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countries</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: developing countries"> <meta name="keywords" content="developing countries"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="developing countries"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9481</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: developing countries</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9481</span> A Review of Information Systems Development in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20N.%20Asare">B. N. Asare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20A.%20%20Ajigini"> O. A. Ajigini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Information systems (IS) are highly important in the operation of private and public organisations in developing and developed countries. Developing countries are saddled with many project failures during the implementation of information systems. However, successful information systems are greatly needed in developing countries in order to enhance their economies. This paper is highly important in view of the high failure rate of information systems in developing countries which needs to be reduced to minimum acceptable levels by means of recommended interventions. This paper centres on a review of IS development in developing countries. The paper presents evidences of the IS successes and failures in developing countries and posits a model to address the IS failures. The proposed model can then be utilised by developing countries to reduce their IS project implementation failure rate. A comparison is drawn between IS development in developing countries and developed countries. The paper provides valuable information to assist in reducing IS failure, and developing IS models and theories on IS development for developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title="developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20systems" title=" information systems"> information systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IS%20development" title=" IS development"> IS development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20systems%20failure" title=" information systems failure"> information systems failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20systems%20success" title=" information systems success"> information systems success</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20systems%20success%20model" title=" information systems success model"> information systems success model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62798/a-review-of-information-systems-development-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9480</span> Mobile Learning in Teacher Education: A Review in Context of Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehwish%20Raza">Mehwish Raza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mobile learning (m-learning) offers unique affordances to learners, setting them free of limitations posed by time and geographic space; thus becoming an affordable device for convenient distant learning. There is a plethora of research available on mobile learning projects planned, implemented and evaluated across disciplines in the context of developed countries, however, the potential of m-learning at different educational levels remain unexplored with little evidence of research carried out in developing countries. Despite the favorable technical infrastructure offered by cellular networks and boom in mobile subscriptions in the developing world, there is limited focus on utilizing m-learning for education and development purposes. The objective of this review is to unify findings from m-learning projects that have been implemented in developing countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, India, and Tanzania for teachers’ in-service training. The purpose is to draw upon key characteristics of mobile learning that would be useful for future researchers to inform conceptualizations of mobile learning for developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20model" title="design model">design model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key%20characteristics" title=" key characteristics"> key characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20learning" title=" mobile learning"> mobile learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69187/mobile-learning-in-teacher-education-a-review-in-context-of-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9479</span> The General Trend of FDI and the Effects of These Investments for Countries: 2000-2013</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esra%20Cebeci">Esra Cebeci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a result of acceleration of globalization in the 21st century economic boundaries are removed. With liberalization of capital and foreign trade, not only developed countries but also developing countries get into rapid growth efforts. In developing countries, one of the most important problem is insufficient capital accumulation. For reduce this deficit, one of the general approaches that is offered increasing amount of foreign direct investments. Also, in developing countries saving rates are low. So, foreign direct investments make possible an increase for domestic savings. In this regard, the multinational corporations are capable of these investments have importance. By providing micro-macro effects for countries, demand for these firms are many. These effects in general positive, some negative effects may able to come into being especially for developing countries. Foreign direct investments are performed buying an existing corporation, merging or greenfield investments. In recent, foreign direct investments are performed as a green field investments for developing countries. The study aims to analysis foreign direct investment trends for 2000-2013 years. In the first part of this study, the importance of foreign direct investments and their determinants are explained. In the second part, the article also shows that comparative analysis of the inward and outward investments for developing and developed countries. In conclusion, while developed countries can stand competition against other countries with these investments, developing countries can provide a sustainable growth with capital inflows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20direct%20investments" title="foreign direct investments">foreign direct investments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multinational%20corporations" title=" multinational corporations"> multinational corporations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants%20of%20FDI" title=" determinants of FDI"> determinants of FDI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDI%20trend" title=" FDI trend "> FDI trend </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25319/the-general-trend-of-fdi-and-the-effects-of-these-investments-for-countries-2000-2013" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9478</span> A Model Suggestion on Competitiveness and Sustainability of SMEs in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Diken">Ahmet Diken</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahsin%20Karabulut"> Tahsin Karabulut</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The factor which developing countries are in need is capital. Such countries make an effort to increase their income in order to meet their expenses for employment, infrastructure, superstructure investments, education, health and defense. The sole income of the countries is taxes collected from businesses. The businesses should drive profit and return in order to be able to toll. In a world where competition exists, different strategies