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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Renaissance and onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The end of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_end_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Lucca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9" title="جمهورية لكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية لكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Lucca" title="República de Lucca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República de Lucca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Lucca" title="Republik Lucca – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Lucca" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Lucca" title="República de Lucca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República de Lucca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Lukánská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lukánská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchesische_Republik" title="Lucchesische Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lucchesische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca_vabariik" title="Lucca vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lucca vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Lucca" title="República de Lucca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República de Lucca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luccako_Errepublika" title="Luccako Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luccako Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جمهوری لوکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری لوکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Lucques" title="République de Lucques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République de Lucques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="루카 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루카 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Lucca" title="Republika Lucca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republika Lucca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Lucca" title="Republik Lucca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Lucca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_di_Lucca" title="Repubblica di Lucca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica di Lucca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הרפובליקה של לוקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה של לוקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_Lucensis" title="Res publica Lucensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica Lucensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република Лука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Република Лука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Lucca" title="Republiek Lucca – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republiek Lucca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ルッカ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルッカ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Luca" title="República de Luca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República de Luca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика Лукка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Лукка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република Лука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Република Лука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luccan_tasavalta" title="Luccan tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luccan tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_Lucca" title="Republiken Lucca – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republiken Lucca" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca_Cumhuriyeti" title="Lucca Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lucca Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лукканська республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лукканська республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1235720#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Most Serene Republic of Lucca</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Serenissima Repubblica Lucense</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Res Publica Lucensis</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1160–1805</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lucca.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lucca"><img alt="Flag of Lucca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Lucca.svg/125px-Flag_of_Lucca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Lucca.svg/188px-Flag_of_Lucca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Lucca.svg/250px-Flag_of_Lucca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tuscany#Republic_and_Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Flag of Tuscany">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lucca"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lucca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg/85px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg/128px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg/170px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Luca potens sternit sibi quae contraria cernit</i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Luca is powerful and spreads to himself what he sees as the opposite')</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Lucca,_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier,_18th_century.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a French map of Italy from c. 1700–1750 showing the territory of the Republic of Lucca. The map was designed by Nicolas Sanson (1600–1667) and published after his death by Covens & Mortier."><img alt="Detail of a French map of Italy from c. 1700–1750 showing the territory of the Republic of Lucca. The map was designed by Nicolas Sanson (1600–1667) and published after his death by Covens & Mortier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Republic_of_Lucca%2C_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier%2C_18th_century.png/250px-Republic_of_Lucca%2C_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier%2C_18th_century.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Republic_of_Lucca%2C_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier%2C_18th_century.png/375px-Republic_of_Lucca%2C_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier%2C_18th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Republic_of_Lucca%2C_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier%2C_18th_century.png/500px-Republic_of_Lucca%2C_N._Sanson_-_Covens_%26_Mortier%2C_18th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Detail of a French map of Italy from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span>–1750 showing the territory of the Republic of Lucca. The map was designed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sanson" title="Nicolas Sanson">Nicolas Sanson</a> (1600–1667) and published after his death by Covens & Mortier.