Carson, Ann (d. 1824)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616130423/https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/carson-ann-d-1824">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Carson%2C+Ann+%28d.+1824%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fdictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases%2Fcarson-ann-d-1824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalnut+Street+Prison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Inciardi, James A. <i>Criminal Justice</i>, Ninth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2010.</li> <li>Johnston, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404012101/https://www.prisonsociety.org/about/history.shtml">Prison Reform in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen_Manion" title="Jen Manion">Manion, Jen</a>. <i>Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America</i> 2015, University of Pennsylvania Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Schmalleger" title="Frank Schmalleger">Schmalleger, Frank</a>. <i>Corrections in the 21st century</i>, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2007.</li> <li>Siegel, Larry J. <i>Essentials of Criminal Justice</i>, Fifth Edition. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Street_Prison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=30718">Walnut Street Prison</a> at The Historical Marker Database</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walnut_Street_Prison&params=39.947_N_75.147_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°56′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°08′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.947°N 75.147°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.947; 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