may be followed by business in developing countries and they must specify their target markets. İn order to minimize cost and maximize profit, SMEs have to concentrate on target markets and select cost oriented strategy. In this study, a theoretical model is suggested that SME firms have to act as cluster between each other, and also must be optimal provider for large scale firms. SMEs’ policy must be supported by public. This relationship can benefit large scale firms to have brand over the world, and this organization increases value added for developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competitiveness" title="competitiveness">competitiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=countries" title=" countries"> countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMEs%20developing" title=" SMEs developing"> SMEs developing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51052/a-model-suggestion-on-competitiveness-and-sustainability-of-smes-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9477</span> The Challenge Confronted by the Developing Countries in Sustainable Urban Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherine%20El%20Sakka">Sherine El Sakka </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sustainable urban development (SUD) is influenced by social, cultural, economic and environmental sustainability (ES) of developing and developed countries. Our paper will focus on the challenge confronted by the developing countries in sustainable urban development as an application on Egypt, which will clarify current situation and future challenge and assess the impact of a developing country on sustainable development to propose some possible directions for the future because new solution of improving sustainability of developing cities (SDC) should be found. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urban%20development%20%28SUD%29" title="sustainable urban development (SUD)">sustainable urban development (SUD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20sustainability%20%28ES%29" title=" environmental sustainability (ES)"> environmental sustainability (ES)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability%20of%20developing%20cities%20%28SDC%29" title=" sustainability of developing cities (SDC)"> sustainability of developing cities (SDC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egypt" title=" Egypt"> Egypt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3242/the-challenge-confronted-by-the-developing-countries-in-sustainable-urban-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9476</span> A Systematic Review on the Effect of Gender Diverse Board on Corporate Social Responsibility</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rofayda%20A.%20Hout">Rofayda A. Hout</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to investigate the relationship between women on board and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in addition to the role of corporate governance in introducing and implementing CSR practices. Analysis has been conducted on 30 prior studies published between 2007 and 2017 to investigate the common areas and differences across the studies with varying conclusions. The study also handles the differences between developing and developed countries when it comes to gender diverse board and corporate social responsibility. The review conducted reveals that there is a positive relationship between women on board and corporate social responsibility. Comparison between developed and developing countries with respect to CSR implementation highlighted differences due to possible reasons relating to socio-political, cultural, socio-economic, and institutional factors. In addition, developing countries perceive CSR as philanthropy rather than part of their business mission. Given that, CSR needs to be integrated into the corporate strategic planning and be considered as fundamental part of the operations to improve the region’s needs. Developing countries were late in adopting CSR in comparison to developed countries, thus to have a fair comparison between developed and developing countries, corporate governance in developing countries should take serious steps in developing a framework for CSR implementation and integrating it within corporate operations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title="corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20performance" title=" corporate performance"> corporate performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20responsibility" title=" corporate social responsibility"> corporate social responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developed%20countries" title=" developed countries"> developed countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20diverse%20board" title=" gender diverse board"> gender diverse board</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82992/a-systematic-review-on-the-effect-of-gender-diverse-board-on-corporate-social-responsibility" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9475</span> Functions and Effects of Green Facades in the Developing Countries: Case Study of Tehran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Jahani">S. Jahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Choopankareh"> V. Choopankareh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many people lost their life caused by environmental pollution every year. The negative effects of environmental crises appear to be much higher in Asian countries. The most important environmental issue in the developing countries and especially in Tehran, to our best knowledge, is air pollution that has affected many aspects of life in society. Environmental topics related to technology’s development have been salient issues among the main concerns of designers. Green facades are the most considerable solutions which designers and architectures are focused on, all over the world. But there are lots of behavioral and psychological problems about this point. In this line, this excavation has tried to reveal the cultural and psychological influences of green façade in developing countries like Tehran. Green façades in developing countries are so useless, although they are so expensive. As a matter of fact, users consider green facade as a decorative item. This research is an attempt to recognize the reasons which show green façades as worthless element. Also, some solutions are presented to promote green façades in the developing countries as an intrinsic solution. There are so many environmental threats, especially about air pollution, for a city as Tehran, which might be solved by green facades. