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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Norman_designs_and_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Norman_designs_and_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Norman designs and contacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Norman_designs_and_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Role of the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landings_of_1169" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landings_of_1169"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Landings of 1169</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landings_of_1169-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Strongbow_in_1170" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Strongbow_in_1170"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arrival of Strongbow in 1170</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Strongbow_in_1170-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_counteroffensive_of_1171" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_counteroffensive_of_1171"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Irish counteroffensive of 1171</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_counteroffensive_of_1171-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Henry_II_in_1171" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Henry_II_in_1171"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arrival of Henry II in 1171</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Henry_II_in_1171-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Henry's_departure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Henry's_departure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After Henry's departure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_Henry's_departure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After Henry's departure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_Henry's_departure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Windsor_and_Council_of_Oxford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Windsor_and_Council_of_Oxford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Treaty of Windsor and Council of Oxford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Windsor_and_Council_of_Oxford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural and economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-Norman_feuding_and_Irish_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-Norman_feuding_and_Irish_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Inter-Norman feuding and Irish alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-Norman_feuding_and_Irish_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="غزو النورمان لأيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غزو النورمان لأيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_normanda_d%27Irlanda" title="Invasió normanda d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió normanda d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormannische_Eroberung_von_Irland" title="Anglonormannische Eroberung von Irland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglonormannische Eroberung von Irland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_cambro-normanda_de_Irlanda" title="Invasión cambro-normanda de Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión cambro-normanda de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandako_normandiar_inbasioa" title="Irlandako normandiar inbasioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandako normandiar inbasioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_normande_de_l%27Irlande" title="Invasion normande de l'Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion normande de l'Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionradh_na_Normannach_ar_%C3%89irinn" title="Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%B5%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="앵글로노르만인의 아일랜드 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앵글로노르만인의 아일랜드 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Irlandia_oleh_Anglo-Norman" title="Invasi Irlandia oleh Anglo-Norman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Irlandia oleh Anglo-Norman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_normanna_dell%27Irlanda" title="Invasione normanna dell'Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasione normanna dell'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הפלישה הנורמנית לאירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלישה הנורמנית לאירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angol_h%C3%B3d%C3%ADt%C3%A1s_%C3%8Drorsz%C3%A1gban" title="Angol hódítás Írországban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angol hódítás Írországban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandische_invasie_van_Ierland" title="Normandische invasie van Ierland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Normandische invasie van Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="ノルマン人のアイルランド侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルマン人のアイルランド侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_anglo-normanniske_invasjonen_av_Irland" title="Den anglo-normanniske invasjonen av Irland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den anglo-normanniske invasjonen av Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_normanda_na_Irlanda" title="Invasão normanda na Irlanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão normanda na Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Нормандское вторжение в Ирландию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нормандское вторжение в Ирландию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda%27n%C4%B1n_Normanlar_taraf%C4%B1ndan_i%C5%9Fgali" title="İrlanda'nın Normanlar tarafından işgali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda'nın Normanlar tarafından işgali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Норманське вторгнення до Ірландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Норманське вторгнення до Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="諾曼征服愛爾蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諾曼征服愛爾蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">12th-century invasion of Ireland by Anglo-Normans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg/300px-MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg/450px-MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg/600px-MarriageAoifeStrongbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="552" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Strongbow_and_Aoife" title="The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife">The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife</a></i> (1854), by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Maclise" title="Daniel Maclise">Daniel Maclise</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1169 – 1177</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Anglo-Norman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Most of Ireland absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Strongbow</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Irish-Norman_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Irish-Norman wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Irish-Norman_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Irish-Norman wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Irish-Norman_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Irish-Norman wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norman_wars_in_Ireland_(1169–1542)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland"><span class="wrap">Norman wars in Ireland</span></a> <small>(1169–1542)</small></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wexford_(1169)" title="Siege of Wexford (1169)">Duncormac and Wexford</a> (1169)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1171)" title="Siege of Dublin (1171)">Dublin</a> (1171)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thurles" title="Battle of Thurles">Thurles</a> (1174)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Post-invasion</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_first_expedition_to_Ireland" title="John's first expedition to Ireland">John's expedition</a> (1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieges of Galway">Sieges of Dún Gaillmhe</a> (1230–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballyshannon_(1247)" title="Battle of Ballyshannon (1247)">Ballyshannon</a> (1247)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Athenry" title="First Battle of Athenry">1st Athenry</a> (1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magh_Slecht" title="Battle of Magh Slecht">Magh Slécht</a> (1256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Creadran_Cille" title="Battle of Creadran Cille">Creadran Cille</a> (1257)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Down" title="Battle of Down">Down</a> (1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callann" title="Battle of Callann">Callann</a> (1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerton_Mountain#Tooreencormick_battle_site" title="Mangerton Mountain">Tooreencormick</a> (1262)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%81th_an_Chip" title="Battle of Áth an Chip">Áth an Chip</a> (1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moiry_Pass" title="Battle of Moiry Pass">Moiry Pass</a> (1315)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connor" title="Battle of Connor">Connor</a> (1315)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kells" title="Battle of Kells">Kells</a> (1315)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerries" title="Battle of Skerries">Skerries</a> (1316)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Athenry" title="Second Battle of Athenry">2nd Athenry</a> (1316)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lough_Raska" title="Battle of Lough Raska">Loch Rasca</a> (1317)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dysert_O%27Dea" title="Battle of Dysert O'Dea">Dysert O'Dea</a> (1318)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faughart" title="Battle of Faughart">Faughart</a> (1318)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardnocher" title="Battle of Ardnocher">Áth an Urchair</a> (1329)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fiodh-an-%C3%81tha" title="Battle of Fiodh-an-Átha">Fiodh an Átha</a> (1330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tochar_Cruachain-Bri-Ele" title="Battle of Tochar Cruachain-Bri-Ele">Cruachán Brí Eile</a> (1385)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ros-Mhic-Thri%C3%BAin" title="Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin">Ros Mhic Thriúin</a> (1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tragh-Bhaile" title="Battle of Tragh-Bhaile">Tragh-Bhaile</a> (1399)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cluain_Immorrais" title="Battle of Cluain Immorrais">Cluain Immorrais</a> (1406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knockdoe" title="Battle of Knockdoe">Knockdoe</a> (1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare">Silken Thomas's Rebellion</a> (1534–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belahoe" title="Battle of Belahoe">Belahoe</a> (1539)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</b> took place during the late 12th century, when <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> over which the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">monarchs of England</a> then claimed sovereignty. The Anglo-Normans claimed the invasion was sanctioned by the papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> was made up of several kingdoms, with a <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King</a> claiming lordship over most of the other kings. The Anglo-Norman invasion was a watershed in Ireland's history, marking the beginning of more than 800 years of <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>. </p><p>In May 1169, Anglo-Norman mercenaries landed in Ireland at the request of <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarmait