Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars

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Carbonates are accordingly expected to have formed from oceanic sedimentation of carbon dioxide from the ancient martian atmosphere7,8. But spectral imaging of the martian surface has revealed the presence of only a small amount of carbonate, widely distributed in the martian dust9. Here we examine the feasibility of carbonate synthesis in ancient martian oceans using aqueous equilibrium calculations. We show that partial pressures of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the range 0.8–4 bar, in the presence of up to 13.5 mM sulphate and 0.8 mM iron in sea water8, result in an acidic oceanic environment with a pH of less than 6.2. This precludes the formation of siderite, usually expected to be the first major carbonate mineral to precipitate8. We conclude that extensive interaction between an atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide and a lasting sulphate- and iron-enriched acidic ocean on early Mars is a plausible explanation for the observed absence of carbonates.","datePublished":"","dateModified":"","pageStart":"423","pageEnd":"426","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02911","keywords":["Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02911/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02911_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02911/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02911_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature02911/MediaObjects/41586_2004_Article_BFnature02911_Fig3_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature","issn":["1476-4687","0028-0836"],"volumeNumber":"431","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Alberto G. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Letter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2004-09-23">23 September 2004</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alberto_G_-Fair_n-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Alberto_G_-Fair_n-Aff1" data-author-search="Fairén, Alberto G." data-corresp-id="c1">Alberto G. Fairén<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-David-Fern_ndez_Remolar-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-David-Fern_ndez_Remolar-Aff2" data-author-search="Fernández-Remolar, David">David Fernández-Remolar</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-James_M_-Dohm-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-James_M_-Dohm-Aff3" data-author-search="Dohm, James M.">James M. Dohm</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Victor_R_-Baker-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Victor_R_-Baker-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-search="Baker, Victor R.">Victor R. Baker</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ricardo-Amils-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Ricardo-Amils-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Amils, Ricardo">Ricardo Amils</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 431</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>423–426 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2004</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">1444 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">150 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">12 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature02911/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Several lines of evidence have recently reinforced the hypothesis that an ocean existed on early Mars<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Clifford, S. M. & Parker, T. J. The evolution of the martian hydrosphere: Implications for the fate of a primordial ocean and the current state of the northern plains. Icarus 154, 40–79 (2001)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e394">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Phillips, R. J. et al. Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars. Science 291, 2587–2591 (2001)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e397">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Dohm, J. M. et al. Ancient drainage basin of the Tharsis region, Mars: Potential source for outflow channel systems and putative oceans or paleolakes. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 32943–32958 (2001)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e400">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Craddock, R. A. & Howard, A. D. The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 107, doi:10.1029/2001JE001505 (2002)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e403">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Fairén, A. G. et al. Episodic flood inundations of the northern plains of Mars. Icarus 165, 53–67 (2003)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e406">5</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Malin, M. C. & Edgett, K. S. Evidence for persistent flow and aqueous sedimentation on early Mars. Science 302, 1931–1934 (2003)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e409">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Moore, J. M. Blueberry fields for ever. Nature 428, 711–712 (2004)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e413">7</a></sup>. Carbonates are accordingly expected to have formed from oceanic sedimentation of carbon dioxide from the ancient martian atmosphere<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Moore, J. M. Blueberry fields for ever. Nature 428, 711–712 (2004)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e417">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Catling, D. C. A chemical model for evaporites on early Mars: Possible sedimentary tracers of the early climate and implications for exploration. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 16453–16469 (1999)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e420">8</a></sup>. But spectral imaging of the martian surface has revealed the presence of only a small amount of carbonate, widely distributed in the martian dust<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Bandfield, J. L., Glotch, T. D. & Christensen, P. R. Spectroscopic identification of carbonate minerals in the martian dust. Science 301, 1084–1087 (2003)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e424">9</a></sup>. Here we examine the feasibility of carbonate synthesis in ancient martian oceans using aqueous equilibrium calculations. We show that partial pressures of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the range 0.8–4 bar, in the presence of up to 13.5 mM sulphate and 0.8 mM iron in sea water<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Catling, D. C. A chemical model for evaporites on early Mars: Possible sedimentary tracers of the early climate and implications for exploration. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 16453–16469 (1999)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e428">8</a></sup>, result in an acidic oceanic environment with a pH of less than 6.2. This precludes the formation of siderite, usually expected to be the first major carbonate mineral to precipitate<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Catling, D. C. A chemical model for evaporites on early Mars: Possible sedimentary tracers of the early climate and implications for exploration. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 16453–16469 (1999)" href="/articles/nature02911#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d73402622e432">8</a></sup>. We conclude that extensive interaction between an atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide and a lasting sulphate- and iron-enriched acidic ocean on early Mars is a plausible explanation for the observed absence of carbonates.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature02911" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article 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We also thank S. Clifford, I. Fairchild and J. Kasting for comments and suggestions that refined and focused this paper.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC–Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alberto G. Fairén & Ricardo Amils</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC–INTA), 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz Madrid, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">David Fernández-Remolar & Ricardo Amils</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">James M. Dohm & Victor R. Baker</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Victor R. 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Fairén</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" 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Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars | Nature