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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Anna Wessels Williams</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1863-03-17</span>)</span>March 17, 1863<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1954 (aged 90–91)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey" title="Westwood, New Jersey">Westwood, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">pathologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1891-1934</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Park-Williams bacillus<br />Park-Williams fixative<br />Williams' stain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">helped to develop a treatment for diphtheria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>William Williams (father)</li><li>Jane Van Saun (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dr. <b>Anna Wessels Williams</b> (1863–1954) was an American <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathologist</a> at the first municipal diagnostic laboratory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. She used her medical training from the Women's Medical College of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Manhattan Hospital">New York Infirmary</a> for research rather than medical practice, and over the course of her career worked on developing <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, treatments and <a href="/wiki/Medical_test" title="Medical test">diagnostic tests</a> for many diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsLowden1906_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsLowden1906-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>. Notably, a strain of <a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae" title="Corynebacterium diphtheriae">diphtheria-causing bacteria</a> that Williams isolated and cultivated was instrumental in producing an antitoxin to bring the disease under control.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, she became the first woman to be elected chair of the laboratory section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anna Wessels Williams was born in 1863 in <a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack, New Jersey</a>, to Jane Van Saun and William Williams. After graduating from a local high school in 1883, she became a schoolteacher.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Life of Williams was to change course in 1887, when her sister Millie narrowly escaped death giving birth to a stillborn child. Anna believed that the poor training of the doctor in attendance was partly to blame for the tragedy, and so she resolved to resign from her teaching position and retrain as a physician.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year Williams enrolled in the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, where she was taught by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Corinna_Putnam_Jacobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams later wrote: </p><blockquote><p>I was starting on a way that had been practically untrod before by any woman. My belief at the time in human individuality, regardless of sex, race, religion or any factor other than ability was at its strongest. I believed, therefore, that females should have equal opportunities with males to develop their powers to the utmost.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> After graduating in 1891, Williams taught pathology and hygiene at her alma mater, and underwent further medical training in Vienna, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_career">Research career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_on_Diphtheria">Work on Diphtheria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work on Diphtheria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1894, Williams volunteered at the New York City Department of Health's diagnostic laboratory, the first municipal laboratory in the United States, which had opened just a year earlier in response to a cholera outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams worked closely with the director, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Park" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Park">William H. Park</a>, on his projects to tackle <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>. In her first year of work she was able to isolate a strain of the diphtheria bacillus which could be used to produce the antitoxin for diphtheria, discovered in 1890, in large quantities. This crucial discovery massively increased the availability of the antitoxin and slashed its cost, and so was instrumental in controlling this devastating disease. Within a year of Williams' discovery, the antitoxin was being shipped to doctors in the United States and England free of charge to address the enormous demand, and Williams was appointed to a full-time staff position as assistant <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it was Williams who made the discovery while Park was away, laboratory work is by nature collaborative, so the strain was named Park-Williams No. 8 after both researchers. However, Park-Williams No. 8 was soon shortened in informal usage to Park 8.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some in her position might have been resentful, Williams did not attach much importance to having things named after her, and said "I am happy to have the honor of having my name thus associated with Dr. Park."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_on_Rabies">Work on Rabies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work on Rabies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1896 Williams traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> hoping to find a toxin for <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> that could be used to develop an antitoxin, as she had done for diphtheria. She was unsuccessful, but while there, Williams developed a new interest in the <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> research that was going on in Paris. On her return to New York, she brought a culture of the virus to use in the development of vaccines. Williams managed to produce small quantities of a rabies vaccine from this culture, and after this early demonstration, producing the vaccine became a research priority in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1898, an effective vaccine had been developed that could be produced on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams then turned her attention to another problem in the treatment of rabies: diagnosis. Rabies can have a very long <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a>, meaning that by the time it is diagnosed, it is often too late for a vaccine to be of any use. If it was possible to diagnose rabies before the disease had progressed, more patients would survive. By studying the brains of infected animals, Williams discovered that before symptoms appear, the virus was causing changes to brain cells, which could be used to detect the disease at an earlier stage. Unfortunately for Williams, an Italian doctor