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollution" title="air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects" title=" effects"> effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20facades" title=" green facades"> green facades</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80846/functions-and-effects-of-green-facades-in-the-developing-countries-case-study-of-tehran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9474</span> [Keynote Talk]: Swiss Scientific Society for Developing Countries: A Concept of Relationship</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawad%20Alzeer">Jawad Alzeer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cultural setup is varied from country to country and nation to nation, but the ability to adapt successfully to the new cultural setup may pave the way toward the development of cultural intelligence. Overcoming differences may require to build up our personality with the ability to learn, exchange thoughts, and have a constructive dream. Adaptation processes can be accelerated if we effectively utilize our cultural diversity. This can be done through a unified body or society; people with common goals can collectively work to satisfy their values. Narrowing the gap between developed and developing countries is of prime importance. Many international organizations are trying to resolve these issues by rational and peaceful means. Failing to understand the cultural differences, mentalities, strengths and weaknesses of developed and developing countries led to the collapse of many partnerships. Establishment of a neutral body influenced by developed countries intellectuality and developing countries personality may offer a better understanding and reasonable solutions, suggestions, advice that may assist in narrowing gaps and promote-strengthening relationship between developed and developing countries. The key issues, goals, and potential concepts associated with initiating Swiss scientific society for developing countries as a model to facilitate integration of highly skilled scientists are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20diversity" title="cultural diversity">cultural diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Switzerland" title=" Switzerland"> Switzerland</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38232/keynote-talk-swiss-scientific-society-for-developing-countries-a-concept-of-relationship" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">808</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9473</span> Education System Development: Challenges and Barriers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumar%20Vikas">Kumar Vikas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Education is to be anticipated for Human resource development and then national development. However, in most of the developing countries, due to the inadequacy of resources it is almost unattainable to educate all of their citizens through on-campus teaching. Huge amount of money is necessary to establish the infrastructure for on-campus teaching which is out of the reach of the developing countries. In these circumstances, to educate their huge inhabitants the developing countries are to depend on open learning and distance education system. However, a question still stands: can the educators dissimulate knowledge to the learners smoothly through this new system of education? Some recent research shows that the graduates of the open and distance learning institutions in the developing countries are treated as second-grade graduates. This paper aims to identify the challenges or barriers in the development of distance and Open learning system in India and suggest possible alternatives may be followed to overcome the barriers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barriers" title="barriers">barriers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distance%20education" title=" distance education"> distance education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20solutions" title=" alternative solutions"> alternative solutions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36930/education-system-development-challenges-and-barriers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9472</span> Meta-Analysis of Particulate Matter Production in Developing and Developed Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiz%20Mehtab%20Gull%20Nasir">Hafiz Mehtab Gull Nasir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Industrial development and urbanization have significant impacts on air emissions, and their relationship diverges at different stages of economic progress. The revolution further propelled these activities as principal paths to economic and social transformation; nevertheless, the paths also promoted environmental degradation. Resultantly, both developed and developing countries undergone through fast-paced development; in which developed countries implemented legislation towards environmental pollution control however developing countries took the advantage of technology without caring about the environment. In this study, meta-analysis is performed on production of particulate matter (i.e., PM10 and PM2.5) from urbanized cities of first, second and third world countries to assess the air quality. The cities were selected based on ranked set principles. In case of PM10, third world countries showed highest PM level (~95% confidence interval of 0.74-1.86) followed by second world countries but with managed situation. Besides, first, world countries indicated the lowest pollution (~95% confidence interval of 0.12-0.2). Similarly, highest level of PM2.5 was produced by third world countries followed by the second and first world countries. Hereby, level of PM2.5 was not significantly different for both second and third world countries; however, first world countries showed minimum PM load. Finally, the study revealed different that levels of pollution status exist among different countries; whereas developed countries also devised better strategies towards pollution control while developing countries are least caring about their environmental resources. It is suggested that although industrialization and urbanization are directly involved with interference in natural elements, however, production of nature appears to be more societal rather hermetical. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meta-analysis" title="meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particulate%20matter" title=" particulate matter"> particulate matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanization" title=" urbanization"> urbanization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59922/meta-analysis-of-particulate-matter-production-in-developing-and-developed-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59922.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9471</span> Territorial Marketing as a Tool to Overcome the "Underdevelopment Whirlpools": Prospective Directions and Experiences of Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20G.%20Popkova">E. G. Popkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20A.%20Morozova"> I. A. Morozova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20N.%20Litvinova"> T. N. Litvinova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a result, numerous studies of economic systems the authors have identified and substantiated the existence of a“underdevelopment whirlpool” is a phenomenon of considerable differentiation level of economic development in developed and developing countries. This article reflects the relationship “underdevelopment whirlpools” marketing areas as a tool to overcome them. The article presents the author's recommendations for dealing with “underdevelopment whirlpools”. Based on the experience of successful developing countries showing strong economic growth, the author analyzes possible future direction of overcoming the “underdevelopment whirlpools”. The author details the aspect of increasing product through the positioning of the territory as a way out of the “underdevelopment whirlpools”. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underdevelopment%20whirlpool" title="underdevelopment whirlpool">underdevelopment whirlpool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developed%20countries" title=" developed countries"> developed countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disparities%20of%20economic%20growth" title=" disparities of economic growth"> disparities of economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20territories" title=" marketing territories"> marketing territories</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22447/territorial-marketing-as-a-tool-to-overcome-the-underdevelopment-whirlpools-prospective-directions-and-experiences-of-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9470</span> Health Information Technology in Developing Countries: A Structured Literature Review with Reference to the Case of Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haythem%20A.