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Italian</li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchic</a> republic</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governanti di Lucca</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1251–1313 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Capitano_del_popolo" title="Capitano del popolo">Capitani del popolo</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1316–1328 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Castruccio_Castracani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castruccio Castracani">Castruccio Castracani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1400–1430 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Guinigi" title="Paolo Guinigi">Paolo Guinigi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1160</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Paolo Guinigi overthrows the republican government starting a <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1400–1430</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republican government restored </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1430</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Disestablished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 1805</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 in the 18th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Autonomous <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> (known as <i>ducato</i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">March of Tuscany</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Republic of Lucca</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Repubblica di Lucca</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy#Middle_Ages" title="History of Italy">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy#Modernity" title="History of Italy">early modern</a> state that was centered on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Italian city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> in Tuscany, which lasted from 1160 to 1805. </p><p>Its territory extended beyond the city of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, reaching the surrounding countryside in the north-western part of today's <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> region, to the borders with <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. </p><p>The Republic of Lucca remained independent until 1799. Later the state continued to exist but was, de facto, dependent upon <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a>, and ceased officially its existence in 1805, when it was transformed in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></div> <p>Within the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> had been the residence of the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Margraves of Tuscany</a> until the time of Margrave <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Margrave_of_Tuscany" title="Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany">Hugh</a>. A certain autonomy was granted by a 1084 diploma issued by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>, while on his Italian campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>. No feudal castle could be built in the range of 6 miles from the city wall. More privileges were granted by the following emperors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_Republic">Rise of the Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucca,_ducato,_1475-1500,_oro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lucca%2C_ducato%2C_1475-1500%2C_oro.JPG/200px-Lucca%2C_ducato%2C_1475-1500%2C_oro.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lucca%2C_ducato%2C_1475-1500%2C_oro.JPG/300px-Lucca%2C_ducato%2C_1475-1500%2C_oro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lucca%2C_ducato%2C_1475-1500%2C_oro.JPG/400px-Lucca%2C_ducato%2C_1475-1500%2C_oro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of the Republic (1475)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Margravine <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a> in 1115, the city began to constitute itself an independent <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">commune</a>, with an administration officially acknowledged by Margrave <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Tuscany" title="Conrad of Tuscany">Conrad</a> in 1120 and by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick</a> in 1162. The city bought the feudal rights from Margrave <a href="/wiki/Welf_VI" title="Welf VI">Welf VI</a> in 1160, hence became subject only to the emperors. For more than 500 years, Lucca remained as an independent republic. </p><p>At the end of the 12th century, Lucca and other cities of Tuscany created an alliance to fight the neighbour feudal lords and subjugate their lands. This allowed Lucca and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in particular to control large territories and to compete for military supremacy in the region. The 13th century was characterised by political fights inside many communes, including Lucca. As a consequence, the republic witnessed the rise of the people faction and change in government structure, as well as participating in a long series of wars between <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a>. In 1273 and again in 1277 Lucca was ruled by a guelph <i><a href="/wiki/Capitano_del_popolo" title="Capitano del popolo">capitano del popolo</a></i> (captain of the people) named <a href="/wiki/Luchetto_Gattilusio" title="Luchetto Gattilusio">Luchetto Gattilusio</a>. </p><p>Lucca in the 14th century became one of the most important cities of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. There were many noble families in power, such as the Nuccorini, who from 1300 to 1371 were enrolled in the Supreme Magistrate of the Elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiovannini202041_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiovannini202041-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> included many references to the great feudal families that had jurisdiction there, with administrative and judicial powers. Dante himself spent many of his years in exile in Lucca.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1314, internal discord allowed <a href="/wiki/Uguccione_della_Faggiuola" title="Uguccione della Faggiuola">Uguccione della Faggiuola</a> to make himself lord of Pisa and then to conquer Lucca. Revolts in the two cities quickly ended Uguccione's regime. In Lucca, the citizens gave the lordship over their Republic to the ghibelline <a href="/wiki/Castruccio_Castracani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castruccio Castracani">Castruccio Castracani</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Antelminelli" title="House of Antelminelli">House of Antelminelli</a> and leader of great political and military capacity. His reign represented the highest peak of the Republic's power, whose territories included the <a href="/wiki/Garfagnana" title="Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a> to the north, the coast from the city of <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> to the west, the city of <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a> to the east (under the codomain of Lucca and Florence), and south the <a href="/wiki/Valdarno" title="Valdarno">Valdarno</a> constantly disputed with the Republic of Florence. Castracani also succeeded in making Lucca the only antagonist to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> leading to the victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Altopascio" title="Battle of Altopascio">Battle of Altopascio</a>, in 1325, where he defeated the powerful Florentine army chasing them up to the walls of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Castruccio died, the city fell into a period of anarchy which saw it subject at first to the dominion of a military company, which had Marco from the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">House of Visconti</a> as its leader and hostage at the same time. Later the republic was repeatedly sold to different lords who were unable to exploit it due to the hostility of the Republic of Florence. Subsequently, it was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a> and administered by its Lord, Giovanni Dell'Agnello.