called <a href="/wiki/Adelchi_Negri" title="Adelchi Negri">Adelchi Negri</a> had made the same discovery, and in 1904 he was the first to publish his results,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the abnormal cells became known as <a href="/wiki/Negri_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri bodies">Negri bodies</a>. </p><p>In 1905, Williams developed a new method for preparing and staining brain tissue to show the presence of <a href="/wiki/Negri_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri bodies">Negri bodies</a>, which gave results in minutes rather than days. Her method surpassed the original test and became the standard technique for diagnosing rabies for the next thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a> established a committee on the standard methods for the diagnosis of rabies, they named Williams chair of the committee in recognition of her expertise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Work">Later Work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905, Williams was promoted to the position of assistant director of the Department of Health laboratory where she had worked since 1894. In this role, she worked toward the better diagnosis and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">venereal disease</a> with <a href="/wiki/Emily_Barringer" title="Emily Barringer">Emily Barringer</a>, M.D. and, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>'s Division of Child Hygiene, developed a better diagnostic test for <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a>, a disease that was claiming the eyesight of many of the urban poor, particularly children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Williams directed a training program at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> for the War Department, to train war workers for medical laboratories at home and overseas. She also researched methods for diagnosing <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> carriers in the military. After the war ended, Williams was one of the scientists of the front lines of research trying to combat the deadly <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">1918 pandemic of Spanish flu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to her laboratory research, Williams coauthored two influential books with <a href="/wiki/William_Hallock_Park" title="William Hallock Park">William Park</a>, with whom she continued to work closely after their collaboration on the diphtheria antitoxin. In 1905, the pair published their classic text <i>Pathogenic Micro-organisms Including Bacteria and Protozoa: A Practical Manual for Students, Physicians and Health Officers</i> which quickly became known simply as 'Park and Williams' by readers. By 1939 the publication had been reprinted in eleven editions. In 1929, Williams and Park published <i>Who's Who Among the Microbes</i>, thought to be one of the earliest biomedical reference books written for the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of her career, Williams received many honours and awards. In 1915 she was elected president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Medical_Society_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woman's Medical Society of New York (page does not exist)">Woman's Medical Society of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, Williams had done extensive studies on scarlet fever. The Dick test, which was developed by George and Gladys Dick, was to detect the disease on thousands of children. William had surveyed hundreds of cases that were positively diagnosed with the disease for the antitoxin that had been used. In 1931 she was elected to an office in the laboratory section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a> and the following year became the first woman appointed chair of the section. In 1936, the New York Women's Medical Society honored Dr. Williams for her services to the city at a testimonial dinner. In her acceptance speech, she thanked the colleagues she had worked with over the years, including many of the women who were building careers in bacteriology alongside her or under her own mentorship at the Department of Health. </p><p>In 1934, despite an outpouring of support, Williams along with nearly a hundred other workers was made to step down from her position by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s mandatory retirement age of seventy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her retirement, mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a> accurately summed up Williams' career: she was, he said, "a scientist of international repute".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring, Williams lived another twenty years with her sister in <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey" title="Westwood, New Jersey">Westwood, New Jersey</a>, where she died in 1954 at the age of ninety.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsLowden1906" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Anna Wessels; Lowden, May Murray (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA75761046">"The etiology and diagnosis of hydrophobia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+etiology+and+diagnosis+of+hydrophobia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anna+Wessels&rft.au=Lowden%2C+May+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fncid%2FBA75761046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkWilliams1910" class="citation book cs1">Park, William Hallock; Williams, Anna Wessels (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/pathogenicmicroo00park"><i>Pathogenic micro-organisms, including bacteria and Protozoa; a practical manual for students, physicians and health officers</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York; Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathogenic+micro-organisms%2C+including+bacteria+and+Protozoa%3B+a+practical+manual+for+students%2C+physicians+and+health+officers&rft.pub=New+York%3B+Philadelphia%2C+Lea+%26+Febiger&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=William+Hallock&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anna+Wessels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathogenicmicroo00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkWilliams" class="citation book cs1">Park, William Hallock; Williams, Anna W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/64769"><i>Pathogenic micro-organisms, including bacteria and Protozoa; a practical manual for students, physicians and health officers</i></a> (2d ed., enl. and thoroughly rev. ed.). New York and: Lea brothers & co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathogenic+micro-organisms%2C+including+bacteria+and+Protozoa%3B+a+practical+manual+for+students%2C+physicians+and+health+officers&rft.place=New+York+and&rft.edition=2d+ed.%2C+enl.+and+thoroughly+rev.&rft.pub=Lea+brothers+%26+co.