%20Nakkas">Haythem A. Nakkas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philip%20J.%20Scott"> Philip J. Scott</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jim%20S.%20Briggs"> Jim S. Briggs</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reports a structured literature review of the application of Health Information Technology in developing countries, defined as the World Bank categories Low-income countries, Lower-middle-income, and Upper-middle-income countries. The aim was to identify and classify the various applications of health information technology to assess its current state in developing countries and explore potential areas of research. We offer specific analysis and application of HIT in Libya as one of the developing countries. Method: A structured literature review was conducted using the following online databases: IEEE, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Publication dates were set for 2000-2013. For the PubMed search, publications in English, French, and Arabic were specified. Using a content analysis approach, 159 papers were analyzed and a total number of 26 factors were identified that affect the adoption of health information technology. Results: Of the 2681 retrieved articles, 159 met the inclusion criteria which were carefully analyzed and classified. Conclusion: The implementation of health information technology across developing countries is varied. Whilst it was initially expected financial constraints would have severely limited health information technology implementation, some developing countries like India have nevertheless dominated the literature and taken the lead in conducting scientific research. Comparing the number of studies to the number of countries in each category, we found that Low-income countries and Lower-middle-income had more studies carried out than Upper-middle-income countries. However, whilst IT has been used in various sectors of the economy, the healthcare sector in developing countries is still failing to benefit fully from the potential advantages that IT can offer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title="developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developed%20countries" title=" developed countries"> developed countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure" title=" failure"> failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20information%20technology" title=" health information technology"> health information technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementation" title=" implementation"> implementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=libya" title=" libya"> libya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=success" title=" success"> success</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21700/health-information-technology-in-developing-countries-a-structured-literature-review-with-reference-to-the-case-of-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9469</span> Measuring Science and Technology Innovation Capacity in Developing Countries: From a National Innovation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haeng%20A.%20Seo">Haeng A. Seo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changseok%20Oh"> Changseok Oh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung%20Jun%20Yoo"> Seung Jun Yoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study attempts to examine the disparities in S&T innovation capacity from 14 developing countries to discuss how to support specific features in national innovation systems. It includes East-Asian, Middle-Asian, Central American and African countries. Here, we particularly focus on five dimensions- resources, activities, network, environment and performance- with 37 indicators. They were derived as structuring components of the relevant diagnostic model, which encompasses the whole process of S&T innovation from the input of resources to the output of economically valuable results. For many developing nations, economic industries remain weaker than actual S&T capabilities, and relevant regulatory authorities may not exist. This paper will be helpful to provide basic evidence and to set directions for better national S&T Innovation capacities and toward national competitiveness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title="developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NIS" title=" NIS"> NIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%26T%20innovation%20capacity" title=" S&T innovation capacity"> S&T innovation capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54869/measuring-science-and-technology-innovation-capacity-in-developing-countries-from-a-national-innovation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9468</span> Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism: A Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malraj%20Bharatha%20Kiriella">Malraj Bharatha Kiriella</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of tourism foreign direct investment (TFDI) to selected developing countries during 1978-2017. The study used pooled panel data to estimate an econometric model. The findings show that market size and institutional barriers are determining factors for TFDI in countries, while other variables of positive country conditions, FDI-related government policy, tourism-related infrastructure and labor conditions are insignificant. The result shows that institutional effects are positive, while market size negatively affects TFDI inflows. The research is limited to eight developing countries. The results can be used to support government policy on TFDI. The paper makes the following contributions: First, it provides important insight and understanding into the TFDI decision-making process in developing countries. Second, both TFDI theory and evidence are minimal, and an econometric model developed on the basis of available literature has been empirically tested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants" title="determinants">determinants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDI%20in%20tourism" title=" FDI in tourism"> FDI in tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data" title=" panel data"> panel data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121206/determinants-of-foreign-direct-investment-in-tourism-a-panel-data-analysis-of-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9467</span> A Theory of Vertical Partnerships Model as Responsive Failure in Alternative Arrangement for Infrastructural Development in the Third World Countries: A Comparative Public Administration Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cyril%20Ekuaze">Cyril Ekuaze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper was instigated by a set of assumption drawn at the introduction to a research work on alternative institutional arrangements for sustaining rural infrastructure in developing countries. Of one of such assumption is the one held that, a problem facing developing countries is the sustaining of infrastructural investment long enough to allow the facility to at least repay the cost of the development as been due to insufficient maintenance. On the contrary, this work argues that, most international partnerships relation with developing nations in developing infrastructures is “vertical modeling” with the hierarchical authority and command flow from top to bottom. The work argued that where international donor partners/agencies set out infrastructural development agenda in the developing nations without cognizance of design suitability and capacity for maintenance by the recipient nations; and where public