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having regained its freedom in 1370, Lucca returned to a republican government and with a shrewd foreign policy gained remarkable fame in Europe thanks to its bankers and the silk trade. </p><p>In the thirteenth century Lucca became an important silk manufacturing center thanks to the arrival of immigrant weavers from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. It was known for brocaded silks with decorative designs of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> or Chinese inspiration repeated diagonally rather than vertically. From the early fifteenth century on, its workshops turned out silk fabrics decorated with religious scenes as well as patterned velvets. </p><p>Lucca achieved international fame for its workmanship of the more elaborate and costly fabrics, thanks to its technological edge in weaving and dyeing, and its closely guarded monopoly over advanced techonologies such as looms and combs for brocades and velvets and the silk twisting mill. Lucca's skilled artisans could match the best wares of Damascus. Until the end of the Renaissance the Tuscan city was the main Italian center of production for silk cloths, exported all over Europe and even to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>: when the Portuguese arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> in the early sixteenth century, they found Lucca silk in the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_and_onwards">Renaissance and onwards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance and onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_(13th_century-1799).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%2813th_century-1799%29.svg/125px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%2813th_century-1799%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%2813th_century-1799%29.svg/188px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%2813th_century-1799%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%2813th_century-1799%29.svg/250px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%2813th_century-1799%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Merchant flag of the Republic of Lucca, including the word <i>Libertas</i> (13th century-1799)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 15th century the republic was of less importance than the two great republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a>. In the first decades of the century, Lucca falls under the pseudo-tyranny of the Guinigi family.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A judgment of the important historian <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sercambi" title="Giovanni Sercambi">Giovanni Sercambi</a> from Lucca has been preserved on this period, he especially highlights the conferment of all offices to supporters of the dominant family and also mentions the provisions to prevent the largest assembly of citizens (the General Council) from meeting. The role of this was taken by a Commission made up of twelve or eighteen partisans of the ruling house. Sercambi remembers more generally the restriction of all expenses, except those in favour of the mercenaries, considered indispensable to not live in continuous fears and dangers, and which had to be kept happy, as well as the secret acts of violence committed to get rid of the most rebels dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alliance between the Republic at the time was controlled by the Guinigi family and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> led Lucca into the ruinous war against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>; towards the end of this war, an insurrection finally ended the dominion of the Guinigi family and the republic had to negotiate in order not to lose its independence, which led it to lose parts of its former territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManselli198791–101_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManselli198791–101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1429 Florence besieged Lucca to take revenge on the republic. After several days of siege, the Republic of Lucca asked the Duchy of Milan for help. The Duchy sent <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza" title="Francesco I Sforza">Francesco I Sforza</a>, who overwhelmed the Florentines with his army and forced them to retreat. A few days after the retreat of the Florentines, the inhabitants of Lucca arrested Paolo Guinigi, the leader of the republic, because he was said to have dealt with the Florentines. Florence later paid Sforza to abandon Lucca and, in 1430, Lucca was besieged once again. During the siege, the Florentines tried to stem the Serchio to flood Lucca, but due to some errors, the Florentine camp flooded. Meanwhile, the Lucchesi asked again for help from <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a>, duke of Milan, who, once again, acted indirectly (according to a previous treaty Milan could not interfere in the affairs of Florence) asking the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> to help Lucca. Genoa, relying on an ancient alliance with Lucca, asked Florence not to disturb Lucca. When Florence refused, Genoa sent an army of 6,000 men led by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinino" title="Niccolò Piccinino">Niccolò Piccinino</a> who attacked the Florentines on the Serchio and, after a bloody battle, they were forced to withdraw because the Lucchesi had taken them behind leaving the city.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merchants from "Luca" living in London appear in English Court records (the plea rolls of the Court of Common Pleas), during the Medieval period, for example: the Podeo family: Lawrence, Nicholas, and Joan, in 1452.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lucca managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, to maintain its independence – alongside <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. It painted the word <i>Libertas</i> on its banners, until the French Revolution in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucca was the third largest Italian city-state with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries, as larger Venice and Genoa also did. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_end_of_the_Republic">The end of the Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The end of the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Jacobin_Republic_of_Lucca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_19th_century">Early 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lucca_(1799-1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Lucca_%281799-1801%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Lucca_%281799-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Lucca_%281799-1801%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Lucca_%281799-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Lucca_%281799-1801%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Lucca_%281799-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> State of Lucca (early 1799 and 1800–01)</figcaption></figure><p>After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">war of the First Coalition</a>, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>, the Government of the Republic of Lucca decided to start negotiations with the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> with the aim of maintaining its independence. The jurist Luigi Matteucci, the father of the more famous <a href="/wiki/Felice_Matteucci" title="Felice Matteucci">Felice</a>, was sent to Milan to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The republic was the only territory in all of continental Italy that the French army had not yet invaded and Matteucci's proposals were rejected, so much so that on 22 January 1799 the French troops entered the city, overthrowing the oligarchic republic and establishing a new centralized republic, with a democratic constitution, under the French <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. The constitution granted the government to an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Directory">Executive Directory</a>, with a bicameral legislature composed of the Council of Juniors and the Council of Seniors. The democracy did not last long. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_(1803-1805).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%281803-1805%29.svg/125px-Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%281803-1805%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%281803-1805%29.svg/188px-Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%281803-1805%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%281803-1805%29.svg/250px-Maritime_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Lucca_%281803-1805%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Maritime flag of the Republic of Lucca (1803–1805)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 July 1799, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">war of the Second Coalition</a>, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> army occupied Lucca and established a Provisional government. Upon Napoleon's return from Egypt, however, the situation reversed just as quickly. On 9 July 1800, the French occupied the city, installing a provisional government under the control of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a>. A new constitution for the State of Lucca was published in 1801, restoring the office of Consul of Justice as the president of the Executive branch, with a parliament called the Great Council. The oligarchy was restored. </p><p>In 1805, the governance of Lucca was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>, who merged the State of Lucca with the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a> (1805–1809). He put his favoured sister <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi</a> in place to rule, his only female sibling to gain political power. Elisa began rule as the Duchess of Lucca and Princess of Piombino, based at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Reale_di_Marlia,_Province_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Reale di Marlia, Province of Lucca">Villa Reale di Marlia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> — <i>post-Napoleon (1815–1847)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> — <i>(1569–1801) and (1815–1859)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiovannini202041-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiovannini202041_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiovannini2020">Giovannini 2020</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalbo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Balbo, Cesare</a>. <i>The Life and Times of Dante Alighieri</i>. General Books LLC. pp. 176–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Dante+Alighieri&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=General+Books+LLC&rft.aulast=Balbo&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerti2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berti, Roberto (2003). <i>La battaglia di Altopascio</i> (in Italian). Lucca: Tipografia Francesconi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+battaglia+di+Altopascio&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=Tipografia+Francesconi&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Berti&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattista_Morganti" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Battista Morganti, Giovanni. <i>Cronologia universale. La storia, i fatti e i personaggi dalle origini a oggi</i> (in Italian). UTET Università. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cronologia+universale.+La+storia%2C+i+fatti+e+i+personaggi+dalle+origini+a+oggi&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=UTET+Universit%C3%A0&rft.aulast=Battista+Morganti&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyd" class="citation book cs1">Heyd, W. <i>Histoire Du Commerce Du Levant Au Moyen Âge</i>. Vol. II. p. 710.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+Du+Commerce+Du+Levant+Au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pages=710&rft.aulast=Heyd&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luccaworld.com/eng-site/main-lucca-guinigi.html">"main"</a>. <i>luccaworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=luccaworld.com&rft.atitle=main&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluccaworld.com%2Feng-site%2Fmain-lucca-guinigi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703204133/http://www.turismo.lucca.it/it/guinigit%C3%A0">"Guinigità"</a>. <i>Turismo.Lucca.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismo.lucca.it/it/guinigit%C3%A0">the original</a> on 3 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turismo.Lucca.it&rft.atitle=Guinigit%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismo.lucca.it%2Fit%2Fguinigit%25C3%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSercambi2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sercambi, Giovanni (2023). Salvatore Bongi (ed.). <i>Le croniche di Giovanni Sercambi lucchese</i> (in Italian). Pacini Fazzi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+croniche+di+Giovanni+Sercambi+lucchese&rft.pub=Pacini+Fazzi&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Sercambi&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManselli198791–101-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManselli198791–101_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManselli1987">Manselli 1987</a>, pp. 91–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltavista" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Altavista, Clara. <i>Lucca e Paolo Guinigi (1400–1430): la costruzione di una corte rinascimentale: città, architettura, arte</i> (in Italian). ETS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucca+e+Paolo+Guinigi+%281400%E2%80%931430%29%3A+la+costruzione+di+una+corte+rinascimentale%3A+citt%C3%A0%2C+architettura%2C+arte&rft.pub=ETS&rft.aulast=Altavista&rft.aufirst=Clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CP40/764; year 1452; image: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT3/H6/CP40no764/aCP40no764fronts/IMG_0688.htm">http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT3/H6/CP40no764/aCP40no764fronts/IMG_0688.