mac Murchada">Diarmait mac Murchada</a> (Dermot MacMurragh), the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposed</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Leinster" title="List of kings of Leinster">King of Leinster</a>, who sought their help in regaining his kingship. They achieved this within weeks and raided neighbouring kingdoms. This military intervention was sanctioned by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>. In return, Diarmait had sworn loyalty to Henry and promised land to the Normans. </p><p>In 1170, there were further Norman landings, led by the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke#The_first_creation:_de_Clare_(1138)" title="Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Richard "Strongbow" de Clare</a>. They seized the important <a href="/wiki/Norse-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Irish">Norse-Irish</a> towns of Dublin and Waterford, and Strongbow married Diarmait's daughter <a href="/wiki/Aoife_MacMurrough" title="Aoife MacMurrough">Aoífe</a>. Diarmait died in May 1171 and Strongbow claimed Leinster, which Diarmait had promised him. Led by High King <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a> (Rory O'Conor), a coalition of most of the Irish kingdoms <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1171)" title="Siege of Dublin (1171)">besieged Dublin</a>, while Norman-held <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a> were also attacked. However, the Normans managed to hold most of their territory. </p><p>In October 1171, King Henry landed with a large army to assert control over both the Anglo-Normans and the Irish. This intervention was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, who saw it as a means of ensuring Irish religious reform, and a source of <a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">taxes</a>. At the time, Irish marriage laws conflicted with those of the broader Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> had not been fully implemented. Henry granted Strongbow Leinster as a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a>, declared the Norse-Irish towns to be <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a>, and arranged the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Cashel" title="Synod of Cashel">synod of Cashel</a> to reform the Irish church. Many Irish kings also submitted to him, likely in the hope that he would curb Norman expansion, but Henry granted the unconquered kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Meath</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath" title="Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath">Hugh de Lacy</a>. After Henry's departure in 1172, fighting between the Normans and Irish continued. </p><p>The 1175 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1175)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1175)">Treaty of Windsor</a> acknowledged Henry as overlord of the conquered territory and Ruaidrí as overlord of the remainder of Ireland, with Ruaidrí also swearing <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> to Henry. The treaty soon collapsed: Norman lords continued to invade Irish kingdoms and the Irish continued to attack the Normans. In 1177, Henry adopted a new policy. He declared his son <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> to be the "Lord of Ireland" (i.e. claiming the whole island) and authorised the Norman lords to conquer more land. The territory they held became the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. The Normans' success has been attributed to military superiority and castle-building, the lack of a unified opposition from the Irish and the support of the church for Henry's intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> was made up of several over-kingdoms, which each comprised several lesser kingdoms. At the top was the High King, who received tribute from the other kings but did not rule Ireland as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, though it had a common culture and legal system. The five port towns of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> were inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse-Irish</a> and had their own rulers. </p><p>The Normans <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">conquered England</a> between 1066 and 1075, with all earldoms thereafter held by Normans, as were all <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishoprics</a> after 1096. In parallel, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Abernethy" title="Treaty of Abernethy">Treaty of Abernethy</a> created a limited settlement between the Norman conquerors and Scotland, with lands in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> exchanged for peace. Over the following decades, Norman lords <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">conquered much of south Wales</a> and established their own semi-independent lordships there. According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">John Gillingham</a>, after the Norman conquest, an imperialist attitude emerged among England's new <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">French-speaking</a> ruling elite, and they came to view their Celtic neighbours as inferior and barbarous.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Norman_designs_and_contacts">Early Norman designs and contacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Norman designs and contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is thought that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Leinster</a> army in the 1014 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> may have included troops from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg92_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg92-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England in 1066, the Normans became aware of the role Ireland played in providing refuge and assistance to their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyClon259_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyClon259-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also contemplated the conquest of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> that if <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> had lived for two more years (until 1089) "he would have conquered Ireland by his prudence and without any weapons".<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DuffyClon260_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyClon260-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's son, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a>, is stated as having said "For the conquest of this land, I will gather all the ships of my kingdom, and will make of them a bridge to cross over".<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1155, King Henry II of England held a council at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Torigni" title="Robert of Torigni">Robert of Torigni</a>, Henry discussed plans to invade Ireland and grant it to his brother <a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William FitzEmpress</a> as a provision. The Anglo-Norman clergy strongly backed the proposal. The plans came to nothing, allegedly due to opposition from his mother, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy2007pgs132-3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy2007pgs132-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg56-7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg56-7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were contacts between the Irish and Normans well before 1169. The Norman lord of Pembroke, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_de_Montgomery" title="Arnulf de Montgomery">Arnulf de Montgomery</a> (d. 1118–22), was the son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Murtough O'Brien</a> (d. 1119), <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Munster" title="List of kings of Munster">king of Munster</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Montgomery and his family had rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> in 1100 and sought Irish aid. De Montgomery married O'Brien's daughter and obtained the assistance of his fleet, but was still forced to flee to Ireland in 1102. <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a>' account says De Montgomery used his troops to aid O'Brien in Ireland and hoping to succeed his father-in-law as king, but had to flee after his hosts turned against him. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> states it was only after the Normans imposed a trade embargo on Ireland that the situation died down and the O'Brien-de Montgomery alliance ended.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyClon263_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyClon263-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From at least 1144, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Leinster" title="List of kings of Leinster">king of Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermot_MacMurrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermot MacMurrough">Dermot MacMurrough</a>, had been on good terms with the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>. After becoming king of England in December 1154, Henry II had allied with <a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Argyll" title="Lord of Argyll">Lord of Argyll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Mac_Lochlainn" title="Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn">Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél nEógain">Cenél nEógain</a>, to put pressure on the new king of Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruits of this alliance saw Malcolm cede parts of Scotland to England in 1157 and make peace with Somerled in 1160. In Ireland, Mac Lochlainn invaded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne" title="Kingdom of Breifne">Kingdom of Breifne</a>, forced the submission <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Rory O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Connacht">king of Connacht</a>, and in 1161 gave MacMurrough eastern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Meath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg62_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For six months in 1165, the fleet of Dublin, which was under the control of Dermot MacMurrough, was used to aid Henry II's forces in an abortive campaign in north Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg62_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_church">Role of the church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laudabiliter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Some of the initiative for political and military intervention came from Anglo-Norman church leaders – especially <a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> – who wanted to control the Irish church and fully implement the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-church_reform_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-church_reform-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carpenter_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish church leaders had legislated for reform, notably at the synods of <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Cashel" title="Synod of Cashel">Cashel</a> (1101), <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_R%C3%A1th_Breasail" title="Synod of Ráth Breasail">Ráth Breasail</a> (1111) and <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Kells" title="Synod of Kells">Kells</a> (1152). These reforms, intended to tighten attitudes towards marriage, clerical celibacy, the sacramental system, and control of church lands and offices, "would demand the abandonment of features of Gaelic society going back to pre-Christian times and of practises which had been accepted for centuries by the church in Ireland." Implementing the reforms was slow and difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-church_reform_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-church_reform-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Kells" title="Synod of Kells">Synod of Kells</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">church of Canterbury</a> had its claims to primacy over the Irish church dismissed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a>, who felt the Irish church could handle its own affairs. This did not go down well with the Anglo-Norman clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg56-7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg56-7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1155 <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and good friends with the recently elected Anglo-Norman <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a>, made an "extraordinary intervention" at the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. He called for Norman involvement in Ireland to reform its "barbaric and impious" people.<sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg56-7_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg56-7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i>, or an equivalent, which purported to grant Henry II papal authority to intervene in Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg58-9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg58-9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as by conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salisbury had been inspired in his views on the Irish by the "Life of Malachy", written by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malachy" title="Saint Malachy">Malachy</a>'s friend, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>. This hagiography, written within a year of Malachy's death in 1148, depicted the Irish, in fact highly Christianised, in exaggerated terms as barbaric, semi-pagan and in need of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-ANHOIpg58-9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANHOIpg58-9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/F._X._Martin" title="F. X. Martin">F. X. Martin</a> writes that Ireland was "barbaric" in Bernard's eyes because it "had retained its own culture and had remained outside the Latin secular world". This depiction of Ireland and the Irish became established as the mainstream view throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-church_reform_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-church_reform-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landings_of_1169">Landings of 1169</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Landings of 1169"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg/250px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg/375px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg/500px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_175_-_Henry_Authorizes_Dermod_to_Levy_Forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>"Henry authorizes Dermod to levy forces", from <i>A Chronicle of England</i> (1864) by <a href="/wiki/James_William_Edmund_Doyle" title="James William Edmund Doyle">James Doyle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1166, <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a> (Rory O'Connor), <a href="/wiki/King_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Connacht">king of Connacht</a>, was acknowledged as High King of Ireland by most of the Irish kings.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy776_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy776-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led a coalition—that included <a href="/wiki/Tigern%C3%A1n_Ua_Ruairc" title="Tigernán Ua Ruairc">Tigernán Ua Ruairc</a> (Tiernan O'Rourke) of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne" title="Kingdom of Breifne">Bréifne</a> (Breffny), Diarmait Ua Maelsechlainn (Dermot O'Melaghlin) of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Míde</a> (Meath), the Norse-Irish of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a>, and several Leinster princes<sup id="cite_ref-duffy776_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy776-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—which ousted <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarmait mac Murchada">Diarmait mac Murchada</a> (Dermot MacMurragh) as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Leinster" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Leinster">king of Leinster</a>. Diarmait refusing to accept his fate sailed from Ireland on the 1 August for Bristol with his daughter Aoife<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sought help from Henry II in regaining his kingship. Henry gave Diarmait permission to recruit forces and authorised his subjects to help Diarmait, in return for Diarmait swearing loyalty to Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other benefits, a loyal Diarmait restored to power would allow the fleet of Dublin to be used in Anglo-Norman campaigns against the Welsh and Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lords</a> agreed to help: <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Richard FitzGilbert de Clare</a> (also known as Strongbow), <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzStephen" title="Robert FitzStephen">Robert FitzStephen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_Lord_of_Lanstephan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan">Maurice FitzGerald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Prendergast" title="Maurice de Prendergast">Maurice de Prendergast</a>. Diarmait promised Strongbow his daughter <a href="/wiki/Aoife_MacMurrough" title="Aoife MacMurrough">Aoífe</a> in marriage and the kingship of Leinster upon Diarmait's death. He promised Robert and Maurice the town of Wexford and two neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Cantred" title="Cantred">cantreds</a>. Under Irish law, Diarmait had no right to do this. Having secured their help, he returned to his home territory of <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Ceinnselaig" title="Uí Ceinnselaig">Uí Ceinnselaig</a> (Hy Kinsella) in 1167 with one knight, Richard FitzGodebert, and a small number of soldiers. He smoothly resumed power as chief and awaited the arrival of his allies. King Ruaidrí and Tigernán confronted him with a small force and there was a skirmish at Killistown. Diarmait gave hostages to Ruaidrí and a hundred ounces of gold to Tigernán, and FitzGodebert left Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 May 1169, Robert FitzStephen and Maurice de Prendergast landed at <a href="/wiki/Bannow" title="Bannow">Bannow</a> Bay, on the south coast of County Wexford, with a force of at least 40 knights, 60 <a href="/wiki/Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">men-at-arms</a> and 360 archers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force merged with about 500 men led by Diarmait. They set about conquering Leinster and the territories Diarmait had claimed sovereignty over. First they <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wexford_(1169)" title="Siege of Wexford (1169)">besieged the Norse-Irish seaport of Wexford</a>, which surrendered after two days. They then raided and plundered the territories of north Leinster, which had refused to submit to Diarmait.<sup id="cite_ref-martin70_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin70-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also raided the neighbouring kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ossory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ossory">Ossory</a>, defeating the forces of king Donnchad Mac Gilla Patraic (Donagh MacGillapatrick) in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Freshford,_County_Kilkenny" title="Freshford, County Kilkenny">Achad Úr</a>. However, Donnchad withdrew his forces to safety. Prendergast then announced he was withdrawing from Ireland with his 200 men, but Diarmait would not let them set sail from Wexford. In response, Prendergast offered his men as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> to Donnchad of Ossory, which Donnchad accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-martin70_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin70-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used these mercenaries to temporarily subdue <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a>. However, Prendergast refused to fight his former companions, and he soon left Ireland with his men.<sup id="cite_ref-martin71_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin71-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, High King Ruaidrí led an army into Leinster to confront Diarmait and the Normans. The army included contingents from <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, Breffny, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Meath</a>, and Dublin, each led by their respective kings.<sup id="cite_ref-martin71_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin71-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement was reached at <a href="/wiki/Ferns,_County_Wexford" title="Ferns, County Wexford">Ferns</a>: Diarmait was acknowledged as king of Leinster, in return for acknowledging Ruaidrí as his overlord and agreeing to send his foreign allies away permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-martin71_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin71-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure compliance, Diarmait agreed to give Ruaidrí <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a>, one of whom was his son.<sup id="cite_ref-martin71_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin71-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Diarmait apparently sought to use his Anglo-Norman allies to make himself High King.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the Ferns agreement, Maurice FitzGerald landed at Wexford with at least 10 knights, 30 mounted archers and 100-foot archers. In a show of strength, Maurice and Diarmait marched an army north and laid waste to the hinterland of Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_of_Strongbow_in_1170">Arrival of Strongbow in 1170</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arrival of Strongbow in 1170"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baginbun_Head_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baginbun_Head_Map.png/250px-Baginbun_Head_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baginbun_Head_Map.png/375px-Baginbun_Head_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baginbun_Head_Map.png/500px-Baginbun_Head_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the locations of Bannow, Baginbun, Wexford and Waterford</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1170, Strongbow appears to have been funded financially for his invasion by a Jewish merchant by the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josce_of_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josce of Gloucester (page does not exist)">Josce of Gloucester</a>: "Josce, Jew of Gloucester, owes 100 shillings for an amerciament for the moneys which he lent to those who against the king's prohibition went over to Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May of that year, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_FitzGerald" title="Raymond FitzGerald">Raymond FitzGerald</a> landed at Bannow Bay with at least 10 knights and 70 archers. This was the advance guard for Strongbow's army and was to be the springboard for an assault on Waterford.<sup id="cite_ref-martin73_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raymond's force occupied an old <a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">promontory fort</a> at Baginbun and plundered the surrounding countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-martin73_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were then besieged by a much larger force of Irish and Norse-Irish. The outnumbered Anglo-Normans drove a large herd of cattle into the opposing army.