administrative capacity building in the field of science, technology and engineering requisite for design, development and sustenance of infrastructure in the recipient countries are negated, prospective output becomes problematic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20partnerships" title="vertical partnerships">vertical partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsive%20failure" title=" responsive failure"> responsive failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20development" title=" infrastructural development"> infrastructural development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11149/a-theory-of-vertical-partnerships-model-as-responsive-failure-in-alternative-arrangement-for-infrastructural-development-in-the-third-world-countries-a-comparative-public-administration-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9466</span> Constraints Women Academician's Participation at Administrative Positions in Higher Education of Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahieh%20Mohajeri">Bahieh Mohajeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Sharif%20Mustaf"> Mohamad Sharif Mustaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahani%20Mokhtar"> Mahani Mokhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: This paper attempts to set the stage for the exploration of female participation in administrative positions within non-western countries by reviewing the studies on female in administrative positions within non-western countries and suggesting guidelines for future studies in this area in developing countries. Methodology: The paper is based on a systematic review of papers that have been published in journals. Findings: The review focuses on constraints to female’s participation in higher education of developing countries (e.g. strong family responsibility, low levels of women faculty members, social values and gendered cultural factors). Practical Implications: Further guidelines for future examination of this field of study are suggested (e.g. adopting a different theoretical view).Value: The article is an initial attempt to gather knowledge about constraints of female administrators in higher education of developing countries. The subject has received less attention in studies on administration and gender. In addition, the article provides suggestions for future studies in order to understand women administrators’ experiences in different educational and cultural settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=administrative%20position" title="administrative position">administrative position</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20administrator" title=" female administrator"> female administrator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title=" participation"> participation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39173/constraints-women-academicians-participation-at-administrative-positions-in-higher-education-of-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9465</span> The Impact of Governance on Happiness: Evidence from Quantile Regressions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiung-Ju%20Huang">Chiung-Ju Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study utilizes the quantile regression analysis to examine the impact of governance (including democratic quality and technical quality) on happiness in 101 countries worldwide, classified as “developed countries” and “developing countries”. The empirical results show that the impact of democratic quality and technical quality on happiness is significantly positive for “developed countries”, while is insignificant for “developing countries”. The results suggest that the authorities in developed countries can enhance the level of individual happiness by means of improving the democracy quality and technical quality. However, for developing countries, promoting the quality of governance in order to enhance the level of happiness may not be effective. Policy makers in developed countries may pay more attention on increasing real GDP per capita instead of promoting the quality of governance to enhance individual happiness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title="governance">governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=happiness" title=" happiness"> happiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20regression" title=" multiple regression"> multiple regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantile%20regression" title=" quantile regression"> quantile regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53398/the-impact-of-governance-on-happiness-evidence-from-quantile-regressions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9464</span> The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Gross Domestic Product under Contributions of Level of External Debt in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zohreh%20Bang%20Tavakoli">Zohreh Bang Tavakoli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuktika%20Chatterjee"> Shuktika Chatterjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the fiscal policy impact on countries’ economic growth in developing countries with a different external debt level. The fiscal policy effectiveness has been re-emphasized in the global financial crisis of 2008 with the external debt as its new contemporary driver (Ruščáková and Semančíková, 2016). According to Bouakez, (2014 ) different theories have proposed the economic consequence of fiscal policy, specifically for developing countries. However, fiscal policy literature is lacking research regarding the fiscal policy’s effectiveness with the external debt’s contributions through comprehensive study (Canh, 2018). Also, according to scholars, high levels of external debt will influence economic growth. First, through foreign resources and channel of investment in which high level of debt decreases the amount of foreign investment in the developing countries. Second, through the deterioration of foreign investors and fiscal policies related to a high level of debt (Cordella, et.al., 2010). Therefore, this study proposed that only countries with a low external debt level and appropriate fiscal policies and good quality institutions can gain the proper quantity and quality of foreign investors, which will help the economic growth. For this, this research is examining the impact of fiscal policy on developing countries' economic growth in the situation of different external debt levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20policy" title="fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20debt" title=" external debt"> external debt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gross%20domestic%20product" title=" gross domestic product"> gross domestic product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139300/the-impact-of-fiscal-policy-on-gross-domestic-product-under-contributions-of-level-of-external-debt-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9463</span> The Barriers in the Adoption of E-readiness and Affective E-Business of Developing Countries: From the Prospective of Pakistani Organizations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asma%20Moomal">Asma Moomal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maslin%20Masrom"> Maslin Masrom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The literature has identified that the competition among the business firms has been intensified due to the change in operating environment such as; knowledge diffusion, amount of R&D investments, and the adoption of technological innovation. Correspondingly, the E-business has potential to add a higher value to business and consumers in developed countries than in developing countries. However, the technological innovation (such as e-readiness) also considered as the major influential element on the firms competitiveness and development, Yet most of the developing countries including Pakistan failed to reap the benefits offered by modern information and communication technologies adoption (e-readiness), e-business and other innovative technologies. Thus, this paper reviewed the relevant literature in order to examine the barriers to the adoption of e-readiness and e-business in the organizations of Pakistan. The data collection technique used in this study was done through the secondary data resources (i.e. the existing literature analysis). The result of the study reveals that the most of the organizations of Pakistan like other developing countries are lagging behind in terms of adoption of e-readiness and e-business as compared to the developed countries of the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-readiness" title="e-readiness">e-readiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-business" title=" e-business"> e-business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential" title=" potential"> potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20innovation" title=" technological innovation"> technological innovation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13696/the-barriers-in-the-adoption-of-e-readiness-and-affective-e-business-of-developing-countries-from-the-prospective-of-pakistani-organizations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9462</span> Most Important Educational Planning Issues in the Developing Countries </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naeem%20Khan">Naeem Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1971 Williams in his essay titled "What Educational Planning is About in Higher Education" defined educational planning as "planning in education, as in anything else consist essentially of deciding, in advance, what you want, to do and how you are going to do in". In the “World Year book of Education”. While Anderson and Bowman in 1976 in their joint article titled "Theoretical Considerations in Educational Planning" defined it as "the process of preparing a set of decisions for future action pertaining in education". There are so many other definitions which are related to educational planning in which every one stress on the importance of educational planning. But developing countries face a lot of problems related to the educational planning and this paper is to discuss few of them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20planning" title="educational planning">educational planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problems" title=" problems"> problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education%20system" title=" education system"> education system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22287/most-important-educational-planning-issues-in-the-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">554</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9461</span> Management Accounting Revolution: Developed and Developing Country</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puwanenthiren%20Pratheepkanth">Puwanenthiren Pratheepkanth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main aim of this paper is to analyse existing literature (1960 -2016) on management accounting revolution by firms in a comparative perspective to see whether any differences between developed and developing countries context. The significant role that management accounting practices play in corporate finance is well established by reams of research articles. The study reveals that there are clear limitations to the literature review, it suggests that a majority of management accounting practices’ studies are focused on developed markets and that there is a scarcity of serious analyses of the situation in emerging markets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developed%20countries" title="developed countries">developed countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literature%20review" title=" literature review"> literature review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20accounting%20practices" title=" management accounting practices"> management accounting practices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84016/management-accounting-revolution-developed-and-developing-country" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9460</span> The Impact of Innovation Best Practices in Economic Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanadi%20Mubarak%20AL-Mubaraki">Hanadi Mubarak AL-Mubaraki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Busler"> Michael Busler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Innovation is the process of making changes, differences, and novelties in the products and services, adding values and business practices to create economic and social benefit. The purpose of this paper is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of innovation programs in developed and developing countries. We used a mixed-methods approach, quantitative as survey and qualitative as a multi-case study to examine innovation best practices in developed and developing countries. In addition, four case studies of innovation organisations based on the best practices and successful implementation in the developed and developing countries are selected for examination. The research findings provide guidance, suggestions, and recommendations for future implementation in developed and developing countries for practitioners such as policy makers, governments, funded organizations, and strategic institutions. In conclusion, innovation programs are vital tools for economic growth, knowledge, and technology transfer based on the several indicators such as creativity, entrepreneurship, role of government, role of university, strategic focus, new products, survival rate, job creation, start-up companies, and number of patents. The authors aim to conduct future research which will include a comparative study of innovation case studies between developed and developing countries for policy implications worldwide. The originality of this study makes a contribution to the current literature about the innovation best practice in developed and developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20development" title="economic development">economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title=" entrepreneurship"> entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation%20program" title=" innovation program"> innovation program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developed%20countries" title=" developed countries"> developed countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62367/the-impact-of-innovation-best-practices-in-economic-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9459</span> State Capacity and the Adoption of Restrictive Asylum Policies in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duncan%20K.