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosteraro2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Posteraro, Paolo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-matteucci_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"MATTEUCCI, Luigi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 72: Massimo–Mechetti</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MATTEUCCI%2C+Luigi&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+72%3A+Massimo%E2%80%93Mechetti&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.aulast=Posteraro&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fluigi-matteucci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel1932" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michel, Ersilio (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elisa-bonaparte-baciocchi-principessa-di-lucca-e-piombino_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)">"ELISA Bonaparte Baciocchi, principessa di Lucca e Piombino"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Italiana">Enciclopedia Italiana</a></i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ELISA+Bonaparte+Baciocchi%2C+principessa+di+Lucca+e+Piombino&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Ersilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Felisa-bonaparte-baciocchi-principessa-di-lucca-e-piombino_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lucca"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucca">"Lucca" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lucca&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomiti1982" class="citation journal cs1">Romiti, Antonio (1982). "La classe politica lucchese nei primi anni di libertà". <i>Archivio Storico Italiano</i>. <b>140</b> (2): 179–195. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26211241">26211241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivio+Storico+Italiano&rft.atitle=La+classe+politica+lucchese+nei+primi+anni+di+libert%C3%A0&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-195&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26211241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Romiti&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelfi_Camaiani1983" class="citation book cs1">Guelfi Camaiani, Pier Giorgio (1983). <i>Un patriziato di fronte alla Rivoluzione Francese. La Repubblica oligarchica di Lucca dal 1789 al 1799</i>. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+patriziato+di+fronte+alla+Rivoluzione+Francese.+La+Repubblica+oligarchica+di+Lucca+dal+1789+al+1799&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Leo+S.+Olschki&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Guelfi+Camaiani&rft.aufirst=Pier+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManselli1987" class="citation book cs1">Manselli, Raoul (1987). <i>La repubblica di Lucca</i>. Turin: UTET. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7750-167-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7750-167-7"><bdi>978-88-7750-167-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+repubblica+di+Lucca&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-88-7750-167-7&rft.aulast=Manselli&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorni-Braccesi1994" class="citation book cs1">Adorni-Braccesi, Simonetta (1994). <i>«Una città infetta». La Repubblica di Lucca nella crisi religiosa del Cinquecento</i>. Florence: <a href="/wiki/Leo_S._Olschki" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo S. Olschki">Leo S. Olschki</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-2224-208-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-2224-208-2"><bdi>978-88-2224-208-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%ABUna+citt%C3%A0+infetta%C2%BB.+La+Repubblica+di+Lucca+nella+crisi+religiosa+del+Cinquecento&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Leo+S.+Olschki&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-88-2224-208-2&rft.aulast=Adorni-Braccesi&rft.aufirst=Simonetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratchel1995" class="citation book cs1">Bratchel, M. E. (1995). <i>Lucca 1430–1494: The Reconstruction of an Italian City-Republic</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198204848.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204848.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-9820-484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-9820-484-8"><bdi>978-01-9820-484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucca+1430%E2%80%931494%3A+The+Reconstruction+of+an+Italian+City-Republic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198204848.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-01-9820-484-8&rft.aulast=Bratchel&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Peter N. (2001). "Stoics Who Sing: Lessons in Citizenship from Early Modern Lucca". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>44</b> (2): 313–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X01001790">10.1017/S0018246X01001790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133610">3133610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Stoics+Who+Sing%3A+Lessons+in+Citizenship+from+Early+Modern+Lucca&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-339&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X01001790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3133610%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresseri2010" class="citation book cs1">Cresseri, Elena (2010). "La Repubblica di Lucca tra fedeltà all'Impero e adesione alla Spagna". <i>Feudi imperiali in Italia tra XV e XVIII secolo: atti del convegno di studi, Albenga-Finale Ligure-Loano, 27-29 maggio 2004</i>. Rome: Bulzoni. pp. 451–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1400%2F194088">10.1400/194088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+Repubblica+di+Lucca+tra+fedelt%C3%A0+all%27Impero+e+adesione+alla+Spagna&rft.btitle=Feudi+imperiali+in+Italia+tra+XV+e+XVIII+secolo%3A+atti+del+convegno+di+studi%2C+Albenga-Finale+Ligure-Loano%2C+27-29+maggio+2004&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=451-462&rft.pub=Bulzoni&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1400%2F194088&rft.aulast=Cresseri&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbatini2012" class="citation book cs1">Sabbatini, Renzo (2012). <i>Le mura e l'Europa: aspetti della politica estera della Repubblica di Lucca, 1500-1799</i>. Milan: Franco Angeli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-5686-104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-5686-104-4"><bdi>978-88-5686-104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mura+e+l%27Europa%3A+aspetti+della+politica+estera+della+Repubblica+di+Lucca%2C+1500-1799&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Franco+Angeli&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-5686-104-4&rft.aulast=Sabbatini&rft.aufirst=Renzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlamacchi2018" class="citation book cs1">Burlamacchi, Leo (2018). <i>La bufera napoleonica in un piccolo stato italiano: dalla Repubblica di Lucca al Principato di Elisa Baciocchi</i>. Lucca: Maria Pacini Fazzi editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6550-614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6550-614-1"><bdi>978-88-6550-614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bufera+napoleonica+in+un+piccolo+stato+italiano%3A+dalla+Repubblica+di+Lucca+al+Principato+di+Elisa+Baciocchi&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=Maria+Pacini+Fazzi+editore&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-88-6550-614-1&rft.aulast=Burlamacchi&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovannini2020" class="citation book cs1">Giovannini, Francesco (2020). <i>Storia dello Stato di Lucca</i>. Lucca: Pacini Fazzi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6550-752-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6550-752-0"><bdi>978-88-6550-752-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dello+Stato+di+Lucca&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=Pacini+Fazzi&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-88-6550-752-0&rft.aulast=Giovannini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucarelli2023" class="citation book cs1">Lucarelli, Giuliano (2023). <i>«Libertas». La Repubblica di Lucca risorta a stato autonomo 1369-1450</i>. Lucca: Pacini Fazzi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6550-879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6550-879-4"><bdi>978-88-6550-879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%ABLibertas%C2%BB.