<sup id="cite_ref-martin74_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin74-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing havoc, the Normans routed the besiegers, killing up to 500 and capturing 70. These captives were then executed: the Normans broke their limbs before beheading them and throwing their bodies off the cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-martin74_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin74-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 August, Strongbow landed at <a href="/wiki/Passage_East" title="Passage East">Passage</a> with at least 200 knights and 1,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-martin75_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin75-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met with Raymond's force and assaulted Waterford. The walls were eventually breached and there followed fierce fighting in the streets, in which 700 defenders were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-martin75_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin75-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diarmait and the other Norman commanders then arrived in Waterford, where Strongbow married Diarmait's daughter, Aífe.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Normans and Diarmait held a council of war at Waterford and agreed to take Dublin. High King Ruaidrí encamped a large army near Dublin to intercept them. As well as troops from Connacht, it included troops from Breffny (led by King Tigernán), Meath (led by King Máel Sechlainn), and <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Oriel</a> (led by King Murchad Ua Cerbaill). The Normans and Diarmait bypassed them by travelling over the <a href="/wiki/Wicklow_Mountains" title="Wicklow Mountains">Wicklow Mountains</a>, forcing Ruaidrí's army to abandon their plans.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When they reached Dublin, Diarmait began negotiations with its king, <a href="/wiki/Ascall_mac_Ragnaill" title="Ascall mac Ragnaill">Ascall mac Ragnaill</a> (Ascall MacRannall). On 21 September, while talks were ongoing, a force of Normans—led by <a href="/wiki/Miles_de_Cogan" title="Miles de Cogan">Miles de Cogan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_FitzGerald" title="Raymond FitzGerald">Raymond FitzGerald</a>—stormed the town and took it. Ascall and his followers fled in their ships but vowed to re-take the town.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongbow and Diarmait then launched "a devastating campaign" through Meath and into Breffny, burning <a href="/wiki/Clonard_Abbey" title="Clonard Abbey">Clonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Kells" title="Abbey of Kells">Kells</a>, and several other monastic towns. In response to these violations of the Ferns agreement, Ruaidrí executed three hostages, including Diarmait's son.<sup id="cite_ref-martin79_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin79-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diarmait returned to Ferns and died there suddenly in May 1171.<sup id="cite_ref-martin79_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin79-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongbow then claimed Leinster, as Diarmait had promised Strongbow he would inherit the kingdom upon his death, as his son-in-law through Aoífe. However, Strongbow would not have been deemed Diarmait's heir under either Irish or English law, with Diarmait having two wives, as well as sons and other daughters. It is suggested that Strongbow's succession was justified in English law by having Aoífe's mother deemed to be his only legitimate wife, leaving Aoífe as his only legitimate heir.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy66_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Strongbow's succession was not justified in <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Irish law</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">succession to kingship was elective</a>, and could only be passed on through the male line.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy66_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diarmait's son <a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Caomh%C3%A1nach" title="Domhnall Caomhánach">Domnall Cáemánach</a> (Donal Cavanagh) backed Strongbow, perhaps because he felt it gave his family their best chance of holding on to power.<sup id="cite_ref-martin86_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin86-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongbow gave Domnall jurisdiction over his Irish subjects in most of Leinster.<sup id="cite_ref-martin86_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin86-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_counteroffensive_of_1171">Irish counteroffensive of 1171</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irish counteroffensive of 1171"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after Diarmait's death, the Anglo-Normans came under attack, both from within Leinster and from outside.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diarmait was succeeded as ruler of Uí Ceinnselaig (his home territory) by his brother Murchad,<sup id="cite_ref-martin86_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin86-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who opposed Strongbow along with other Leinster rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Desmond</a> launched a devastating attack on Norman-held Waterford.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, a Norse-Gaelic army, in a fleet of at least 60 ships, landed outside Dublin. Led by Ascall, they tried to re-take the town, but were repulsed by de Cogan's forces. Ascall was captured and publicly executed.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A great army, led by Ruaidrí, surrounded Dublin. It comprised troops from most of the Irish kingdoms: contingents from Connacht, Breffny (led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Tigern%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Tigernán (page does not exist)">King Tigernán</a>), Meath (led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_M%C3%A1el_Sechlainn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Máel Sechlainn (page does not exist)">King Máel Sechlainn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Thomond</a> (led by King <a href="/wiki/Domnall_M%C3%B3r_Ua_Briain" title="Domnall Mór Ua Briain">Domnall Ua Briain</a>), Oriel (led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Murchad_Ua_Cerbaill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Murchad Ua Cerbaill (page does not exist)">King Murchad Ua Cerbaill</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulster</a> (led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Magnus_Mac_Duinnsl%C3%A9ibe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Magnus Mac Duinnsléibe (page does not exist)">King Magnus Mac Duinnsléibe</a>), and Leinster (led by Diarmait's brother Murchad).<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Norse-Gaelic fleet of 30 ships, sent by <a href="/wiki/Godred_Olafsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Godred Olafsson">Godred Olafsson</a>, blockaded Dublin bay.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzStephen" title="Robert FitzStephen">Robert FitzStephen</a> sent his best troops out of Wexford to help the Anglo-Norman garrison in Dublin. The remaining garrison in Wexford was then attacked and forced out of the town. The Normans fled to a military encampment at nearby Carrick, where they were besieged.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1171)" title="Siege of Dublin (1171)">siege of Dublin</a> went on for two months. There were several skirmishes, but the Irish army apparently sought to starve the city into surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Dublin and Carrick under siege, Strongbow and his council agreed to negotiate. Strongbow proposed that if the Anglo-Normans were allowed to keep what they had conquered, they would acknowledge Ruaidrí as their overlord. Ruaidrí responded that he would only allow the Normans to keep Dublin, Wexford, and Waterford.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was unacceptable to Strongbow. A Norman sortie slipped out of Dublin and made a surprise attack on Ruaidrí's camp at <a href="/wiki/Castleknock" title="Castleknock">Castleknock</a>. The Normans killed hundreds of soldiers, many of whom were resting or bathing, and seized supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this defeat, the Irish army withdrew. In the meantime, FitzStephen had surrendered to the Norse-Irish at Carrick. When they learned that Strongbow was on his way, they burnt Wexford and withdrew to a nearby island with FitzStephen as a hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80-85_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_of_Henry_II_in_1171">Arrival of Henry II in 1171</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrival of Henry II in 1171"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg/250px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg/375px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg/500px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_180_-_Henry_at_Waterford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>"Henry at Waterford", from <i>A Chronicle of England</i> (1864) by James Doyle</figcaption></figure> <p>King Henry apparently feared that Strongbow would set up an independent kingdom in Ireland, which could control the Irish Sea and interfere in English affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-martin80_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1171, Henry ordered that his subjects return to his realm or all their possessions would be seized. Strongbow reminded Henry that he had gone to Ireland with Henry's permission, to restore Diarmait to the kingship, and that whatever he had gained in Ireland was "by the grace and favour of Henry, and was at his disposal".<sup id="cite_ref-martin80_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin80-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, before the siege of Dublin, Henry granted Strongbow most of the land he had gained and honored him with the post of "royal constable in Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-martin87_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin87-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 1171, Henry had decided to lead a military expedition to Ireland, and summoned Strongbow to meet him at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire" title="Pembroke, Pembrokeshire">Pembroke</a> while the army was assembling.<sup id="cite_ref-martin87_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin87-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Dermot_and_the_Earl" title="The Song of Dermot and the Earl">The Song of Dermot and the Earl</a></i> recounts that the meeting was friendly, while Gerald of Wales pictures the king's anger gradually subsiding until a friendly agreement was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-martin87_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin87-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongbow's actions may have been only a catalyst for Henry's intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Peter Crooks writes that, "No less than his predecessors, Henry II was happy to add Ireland to his empire."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English historian of the time, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a>, wrote that Henry wanted to have "the glory of such a famous conquest" and its proceeds for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 October 1171, King Henry landed at Waterford with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights and 4,000 men-at-arms and archers. Several <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege towers</a> were also shipped over, should he need to assault the Norman-held towns, or others such as Cork and Limerick.