%20Espenshade">Duncan K. Espenshade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scholars have established expectations regarding how the political and economic interests of a country's people and elites can influence its migration policies. Most of the scholarship exploring the adoption of migration policies focuses on the developed world, focusing on the cultural, political, and economic influences that drive restrictive policies in developed countries. However, despite the scholarly focus on migration policies in developed countries, most internationally displaced people reside in developing countries. Furthermore, while the political and economic factors that influence migration policy in developed countries are likely at play in developing states, developing states also face unique hurdles to policy formation not present in developed states. Namely, this article explores how state capacity, or in this context, a state's de facto ability to restrict or absorb migration inflows, influences the adoption of migration policies in developing countries. Using Cox-Proportional hazard models and recently introduced data on asylum policies in developing countries, this research finds that having a greater ability to restrict migration flows is associated with a reduced likelihood of adopting liberal asylum policies. Future extensions of this project will explore the adoption of asylum policies as a two-stage process, in which the available decision set of political actors is first constrained by a state's restrictive and absorptive capacity in the first stage, with the political, economic, and cultural factors influencing the policy adopted in the second stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20capacity" title="state capacity">state capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20relations" title=" international relations"> international relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20policy" title=" foreign policy"> foreign policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154951/state-capacity-and-the-adoption-of-restrictive-asylum-policies-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9458</span> The Analysis of Expenses for Research and Development Activities in Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%B6khan%20Karhan">Gökhan Karhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yavuz%20Elitok"> Yavuz Elitok</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, inequality between developing and underdeveloped countries has a rapid increment. Developed countries impress the underdeveloped countries to become dependent through them. For that reason, Turkey has to increase its capability of making technological innovations. It has tried to be identified by examining the expenses of R&D in public, mercantile establishments and universities in Turkey that which expense is not enough and which expense should be doubled. As a result, developing new resolution strategies will be easier. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competitive%20strength" title="competitive strength">competitive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20and%20development" title=" research and development"> research and development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20innovation" title=" technological innovation"> technological innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35032/the-analysis-of-expenses-for-research-and-development-activities-in-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35032.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9457</span> A Global Perspective on Urban Environmental Problems in Developing Countries: The Case of Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N%C3%BCkhet%20Konuk">Nükhet Konuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Gamze%20Turan"> N. Gamze Turan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y%C3%BCksel%20Ardal%C4%B1"> Yüksel Ardalı</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cities play a vital role in the social fabric of countries and in national and regional economic growth worldwide; however, the environmental effects of such growth need to be assessed and managed better. The critical and most immediate problems faced by cities of developing countries are the health impacts of urban pollution that derive from inadequate water, sanitation, drainage and solid waste services, poor urban and industrial waste management, and air pollution. As globalization continues, earth's natural processes transform local problems into international issues. The aim of this study is to provide a broad overview of the pollution from urban wastes and emissions in Turkey which is a developing country. It is aimed to underline the significance of reorganizing the institutional tools in a worldwide perspective in order to generate coherent solutions to urban problems, and to enhance urban quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20pollution" title="environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20degradation" title=" environmental degradation"> environmental degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20environmental%20problems" title=" urban environmental problems"> urban environmental problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48706/a-global-perspective-on-urban-environmental-problems-in-developing-countries-the-case-of-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9456</span> Indigenous Knowledge Management: Towards Identification of Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Desmond%20Chinedu%20Oparaku">Desmond Chinedu Oparaku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Uwazie%20Anyanwu"> Emmanuel Uwazie Anyanwu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oyemike%20Victor%20Benson"> Oyemike Victor Benson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogbonna%20Isaac-Nnadimele"> Ogbonna Isaac-Nnadimele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical discourse that highlights the challenges associated with management of indigenous knowledge with reference to developing countries. Literature review and brainstorming were used to collect relevant data and draw inferences. The findings indicate that non-existence of indigenous knowledge management policy (IKMP), low level of partnership drive among library and information services providers, non-uniformity of format and content of indigenous knowledge, inadequate funding, and lack of access to ICTs, lack of indigenous people with indigenous expertise and hoarding of knowledge as challenges to indigenous knowledge management. The study is based on literature review and information gathered through brain storming with professional colleagues the geographic scope as developing countries. The study has birth several implication based on the findings made. Professionally, it has necessitated the need for formulating a viable indigenous knowledge management policy (IKMP), creating of collaborative network through partnership, and integration of ICTs to indigenous knowledge management practices by libraries in developing countries etc. The originality of this paper is revealed in its capability as serving as an eye opener to librarians on the need for preserving and managing indigenous knowledge in developing countries. It further unlocks the possibilities of exploring empirical based researches to substantiate the theoretical issues raised in this paper. The findings may be used by library managers to improve indigenous knowledge management (IKM). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title="developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICTs" title=" ICTs"> ICTs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20knowledge" title=" indigenous knowledge"> indigenous knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56882/indigenous-knowledge-management-towards-identification-of-challenges-and-opportunities-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9455</span> Consumer Complicity toward Luxury in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marisa%20Hakim">Marisa Hakim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After all, collectivism moderate is one of the biggest issues that drive complicit behavior toward luxury in Indonesia and Thailand. The nature of collectivism that we find on this research would probably break the problems of the gap about the nature of complicit behavior. Precisely, we could probably drive to the further research about: 'Is there any pattern to describe consumer behavior toward counterfeit luxury goods among market in developing countries? Furthermore, is there any possibility to manipulate that pattern and bring the new concept of local/traditional luxury teste toward consumers in developing countries?' <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complicity" title="complicity">complicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20complicity" title=" consumer complicity"> consumer complicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counterfeit" title=" counterfeit"> counterfeit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20behavior" title=" consumer behavior"> consumer behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=luxury%20goods" title=" luxury goods"> luxury goods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing" title=" marketing"> marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39217/consumer-complicity-toward-luxury-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39217.