&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=William+Hallock&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anna+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F64769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkWilliams1939" class="citation book cs1">Park, William Hallock; Williams, Anna Wessels (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathogenicmicro00willgoog"><i>Pathogenic Microörganisms: A Practical Manual for Students, Physicians and Health Officers</i></a>. Lea & Febiger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathogenic+Micro%C3%B6rganisms%3A+A+Practical+Manual+for+Students%2C+Physicians+and+Health+Officers&rft.pub=Lea+%26+Febiger&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=William+Hallock&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anna+Wessels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathogenicmicro00willgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkWilliams1929" class="citation book cs1">Park, William Hallock; Williams, Anna Wessels (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/whoswhoamongmicr00park"><i>Who's who among the microbes</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, Century.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+among+the+microbes&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Century&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=William+Hallock&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anna+Wessels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoamongmicr00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span> Log-in required.</li> <li>Williams, Anna Wessels (1932). <i>Streptococci in relation to man in health and disease</i>. London : Baillière, Tindall & Cox; Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1935" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Anna Wessels (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/f/flu/4900flu.0016.094/1"><i>Autobiography, Chapter 22</i></a>. pp. 27–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>. <q>Courtesy of: 79-M182--81-M157, Carton 2, Harvard University, The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Schlesinger Library, Cambridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography%2C+Chapter+22&rft.pages=27-&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anna+Wessels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Ff%2Fflu%2F4900flu.0016.094%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> Manuscript.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsLowden1906-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsLowden1906_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsLowden1906">Williams & Lowden 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaby2015" class="citation book cs1">Swaby, Rachel (2015-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYxoBAAAQBAJ"><i>Headstrong: 52 Women Who Changed Science-and the World</i></a>. Crown/Archetype. pp. 7–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553446807" title="Special:BookSources/9780553446807"><bdi>9780553446807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Headstrong%3A+52+Women+Who+Changed+Science-and+the+World&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Crown%2FArchetype&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.isbn=9780553446807&rft.aulast=Swaby&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYxoBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_331.html">"Changing the Face of Medicine"</a>. <i>NCBI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Changing+the+Face+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov%2Fphysicians%2Fbiography_331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/About/History/Articles/AAI_History_004.pdf">"Anna Wessels Williams, MD: Infectious Disease Pioneer and Public Health Advocate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Association of Immunologists (AAI)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+Immunologists+%28AAI%29&rft.atitle=Anna+Wessels+Williams%2C+MD%3A+Infectious+Disease+Pioneer+and+Public+Health+Advocate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aai.org%2FAAISite%2Fmedia%2FAbout%2FHistory%2FArticles%2FAAI_History_004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2177.html">"Anna Wessels Williams"</a>. <i>www.whonamedit.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.whonamedit.com&rft.atitle=Anna+Wessels+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whonamedit.com%2Fdoctor.cfm%2F2177.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorantz-Sanchez2000" class="citation book cs1">Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell (2000). <i>Sympathy & Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sympathy+%26+Science%3A+Women+Physicians+in+American+Medicine&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill%3A+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Morantz-Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Regina+Markell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegri1904" class="citation journal cs1">Negri, Adelchi (1904). "Contributo allo studio dell'eziologia della rabbia". <i>Bollettino della Società Medico-chirurgica di Pavia</i>. <b>2</b>: 88–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bollettino+della+Societ%C3%A0+Medico-chirurgica+di+Pavia&rft.atitle=Contributo+allo+studio+dell%27eziologia+della+rabbia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=88-115&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Negri&rft.aufirst=Adelchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"94 Retired by City; 208 More Will Go". <i>New York Times</i>. March 24, 1934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=94+Retired+by+City%3B+208+More+Will+Go&rft.date=1934-03-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnna+Wessels+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>O'Hern, Elizabeth Moot (1985). “Anna Wessels Williams 1863–1954”. Profiles of Pioneer Women Scientists. Acropolis Books. pp. 32–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874918113" title="Special:BookSources/9780874918113">9780874918113</a>.</li> <li>Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1980). “Anna Wessels Williams. Military: Florence Aby Blanchfield --”. <i>Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849722704" title="Special:BookSources/9781849722704">9781849722704</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221276972">221276972</a>.</li> <li>“Williams, Anna Wessels--1863–1954”. Records of the Bureau of Vocational Information, 1908–1932. Schlesinger. (1908). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706356125">706356125</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wessels_Williams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00968">Anna Wessels Williams Papers.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles">Schlesinger Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509153246/http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles/">Archived</a> 2012-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_331.html">National Library of Medicine, Dr. Anna Wessels Williams Biography</a></li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_331.html">[1]</a>), which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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