<sup id="cite_ref-martin87_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin87-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time a reigning King of England had set foot on Irish soil, and marked the beginning of England's claim to sovereignty in Ireland. Henry led his army to <a href="/wiki/Lismore,_County_Waterford" title="Lismore, County Waterford">Lismore</a>, the site of an important monastery, and chose the site for a castle. He then moved on to <a href="/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary" title="Cashel, County Tipperary">Cashel</a>, which he had in mind as the venue for a church council. Henry then led his army to Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norman lords affirmed their loyalty to Henry and handed over the territory they had conquered to him. He let Strongbow hold Leinster <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">in fief</a> and declared Dublin, Wexford and Waterford to be <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen Irish kings and chiefs submitted to Henry, likely in the hope that he would curb unprovoked Norman expansion into their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy138_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy138-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who did not submit included Ruaidrí<sup id="cite_ref-duffy138_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy138-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the High King and king of Connacht) and the kings of Meath and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Northern Uí Néill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this, the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach" title="Annals of Tigernach">Annals of Tigernach</a> stated that the kings' submissions to Henry II were in two stages; firstly in Waterford by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Desmond" title="List of monarchs of Desmond">king of</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Desmond</a>, and then in Dublin by the kings of <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Leinster" title="List of kings of Leinster">Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Meath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne" title="Kingdom of Breifne">Breffny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Airg%C3%ADalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Airgíalla">Oriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ulster" title="List of kings of Ulster">Ulster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Privilege_of_Pope_Alexander_III_to_Henry_II" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Privilege of Pope Alexander III to Henry II">Privilege of Pope Alexander III to Henry II</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The Irish church hierarchy also submitted to Henry, believing his intervention would bring greater political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Flanagan_2005,_p.30_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan_2005,_p.30-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry "used the church as a vehicle of conquest".<sup id="cite_ref-daniell_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He organised the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Cashel" title="Synod of Cashel">synod of Cashel</a>, at which Irish church leaders acknowledged him as their "temporal overlord". This may have been due to their realisation that the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reforms</a> were not compatible with Gaelic society.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Adrian's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a>, sent letters to the Irish bishops, telling them to accept Henry as their overlord in accordance with the oaths sworn by its kings, or face ecclesiastical censure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ratified the <i>Laudabiliter</i> and purported to give Henry dominion over Ireland, to ensure religious reform and ensure the Irish paid their <a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">tax to Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synod sought to bring Irish church practices into line with those of England, and new monastic communities and military orders (such as the Templars) were introduced into Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-daniell_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniell-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry granted Meath to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath" title="Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath">Hugh de Lacy</a>; as that kingdom had not been conquered this meant that Henry would let de Lacy hold it if he could conquer it.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flanagan_2005,_p.30_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan_2005,_p.30-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1172, Henry allowed de Lacy to take royal troops into Meath, where they plundered and burned the monastic towns of <a href="/wiki/Fore_Abbey" title="Fore Abbey">Fore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killeigh" title="Killeigh">Killeigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry also made Dublin available for the freemen of Bristol to colonise. Many of the Norse-Irish inhabitants were forced to re-settle outside the walls, at what became <a href="/wiki/Oxmantown" title="Oxmantown">Oxmantown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry left Ireland on 17 April 1172, setting sail from Wexford. Some English writers – such as <a href="/wiki/William_of_Canterbury" title="William of Canterbury">William of Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Niger" title="Ralph Niger">Ralph Niger</a> – condemned Henry's military intervention, describing it as an unlawful "hostile invasion" and "conquest".<sup id="cite_ref-duffy139_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy139-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poem in the Welsh <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen" title="Black Book of Carmarthen">Black Book of Carmarthen</a></i> describes Henry "crossing the salt sea to invade the peaceful homesteads of Ireland", causing "war and confusion". <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald de Barri</a> felt obliged to refute what he called the "vociferous complaints that the kings of England hold Ireland unlawfully".<sup id="cite_ref-duffy139_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy139-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Henry's_departure"><span id="After_Henry.27s_departure"></span>After Henry's departure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After Henry's departure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg/150px-National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg/225px-National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg/300px-National_Library_of_Ireland_MS_700_f77v_Raymond_de_Gros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_FitzGerald" title="Raymond FitzGerald">Raymond FitzGerald</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald de Barri</a>'s <i>Expugnatio Hibernica</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after Henry left Ireland, Hugh de Lacy invaded Meath and was confronted by Tigernán Ua Ruairc. The two leaders met on the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Ward" title="Hill of Ward">Hill of Ward</a> for negotiations. During these negotiations, there was a dispute, and de Lacy's men killed Ua Ruairc. His head was then impaled over the gate of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martin99_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin99-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongbow also invaded and plundered <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Offaly</a>, but failed to subdue it.<sup id="cite_ref-martin99_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin99-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1173, many of the Anglo-Norman leaders left Ireland to fight for King Henry in the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1173–74">Revolt of 1173–74</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Raymond_FitzGerald" title="Raymond FitzGerald">Raymond FitzGerald</a> returned later that year, he led a successful plundering raid into the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>, by both land and sea - even though, as their king had submitted to Henry, the kingdom should have been exempt from attack.<sup id="cite_ref-martin102_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin102-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norman raid on the monastic town of <a href="/wiki/Lismore,_County_Waterford" title="Lismore, County Waterford">Lismore</a> was interrupted by a Norse-Irish fleet from Cork. After a naval engagement, the Normans withdrew to Waterford.<sup id="cite_ref-martin102_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin102-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FitzGerald then returned to Wales, due to the death of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-martin103_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin103-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1173, Diarmait Mac Murchada's son, <a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Caomh%C3%A1nach" title="Domhnall Caomhánach">Domhnall Caomhánach</a> (Donal Cavanagh), attacked Strongbow's forces in Leinster, killing 200 men.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, an Irish army from Thomond and Connacht, led by Domnall Ua Briain (Donal O'Brian), forced the Normans out of <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> and destroyed Strongbow's <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">motte-and-bailey castle</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-martin103_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin103-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongbow responded in early 1174 by marching an army into Thomond and advancing towards Limerick. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thurles" title="Battle of Thurles">Battle of Thurles</a>, Domnall Ua Briain's forces defeated a contingent of Strongbow's army, killing thousands<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forcing him to abandon the march to Limerick.<sup id="cite_ref-martin103_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin103-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norman power in Ireland seemed to be disintegrating, and in the words of Gerald de Barri, "the entire population of Ireland took the opportunity of this disorder to rise with one consent against the English".<sup id="cite_ref-martin103_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin103-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the Norman defeat at Thurles, the Norse-Irish of Waterford rose up and killed the Norman garrison of 200 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-martin104_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruaidrí gathered an army that included contingents from Connacht, Meath, Breffny, Oriel, Ulster, and the Northern Uí Néill, along with their kings. It marched into Meath, destroying the castles at <a href="/wiki/Trim_Castle" title="Trim Castle">Trim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duleek" title="Duleek">Duleek</a>, before advancing on Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-martin104_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perros_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perros-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_FitzGerald" title="Raymond FitzGerald">Raymond FitzGerald</a> landed at Wexford with at least 30 knights, 100 mounted soldiers and 300 archers. When this army arrived at Dublin and reinforced the garrison there, Ruaidrí's army withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-martin104_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1175, the Anglo-Normans rebuilt their castles in Meath and raided or "laid waste" the province from <a href="/wiki/Athlone" title="Athlone">Athlone</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-perros_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perros-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also hanged the Irish king of Meath, Magnus Ua Máel Sechlainn (Manus O'Melaghlin).