+La+Repubblica+di+Lucca+risorta+a+stato+autonomo+1369-1450&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=Pacini+Fazzi&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-88-6550-879-4&rft.aulast=Lucarelli&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Lucca&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Republic_of_Lucca" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350529">Republic of Lucca</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-e-ducato-di-lucca_(Dizionario-di-Storia)">"Lucca, Repubblica e ducato di"</a>. <i>Dizionario di Storia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lucca%2C+Repubblica+e+ducato+di&rft.btitle=Dizionario+di+Storia&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Frepubblica-e-ducato-di-lucca_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverini1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Beverini" title="Bartolomeo Beverini">Beverini, Bartolomeo</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dy7UcufGr0AC"><i>Annalium ab origine Luciensis urbis libri XV</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lucca: typis Francisci Bertinii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annalium+ab+origine+Luciensis+urbis+libri+XV&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=typis+Francisci+Bertinii&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Beverini&rft.aufirst=Bartolomeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddy7UcufGr0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverini1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beverini, Bartolomeo (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0inHpcPLFcC"><i>Annalium ab origine Luciensis urbis libri XV</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 2. Lucca: typis Francisci Bertinii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annalium+ab+origine+Luciensis+urbis+libri+XV&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=typis+Francisci+Bertinii&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Beverini&rft.aufirst=Bartolomeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0inHpcPLFcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverini1830" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beverini, Bartolomeo (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xk0TAAAAQAAJ"><i>Annalium ab origine Luciensis urbis libri XV</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 3. Lucca: typis Francisci Bertinii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annalium+ab+origine+Luciensis+urbis+libri+XV&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=typis+Francisci+Bertinii&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Beverini&rft.aufirst=Bartolomeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxk0TAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverini1832" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beverini, Bartolomeo (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4OwuAAAAYAAJ"><i>Annalium ab origine Luciensis urbis libri XV</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 4. Lucca: typis Francisci Bertinii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annalium+ab+origine+Luciensis+urbis+libri+XV&rft.place=Lucca&rft.pub=typis+Francisci+Bertinii&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Beverini&rft.aufirst=Bartolomeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4OwuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Lucca" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Client_states_of_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars_(1792–1815)" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Client_states_of_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Client states of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Client_states_of_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Client states of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Client_states_of_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Client states of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Client_states_of_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars_(1792–1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_client_states" title="List of French client states">Client states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1792–1815)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister<br />republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mainz" title="Republic of Mainz">Mainz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic_(1798)" title="Irish Republic (1798)">Connacht</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Alba" title="Republic of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anconine_Republic" title="Anconine Republic">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bergamo" title="Republic of Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_Republic" title="Bolognese Republic">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Brescia" title="Republic of Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crema" title="Republic of Crema">Crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberina_Republic" title="Tiberina Republic">Tiberinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Municipality_of_Venice" title="Provisional Municipality of Venice">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Lemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauracian_Republic" title="Rauracian Republic">Rauracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais_Republic" title="Valais Republic">Valais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_French_Empire_1812.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe as at 1812, highlighting France and her client states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/200px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/300px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/400px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a><br />creations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Erfurt" title="Principality of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Horstmar" title="Salm-Horstmar">Salm-Horstmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck" title="Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck">Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Napoleonic_era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Napoleonic era)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian 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