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9454</span> Urban Refugees and Education in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheraz%20%20Akhtar">Sheraz Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, a massive influx of refugees into developing countries has placed significant constraints on the host government’s capacities to provide social services, including education, to all. As a result, the refugee communities often find themselves deprived of their rights to education in these host countries, particularly for those who to live outside camps in urban locations. While previous research has examined the educational experiences of refugees who have resettled in developed nations, there remains a dearth of research on the educational experiences of urban refugees in developing nations. This study examines this issue through a case study of Pakistani Christian refugees living in urban settings in Thailand. Using a combination of observations within community learning centres set up by international non-government organisations (INGOs) working with these communities, and interviews with young Pakistani Christian refugees and their families, the research aims to give greater voice to the Pakistani Christian refugee community living in Thailand, and better understand their educational aspirations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Education" title="Education">Education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Developing%20Countries" title=" Developing Countries "> Developing Countries </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=INGOs" title=" INGOs"> INGOs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urban%20Refugees" title=" Urban Refugees"> Urban Refugees</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124325/urban-refugees-and-education-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9453</span> Doing More with Less: Passion for Entrepreneurship in the Research-Constraint Contexts of Developing and Emerging Economies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcel%20Hechler">Marcel Hechler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since passion is considered one of the most important motivating factors for entrepreneurship, we examined the influence of the availability of resources and information on the emergence of a harmonious passion for entrepreneurship (HPE). Drawing on self-determination theory and a cross-cultural sample of 1,085 entrepreneurs from seven developing countries, we argue that the availability of resources and information increases an entrepreneur's autonomy and, thus, promotes the emergence of HPE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonious%20passion" title="harmonious passion">harmonious passion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20resources%20and%20information" title=" access to resources and information"> access to resources and information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20and%20emerging%20countries" title=" developing and emerging countries"> developing and emerging countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-determination%20theory" title=" self-determination theory"> self-determination theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142739/doing-more-with-less-passion-for-entrepreneurship-in-the-research-constraint-contexts-of-developing-and-emerging-economies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9452</span> Critical Evaluation of Occupational Health and Safety Challenges Facing the Construction Sector in the UK and Developing Anglophone West African Countries, Particularly the Gambia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bintou%20Jobe">Bintou Jobe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction sector, both in the United Kingdom (UK) and developing Anglophone West African countries, specifically The Gambia, is facing significant health and safety challenges. While the UK has established legislation and regulations to support Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in the industry, the same level of support is lacking in developing countries. The significance of this review is to assess the extent and effectiveness of OHS legislation and regulatory reform in the construction industry, with a focus on understanding the challenges faced by both the UK and developing Anglophone West African countries. It aims to highlight the benefits of implementing an OHS management system, specifically ISO 45001. This study uses a literature review approach, synthesizing publications from the past decade and identifying common themes and best practices related to Occupational Health and Safety in the construction industry. Findings were analysed, compared, and conclusions and recommendations were drawn after developing research questions and addressing them. This comprehensive review of the literature allows for a detailed understanding of the challenges faced by the industry in both contexts. The findings of the study indicate that while the UK has established robust health and safety legislation, many UK construction companies have not fully met the standards outlined in ISO 45001. These challenges faced by the UK include poor data management, inadequate communication of best practices, insufficient training, and a lack of safety culture mirroring those observed in the developing Anglophone countries. Therefore, compliance with OHS management systems has been shown to yield benefits, including injury prevention and centralized health and safety documentation. In conclusion, the effectiveness of OHS legislation for developing Anglophone West African countries should consider the positive impact experienced by the UK. The implementation of ISO 45001 can serve as a benchmark standard and potentially inform recommendations for developing countries. The selection criteria for literature include search keywords and phrases, such as occupational health and safety challenges, The Gambia, developing countries management systems, ISO 45001, and impact and effectiveness of OHS legislation. The literature was sourced from Google Scholar, the UK Health and Safety Executive websites, and Google Advanced Search. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO%2045001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20health%20and%20safety" title=" occupational health and safety"> occupational health and safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UK" title=" UK"> UK</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170422/critical-evaluation-of-occupational-health-and-safety-challenges-facing-the-construction-sector-in-the-uk-and-developing-anglophone-west-african-countries-particularly-the-gambia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170422.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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