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Windsor_and_Council_of_Oxford">Treaty of Windsor and Council of Oxford</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treaty of Windsor and Council of Oxford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Windsor">Treaty of Windsor</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>On 6 October 1175, Henry II of England and High King Ruaidrí agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1175)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1175)">Treaty of Windsor</a>. The treaty divided Ireland into two spheres of influence: Henry was acknowledged as overlord of the Norman-held territory, and Ruaidrí was acknowledged as overlord of the rest of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Flanagan_2005,_p.30_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan_2005,_p.30-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruaidrí also swore <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> to Henry and agreed to pay him a yearly tribute in cow hides, which Ruaidrí could levy from throughout his kingdom. A Connacht-based annalist reported the treaty in triumphal terms: "<a href="/wiki/Cadla_Ua_Dubthaig" title="Cadla Ua Dubthaig">Cadla Ua Dubthaig</a> [archbishop of Tuam] came out of England from [Henry] the son of the Empress, having with him the peace of Ireland, and the kingship thereof, both Foreigner and Gael, to Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair".<sup id="cite_ref-duffy140_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy140-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Windsor Treaty soon fell apart. Henry was "unable or unwilling" to rein in the Anglo-Norman lords,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ruaidrí was unable to control all of the Irish kings.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary English historian <a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a> wrote that "the military commanders left there by him [Henry] for the government of this subjugated province, desirous either of booty or fame, by degrees extended the boundaries allotted to them".<sup id="cite_ref-duffy2003_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy2003-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1176, a large Anglo-Norman army from Dublin marched north into what is now <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>. This was part of Oriel, a kingdom meant to be free from encroachment under the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy140_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy140-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Irish of Oriel forced the Anglo-Normans to retreat and killed up to 500 of their soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy140_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy140-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That summer, the forces of Oriel and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Northern Uí Néill</a>, under Cenél nEógain (Kinel Owen), invaded Meath, led by King Mael Sechlainn Mac Lochlainn. They destroyed the castle at Slane and forced the Anglo-Normans to abandon Galtrim, Kells, and Derrypatrick.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strongbow died in May 1176, and Henry appointed <a href="/wiki/William_FitzAldelm" title="William FitzAldelm">William FitzAldelm</a> as his new representative in Ireland. He was replaced the following year by Hugh de Lacy. </p><p>In February 1177, <a href="/wiki/John_de_Courcy" title="John de Courcy">John de Courcy</a> left Dublin with a force of about 22 knights and 500 soldiers. De Courcy swiftly marched north, into the kingdom of Ulaid, and captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Downpatrick" title="Downpatrick">Downpatrick</a>. The Ulaid, led by king Ruaidrí Mac Duinnsléibe (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to re-take the town but were repelled after a fierce battle.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Henry held a council at Oxford in May 1177, which marked a change of policy towards Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy148_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy148-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared his son <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> (aged ten) to be "Lord of Ireland", and made plans for him to become king of all Ireland when he <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">came of age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martin112_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin112-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory held by the Anglo-Normans thus became known as the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> and formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. Henry also encouraged the Anglo-Norman lords to conquer more territory. He granted the kingdom of Thomond to <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Braose_junior" title="Philip de Braose junior">Philip de Braose</a> and granted Desmond to Robert FitzStephen and Miles de Cogan.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy148_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy148-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martin112_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin112-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the following months, the Anglo-Normans invaded the kingdoms of Desmond, Thomond, and Connacht, while John de Courcy continued his conquest of east Ulster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_economic_effects">Cultural and economic effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural and economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the Normans altered the agricultural landscape of Ireland. Elements that appear afterwards include: large-scale hay-making;<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg7-9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cultivated pears and cherries;<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg7-9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> larger white-fleeced breeds of sheep;<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg7-9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the introduction of various animals such as rabbits, perch, pike and carp.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg7-9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another economic effect was the widespread usage of coinage, originally introduced by the Vikings. In the late 1180s, during John's lordship, the first Norman coins in Ireland were minted. Other mints operated in the major towns, with De Courcy in Ulster even minting coins in his own name.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg66-8-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether as a direct consequence of the Normans or not, the commoner's independence decreased in both Norman and Gaelic areas. Where once they could serve more than one lord or even transfer from one lord to another, they were now unfree tenants bound to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg7-9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Normans also instigated the widespread building of castles by aristocrats, a key component of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> they brought to Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Round_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Round tower">round towers</a>. From 1169 until the mid-fourteenth century, castles were mostly associated with Norman lordships<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg66-8-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed the basis of new settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg66-8-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not until after 1205, during the reign of king John, was a royal castle built in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg66-8-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Courcy, who had conquered Ulaid, instigated a large-scale program of ecclesiastic patronage from 1179. This included the building of new abbeys and priories. He formally reburied in Downpatrick the recently "found" bodies of three prominent Irish saints—<a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a>—and commissioned a "Life of Patrick".<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg106-9-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst some Irish kings had charters recording transactions to monasteries before the arrival of the Normans, charters for all land transactions would become commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg776_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg776-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst elements of English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> had been used by some Anglo-Normans in Ireland, a charter drawn up by John in 1210 introduced the principle of it being applied to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg101_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg101-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-Norman_feuding_and_Irish_alliances">Inter-Norman feuding and Irish alliances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inter-Norman feuding and Irish alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Normans in Ireland</a></div> <p>Rivalries grew amongst the Normans in their desire for land. This led them to manipulate the "factious Gaelic political system", backing competing Gaelic lords to undermine their own Norman rivals. Despite a king in this time being seen as symbol of justice and arbiter, Henry II seems to have fostered inter-Norman rivalry, possibly as a means to rein in the power of his subordinates in Ireland so they posed him no threat.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg161_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg161-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was exemplified in 1172 by Henry II's granting of the Irish <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">kingdom of Meath</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath" title="Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath">Hugh de Lacy</a>, to counterbalance Strongbow's domain in Leinster.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg161_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg161-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Lord John's 1193–1194 revolt against his brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a>, the Normans in Ireland were divided in their allegiance. De Courcy, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath" title="Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath">Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Crobhdearg_Ua_Conchobair" title="Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair">Cathal Crobderg O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Connacht">King of Connacht</a> (who remained loyal to the English king), joined forces against <a href="/wiki/William_de_Burgh" title="William de Burgh">William de Burgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg106-9-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although de Courcy and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_1st_Earl_of_Ulster" title="Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster">Hugh II de Lacy</a> of Meath united to invade Connacht on behalf of O'Connor in 1200, de Courcy and de Lacy became enemies. After several battles, de Lacy was granted de Courcy's <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster" title="Earldom of Ulster">earldom of Ulster</a>. De Courcy rebelled and took refuge in the Irish <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">kingdom of Tyrone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg106-9-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1196, de Courcy and <a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">Niall MacMahon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Oriel</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">English Oriel</a>. A year later, Irishmen assisted de Courcy in wasting the north-west after his brother had been killed by an Irishman in his company.<sup id="cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuffyPg106-9-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary or near-contemporary sources, the invaders are overwhelmingly described as English.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Expugnatio_Hibernica" class="mw-redirect" title="Expugnatio Hibernica">Expugnatio Hibernica</a></i> almost always describes them as English; so too does <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Dermot_and_the_Earl" title="The Song of Dermot and the Earl">The Song of Dermot and the Earl</a></i>, a source which uses the term "English" about eighty times, whilst using "<a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>" in only one particular line.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the modern employment of terms such as "Normans", "<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-normans1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normans1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (itself an eighteenth-century construct),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Cambro-Normans" title="Cambro-Normans">Cambro-Normans</a>", contemporary sources virtually never use "Norman" in an Irish context.<sup id="cite_ref-normans1_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normans1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish sources usually describe the men as "foreigners" and "grey foreigners", or else as <i>Saxain</i> ("Saxons" or "English").<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In consequence, it is apparent that contemporaries regarded the incomers as English,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless of their actual mother tongue, ethnicity or geographic origin. In the nineteenth century, however, during a period of intense and sensitive political debate, the term was dropped by historians and replaced with ahistorical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern historiography on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Irish history</a>, historians differ in describing the Anglo-Norman invasion as being carried out by "Normans" or the "English".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is assumed that the invaders were called English because they came from lands controlled by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and were vassals of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">king of England</a>, and not because they were culturally <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a>. While the leaders and knights were Anglo-Normans, most of the footsoldiers and settlers were probably in fact Anglo-Saxons, and the language they spoke was <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, which is evident by the surviving dialects of <a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a> in Dublin and the <a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola dialect</a> of Wexford.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Norman conquest (disambiguation)">Norman conquest (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Elva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-irish-church-its-reform-and-the-english-invasion-review-1.3164152">"The Irish Church, Its Reform and the English Invasion review"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926071513/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-irish-church-its-reform-and-the-english-invasion-review-1.3164152?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fthe-irish-church-its-reform-and-the-english-invasion-review-1.3164152">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Church%2C+Its+Reform+and+the+English+Invasion+review&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Elva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fthe-irish-church-its-reform-and-the-english-invasion-review-1.3164152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Kenneth L. (2013). <i>Ireland's History: Prehistory to the Present</i>. A & C Black. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+History%3A+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillingham, John (2000). <i>The English in the Twelfth Century</i>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 42–43, 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=42-43%2C+145&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg92-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg92_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyClon259-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuffyClon259_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2014), p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg15-6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg15-6_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyClon260-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuffyClon260_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2014), p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy2007pgs132-3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy2007pgs132-3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2007" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Seán (2007). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In Christopher Harper-Bill (ed.). <i>Henry II: New Interpretations</i>. Boydell Press. pp. 132–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+II+and+England%27s+Insular+Neighbours&rft.btitle=Henry+II%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANHOIpg56-7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg56-7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg56-7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg56-7_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyClon263-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuffyClon263_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2014), p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANHOIpg62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg62_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg62_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg62_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-church_reform-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-church_reform_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-church_reform_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-church_reform_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), pp. 57–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooks2005" class="citation book cs1">Crooks, Peter (2005). "Anglo-Irish Relations". In Seán Duffy (ed.). <i>Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglo-Irish+Relations&rft.btitle=Medieval+Ireland%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Crooks&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carpenter-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carpenter_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carpenter_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carpenter_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carpenter_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2003" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, David (2003). <i>The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066–1284</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 218–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery%3A+Britain+1066%E2%80%931284&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANHOIpg58-9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg58-9_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANHOIpg58-9_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austin Lane Poole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN6MO0_mwaAC"><i>From Domesday book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216</i></a>. Oxford University Press 1993. pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy776-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy776_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy776_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, Seán. <i>Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge, 2005. pp. 776–779</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1988" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Frank (1988). <i>The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216</i>. 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Routledge. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ireland%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+1922&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), pp. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8143-ireland">"Ireland"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8143-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin73-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin73_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin73_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin74-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin74_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin74_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin75-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin75_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin75_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin79-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin79_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin79_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy66-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy66_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy66_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, Seán. <i>Ireland in the Middle Ages</i>. Macmillan Press, 1997. p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin86-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin86_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin86_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin86_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin80-85-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80-85_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), pp. 80–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin80-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin80_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin80_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin87-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin87_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin87_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin87_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin87_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crooks (2005), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy138-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy138_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy138_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2007" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Seán (2007). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In Christopher Harper-Bill (ed.). <i>Henry II: New Interpretations</i>. Boydell Press. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+II+and+England%27s+Insular+Neighbours&rft.btitle=Henry+II%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At §T1171.12: "Henry arrived in Ireland at Waterford a week before Samhain, and Diarmaid Mac Carthaigh, king of Desmond, submitted to him. Thence he went to Dublin and received the kingship of Leinster and of the men of Meath, Brefne, Oriel and Ulster." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100002A/index.html">UCC translation accessed on 7 January 2017</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222033451/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100002A/index.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flanagan_2005,_p.30-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flanagan_2005,_p.30_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flanagan_2005,_p.30_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flanagan_2005,_p.30_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flanagan (2005), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daniell-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daniell_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daniell_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniell2013" class="citation book cs1">Daniell, Christopher (2013). <i>From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta: England 1066–1215</i>. Routledge. pp. 65–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Norman+Conquest+to+Magna+Carta%3A+England+1066%E2%80%931215&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Daniell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Hull" title="Eleanor Hull">Hull, Eleanor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/Appendix1a.php">"Pope Adrian's Bull 'Laudabiliter' and Note Upon It"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809213048/http://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/Appendix1a.php">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <i>A History of Ireland and Her People</i> (1931).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2007" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Linda (2007). <i>Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and Reality</i>. Four Courts Press. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lordship+in+Medieval+Ireland%3A+Image+and+Reality&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy139-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy139_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy139_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2007), p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin99-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin99_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin99_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin102-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin102_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin102_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin103-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin103_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin103_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin103_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin103_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kildare: History and Society</i>. Geography Publications, 2006. p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.1901" class="citation journal cs1">M. (1901). "Annals of the Four Masters". <i>All Ireland Review</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20545251">10.2307/20545251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2009-2415">2009-2415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20545251">20545251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Ireland+Review&rft.atitle=Annals+of+the+Four+Masters&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1901&rft.issn=2009-2415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20545251%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20545251&rft.au=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin104-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin104_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin104_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin104_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perros-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perros_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perros_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerros1995" class="citation book cs1">Perros, Helen (1995). 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A&C Black. pp. 118–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crossing+the+Shannon+Frontier%3A+Connacht+and+the+Anglo-Normans&rft.btitle=Colony+%26+Frontier+in+Medieval+Ireland&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Perros&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy140-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy140_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy140_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy140_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2007), p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cróinín2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn" title="Dáibhí Ó Cróinín">Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí</a> (2013). <i>Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200</i>. Routledge. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Ireland%2C+400%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy2003-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duffy2003_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2003" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Seán (2003). "John and Ireland". In S. D. Church (ed.). <i>King John: New Interpretations</i>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 225–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+and+Ireland&rft.btitle=King+John%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pages=225-227&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy148-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy148_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy148_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2007), p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin112-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin112_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin112_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2008), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg7-9-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg7-9_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg66-8-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg66-8_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg106-9-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg106-9_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), pp. 106–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg776-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg776_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), p. 776.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg101-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg101_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuffyPg161-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg161_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuffyPg161_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2005), p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B4">Bartlett (2010)</a> p. 34; <a href="#F9">Flanagan (2005)</a> pp. 17–18; <a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> pp. 151–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> pp. 151–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-normans1-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-normans1_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-normans1_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B4">Bartlett (2010)</a> p. 34; <a href="#F9">Flanagan (2005)</a> pp. 17–18; <a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> pp. 151–155, 152 n. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B4">Bartlett (2010)</a> p. 34; <a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> p. vx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B4">Bartlett (2010)</a> p. 34; <a href="#F9">Flanagan (2005)</a> pp. 17–18; <a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#F9">Flanagan (2005)</a> pp. 17–18; <a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B4">Bartlett (2010)</a> p. 34; <a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#G2">Gillingham (2000)</a> pp. 153 n. 45, 157–158, 157 n. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carmel_McCaffrey" title="Carmel McCaffrey">Carmel McCaffrey</a>. <i>In Search of Ireland's Heroes</i>. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, Raymond (2005). Dublin English: Evolution and Change. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196–198. ISBN 90-272-4895-8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="B4" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Thomas Bartlett (historian)">Bartlett, Thomas</a> (2010). <i>Ireland: A History</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19720-5"><bdi>978-0-521-19720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19720-5&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2014" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Sean (2014). <i>Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf</i>. Gill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-6207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-6207-9"><bdi>978-0-7171-6207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brian+Boru+and+the+Battle+of+Clontarf&rft.pub=Gill+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-6207-9&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownham2017" class="citation book cs1">Downham, Clare (2017). <i>Medieval Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107651654" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107651654"><bdi>978-1107651654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1107651654&rft.aulast=Downham&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._X._Martin" title="F. X. Martin">Martin, Francis Xavier</a> (2008). "Chapter 2: Diarmait Mac Murchada and the Coming of the Anglo-Normans". In Art Cosgrove (ed.). <i>A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Diarmait+Mac+Murchada+and+the+Coming+of+the+Anglo-Normans&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%2C+Volume+II%3A+Medieval+Ireland+1169%E2%80%931534&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Francis+Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._X._Martin" title="F. X. Martin">Martin, Francis Xavier</a> (2008). "Chapter 3: Allies and an Overlord, 1169–1172". In Art Cosgrove (ed.). <i>A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Allies+and+an+Overlord%2C+1169%E2%80%931172&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%2C+Volume+II%3A+Medieval+Ireland+1169%E2%80%931534&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Francis+Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._X._Martin" title="F. X. Martin">Martin, Francis Xavier</a> (2008). "Chapter 4: Overlord Becomes Feudal Lord, 1172–1185". In Art Cosgrove (ed.). <i>A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Overlord+Becomes+Feudal+Lord%2C+1172%E2%80%931185&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%2C+Volume+II%3A+Medieval+Ireland+1169%E2%80%931534&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Francis+Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan1989" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Marie Therese (1989). <i>Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22154-8"><bdi>978-0-198-22154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Society%2C+Anglo-Norman+Settlers%2C+Angevin+Kingship&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-198-22154-8&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Marie+Therese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> (For "Anglo-Norman", read "English".)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="F9" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005). "Anglo-Norman Invasion". In Duffy, S. (ed.). <i>Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94052-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94052-4"><bdi>0-415-94052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglo-Norman+Invasion&rft.btitle=Medieval+Ireland%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-94052-4&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Marie+Therese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="G2" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, J</a> (2000). <i>The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity, and Political Values</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boydell Press">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-732-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-732-7"><bdi>0-85115-732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+in+the+Twelfth+Century%3A+Imperialism%2C+National+Identity%2C+and+Political+Values&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85115-732-7&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Norman+invasion+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" 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